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Apple I Tuesday Afternoon 2:00 Pm Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable & Farm Market EXPO Michigan Greenhouse Growers EXPO December 9 - 11, 2014 DeVos Place Convention Center, Grand Rapids, MI Apple I Tuesday afternoon 2:00 pm Where: Ballroom D MI Recertification credits: 2 (1C, COMM CORE, PRIV CORE) CCA Credits: CM(2.0) Moderator: Brett Anderson, MSHS Board, Sparta, MI 2:00 pm Apple Production in Italy - 2014 IFTA Study Tour Amy Irish-Brown, Tree Fruit IPM Educator, MSU Extension, Grand Rapids, MI Phil Schwallier, District Horticulture and Marketing Educator, MSU Extension, Clarksville, MI 2:35 pm Michigan Tree Fruit Commission Update Jim Engelsma, Engelsma's Apple Barn, Grand Rapids, MI 2:50 pm Compare and Contrast Apple Orchard Management Trends in Italy and Washington State Stefano Musacchi, Horticulture Dept., Washington State Univ. 3:25 pm Precision Apple Production – What Are You Leaving on the Table Rod Farrow, Lamont Fruit Farm, Waterport, NY 4:00 pm Session Ends Italy and Washington State Compare and Contrast Apple Orchard Management Distance: 8.818,75 km 5,481 miles Trends in Italy and Washington State Stefano Musacchi WSU-TFREC, Wenatchee, WA © 2014 Stefano Musacchi Typical production & market value of apple in the Pacific Northwest USA 5 cultivars account for 3467 tons 68% Region Productionctio Valuelue (1000 MT) ($M) Washington 2900 2000 APPLE Oregon 90 50 USA 4500 1000 Prognosfruit 2014 Prognosfruit 2014 © 2014 Stefano Musacchi © 2014 Stefano Musacchi Washington apple production % by cultivar (2012) WA apple acreage by variety Honeycrisp in Washington 1986-2011 • 1999 first plantings • Now top three • Currently >10,000 acres • 2008/09 1.8 M boxes • 2012/13 >5 M boxes • 10% of crop in storage March 1 USDA – NASS Others cultivars Recent U.S apple releases Apple production areas in Italy • Jazz NY2 • Pacific Rose RubyFrost • Ambrosia NY1 • Lady Alice SnapDragon • Sonya • Aurora • ...Red-fleshed? WA38 source: GFG 2011 Cosmic WA2 Crisp © 2014 Stefano Musacchi Musacch Apple production in Italy by Regions Others: Emilia-Romagna 8% Piedemont 9 % Veneto 10 % South and Mid Italy 1% 5 cultivars account for 1957 tons 82% Prognosfruit 2014 © 2014 Stefano Musacchi Prognosfruit 2014 © 2014 Stefano Musacchi © 2014 StefanoSt Musacchi Cultivar distribution (year 2006) 35 31.3 30 % Italia* % Emilia-Romagna 25 21.6 20.0 20 19.1 Rootstocks 15.4 14.8 15 11.8 11.6 12.5 8.7 10 Percentuale (%) 8.0 4.2 5.2 4.9 3.6 5 2.2 2.3 1.4 1.0 1.8 1.0 0.7 0.0 0.6 0.1 0.8 0 Fuji Jonagold Braeburn Ozark Gold Pink Lady®Altre varietà Gala (gruppo) Red Delicious Granny Smith Golden delicious Renette (gruppo) Stayman (gruppo) Imperatore-Rome B.(gruppo) Italy = Piedemont, Veneto, Emilia-Romagna, Trentino Alto Adige © 2014 Stefano Musacchi Source: CSO-Ferrara © 2014 Stefano Musacchi © 2014 Stefano Musacchi Geneva® Apple Rootstocks by Tree Size Bud 118 Main Apple Rootstocks Seedling M.7 M.26 M.9 (Large) MM106 New rootstocks are under evaluation in Europe. M9 337 is the most Pajam 2, EMLA important rootstock utilized. Environmental M.9 (Small) Nic29 Mark T337 B.9 conditions 15-30% 30-35% 35-40% 40-50% 50-75% >75% G.16 G.30 G.11 Fire blight resistant G.41* G.210* G.202 Replant tolerant G.214* G.890* * Wooly apple aphid resistant G.222 G.969 G.935 19 © 2014 Stefano Musacchi Modified for Washington State conditions after Terence Robinson, Cornell-Geneva; Gennaro Fazio, USDA-ARS Geneva Latitude of the main apple area 48.3667° N, 119.5811° W 1 Okanogan, Coordinates 47.8411° N, 120.0464° W 2 Lake Chelan, Coordinates 47.4233° N, 120.3253° W 3 Wenatchee, Coordinates 46.2442° N, 124.0581° 4 Columbia River, Coo 46.6000° N, 120.5000° W 5 Yakima, Coordinates © 2014 Stefano Musacchi © 2014 Stefano Musacchi Native vegetation = shrub steppe (estepa arbustiva) Washington has many and long sunny days, which Low annual means high potential for dry matter accumulation, but Climate data in WA apple production areas, 2009-2013 high heat can reduce net photosynthesis precipitation Cen and Sage 2005 Avg Extreme Avg Extreme Avg Max First Last • The central enzyme involved in Min Min Max Max Avg Wind Wind RH Solar Frost Frost Area Elev. Temp Temp Temp Temp Temp Speed Gust (%) Precip Radiation Date Date (125-250 mm/yr) carbon fixation does not operate as 1263 ft 38.5 °F -4.6 °F 59.8 °F 103.8 °F 49.2 °F 3.5 mph 35.3 mph 10.47 in Oct 04 to Apr 24 to Okanogan1 62.3 5098 MJ/m2 385 m 3.6 °C -20.3 °C 15.4 °C 39.9 °C 9.6 °C 1.6 m/s 15.8 m/s 26.6 cm Oct 23 May 21 effectively at high temperatures (Cen 1255 ft 42.8 °F 0.8 °F 59.6 °F 101.4 °F 50.6 °F 4.4 mph 43.2 mph 11.9 in Oct 10 to Mar 14 to and Sage 2005) Lake Chelan2 59.1 4969 MJ/m2 383 m 6.0 °C -17.3 °C 15.3 °C 38.6 °C 10.3 °C 2.0 m/s 19.3 m/s 30.3 cm Nov 10 Apr 10 790 ft 40.4 °F -6.6 °F 62.2 °F 106.4 °F 51.2 °F 2.9 mph 67.4 mph 9.50 in Oct 4 to Apr 5 to Some methods to used to Wenatchee3 62.7 5073 MJ/m2 241 m 4.7 °C -21.4 °C 16.8 °C 41.3 °C 10.7 °C 1.3 m/s 30.1 m/s 24.1 cm Oct 25 Apr 23 mitigate the effects of sun’s 1180 ft 39.0 °F -4.7 °F 61.0 °F 103.8 °F 50.0 °F 5.6 mph 54.7 mph 8.53 in Oct 5 to Apr 24 to Columbia4 65.5 5701 MJ/m2 360 m 3.9 °C -20.4 °C 16.1 °C 39.9 °C 10.0 °C 2.5 m/s 24.4 m/s 21.7 cm Oct 25 May 11 heat 840 ft 38.2 °F -9.7 °F 63.6 °F 101.6 °F 51.2 °F 3.1 mph 45.4 mph 5.89 in Sep 30 to Apr 26 to Yakima5 63.1 5538 MJ/m2 256 m 3.4 °C -23.2 °C 17.6 °C 38.6 °C 10.6 °C 1.4 m/s 20.3 m/s 15.0 cm Oct 25 May 10 • Shade nets increase water use efficiency and net photosynthetic rate (Gindaba et al 2007) Weather Stations used: 1 Pogue Flat Irrigation from the 2 Chelan South • Overhead watering can be used to 3 WSU-TFREC 4 WSU Othello reduce heat and evapotranspiration 5 Wapato Columbia River (Green et al. 2013) Drainage Photo credit Dr. Jinwook Lee © 2014 Stefano Musacchi © 2014 Stefano Musacchi Wenatchee District Columbia Basin Yakima Valley • Diverse topography and elevation range • The center of tree fruit •Primarily apple production in the Pacific • 85% of Washington’s winter pear production production, with some Northwest • 45% of PNW’s sweet cherry production sweet cherry • Produces half the apples • Rapidly growing population in the region has edged out •Young, modern and sweet cherries some production orchards grown in Washington •Generally flat and lower • Mixed topography, but elevation; higher generally warmer than areas further north Photo credit Dr. Jinwook Lee temperatures Photo credit Dr. Jinwook Lee Photo credit Dr. Jinwook Lee Photo credit Dr. Jinwook Lee © 2014 Stefano Musacchi © 2014 Stefano Musacchi © 2014 Stefano Musacchi Relative humidity (%): South-Tyrol-climate Latitude of the main apple area Bologna (Italy) vs Wenatchee (WA) • Temperate-sub continental climate with cold winter and hot summer. • In the south of the Alps the growing season is longer than in the northern. 46.5000° N, 11.3500° E Bolzano, Coordinates • The fruit gain quality from the 300 days and more than 2,000 hours of sun each year. 46.0667° N, 11.1167° E Trento, Coordinates • Rainfall ranges from 450 mm to 800 mm from driest to wettest areas. • Spring frost is an issue; most orchards have frost protection systems 44.8333° N, 11.6167° E (overhead sprinklers). Ferrara, Coordinates • Hail is a yearly problem: 10-20% orchards are damaged by that. 44.5075° N, 11.3514° E • :`I%IIV`11 .:`Q%JRR:7Q`VI]] #:JR .V$`Q11J$ Bologna, Coordinates Higher evapotranspiration season is increasing together with sunburn. • Fall conditions with warm days and cool nights are optimal for fruit coloring, more than in the Po valley. • Water table is high and so water is not a problem and it’s cheap. © 2014 Stefano Musacchi © 2014 StefanoSt Musacchi © 2014 Stefano Musacchi South-Tyrol-soil characteristics STRENGHTS: Emilia-Romagna-climate: South-Tyrol: % Long tradition of cooperative growers organizations % sub-continental temperate climate that varies with Upper Adige valley: Replanting problems: % HDP for limitation of land altitude and distance from the coast. In the Po % 80% plantings are in sandy loam % The same sites have been % Favorable climate in a mountain area valley continental features are weakly reduced. (clay 85% to 15%), 5.5<pH<6.0, replanted for the last 50 yrs % Good balance between export and domestic sales % The climate is characterized by warm and sultry low in Ca but rich in humus (3-4%) with new apple verities. % Infrastructure are modern summers and rigid winters with abundant % 20% soils developed from dolomiteolomite precipitation and frequent days of fog and cold. % IPM guidelines in South Tyrol % Food safety practices are a pride for EU sediments (7<pH<8).
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