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Tahrir Square, 2011 SPECIAL REPORT INSIDE A REVOLUTION: TAHRIR SQUARE, 2011 REUTERS/PETER ANDREWS One of the most remarkable things about the protests that ousted President Hosni Mubarak in February was the lack of violence. That was no accident BY MARWA AWAD AND HUGO DIXON 32 and interested in politics and how Egypt jobs in London. CAIRO/LONDON, APR 13 might change, was intrigued by the idea. Inspired by the way Serbian group Otpor He contacted the group, lighting one of the had brought down Slobodan Milosevic n early 2005, Cairo-based computer fuses that would end in freedom in Tahrir through non-violent protests in 2000, the engineer Saad Bahaar was trawling the Square six years later. trio studied previous struggles. One of their internetI when he came across a trio of The three men he approached -- Hisham favourite thinkers was Gene Sharp, a Boston- Egyptian expatriates who advocated the Morsy, a physician, Wael Adel, a civil based academic who was heavily influenced use of non-violent techniques to overthrow engineer by training, and Adel’s cousin by Mahatma Gandhi. The group had set strongman Hosni Mubarak. Bahaar, then Ahmed, a chemist -- had all left Egypt for up a webpage in 2004 to propagate civil APRIL 2011 EGYPT’S PEACEFUL REVOLUTION APRIL 2011 disobedience ideas in Arabic. ENOUGH: The movement in Egypt was inspired by At first, the three young Egyptians’ activities Serbia’s OTPOR, which means Resistance. Left, an were purely theoretical. But in November 2005, elderly woman in Serbia carries an OTPOR banner, April 13, 2000 . Below, a boy sits inside the tracks of Wael Adel came to Cairo to give a three-day an army tank in Tahrir Square, Cairo, Feb. 18, 2011 training session on civil disobedience. In the REUTERS/GOraN TOMASEVIC, SUHAIB SALEM audience were about 30 members of Kefaya, an anti-Mubarak protest group whose name disagreement between its younger activists means “enough” in Arabic. Kefaya had gained and older politicians. By 2007, it had lost its prominence during the September 2005 momentum and many had quit. presidential elections which Mubarak won by a landslide. During these protests, they had been THE ACADEMY OF CHANGE attacked by thugs and some women members IN THE MEANTIME, the trio of thinkers had had been stripped naked. Bahaar joined Adel morphed into an organisation called the on the course and his career as an underground Academy of Change -- based in London and trainer in non-violent activism was born. ultimately moving to Qatar. The Academy Adel taught activists how to function within became a window for Egypt’s activists into a decentralised network. Doing so would repressive crackdown in the name of law and civil disobedience movements outside the make it harder for the security services to snuff order. But you must avoid this trap.” Arab world. To disseminate the new methods them out by arresting leaders. They were also The process took time. As Wael Adel put it of resistance, it wrote books about nonviolent instructed on how to maintain a disciplined during an interview in a rundown Cairo cafe in activism with a focus on the Arab world: non-violent approach in the face of police March, there was a process of “trial and error” “Civil Disobedience,” “Nonviolent War the brutality, and how to win over bystanders. before Egypt’s non-violent warriors were 3rd Choice” and “AOC MindQuake” that were “The third party, the bystander sitting on the strong enough to begin to take on a dictator. published in 2007. fence, will join when he realises that security Kefaya, for example, did run some more A year later the Academy published forces’ use of violence is unwarranted,” campaigns – including one for judicial “Shields to Protect Against Fear”, a manual Bahaar said in one of a series of interviews independence in 2006. But it failed to on techniques to protect one’s body against with Reuters. “Security will harass you to stir mass protests or expand beyond the attacks by security services during a protest. provoke an angry violent response to justify a middle class elite. There was also internal “The idea of non-violent protest is not 2 EGYPT’S PEACEFUL REVOLUTION APRIL 2011 MIND QUAKE? Technology proved crucial in the Egypt protests. The Academy of Change posted training manuals online, while social media -- here anti-government protesters sit near graffiti celebrating Facebook, Feb. 7, 2011 -- allowed people to more easily organise. REUTERS/DYlaN MartINEZ martyrdom,” Adel said. “We knew to get least three people were killed, hundreds were Powerpoint presentations that explained ordinary Egyptians, and Arabs, to face their wounded and scores arrested. how you maximise the power of a protest governments and security, they have to have More discipline was needed. Bahaar began movement. Every protester had a family, and tools to protect themselves. This boosts the to widen his efforts, traveling to disparate around the family was a wider community, morale and enthusiasm to go to the street.” locations farther away from the capital to Bahaar explained. If a protester was arrested or The ideas espoused by the Academy spread extend grassroots awareness of peaceful civil beaten by the police, his or her family might be through Egypt. The calls for change reached disobedience. radicalised. Similarly, if a policeman engaged industrial areas where large groups of workers Meanwhile, ex-Kefaya activists formed the in brutality, his family and social network have long suffered low wages and bad work April 6 Facebook group, using the internet might not be supportive. By maintaining conditions. Mounting economic hardship to gather supporters. The group adopted the disciplined non-violent activity, the regime’s mobilised workers in the Nile Delta city of Otpor clenched-fist logo and some members power could be progressively weakened. Mahalla El Kobra, home to the country’s biggest traveled to Serbia for civil disobedience training. Why wasn’t Bahaar himself arrested? He textile factory. The workers had been in contact says this was partly because he was working with Kefaya activists and other independent THE FACEBOOK ACTIVISTS underground but also, he thinks, because the labour activists. The groundwork for a sustained FEBRUARY 2010. Mohamed ElBaradei security services didn’t judge his non-violent mass mobilisation was being prepared. was back in Cairo. The former head of the approach a threat. The first real victory sprung from Mahalla International Atomic Energy Association and Others were not so lucky. Khaled Said, 28, in December 2006 when over 20,000 Nobel peace prize winner had inspired some was beaten to death by police in Alexandria, textile workers staged a six-day strike over of Egypt’s younger generation that change Egypt’s second-largest city, in June 2010. His unpaid bonuses. The protesters -- peaceful was possible. Several of them had created family said he had posted a video showing but stubborn -- confused police forces a Facebook page backing ElBaradei as the police officers sharing the spoils of a drugs accustomed to clashing with disorganised country’s next president. But how were they to bust. Said’s body was barely recognisable and crowds. The government offered concessions achieve their goal given Mubarak’s repressive the act of brutality galvanised further protests to avoid losses from a halt to production. regime? They turned to the Academy for help. -- in particular, the anti-torture Facebook Then came a setback. In April 2008, workers The Academy directed them to its online page “We are Khaled Said,” created by Google in Mahalla went out on strike again, over training manuals, which the Facebook activists executive Wael Ghonim and underground rising prices. An online call by Kefaya’s former tried for a while. But despite their internet activist AbdelRahman Mansour. activists to support the Mahalla strike on savvy, many felt that relying entirely on online The page played a pivotal role in spreading fizzled out. Meanwhile, in Mahalla, the protest training was too theoretical. Couldn’t the non-violent strategies such as “flash mob” turned violent. Activists claim plain-clothes Academy give them practical training? silent protests, where groups of people police destroyed public and police property Enter Bahaar. suddenly gather in a public place and do and then blamed it on the protesters. Bloody Those who had signed up to the Facebook something unusual in unison for a short clashes between police and Mahalla citizens page were divided into groups of 100. Bahaar time before dispersing. Instructions for a lasted three days. Police fired live rounds and trained eight of the groups in different parts nationwide “flash mob” were posted on the teargas, while enraged crowds threw rocks. At of the country using, among other tools, page. Participants were told to dress in black 3 EGYPT’S PEACEFUL REVOLUTION APRIL 2011 VICTORY: Pro-democracy supporters in Cairo’s Tahrir Square, February 18, 2011. A nationwide “Victory March” celebrated the overthrow of Hosni Mubarak a week earlier. REUTERS/MOHAMED ABD EL-GHANY and arrive at specific locations in small groups nationwide march to demand the dissolution well connected with people in their local areas. to skirt the ban on large public gatherings. of parliament, the disbanding of the state Ideas spread like a virus,” says Bahaar. They formed single files along main roads with security agency, seen by Egyptians as the Protesters conversed with riot police sent to their backs turned to the street. After a certain state’s main arm of torture, and the resignation cordon off the Square. The aim was simple: win hour they marched away. of the interior minister. over those in uniform. Women gave out food “The Khaled Said page drew countless The date chosen for mass action was Jan.
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