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Can You Engineer an Insect Exoskeleton?
Page 1 of 14 Can you Engineer an Insect Exoskeleton? Submitted by Catherine Dana and Christina Silliman EnLiST Entomology Curriculum Developers Department of Entomology, University of Illinois Grade level targeted: 4th Grade, but can be easily adapted for later grades Big ideas: Insect exoskeleton, engineering, and biomimicry Main objective: Students will be able to design a functional model of an insect exoskeleton which meets specific physical requirements based on exoskeleton biomechanics Lesson Summary We humans have skin and bones to protect us and to help us stand upright. Insects don’t have bones or skin but they are protected from germs, physical harm, and can hold their body up on their six legs. This is all because of their hard outer shell, also known as their exoskeleton. This hard layer does more than just protect insects from being squished, and students will get to explore some of the many ways the exoskeleton protects insects by building one themselves! For this fourth grade lesson, students will work together in teams to use what they learn about exoskeleton biomechanics to design and build a protective casing. To complete the engineering design cycle, students can use what they learn from testing their case to redesign and re-build their prototype. Prerequisites No prior knowledge is required for this lesson. Students should be introduced to the general form of an insect to facilitate identification of the exoskeleton. Live insects would work best for this, but pictures and diagrams will work as well. Instruction Time 45 – 60 minutes Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) Framework Alignment Disciplinary Core Ideas LS1.A: Structure and Function o Plants and animals have both internal and external structures that serve various functions in growth, survival, behavior, and reproduction. -
Cambrian Phytoplankton of the Brunovistulicum – Taxonomy and Biostratigraphy
MONIKA JACHOWICZ-ZDANOWSKA Cambrian phytoplankton of the Brunovistulicum – taxonomy and biostratigraphy Polish Geological Institute Special Papers,28 WARSZAWA 2013 CONTENTS Introduction...........................................................6 Geological setting and lithostratigraphy.............................................8 Summary of Cambrian chronostratigraphy and acritarch biostratigraphy ...........................13 Review of previous palynological studies ...........................................17 Applied techniques and material studied............................................18 Biostratigraphy ........................................................23 BAMA I – Pulvinosphaeridium antiquum–Pseudotasmanites Assemblage Zone ....................25 BAMA II – Asteridium tornatum–Comasphaeridium velvetum Assemblage Zone ...................27 BAMA III – Ichnosphaera flexuosa–Comasphaeridium molliculum Assemblage Zone – Acme Zone .........30 BAMA IV – Skiagia–Eklundia campanula Assemblage Zone ..............................39 BAMA V – Skiagia–Eklundia varia Assemblage Zone .................................39 BAMA VI – Volkovia dentifera–Liepaina plana Assemblage Zone (Moczyd³owska, 1991) ..............40 BAMA VII – Ammonidium bellulum–Ammonidium notatum Assemblage Zone ....................40 BAMA VIII – Turrisphaeridium semireticulatum Assemblage Zone – Acme Zone...................41 BAMA IX – Adara alea–Multiplicisphaeridium llynense Assemblage Zone – Acme Zone...............42 Regional significance of the biostratigraphic -
Oscillatoriales, Microcoleaceae), Nuevo Reporte Para El Perú
Montoya et al.: Diversidad fenotípica de la cianobacteria Pseudophormidium tenue (Oscillatoriales, Microcoleaceae), nuevo reporte para el Perú Arnaldoa 24 (1): 369 - 382, 2017 ISSN: 1815-8242 (edición impresa) http://doi.org/10.22497/arnaldoa.241.24119 ISSN: 2413-3299 (edición online) Diversidad fenotípica de la cianobacteria Pseudophormidium tenue (Oscillatoriales, Microcoleaceae), nuevo reporte para el Perú Phenotypic diversity of the cyanobacterium Pseudo- phormidium tenue (Oscillatoriales, Microcoleaceae), new record for Peru Haydee Montoya T., José Gómez C., Mauro Mariano A., Enoc Jara P., Egma Mayta H., Mario Benavente P. Museo de Historia Natural, Departamento de Simbiosis Vegetal, UNMSM. Av. Arenales 1256. Apartado 14-0434. Lima 14, PERÚ. Instituto de Investigación de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de CC. Biológicas, UNMSM [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] [email protected] 24 (1): Enero - Junio, 2017 369 Este es un artículo de acceso abierto bajo la licencia CC BY-NC 4.0: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ Montoya et al.: Diversidad fenotípica de la cianobacteria Pseudophormidium tenue (Oscillatoriales, Microcoleaceae), nuevo reporte para el Perú Recibido: 20-I-2017; Aceptado: 15-III-2017; Publicado: VI-2017; Edición online: 05-VI-2017 Resumen Los ecosistemas desérticos costeros tropicales están distribuidos ampliamente en el oeste de Sudamérica. No obstante las tierras áridas de esta región, la disponibilidad hídrica de la humedad proveniente de las neblinas a nivel del océano Pacífico acarreadas hacia las colinas (lomas) y las garúas anuales invernales fluctuantes favorecen el desarrollo de comunidades cianobacteriales extremas. El área de evaluación fue las Lomas de Pachacámac, al sur de Lima, y las colecciones cianobacteriales estándar (costras, biofilms o matas terrestres) fueron realizadas irregularmente en 1995 y 2012. -
Do You Think Animals Have Skeletons Like Ours?
Animal Skeletons Do you think animals have skeletons like ours? Are there any bones which might be similar? Vertebrate or Invertebrate § Look at the words above… § What do you think the difference is? § Hint: Break the words up (Vertebrae) Vertebrates and Invertebrates The difference between vertebrates and invertebrates is simple! Vertebrates have a backbone (spine)… …and invertebrates don’t Backbone (spine) vertebrate invertebrate So, if the animal has a backbone or a ‘vertebral column’ it is a ‘Vertebrate’ and if it doesn’t, it is called an ‘Invertebrate.’ It’s Quiz Time!! Put this PowerPoint onto full slideshow before starting. You will be shown a series of animals, click if you think it is a ‘Vertebrate’ or an ‘Invertebrate.’ Dog VertebrateVertebrate or InvertebrateInvertebrate Worm VertebrateVertebrate or InvertebrateInvertebrate Dinosaur VertebrateVertebrate or InvertebrateInvertebrate Human VertebrateVertebrate or InvertebrateInvertebrate Fish VertebrateVertebrate or InvertebrateInvertebrate Jellyfish VertebrateVertebrate or InvertebrateInvertebrate Butterfly VertebrateVertebrate or InvertebrateInvertebrate Types of Skeleton § Now we know the difference between ‘Vertebrate’ and ‘Invertebrate.’ § Let’s dive a little deeper… A further classification of skeletons comes from if an animal has a skeleton and where it is. All vertebrates have an endoskeleton. However invertebrates can be divided again between those with an exoskeleton and those with a hydrostatic skeleton. vertebrate invertebrate endoskeleton exoskeleton hydrostatic skeleton What do you think the words endoskeleton, exoskeleton and hydrostatic skeleton mean? Endoskeletons Animals with endoskeletons have Endoskeletons are lighter skeletons on the inside than exoskeletons. of their bodies. As the animal grows so does their skeleton. Exoskeletons Animals with exoskeletons Watch the following have clip to see how they shed their skeletons on their skeletons the outside! (clip the crab below). -
Neoproterozoic Glaciations in a Revised Global Palaeogeography from the Breakup of Rodinia to the Assembly of Gondwanaland
Sedimentary Geology 294 (2013) 219–232 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Sedimentary Geology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/sedgeo Invited review Neoproterozoic glaciations in a revised global palaeogeography from the breakup of Rodinia to the assembly of Gondwanaland Zheng-Xiang Li a,b,⁎, David A.D. Evans b, Galen P. Halverson c,d a ARC Centre of Excellence for Core to Crust Fluid Systems (CCFS) and The Institute for Geoscience Research (TIGeR), Department of Applied Geology, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia b Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8109, USA c Earth & Planetary Sciences/GEOTOP, McGill University, 3450 University St., Montreal, Quebec H3A0E8, Canada d Tectonics, Resources and Exploration (TRaX), School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia article info abstract Article history: This review paper presents a set of revised global palaeogeographic maps for the 825–540 Ma interval using Received 6 January 2013 the latest palaeomagnetic data, along with lithological information for Neoproterozoic sedimentary basins. Received in revised form 24 May 2013 These maps form the basis for an examination of the relationships between known glacial deposits, Accepted 28 May 2013 palaeolatitude, positions of continental rifting, relative sea-level changes, and major global tectonic events Available online 5 June 2013 such as supercontinent assembly, breakup and superplume events. This analysis reveals several fundamental ’ Editor: J. Knight palaeogeographic features that will help inform and constrain models for Earth s climatic and geodynamic evolution during the Neoproterozoic. First, glacial deposits at or near sea level appear to extend from high Keywords: latitudes into the deep tropics for all three Neoproterozoic ice ages (Sturtian, Marinoan and Gaskiers), al- Neoproterozoic though the Gaskiers interval remains very poorly constrained in both palaeomagnetic data and global Rodinia lithostratigraphic correlations. -
Integrative and Comparative Biology Integrative and Comparative Biology, Volume 58, Number 4, Pp
Integrative and Comparative Biology Integrative and Comparative Biology, volume 58, number 4, pp. 605–622 doi:10.1093/icb/icy088 Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology SYMPOSIUM INTRODUCTION The Temporal and Environmental Context of Early Animal Evolution: Considering All the Ingredients of an “Explosion” Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/58/4/605/5056706 by Stanford Medical Center user on 15 October 2018 Erik A. Sperling1 and Richard G. Stockey Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Building 320, Stanford, CA 94305, USA From the symposium “From Small and Squishy to Big and Armored: Genomic, Ecological and Paleontological Insights into the Early Evolution of Animals” presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology, January 3–7, 2018 at San Francisco, California. 1E-mail: [email protected] Synopsis Animals originated and evolved during a unique time in Earth history—the Neoproterozoic Era. This paper aims to discuss (1) when landmark events in early animal evolution occurred, and (2) the environmental context of these evolutionary milestones, and how such factors may have affected ecosystems and body plans. With respect to timing, molecular clock studies—utilizing a diversity of methodologies—agree that animal multicellularity had arisen by 800 million years ago (Ma) (Tonian period), the bilaterian body plan by 650 Ma (Cryogenian), and divergences between sister phyla occurred 560–540 Ma (late Ediacaran). Most purported Tonian and Cryogenian animal body fossils are unlikely to be correctly identified, but independent support for the presence of pre-Ediacaran animals is recorded by organic geochemical biomarkers produced by demosponges. -
Protocols for Monitoring Harmful Algal Blooms for Sustainable Aquaculture and Coastal Fisheries in Chile (Supplement Data)
Protocols for monitoring Harmful Algal Blooms for sustainable aquaculture and coastal fisheries in Chile (Supplement data) Provided by Kyoko Yarimizu, et al. Table S1. Phytoplankton Naming Dictionary: This dictionary was constructed from the species observed in Chilean coast water in the past combined with the IOC list. Each name was verified with the list provided by IFOP and online dictionaries, AlgaeBase (https://www.algaebase.org/) and WoRMS (http://www.marinespecies.org/). The list is subjected to be updated. Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Ochrophyta Bacillariophyceae Achnanthales Achnanthaceae Achnanthes Achnanthes longipes Bacillariophyta Coscinodiscophyceae Coscinodiscales Heliopeltaceae Actinoptychus Actinoptychus spp. Dinoflagellata Dinophyceae Gymnodiniales Gymnodiniaceae Akashiwo Akashiwo sanguinea Dinoflagellata Dinophyceae Gymnodiniales Gymnodiniaceae Amphidinium Amphidinium spp. Ochrophyta Bacillariophyceae Naviculales Amphipleuraceae Amphiprora Amphiprora spp. Bacillariophyta Bacillariophyceae Thalassiophysales Catenulaceae Amphora Amphora spp. Cyanobacteria Cyanophyceae Nostocales Aphanizomenonaceae Anabaenopsis Anabaenopsis milleri Cyanobacteria Cyanophyceae Oscillatoriales Coleofasciculaceae Anagnostidinema Anagnostidinema amphibium Anagnostidinema Cyanobacteria Cyanophyceae Oscillatoriales Coleofasciculaceae Anagnostidinema lemmermannii Cyanobacteria Cyanophyceae Oscillatoriales Microcoleaceae Annamia Annamia toxica Cyanobacteria Cyanophyceae Nostocales Aphanizomenonaceae Aphanizomenon Aphanizomenon flos-aquae -
Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress
Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress Updated May 22, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R41153 Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress Summary The diminishment of Arctic sea ice has led to increased human activities in the Arctic, and has heightened interest in, and concerns about, the region’s future. The United States, by virtue of Alaska, is an Arctic country and has substantial interests in the region. The seven other Arctic states are Canada, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark (by virtue of Greenland), and Russia. The Arctic Research and Policy Act (ARPA) of 1984 (Title I of P.L. 98-373 of July 31, 1984) “provide[s] for a comprehensive national policy dealing with national research needs and objectives in the Arctic.” The National Science Foundation (NSF) is the lead federal agency for implementing Arctic research policy. Key U.S. policy documents relating to the Arctic include National Security Presidential Directive 66/Homeland Security Presidential Directive 25 (NSPD 66/HSPD 25) of January 9, 2009; the National Strategy for the Arctic Region of May 10, 2013; the January 30, 2014, implementation plan for the 2013 national strategy; and Executive Order 13689 of January 21, 2015, on enhancing coordination of national efforts in the Arctic. The office of the U.S. Special Representative for the Arctic has been vacant since January 20, 2017. The Arctic Council, created in 1996, is the leading international forum for addressing issues relating to the Arctic. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) sets forth a comprehensive regime of law and order in the world’s oceans, including the Arctic Ocean. -
Palaeobiology of the Early Ediacaran Shuurgat Formation, Zavkhan Terrane, South-Western Mongolia
Journal of Systematic Palaeontology ISSN: 1477-2019 (Print) 1478-0941 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tjsp20 Palaeobiology of the early Ediacaran Shuurgat Formation, Zavkhan Terrane, south-western Mongolia Ross P. Anderson, Sean McMahon, Uyanga Bold, Francis A. Macdonald & Derek E. G. Briggs To cite this article: Ross P. Anderson, Sean McMahon, Uyanga Bold, Francis A. Macdonald & Derek E. G. Briggs (2016): Palaeobiology of the early Ediacaran Shuurgat Formation, Zavkhan Terrane, south-western Mongolia, Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, DOI: 10.1080/14772019.2016.1259272 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2016.1259272 Published online: 20 Dec 2016. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 48 View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=tjsp20 Download by: [Harvard Library] Date: 31 January 2017, At: 11:48 Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 2016 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2016.1259272 Palaeobiology of the early Ediacaran Shuurgat Formation, Zavkhan Terrane, south-western Mongolia Ross P. Anderson a*,SeanMcMahona,UyangaBoldb, Francis A. Macdonaldc and Derek E. G. Briggsa,d aDepartment of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, 210 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut, 06511, USA; bDepartment of Earth Science and Astronomy, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan; cDepartment of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, 20 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138, USA; dPeabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, 170 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut, 06511, USA (Received 4 June 2016; accepted 27 September 2016) Early diagenetic chert nodules and small phosphatic clasts in carbonates from the early Ediacaran Shuurgat Formation on the Zavkhan Terrane of south-western Mongolia preserve diverse microfossil communities. -
Planktothrix Agardhii É a Mais Comum
Accessing Planktothrix species diversity and associated toxins using quantitative real-time PCR in natural waters Catarina Isabel Prata Pereira Leitão Churro Doutoramento em Biologia Departamento Biologia 2015 Orientador Vitor Manuel de Oliveira e Vasconcelos, Professor Catedrático Faculdade de Ciências iv FCUP Accessing Planktothrix species diversity and associated toxins using quantitative real-time PCR in natural waters The research presented in this thesis was supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, I.P.) national funds through the project PPCDT/AMB/67075/2006 and through the individual Ph.D. research grant SFRH/BD65706/2009 to Catarina Churro co-funded by the European Social Fund (Fundo Social Europeu, FSE), through Programa Operacional Potencial Humano – Quadro de Referência Estratégico Nacional (POPH – QREN) and Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT). The research was performed in the host institutions: National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge (INSA, I.P.), Lisboa; Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Porto and Centre for Microbial Resources (CREM - FCT/UNL), Caparica that provided the laboratories, materials, regents, equipment’s and logistics to perform the experiments. v FCUP Accessing Planktothrix species diversity and associated toxins using quantitative real-time PCR in natural waters vi FCUP Accessing Planktothrix species diversity and associated toxins using quantitative real-time PCR in natural waters ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor Professor Vitor Vasconcelos for accepting to embark in this research and supervising this project and without whom this work would not be possible. I am also greatly thankful to my co-supervisor Elisabete Valério for the encouragement in pursuing a graduate program and for accompanying me all the way through it. -
Constraints on the Timescale of Animal Evolutionary History
Palaeontologia Electronica palaeo-electronica.org Constraints on the timescale of animal evolutionary history Michael J. Benton, Philip C.J. Donoghue, Robert J. Asher, Matt Friedman, Thomas J. Near, and Jakob Vinther ABSTRACT Dating the tree of life is a core endeavor in evolutionary biology. Rates of evolution are fundamental to nearly every evolutionary model and process. Rates need dates. There is much debate on the most appropriate and reasonable ways in which to date the tree of life, and recent work has highlighted some confusions and complexities that can be avoided. Whether phylogenetic trees are dated after they have been estab- lished, or as part of the process of tree finding, practitioners need to know which cali- brations to use. We emphasize the importance of identifying crown (not stem) fossils, levels of confidence in their attribution to the crown, current chronostratigraphic preci- sion, the primacy of the host geological formation and asymmetric confidence intervals. Here we present calibrations for 88 key nodes across the phylogeny of animals, rang- ing from the root of Metazoa to the last common ancestor of Homo sapiens. Close attention to detail is constantly required: for example, the classic bird-mammal date (base of crown Amniota) has often been given as 310-315 Ma; the 2014 international time scale indicates a minimum age of 318 Ma. Michael J. Benton. School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1RJ, U.K. [email protected] Philip C.J. Donoghue. School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1RJ, U.K. [email protected] Robert J. -
Geobiological Events in the Ediacaran Period
Geobiological Events in the Ediacaran Period Shuhai Xiao Department of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA NSF; NASA; PRF; NSFC; Virginia Tech Geobiology Group; CAS; UNLV; UCR; ASU; UMD; Amherst; Subcommission of Neoproterozoic Stratigraphy; 1 Goals To review biological (e.g., acanthomorphic acritarchs; animals; rangeomorphs; biomineralizing animals), chemical (e.g., carbon and sulfur isotopes, oxygenation of deep oceans), and climatic (e.g., glaciations) events in the Ediacaran Period; To discuss integration and future directions in Ediacaran geobiology; 2 Knoll and Walter, 1992 • Acanthomorphic acritarchs in early and Ediacara fauna in late Ediacaran Period; • Strong carbon isotope variations; • Varanger-Laplandian glaciation; • What has happened since 1992? 3 Age Constraints: South China (538.2±1.5 Ma) 541 Ma Cambrian Dengying Ediacaran Sinian 551.1±0.7 Ma Doushantuo 632.5±0.5 Ma 635 Ma 635.2±0.6 Ma Nantuo (Tillite) 636 ± 5Ma Cryogenian Nanhuan 654 ± 4Ma Datangpo 663±4 Ma Neoproterozoic Neoproterozoic Jiangkou Group Banxi Group 725±10 Ma Tonian Qingbaikouan 1000 Ma • South China radiometric ages: Condon et al., 2005; Hoffmann et al., 2004; Zhou et al., 2004; Bowring et al., 2007; S. Zhang et al., 2008; Q. Zhang et al., 2008; • Additional ages from Nama Group (Namibia), Conception Group (Newfoundland), and Vendian (White Sea); 4 The Ediacaran Period Ediacara fossils Cambrian 545 Ma Nama assemblage 555 Ma White Sea assemblage 565 Ma Avalon assemblage 575 Ma 585 Ma Doushantuo biota 595 Ma 605 Ma Ediacaran Period 615 Ma