Apstrakcija | Abstraction Iz Fonda Umjetničkog Muzeja Crne Gore from the Fund of the Artistic Museum of Montenegro

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Apstrakcija | Abstraction Iz Fonda Umjetničkog Muzeja Crne Gore from the Fund of the Artistic Museum of Montenegro Apstrakcija | Abstraction iz fonda Umjetničkog muzeja Crne Gore from the fund of the Artistic Museum of Montenegro NARODNI MUZEJ CRNE GORE ATELJE DADO Apstrakcija iz fonda Umjetničkog muzeja Crne Gore Udaljavanje od realnosti i predmetnih motiva u realizaciji slike i njeno svođenje na osno- vne likovne vrijednosti: boju, liniju, kompoziciju... nalazimo u umjetničkim tendencijama, nastalim nezavisno jedne od drugih 40-ih godina XX vijeka u Parizu i Njujorku, a koje će u istoriji umjetnosti biti označene pojmovima: enformel, lirska apstrakcija, tašizam, apstraktni ekspresionizam. Ovakav odnos prema prirodi slikarskog djela nastao je iz opšte sociološko- kulturne klime savremenog društva koje se bavilo egzistencijalnim pitanjima čovjeka da- našnjice, njegove rezigniranosti prema civilizacijskim procesima, sumnje u humanistički pro- speritet i mjestu individue u njemu. Ovakav način razmišljanja, koji možemo posmatrati sa čisto duhovnog stanovišta uslovio je promjene u formalno-estetskom karakteru slikarskog djela. Posmatrano sa istorijske distance, pionir apstraktne umjetnosti bio je Vasilij Kandinski sa djelima nastalim između 1910. i 1914. godine, da bi se između dva svjetska rata apstrakcija manifestovala kod grupe ruskih umjetnika Kazimira Maljeviča, Vladimira Tatljina i Nauma Gaboa, kao i Holanđanina Pita Mondrijana, osnivača grupe De Stijl. U jugoslovenskim kulturnim prilikama, osim individualnih pokušaja između dva svjetska rata (S. Šumanović, J. Bijelić, M. Petrov), apstrakcija je, kao likovni pravac, svoj zamah dobila pedesetih godina XX vijeka. Neposredni uticaji zapadnoevropske umjetničke klime, kao i gostovanje inostranih izložbi savremenog evropskog i američkog slikarstva tokom cijele šeste decenije, predstavljali su značajan zaokret jugoslovenskih umjetnika ka slobodi liko- vne inerpretacije doživljenog i viđenog, konkretizovane kompozicijskom jednostavnošću i odnosom prema materiji – znaku kao novom retoričkom slikovnom izrazu koji samostalno egzistira. Ipak, i pored različitih pristupa u kreiranju apstraktne forme, ono što povezuje umjetnike sa ovih prostora sličnog duhovnog i kulturnog miljea, jeste odnos prema tradiciji, etničkom nasljeđu, doživljaju prirode, koji se kroz prizmu subjektivnog optikuma projektovao u je- dinstveni emotivni i vizuelni likovni doživljaj. Tako Branko Filipović Filo, jedan od rodonačelnika enformela u Jugoslaviji, koristi te- hniku „curenja likida“ u kojoj razrijeđenu boju prosipa po platnu i rotirajućim pokretima kontroliše njen tok dobijajući željene oblike inicirajući doživljaj rodnog podneblja kao gotovo primordijalnog predjela. Rad na papiru Vladislava Todorovića Šilje strukturiran u četiri za- sebne cjeline nosi osobine enformel pokreta iluzijom reljefnosti, zrnastm strukturom, cure- njem boje i unošenjem neslikarskih materijala. Iz poluapstraktnih i asocijativnih modela Petar Lubarda početkom šezdesetih godina dolazi do apstraktnog manira. Prostor slike određuju tonske monohromije po cijeloj površini preko koje rasipa raznobojne oblike, kao zapise i hijeroglife (Miodrag B. Protić), koji se razla- žu i pretapaju unoseći u sliku energiju pokreta i iluziju beskrajne kosmičke dimenzije. Gojko Berkuljan, na tonski uravnoteženu, lazurnu površinu koja sugeriše prostor, mjestimično postavlja sedimentnu gustu bojenu strukturu u koju aplicira neslikarske materijale (staklo, pijesak) blisko enformelističkoj poetici. Nadahnutost plavetnilom i suncem crnogorskog pri- morja kod Mila Milunovića dobilo je svoj konačni oblik u asocijativno-apstraktnim pejza- žima. Apstrahovani oblici određenog sadržaja, svedeni su na plošne bojene kadence plavog i oker kolorita. Linearnim potezima crne boje po cijeloj površini slike u kombinaciji sa koloritom blagih pastelnih tonova, Miloš Vušković svoje asocijativne iskaze iz poslednjeg stvaralačkog perioda, ovim djelom dovodi do čiste apstrakcije. Lazar Vozarević, od geometrijske figuracije i vizantijsko-kubističkog prosedea, povezuje savremeno i tradicionalno u apstraktnim kom- Jarmila Vešović (1954. Cetinje) Iz ciklusa Arabeske | From the series Arabesques pastel na japanskom papiru | pastel on the japanese paper, 44 x 69 cm pozicijama koje karakterišu koloristički međuodnosi tamno smeđih i zlatnih površina koje se slobodno šire platnom i formiraju hermetički zatvoren prostor (Lj. Zeković). Kod Krsta He- gedušića ritam amorfnih svijetlih partija ima metaforičnu referencu lirskog raspoloženja u skladu sa aktuelnim intencijama u savremenoj svjetskoj umjetnosti. Finim nijansiranjem na svijetloj neutralnoj pozadini Đeljoš Đokaj razgrađuje forme da bi ih zatim sintetizovao u jedinstvenu amorfnu masu. Tajanstvena mističnost u kontrastnim oblicima plave i zlatne boje na slici Jarmile Vešović emanira duh vizantijske tradicije. Pejzaž kao inspirativno izvorište u središtu je interesovanja Dragana Karadžića, koji estetizovan umjetnikovim lirskim senzi- bilitetom, realnost svodi na simboliku prefinjenih tonskih varijacija plavih mrlja i ovlaš na- nijetim linearnim ritmovima. Ivan Pejović, najmlađi učesnik na izložbi, emocijom snažnog unutrašnjeg naboja, mrljama intenzivne žute, crvene i plave boje, zgusnutom fakturom i ge- stualnim potezom, realnom prostoru daje ličnu asocijativno-apstraktnu notu. Na izložbi Apstrakcija iz fonda Umjetničkog muzeja Crne Gore prezentovana su djela jugoslovenskih likovnih stvaralaca starije generacije, koji su svoj pristup ka apstrakciji razvija- li počev od 50-ih godina XX vijeka, kao i onih koji pripadaju srednjoj i najmlađoj generaciji umjetnika čije stvaralaštvo, polazeći od realnih motiva ukazuje na kontinuitet i razvoj aps- traktne vokacije u savremenoj crnogorskoj umjetnosti. Snežana Ivović istoričarka umjetnosti Abstraction from the fund of the Artistic Museum of Montenegro In art tendencies that have emerged independently during the 1940’s in Paris and New York we encounter distancing from reality and the underlying motives in the realization of the painting and its reduction to the basic values of art - colour, line, composition; these will be marked in the history of art as Informel painting, Lyrical Abstraction, Tachisme, Abstract Expressionism. Such an attitude towards the nature of a painting arose from a general socio- cultural climate of contemporary society that dealt with existential questions of man today, his resignation toward civilization processes, doubts in human prosperity and the position of the individual in it. This way of thinking, which can be viewed from a purely spiritual standpoint, caused changes in the formal and aesthetic character of the painting art work. Perceived from a historical distance, the pioneer of Abstract art was Wassily Kandinsky and his works created between 1910 and 1914, while Abstraction between the two world wars manifested itself in the group of Russian artists Kazimir Malevich, Vladimir Tatlin and Naum Gabo as well as the Dutchman Piet Mondrian, founder of the art group De Stijl. In Yugoslav cultural conditions, apart from the individual attempts between the two world wars (S. Sumanovic, J. Bijelic, M. Petrov), Abstraction as an art direction gained its momentum during the 1950’s. The immediate impact of the Western European art scene, as well as hosting international exhibitions of contemporary European and American art throughout the 1960’s, represented a significant turnaround by Yugoslav artists towards freedom of visual interpretation of the experienced and seen, concretized by compositional simplicity and an attitude toward the matter - sign as a new rhetorical pictorial expression that exists independently. However, despite the different approaches in creating abstract forms, artists from this region with a similar spiritual and cultural milieu are united by their relationship to tradition, ethnic heritage and experience of nature which, through the prism of a subjective opticum, are projected into a unique emotional and visual artistic experience. Thus Branko Filipovic-Filo, one of the founders of Art Informel in Yugoslavia, uses the “liquid leakage” technique in which he spills diluted paint on the canvas and controls its flow with rotating motions thus obtaining desired shapes and initiating an experience of his native country as an almost primordial landscape. The work on paper by Vladislav Todorovic Silja is structured into four separate units and conveys properties of the Art Informel movement through the illusion of relief, grain-like structure, colour leaking and introducing non-painting materials. Following his semi-abstract and associative models, during the early sixties Petar Lubarda reaches an abstract manner of expression. The space of the painting is determined by tone monochromes across the entire surface over which he scatters colourful forms, like notes and hieroglyphics (Miodrag B. Protic); they decompose and merge introducing the energy of motion and the illusion of endless cosmic dimensions into the painting. On a tonally balanced, lazure surface which suggests space Gojko Berkuljan partially places sediment, thick coloured structure on which he applies non-painting materials (glass, sand) that are close to the Informel poetics. The inspiration by the blueness and the sun of the Montenegrin coast received with Milo Milunovic its final shape in associative-abstract landscapes. Abstracted forms of specific content have been reduced to flat coloured cadences of blue and ochre colours. In this artwork Milos Vuskovic brings to pure abstraction the associative statements of his last creative period - linear strokes of black colour across the entire surface
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