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The Shenandoah-Cumberland Valley Apple-Growing District in the Eastern United States

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The Shenandoah-Cumberland Valley Apple-Growing District in the Eastern United States University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 8-2012 Agricultural Land-Use Change and Local Context: The Shenandoah-Cumberland Valley Apple-Growing District in the Eastern United States Joseph Paul Guttmann [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the Agricultural and Resource Economics Commons, and the Human Geography Commons Recommended Citation Guttmann, Joseph Paul, "Agricultural Land-Use Change and Local Context: The Shenandoah-Cumberland Valley Apple-Growing District in the Eastern United States. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2012. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/1456 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Joseph Paul Guttmann entitled "Agricultural Land-Use Change and Local Context: The Shenandoah-Cumberland Valley Apple-Growing District in the Eastern United States." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Geography. Thomas L. Bell, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Ronald Kalafsky, Henri D. Grissino-Mayer, Dayton M. Lambert Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) Agricultural Land-Use Change and Local Context: The Shenandoah-Cumberland Valley Apple-Growing District in the Eastern United States A Dissertation Presented for The Doctor of Philosophy Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Joseph Paul Guttmann August 2012 Copyright @ 2012 Joseph P. Guttmann All rights reserved ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Over the years that it took to complete this dissertation, I accrued a long list of people to whom I owe a debt of gratitude for their assistance and moral support. First and foremost, I thank my parents, Paul and Elaine Guttmann. It was their Christmas gift of a globe and atlas when I was in the first grade that inspired my love of geography. My parents have encouraged and supported me 100 percent through the trials and joys of life. Their financial assistance enabled me to conduct this research and allowed me to focus on writing. Both parents spent countless hours assisting me with word choices, editing, and formatting this paper. They now know more about the apple industry than they ever cared to know. One could not have better parents and I am truly honored to be their son. Advancing to a doctoral program did not happen in a vacuum. I was fortunate to have excellent teachers all the way up the educational ladder. A few teachers need to be singled out for extra praise. Mrs. Baker placed me in the highest reading group in third grade while Mrs. Miale challenged me in fifth grade. In eighth grade, Tana Petrucci was a young teacher who saw my potential and recommended me for the gifted program. Once in the gifted program, Harriet Kopp prepared me for college. Dr. James Barefield gave me the opportunity to spend a semester in Venice, Italy and he was my most influential professor while at Wake Forest University. Other key figures include Dr. Mack Gillenwater, the first person to encourage me to attend a doctoral program, and Dr. Christa Smith, who provided an opportunity for me to gain full-time teaching experience at Clemson University. iii I would never have completed this dissertation without the guidance of my advisor, Dr. Thomas Bell. Dr. Bell offered encouragement when I needed it the most, timely editing, and went to bat for me when I needed time extensions from the graduate school. I appreciate his patience. In addition, I am grateful for his willingness to continue to work with me after his retirement and his move to Kentucky. I would also like to thank my other committee members – Dr. Ronald Kalafsky, Dr. Henri Grissino-Mayer, and Dr. Dayton Lambert – for their time and suggestions that improved this dissertation. Dr. Lambert from the Agricultural and Resource Economics department went above and beyond the call of duty for an outside advisor by devoting much of his time to perfect the proposal. A special thank you goes to Dr. Henri Grissino- Mayer for his willingness to be a late addition to my committee, his thoroughness in reading and correcting the manuscript, and keeping me on-track with the graduate school paperwork. Unfortunately, his presence on the committee was necessitated by the unexpected passing of Dr. John Rehder. Dr. Rehder was a fine scholar, a friend, and an overall good guy. He is missed. Two other “honorary” committee members have also earned my gratitude: Dr. Charles Aiken and Dr. Margaret Gripshover. Although he retired before I was advanced to candidacy for my Ph.D., I wrote my first paper about the impact of development on the orchard industry in the Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia for Dr. Aiken's Rural Geography seminar course. That paper served as the foundation for this dissertation project. I first took a geography class from Dr. Gripshover when I was in a masters of teaching program at Marshall University. Four years later, I possessed a masters degree iv in geography and followed her to the University of Tennessee. She has been an excellent mentor and her best advice was to pick a topic that would hold my interest for the duration of the dissertation process. Dr. Gripshover and Dr. Bell have also opened their home and cooked special dinners numerous times for me and other graduate students who could not make it home for the holidays. In addition to my committee and honorary committee members, many other people at the University of Tennessee deserve praise. Both Jack Williams and Will Fontanez transformed my ideas into polished products. Jack Williams, at the University of Tennessee Print Shop, helped with the design, formatting, and packaging of the mail survey. I believe the attractive, professional appearance of the survey was instrumental in obtaining a high return rate. I spent multiple days working one-on-one with Cartography Lab Director Will Fontanez on the maps. I appreciate his time and patience. Over the course of my stay in the geography department, many of my fellow graduate students offered their help and friendship. I would like to especially thank Claire Jamieson, Amy Hill, and Michelle Brym for their practical advice and moral support. I am indebted to Charlynn Burd for helping me with the design and wording of the survey. The fine dissertations of Kendrick Curtis and Sara Beth Keough were used as models. Thanks also go out to faculty members Dr. Ronald Foresta, Dr. Sally Horn, Dr. Carol Harden, Dr. Shih-Lung Shaw, Dr. Lydia Pulsipher, and Dr. Madhuri Sharma for their kind words of encouragement through the years. Finally, my dissertation could not have happened without the help of the growers and the others associated with the apple industry. When I started this project, I did not v know much about the apple industry. I was amazed at the willingness of people to go out of their way to help an outsider learn about their livelihoods. Many people took time out of their busy schedules to sit down for an interview or to fill out the mail survey. The interview of Dr. Rich Marini, the head of Penn State’s department of horticulture, lasted for over three hours! I was invited into homes, to go on field trips, and to growers’ meetings. Two growers, who asked not to be named, even gave me tours of their orchards. Most instrumental of all were Dr. Stephen Miller of the USDA Appalachian Fruit Research Station, Bill Bennett of the USDA Farm Service Agency, and Dr. Tara Baugher of Penn State University Extension Service. They always went the extra mile to provide me with information. vi ABSTRACT Across the United States, the rural-urban fringe continues to be a place of dynamic land-use change. One area that has experienced a change in its agricultural base is the Shenandoah-Cumberland Valley Fruit District of Pennsylvania, Maryland, West Virginia, and Virginia. Since 1982, apple acreage in the Fruit District has declined by nearly 50 percent. Using a mail survey and personal interviews, this dissertation investigates the factors behind the Fruit District’s 25-year decline in apple acreage, the reasons why this decline has not been spatially uniform across the Fruit District, and the ways that growers have adapted to ensure the future economic viability of their orchard operations. Growers have stopped producing apples because of a myriad of reasons operating on different scales ranging from the macro and regional to the individual farm- level. Results indicate that factors such as an extended time period of low apple prices, competition from foreign and other U.S. apple-growing districts, and the lack of having a known successor for their farm upon retirement all play prominent roles in a grower’s decision to exit apple production. Grower decisions have also been impacted by locally- derived growth and development and the continued outward spread of the Washington D.C.-Baltimore metropolitan area. Negatively influencing reinvestment decisions, evidence of the presence of an impermanence syndrome was detected in some areas of the Fruit District. Many growers have responded to the economic challenges by making orchard management decisions to increase per acre tree densities and by shifting a higher percentage of their apple crop from the processing market to the fresh wholesale and direct-to-consumer markets.
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