1 2 Acknowledgement
Special gratitude and thanks go to the European Commission headquarters and office in Cairo for giving EU‐JRDP all the support and help by providing expert speakers and materials (cf. Annex 3 ‐English and Annex 5 ‐Arabic translation). Our thanks and appreciation also goes to the Governor of Fayoum for his opening remarks during the workshop and the Ministry of Supply and Internal Trade, the Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation and MADAD (Matrouh Association for Desert Agriculture Development) for sharing their success story on Geographical Indication in Matrouh. Last but not least, this workshop wouldn’t have been successful without the collaboration and support of the Programme by the Italian Agency for Development Cooperation Cairo office and the Embassy of Italy in Egypt.
3 4 Contents 1. Acronyms and Abbreviations ...... 7 2. Background ...... 9 3. Objectives of the workshop ...... 11 4. Summary of the workshop ...... 11 Day 1 ...... 11 Day 2 ...... 13 5. Recommendations and way forward of the workshop ...... 14
5 6 1. Acronyms and Abbreviations
EU-JRDP European Union – Joint Rural Development Programme MALR Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation AICS Italian Agency for Development Cooperation GIs Geographical Indications EC European Commission EU European Union WIPO World Intellectual Property Organisation WTO World Trade Organisation ORIGIN Organisation for an International Geographical Indications Network PGI Protected Geographical Indication PDO Protected Designation of Origin WG Working Group GAP Good Agricultural Practices
7 8 2. Background
The European Union – Joint Rural Development Programme (EU-JRDP) is an integrated rural development intervention under the ENPARD Programme in Egypt, funded by the European Union and implemented by the Italian Development Cooperation, in partnership with the Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation (MALR) of Egypt. The Programme implements its activities in the 3 Governorates of Fayoum, Matrouh and Minya. EU-JRDP is promoting Geographical Indications (GIs) as a tool for valorizing typical products in these Governorates and is, in this framework, organizing a workshop on “Geographical Indications (GIs): A Tool for Promoting Typical Products in Fayoum Governorate”. “A GI is a sign used on products that have a specific geographical origin and possess qualities or a reputation that are due to that origin. To function as a GI, a sign must identify a product as originating in a given place. In addition, the qualities, characteristics or reputation of the product should be essentially due to the place of origin. Since the qualities depend on the geographical place of production, there is a clear link between the product and its original place of production”1. This differentiates Geographical Indications from trademarks, which mainly focus their protection on the company producing a certain good. A geographical indication right enables “the right-holder producers, especially smallholders, to exercise more control over the marketing of their products, combat counterfeiting, and secure a higher share of the value added”2. “However, a protected geographical indication does not enable the holder to prevent someone from making a product using the same techniques as those set out in the standards for that indication. Protection for a geographical indication is usually obtained by acquiring a right over the sign that constitutes the indication”3. “Nevertheless, there is no uniform approach as to products that qualify for the sui generis protection. The EC regulation 510/2006 is concerned, protected products under sui generis system are selected
1 World Intellectual Property Organisations (WIPO): Geographical Indications, https://www.wipo.int/geo_indications/en/ 2 EU GI Guides: Part 9 Worksheet 1. Introduction to origin marketing and GIs 3 World Intellectual Property Organisations (WIPO): Geographical Indications, https://www.wipo.int/geo_indications/en/
9 agricultural products and foodstuffs”4. However, the WTO law does not limit the use of GIs to agricultural products. In some countries, the use of GIs is extended to industrial products and handicrafts, as well as services5.
Examples of GI worldwide: Argan oil (Morocco): Introduced by the Berbers, the name of the people who populate the Agadir region of Morocco. Argan oil’s healthful properties and the myriad of uses have helped propel this product to stardom. It contains many antioxidants and is rich in vitamin E. Deglet Nour Dates (Tunisia): Unlike most other fruit, they hardly contain any vitamin C. Still, they are low in fat and rich in potassium and fiber, known for their yellow-golden colour and unique taste. Siracusa Lemon (Italy): characterised by a high juice content and abundance of oil glands in the skin, as well as the high quality of its essential oils. On February 3rd, 2011, the Siracusa Lemon was registered as having Protected Geographical Indication (PGI). Kalamata Olives (Greece): is a large black or brown olive with a smooth, meaty texture. Often used as table olives, they are usually preserved in vinegar or olive oil. Since November 2015, EU-JRDP, under the auspices of the Egyptian Ministry of Agriculture (MALR), has been promoting Geographical Indications (GIs) in Matrouh Governorate. So far, the GIs legal and institutional framework in Egypt was assessed and an internal EU-JRDP strategy was prepared accordingly. During the Matrouh’s multi-stakeholder workshop on “Good Agricultural Practices on Geographic Indications” organized by EU-JRDP in November 2015, the 100 participants, identified local products to be protected in the sectors of Agriculture and Livestock, Fishery and Handicraft. Among the most important products under registration are grapes, figs, table olives, olive oil and the Barki sheep and goats. Furthermore, a national GIs committee was formed and trained through the Ministry of supply and internal trade, as well as a local committee in Matrouh. The international training included 8 Egyptian representatives from different Egyptian institutions, and which conducted as a study tour in Morocco. This tour aimed at learning from the Moroccan experience for the registration, protection and commercialization of GI products. A 2-day restitution workshop has then been organized in Cairo to share the lessons learnt in Morocco.
4 Organisation for an International Geographical Indications Network (OriGIn): Legal Systems to Protect GIs, https://www.origin-gi.com/your-gi-kit/legal-info/item/4744-legal-systems-to-protect-geographical-indications-en- gb-4.html 5 O’Connor B 2005, ‘Sui generis protection of Geographical Indications’, Drake Journal of Agricultural Law, vol.9, pp. 359-388.
10 3. Objectives of the workshop
To raise awareness of the concept of GIs and its importance. To identify a list of potential Fayoum GI products. To provide Egyptian key stakeholders with elements (ideas, recommendations and documents) for promoting GIs in Egypt.
4. Summary of the workshop
The Fayoum workshop was attended by 99 participants of which 37 females (Cf. Annex 1). The workshop duration was 1.5 days as follows: Day 1 – full day: plenary session during the morning and working group session in the afternoon; Day 2 – half-day: restitution of working group works and recommendations and way forward.
Day 1 Morning session (plenary session): Welcome remarks provided by Mario Margiotta (EU-JRDP team leader), Essam Saad (Governor of Fayoum), Raphael Demouliere (EU Delegation in Egypt), Felice Longobardi (AICS director),Safie Eldin Metwaly (Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation) (cf. Figures 1 & 2). Six presentations were given by international and Egyptian speakers (Cf. Box 1 and Annex 2), divided in three main topics, namely: i) Protection of GIs; ii) Production of GI - role of rural communities and local producers; iii) Origin Marketing and Trade. At the end of each topic, a question and answer (Q&A) session followed:
11 Box 1: Presentations of GI workshop of Fayoum
Topic 1 (Protection of GIs) The first presentation titled “The EU GI policy (EU)” was presented by Natalie NATHON (European Commission International Relations Officer for Asia and Australia) and focused on EU Quality Designations including comparison between Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) and Protected GI (PGI), Advantages of GIs of benefits for both producers and consumers, Registration and Application procedures, Controls and Enforcement and Success stories from around the world. The Second presentation titled “Legal framework in Egypt and future perspectives (Ministry of Supply and Internal Trade of Egypt)” presented by Dalia Mahmoud, an expert on Trademarks and GIs Department of Egyptian Ministry of Supply and Internal Trade. This presentation highlighted the history, vision and development of the internal trade system as well as the trademarks and GIs department. The presentation also focused on the workflow of registration of GIs products mentioning the recent establishment of the national committee of GIs in Egypt. Collaboration between MoS and EU-JRDP was also highlighted. Topic 2 (Production, the role of rural communities and local producers) First presentation titled “Producers: development of a GI Specification (Monti Iblei Olive Oil)” was presented by Francesco Scollo. This presentation showed the history of olive trees cultivation and production in Sicily, creation and registration of “Monti Iblei” PDO Consortium to protect and disseminate one of the products which best represent the typical character of the Hyblaean area tradition and culture specifying exact production are, cultivars, production statistics, product specifications, distinctive features and gastronomy. The Second presentation titled “Case study of GI production with women (Lady Agri)” was presented by Hilary Barry (Founder and Secretary-General of Lady Agri – Figure 3). This presentation showed the history of Lady Agri which relayed on the Structure of ‘Fair Value Chains’ for Women and highlighting the three main pillars of the organization. These pillars included technical assistance and coaching mentoring, social impact investment funds and food business & technology partnerships. The Presentation also explained GIs advantages for women and showed a case studies of Argane Oil Morocco, Ziama macenta coffee Guinea, Penja pepper Cameroon and Shea Butter Pilot Project in Burkina Faso. Topic 3 (Origin marketing and trade) The first presentation titled “Marketing opportunities for Siracusa Lemons” was presented by Gianluca Agati (director of Limone di Siracusa) The second presentation titled “case study of GI figs, olive oil and grapes from Matrouh” was presented by Hussein Elseniny (Agriculture Director in Matrouh).
During the workshop samples of typical GI products from Matrouh and Fayoum were shown (Figures 7-8). Participants were able to taste some of these products. Afternoon session (working group sessions): Three working groups (WG) were formed, following the topics of the presentations. Each WG was organized as follows: a maximum of 20 participants per WG (participants are composed by invitees of the workshops, the speakers of the topics discussed and 1 facilitator - Figure 4.
12 The participants elected the Chairman of the WG who reported the conclusions of the WG in the plenary session of Day 2. More in detail: Working Group 1: Protection of Geographical Indications. This WG discussed the legal framework in the EU and in Egypt, the differences and the possible improvements. The discussion was guided by the EU GI Guide Worksheets 2 “Protecting rights: the legal framework” and EU GI Guide Worksheets 4 “The administrators: Light administration of an origin-linked or GI scheme”. Working Group 2: Production, the role of rural communities and local producers. This WG identified some possible GI products in Fayoum and discussed the role of producers and examples of GI specifications for some of the products identified. The discussion was guided by the EU GI Guide Worksheets 3 “The Producers: Development of a GI Specification” and EU GI Guide Worksheets 6 “The rural community: How GIs support traditional knowledge, indigenous farmers’ rights, and rural development”. Working Group 3: Origin of Marketing and Trade. This WG discussed the marketing and commercialization of GI products and their role in generating income for the producers. The discussion was guided by the EU GI Guide Worksheets 1 “Introduction to origin marketing and GIs” and EU GI Guide Worksheets 5 “The traders: how to best exploit GIs in national and international markets”. The participants of each group received the abovementioned worksheets in Arabic language and copies in English provided as well (Annex 3). Each working group worked in a separate room animated by the facilitators. During this session, two 3-minutes short movies on GIs products in Matrouh was projected.
Day 2 Morning session (plenary session): The Chairmen of the 3 WGs presented the outcomes of the working groups (Figure 5) which focused on: Potential GI products of Fayoum Governorate Opportunities and challenges. Marketing strategies Future steps and way forward The main list of potential GI products/recommendations and way forward was shared by MALR in the final plenary session and included (Figure 6). These are: Fayoumy Bigawy Chicken (Fayoum district); Medical and aromatic plants (e.g. Hibiscus, Marjoram, Chamomile, Wormwood, Peppermint, Chrysanthemum) (Youssef el Seddiq and Ibshawy villages);
13 Fayoumy grapes (Senours and Ibshawy villages); Apricot (Fayoum district); Handmade Carpet (Agmeen village); Palm products (Al-Elam and Kaabi villages); Pottery and Ceramic products (Al Nazla and Tunis villages). A video-graph (draft) was presented with preliminary instructions on how to make an application to register a GI product in Egypt. At the end of the presentations made by the chairmen of the WG, a question and answer (Q&A) session followed.
5. Recommendations and way forward of the workshop
The main recommendations and way forward of the workshop were presented at the end by Safie Eldin Metwaly (Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation). These recommendations are a synthesis of the main recommendations proposed by the working groups and are as follows: Establishment of an association of producers for GIs registration; Enhance capacity building of said association members/ staff for GIs protection and registration; Identify a control authority (suggestion of agriculture directorate as a lesson learnt from Matrouh); Raise public awareness on the importance of GIs registration through different media channels; Conduct training sessions of Good Agriculture Practices (GAP) for farmers of each agricultural product; Participate in national and international exhibitions to improve marketing competencies; Develop code of agricultural practice of agricultural GIs products; Protect original lines/ varieties of typical Egyptian GIs crops in cooperation with MALR; Support legislation aspects of GIs law in Egypt; Prepare marketing strategies for potential GIs products of Fayoum including (logos, websites, packaging, transportations and permanent selling points). A group photo was taken at the end of the workshop (Figure 9) Selected photos of workshop activities are provided in Annex 4.
14 List of Annexes:
1 List of Participants…………………………………………………………………………………………………….…….. 17 2 Presentations …………………………………………………………………………………………………….………….... 21 a) Geographical Indications: a marketing tool………………………………………………………… 23 b) Geographical Indications and the Legal Framework of Registration……………………. 35 c) Development of Geographical indications specifications………………….………………. 41 d) Geographical Indications through a gender lens………….……………………………………… 53 e) EU Case Study: Siracusa Lemon (PGI)………………………………………………………………….. 61 f) Geographic Indication-Matrouh………………………………………………………………………… 85 g) Working Groups Presentations………………………………………………………………………….. 99 3 EU GI Guide Worksheets…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 119 a) Introduction to using geographical indications – GIs………………………………………….. 121 b) Protecting GI rights: the legal framework………………………………………………………….. 127 c) The Producers: Development of a GI Specification……………………………………………… 133 d) The Administrators: Light Administration of a GI scheme…………………………………… 139 e) The traders: How to best exploit GIs in national and international markets………… 145 f) The rural community: How GIs support traditional knowledge, indigenous farmers’ rights, and rural development……………………………………………………………… 149 4 EU GI Guide Worksheets - Arabic translation…………………………………………………………………. 155 5 Figures…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 189
15 16 Annex 1: List of Participants
17 18 N Name Gender Entity Title 1 Abdul ELMuti Abdul Samia Snoussi M GIMC/MADAD Farmer 2 Abdul Aziz Waaer M GIMC/MADAD Farmer 3 Abdul Salam Abdullah Abdul Salam M GIMC/Barki sheep Association Farmer 4 Ibrahim Dawod Gharbal M GIMC / ACSAD GIMC member 5 Amal Elsayed Hamad F GIMC/Directorate of Agriculture in Matrouh Agricultural engineer 6 Mohamed Refaie Aboueldahab M GIMC/Directorate of Agriculture in Matrouh Extension officer 7 Ramadan Sanousi Abushnaf M GIMC/MADAD Farmer 8 Kareem Sherif Elsayed M Directorate of Agriculture in Matrouh Agricultural engineer 9 Baset Haroun M MADAD MADAD Secretary 10 Fatma Abd Alhakam Mohamed F Directorate of Agriculture in Matrouh Agricultural engineer 11 Hala Mohamed Elseed F Directorate of Agriculture in Matrouh Agricultural engineer 12 Awatef Rafaalla F Carpet industry Carpet producer 13 Etmad Rfaalla F Carpet industry Carpet producer 14 Reham Mohamed Mahmoud F Directorate of Agriculture in Matrouh Agricultural engineer Centre for Environment and Development for the 15 Amr Abd ElMegueed M Regional Director Arab Region and Europe (CEDARE) Centre for Environment and Development for the 16 Mariem Salah El-Din F M&E Officer Arab Region and Europe (CEDARE) Centre for Environment and Development for the 17 Galal Moawad M Project Manager Arab Region and Europe (CEDARE) Centre for Environment and Development for the 18 Madeha Owiss F Project Coordinator Arab Region and Europe (CEDARE) Centre for Environment and Development for the 19 Pilinoum Berto M M&E Consultant Arab Region and Europe (CEDARE) 20 Adel Abul Naga M Animal Production Research Inistitute (APRI) Livestock Matrouh project PI 21 Faten Fahmy F Animal Production Research Inistitute (APRI) Livestock Matrouh project CO-PI Egyptian Organization for Standards and Quality 22 Zeinab Mosad F Food Standard specialist / NWG (EOS) 23 Mohamed Elmasry M Horticulture Research Institute Former Director 24 Mona Abdel-Moneim Abdallah F Agriculture Research Inistitute (ARC) - MALR National GI focal point in Egypt Supervisor of European Cooperation 25 Hoda Raouf Hamada F Foreign Agricultural Relations (FAR) Department 26 Norhan Abd Allah El Zohery M Foreign Agricultural Relations (FAR) Specialist EU Cooperation Dept. 27 Ahmed Mohamed Sabry M Foreign Agricultural Relations (FAR) Specialist EU Cooperation Dept. 28 Dr Safiy-Eldin Metwaly M Desert Research Centre Vice-president 29 Dr Hanan Ibrahim Abdelazim F Livestock Department of MoALR Director General 30 Mr Ehab Farag Mohamed M Information Centre at MoALR Director General 31 Mr Mohamed Mostafa Amin M Rural Media at MoALR Director General 32 DR. Ahmed Elkot M Desert Research Centre Former director at DRC 33 DR. Mohamed Deraz M Desert Research Centre Former president of DRC 34 Sahar Samir F Ministry of Supply and Internal Trade Trade Mark examiner 35 Hamsa Hefny F Ministry International Cooperation Economic Researcher|EU Team 36 Loaey abd el Rahman M Arab Women Investors Union - 37 Lamia Salem F Arab Women Investors Union - 38 Kariem El beki M Shorouk news Shift Leader (Journalist ) 39 Berg Afdian M Arab Women Investors Union Sales Manager 40 Noura Abdul Aaal F Pottery production workshop Pottery Producer 41 Rawia Abdul Qader F Pottery production workshop Pottery Producer 42 Hanaa Shaban F Pottery production workshop Pottery Producer 43 Kamla Ahmed Hamed M Palm items production workshop Palm Producer 44 Heba Hassan F Palm items production workshop Palm Producer 45 Saied Ahmed Kamel M Palm items production workshop Palm Producer 46 Mosaad Ahmed Mohamed M Palm items production workshop Palm Producer 47 Manal Yassein F Fayoum Poultry Farm Owner of Poultry farm 48 Sabrien Sayed Goda F Fayoum Poultry Farm Owner of Poultry farm 49 Hemet Fathy Abd El- Salam F Fayoum Poultry Farm Owner of Poultry farm 50 Mahmoued El Sherief M Association of potters in Tunis village, Fayoum Head of association Fayoum Agro Organic Development Association 51 Omer El Masry M Head of Office (FAODA) 52 Ahmed Mohammed El Oash M Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Association Head of Association 53 Hossam Ahmed M Shabab Al Gaad Association Farmer 54 Manal Yones Ali F Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Association Farmer 55 Hassn Godha M Directorate of Agriculture Fayoum Undersecretary 56 Fatma Ramadan Mohammed F Directorate of Agriculture Fayoum Media & Public relations 57 Ahmed Radwan M Poultry farm General manager 58 Sameh Sayed Abdul Baky M Fayoum Governorate Monitoring and Evaluation Officer Fayoum local committee / Directorate of General Director for Agriculture 59 Ezaet Ahmed Abd El Bary M Agriculture Fayoum Cooperatives Affairs 60 Amr El Amrosy M ECH- Fayoum Project Manager 61 Claudio Aceto M ECH- Fayoum Project coordinator 62 Clover Aodsac F ECH- Fayoum Intern/ Data collector 63 Essam Saad, M Fayoum Governorate Governor of Fayoum Projects Development Agency in Fayoum Director of Community Development, 64 Khaled Ahmed Ramdan M (Egyptian Council of Ministers) Human Resources and Microfinance 65 Felice Longobardi M AICS Director
19 66 Laura Calandrella F AICS Programme Officer 67 Manal Sorour F AICS Senior Programme Officer 68 Raphael Demouliere (EU) M EU Delegation Attachè 69 Hoda Galal Yassa F H-Yassa Group CEO 70 Hussein Gadain M FAO FAO Representative in Egypt 71 Ahmed Shoeib M FAO Fayoum Project Manager 72 Ayman Helmi M FAO Matrouh Project Manager 73 Toni Ettel M FAO FAO programme Coordinator 74 Abdelsalam Adel Mohamed M Slow Food Egypt (Fayoum) Resercher 75 Rasha Mofrah Ahmed F Slow Food Egypt (Fayoum) Coordinator 76 Giuseppe Arezzo M Monti Iblei President 77 Ismail Faramawi M AICS Senior Agricultural expert 78 Sara Datturi F AICS Technical Expert 79 Mario Margiotta M EU-JRDP Team Leader 80 Dario Mancinelli M EU-JRDP Programme Officer 81 Jacopo Tavassi M EU-JRDP Legal Officer 82 Noha Ali F EU-JRDP Logistics Officer, Fayoum 83 Ramadan Ali M EU-JRDP Field Programme Officer, Fayoum 84 Eslam Elfadly M EU-JRDP Field Programme Officer, Matrouh 85 Awad Elsniny M EU-JRDP Logistics Officer, Matrouh 86 Eman Zaboura F EU-JRDP Finance Officer 87 Nazira Seliman F Embassy of Italy Liason Officer 88 Mohamed Hussien M Abnaa El Shark El awsat Journalist 89 Yossef Yahia M Gomohria Journalist 90 Shaban Belal M El Sabah Journalist 91 Kamel Yossef M Ctv Channel Reporter 92 Ahmed Samir M El Ahram Journalist 93 Essam Omira M El Watan newspaper Journalist 94 Wael Youssef M Hapi Journalist 95 Yossra Ibrahim EL Basyone F El Waten Journalist 96 Mohamed biary M HBC chanal Director 97 Dina Yones F El Shrok Journalist 98 Maha Shaban F Vision Media Consultant 99 Mahmoued Mansour M Vision Media Consultant
20 Annex 2: Presentations
21 22 Geographical Indications: A marketing tool
Natalie NATHON
23 24 EU Quality Designations – A quick overview
PDO: Protected Designation of Origin Geographical Geographical Indications Indications: (GIs) a marketing tool PGI: Protected Geographical Indication
12 June 2019
Natalie NATHON
Legislation How GIs are regulated?
Agricultural products and foodstuffs - PDO, PGI Regulation (EU) No 1151/2012 • WTO TRIPs agreement as framework
•In theEU: a uniform and exhaustive system of protection for
agricultural products
• Member States: deal with other, non-agricultural/handicraft
products
25 PDO GIs -2 types: PDO and PGI
• Name • Identifying a product originating in a specific place/region • With qualities or characteristics due to the geographical environment with its natural and human factors • All production steps in the geographical area -- 1. geographical 2. specific 3. causal link 4. PGI or area + product + = PDO
PGI Comparison
PDO PGI
• Name Name Identifies a product Identifies a product originating in a specific place, originating in a specific place, • Identifying a product originating in a region or (exception) country region or country specific place/region Link with the Essentially or exclusive Quality, reputation or other • Product has specific quality, reputation or geographical area (natural/human factor) characteristics other characteristics attributable to its geographical origin Production steps All in the geographical area At least one in the • Minimum one production step in the geographical area geographical area Raw materials All in the geographical area Anywhere
26 Protection of PDO/PGI Names to be protected
•Valuable intellectual property right (collective right) • Link to a region (place) is a MUST,butNOT thenameof •Protectionofthename not of the product a region or place (Feta, Reblochon) • Against any misuse, imitation or evocation and any other practice liable to • No generic term (hamburger, brie) mislead the consumer • Right to use: applies to any operator • No common term (cheese, lamb) within the geographical area respecting product specification • Compound names (Cioccolato di Modica, Pruneaux •Protection unlimited in time (but possibility of cancellation if compliance d'Agen) with the product specification is no longer ensured)
Benefits - producer
• Name is reserved to products respecting the specification • Name is not reserved to one single producer, but can be Advantages of GIs used by all producers respecting the specification • Administrative protection by public authorities • Differentiation on the market allows often a better price and better division of the added value • Stronger position in the food chain
27 The sales value Benefits - consumer
• Estimated sales value of EU GIs: €62 billion in 2017 • Protection of:
=5.7%of€1,098 billion (EU food and drink sector) • Origin of the product • Estimate of EU GI exports value: € 15 billion in 2017 • Quality of the product (specifications) • Authenticity of the product (no imitation) = 15% of €102 billion (EU food and drink exports) • Assured by controls on production site and on the market
• Quality designations prevent the standardization of products • Value rate of the agri-food scheme in 2010: 1.55 and offer a wider choice to consumers does not reflect profitability of the GI schemes (cost of compliance with specification not taken into account)
Other benefits Six more reasons to protect GI
• GI maintain jobs in rural areas
• In particular GIs encourage the preservation of: • GI help the local economy . Biodiversity (in a globalised world) . Local savoir-faire and tradition • You can't re-locate GI and move production abroad . Landscapes positive impact on tourism
• As an important part of our culture, GIs contribute to • GI support tourism social cohesion, rural development, rural economy, maintaining jobs in rural areas • GI protect & reassure consumers about origin
• GI protect diversity & heritage in a globalised world
28 Registration procedure
Definition of the product according to Producer precise specifications group
National Existing protection at national level level Applications Examination by the Commission Rejection if application is not complying with EU legislation
First publication EU official Journal (C series) EU level If opposition: Opposition period (2 months + 3 Consultation between months) parties. If not agreement the decision taken by the Commission Registration
Application I Applications Documents to be sent when applying for EU registration: • proof of registration in the country of origin, Producer group originates process • product specifications Product specification • single document Summary document for publication (3-4 pages) Single document Control body • Concise • Use the template as the right format for publications in the OJ of the EU.
29 Writing specifications Writing single document
• faithfully summary of the • name to be protected specification: • description of the product • main points of the specification • definition of the geographical area (name, description, area, packaging, labelling) • packaging, if needed • description of the causal link • production method • published in the Official Journal • details establishing the link and translated in all EU languages • authorities or bodies verifying • facilitate controls on the compliance; market place • any specific labelling rule
Application Procedure
• Non-EU application are sent directly to the Commission, together with the proof of protection in the country of origin • Examination by the Commission. • If not complying with the requirements: rejection Controls and enforcement If complying: publication for opposition • If there is no opposition: registration • If there are oppositions: "appropriate consultations" between interested parties • End: agreement between the interested parties or, if no agreement reached, the Commission decides
30 Enforcement: Official controls Control channels – customs control • Product compliance with the corresponding specification • Application for Action - Customs control procedurein Before placing the product on the market initiated by GI holders (customs are requested to look out for certain shipments or suspicious cargos containing goods • Use of the name in the marketplace suspected of infringing GI rules) Checks based on a risk analysis • Audits by Food and Veterinary Office (DG SANTE) • EU or MS specific control
• Customs Controls • Main checking points:portauthorities(Hamburg and Rotterdam) • Trade mark examinations
Registered GIs by Country – April 2019 Registered GIs by Country (3.263)
1000
900 858
800 737 Statistics 700 600
500
400 345
300 270 189 200 171
75 100 68 66 58 53 48 44 43 35 34 32 33 22 18 12 12 10 9912 0
31 Evolution of PDO/PGI Food Registrations - April 2019 Registered 3C GIs by Country, Total (33) – April 2019 1600
12 1394 1364 1387 1400 1328 1259 10 10 1201 1200 1154 1076 1017 8 1000 938
847 6 795 800 738 675 4 644 668 603 4 3 600 543 567 517 467 491 22 423 2 400 355 111111111111
0 200
0
04/2019
Cambodia
Kampot Pepper 2010: protected as a GI at national level
Success stories from around the world 18 February 2016 EU registration
2016 and 2017 Vietnam and Thailand registration
A causal link exists between both the reputation and the quality of the specific product and its geographical origin
Pepper cultivation in Cambodia is a 700-year old tradition.Kampong Cham and Kampot provinces are the most important Cambodian pepper plantation area due to the excellent soil and climate conditions
32 Price boosted after EU registration
Operators/families/producers doubled in 4 years The spice’s EU protection has permitted a renaissance of Cambodia Production doubled in 4 years (70% export) Cambodia pepper in Kampot. This not only recognizes the singularity of this pepper but helps protect it from imitations Positive impact on image of the territory (tourism) Kampot Kampot A recent report shows European demand for the brand at Pepper Pepper around 200 tons while production in 2019 is expected at some 100 tons.
Prices have tripled over the past seven years, keeping once-poor farmers on the land
Arabica coffee produced in Colombia’s highlands at altitudes World production of green coffee is about 150 million 60- of between 400 and 2 500 meters, representing almost all kilogram sacks, with Arabica coffee accounting for the country’s coffee production. approximately 85 million sacks
Second largest Arabica coffee producer in the world:roughly With an annual production of approximately 13 million sacks Colombia Colombia 13 million 60-kilogram sacks, with almost 85 percent of of green Arabica coffee, Colombia is the world’s second- production exported as green beans and 4 percent in largest Arabica coffee producer after Brazil, which produces Cafe de Cafe de roasted form, while 11 percent is consumed locally. about 38 million sacks Colombia Colombia Almost 90 percent of Colombian coffee production is A reputation protection strategy with national recognition of exported (main consumer, the United States, which is the geographical indication in 2004 and then recognition by followed by the European market, 30%) the EU in 2007 In terms of the local market, the Juan Valdez shops pursue a strong communication strategy. In 2015, the 230 such Commercial promotion of the Juan Valdez trademark shops in Colombia and the 108 in 15 other countries registered in the 1950s, then the Café de Colombia generated a turnover of USD 68.5 million. trademark registered in the 1980s. The development of tourism + the registration of GIs helps to preserve and protect growers’ local landscapes, traditions and know-how + UNESCO heritage site
33 34 Geographical Indications and the Legal Framework of Registration
Egyptian Ministry of Supply and Internal Trade
35 36 The Establishment of the Internal Trade development Agency Geographical Indications and the Legal Framework of The Internal Trade development Agency was established by Registration presidential Decree No.354 of 2008.
It holds the responsibility of registering all commercial activities.
The authority also aims at transforming the internal markets into
an organized, development and more competitive and balanced
product between producers, traders and consumers.
The Internal Trade for The Establishment of the Egyptian office for Trademarks, Development Authority Vision Geographical indications and Industrial Designs
Placing Egypt to one of the main destinations for hosting Trademarks originate In 1940 trade for the region, attracting major business activities including trade chains and logistics centers throughout The origins of industrial designs are dated back to 1951 The Arab Republic of Egypt and attracting investments and protecting intellectual property rights. “ They Represent a part of intellectual property rights in Egypt”
37 The most important projects being implemented in the Egyptian Office Geographical Indications under Law number 82 of the year 2002. for Trademarks, Geographical Indications and Industrial Designs Geographical Indications is one of the branches of First: Registration and protection of geographical indications. intellectual property under the Law on the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights No. (82) of 2002 from Article 104 Second: Electronic archiving project. to Article 118 of the Second Book ‐ Part I. Third: The Launching of the “WIPO Publish” on the authority website. Definition of Geographical Indications Geographical Fourth:Apply to register the trademark electronically. indications determine the origin of a commodity in an area Fifth: Electronic integration with the relevant authorities such as primarily due to its geographical origin and enjoy a good customs and ports. reputation and quality gained from the prevailing climatic conditions in that region. Sixth: Electronic link with the Commercial Register Offices. Seventh: Receiving some branches of the main commercial register offices for trademark registration applications.
The most important efforts of the Egyptian Office for the Registration Follow the most important efforts of the Egyptian Office for the Protection and Protection of the Geographical Indications and Registration of Geographical Indications
The fruitful and constructive cooperation between the Minister of Supply ‐ Several meetings with experts in the field of geographical indications. ‐ Holding meetings for more than a year with the Ministry of Agriculture and the Center for & Internal Trade and the Minister of Agriculture has been issued a Development for the Arab Region and Europe (CEDARE) to take constructive steps in ministerial decree number (81) for the year 2019 and issued on 2/5/2019 activating the protection and registration of the geographical indication. Forming a national committee to activate the registration and protection of ‐ Receiving a WIPO delegation to discuss the addition of provisions in Egyptian law. geographical indications in the Arab Republic of Egypt, headed by Mrs. ‐ Visit the Moroccan Intellectual Property office to study the Moroccan experience in registration. Dina Hamed, Assistant Minister of Supply & Internal Trade for Commercial ‐ Self‐effort in communicating with many countries such as Japan and Malaysia, which Register and Trademarks Affairs, and the membership of representatives resulted in the initial access to a range of forms for paper documents for registration and of the Ministry of Agriculture to register agricultural products (figs, grapes, protection. and olives) as a geographical indication for Matrouh Governorate.
38 Translation of the Ministerial Decision Follow the most important efforts of the Egyptian Office for the protection and registration of Geographical Indications
A free trade agreement between Egypt and the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) Concerning intellectual property, the negotiations of the first round of discussions related to the field of intellectual property have been completed at the Ministry of Commerce and Industry premises, January 15‐17, 2019, which in turn contributes to raising the efficiency of the Egyptian office through the organization of seminars, conferences, workshops and seminars related to intellectual property. To prepare the second round of agreement. Egypt's participation in the World Symposium on Geographical Indications will be carried by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) to be held in Lisbon, Portugal on July 2019.
National Committee for Activation of Registration and Proposed steps and procedures for the recognition and registration Protection of GIs of Geographical Indications Workflow
Submit to the National Committee for Recognition of Geographical Indications In case the committee accepts the granting of the product as a geographical Apply for GI Administration Application for registration and attached indication, the central administration shall Review of the with all documents and brochure provide the registration authority with a Registration conditions shape of the logo comprehensive technical report approving To approve or deny recognition of the the granting of recognition. geographical indication The first meeting of the National Committee for the Recognition of
The objection shall be decided by the Geographical Indications was held on Tuesday 28/5/2019 National Committee In case of objection rejected, The proposed A 60‐day proposal is published the Geographical Indication In the event of acceptance of the objection objection period is 60 in the Official Gazette of to refuse to grant the index is considered as days Geographical Indications ‐ It was agreed in principle on paper documents to request the registration shall be accepted if it was not with a reasoned decision of the geographical indication and the booklet conditions for recognition.
‐ Proposed working session proposal for GIs registration procedures. Registration Certificate
39 Future Vision of the Egyptian Office for Trademarks, Geographical Indications and Industrial Models Second National Committee Meeting to be held on July 2019:
‐ At this meeting, it is expected that all forms and documents will be Increase work efficiency The Egyptian Office for Trademarks, Geographical finalized and the terms of reference for the GI registration. Indications and Industrial Models through the introduction of more automation systems, especially electronic filing. ‐ Agree on the final work cycle for registration and protection Improve administrative, organizational and technical skills For workers procedures. through contact with the cultures and experiences of intellectual property ‐ Agreement on the legal periods for each stage of registration. offices in Arab and European countries such as the experience of ‐ The final form of the certificate of registration of the Geographical (Japan, America, Geneva, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco and others). Egyptian Office Development Logistically, and that is through cooperation Indication. with the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) and the EU-JRDP.
Follow the future vision of the Egyptian Office for Trademarks, Geographical Indications and Industrial Models
Upgrading the Technical Competence of the Staff of the Egyptian Office of Trademarks, Geographical Indications and Industrial Models Thanks through holding internal training courses held at the Internal Trade Development Authority and participating in workshops outside the Arab Republic of Egypt to exchange experiences and develop work in Miss/ Dalia Mahmoud Al-Gawadi the Egyptian Office and the EU‐JRDP. Coordinator of the Geographical Miss/ Sahar Samir fawzy Legislative Amendment of Egyptian Law Amendment of Indicator Project & Trademark Checker Trademark Checker 01027440304 [email protected] the law and its executive regulations are under discussion. [email protected]
40 DEVELOPMENT OF GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS SPECIFICATION THE PDO EXTRAVIRGIN OLIVE OIL MONTI IBLEI
FRANCESCO SCOLLO
41 42 10/27/2019
INTRODUCTION Sicily, for historical, cultural, and above all geographical reasons, has been and is still an important place of genetic differentiation. DEVELOPMENT OF GEOGRAPHICAL Over the centuries, the tree species INDICATIONS SPECIFICATION introduced on the island have been able to reproduce in many habitats, THE PDO EXTRAVIRGIN OLIVE OIL originated by the bio-climatic, geological and edaphic differences. MONTI IBLEI
There they gave rise to a great FRANCESCO SCOLLO, PHD biodiversity of species and varieties. Among these species it may also be included that of the olive tree.
GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS (GIS): A TOOL FOR PROMOTING TYPICAL PRODUCTS IN FAYOUM GOVERNORATE, 12-13 JUNE |F1 AYOUM 2
The olive tree, which Leonardo Sciascia defined as something "not suitable for the human life and that has therefore to do with faith and religion," is always typical of the Sicilian landscape both with the wild shape (Olea europaea var. sylvestris, wild olive tree) and with the domestic one (Olea europaea var. sativa).
3 4
43
1 During the early history of the olive tree cultivation in Sicily, the mixedtreewasthemost The olive tree, therefore, prevalent: the olive trees, in fact, has created a variety of were associated with several landscapes in relation to other crops. Thus, the sustenance different cultivation of the farming families was structures that have been ensured, the typical geometries defined in the long of the different cultivation process of adaptation of systems were reinforced and the the species to the monotonous trend of the arable different environmental land was interrupted. features of the area.
5 6
In the Hyblean mountains, the cultivation of the olive tree coexists with other interesting crops such as the vines, the citrus, the vegetables in greenhouses and open field, the cereals and The olive tree in the province of Ragusa the fodder. In the province of Ragusa, the olive affects a large portion of the hilly interior tree has established its union with the livestock territory, with areas that reach the coast and the carob tree, with which has historically of the Hyblean mountains. outlined some unique rural landscapes.
However, the highest concentration of The prevalent cultivation of the olive tree in the olive trees lies in the territory of Hyblean territory, in particular in Chiaramonte Chiaramonte Gulfi, where the olive tree Gulfi, is characterized by an agriculture cultivation is the pre-eminent; after all, conducted between specialized and even in the neighboring towns, the traditional installations, a mainly hand -made cultivation of the olive tree, is interesting harvesting, through the help of small combs both for the economic perspective and and the use of stairs and networks. However, it is for the environmental protection. now common also the use of mechanical aids, which improve the efficiency of the harvesting to obtain a quality product at low costs. 7 8
44 DESCRIPTION
The “Monti Iblei” PDO Consortium was created, in 1999 and registrated in 2003, to protect and disseminate one of the products which best represent the typical character of the Hyblaean tradition and culture... The Extravirgin Olive Oil.
With regard to the varieties, in the Hyblean area there are four main autochthonous cultivations that characterize the quality of the productions. They are: Tonda Iblea, Nocellara Etnea (sin. Verdese), Biancolilla and Moresca.
9 10
350,000 2.5
300,000 2 250,000
1.5 PRODUCTION TURNOVER SURFACE 200,000 PRODUCER (KG) (MLN €) (HA) 150,000
1 Value€ mln Production kg or lt or kg Production 100,000 215,082 kg 188 1.69 1,512 ha 0.5 50,000
- 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Production (kg or lt) Turnover (mln €) Export (mln €)
11 12
45 2,000.00 250 PRODUCTION AREA 1,800.00
1,600.00 200
1,400.00
1,200.00 150
1,000.00 Symbol of the Mediterranean diet, it is produced in the eastern part of 800.00 100 The designation must be Surface (ha) Sicily, particularly in the provinces accompanied by one of the of Ragusa, Syracuse and 600.00 Number of Producer following names: Monte Lauro, Val Catania and it is characterised by a d’Anapo, Val Tellaro, Frigintini, Gulfi, 400.00 50 remarkable naturalness, more or less Valle dell’Irminio, Calatino, Trigona- intense aromas, its own taste, Pancali. 200.00 resulting in particular from its - 0 genuineness 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Surface Producer Trasformatori-Imprese Total Di cui produttori-trasformatori
Fonte:13 ISTAT 14
HISTORY Sicilian Varities Spread area diffusion
Olive cultivation in the production area of Monti Iblei PDO extra virgin olive oil dates back to the Magna Græcia era. The success of cultivation Area delle varietà Area delle varietà ‘Ogliarola Messinese’, ’Moresca‘, ‘Nocellara and trading olive is demonstrated by ’Santagatese’, Etnea’, ‘Tonda Iblea’, ancient trade agreements for to olive ‘Minuta’ (I). ‘Biancolilla’ (II). oil, known as Pandette
Area delle varietà ‘Cerasuola’, ‘Nocellara del Belice’, ‘Buscionetto’, ‘Giaraffa’ (III). 15 16
46 APPEARANCE AND FLAVOUR
•obtained from the Tonda Iblea variety (at least 90%); Monte Lauro: •it is green in colour and has a mild fruity aroma, with hints of hay and a fruity, mildly piquant flavour.
•obtained from the Tonda Iblea variety (at least 60%); Val d’Anapo •it is green in colour and has a light fruity aroma, with mild hints of hay and a delicate piquant fruity flavour.
•obtained from the Moresca variety (at least 70%); Val Tellaro •it is green in colour and has a mild fruity aroma, with light hints of hay and a mildly piquant fruity flavour.
•obtained from the Moresca variety (at least 60%); Frigintini •it is green in colour and has an intense fruity aroma, with mild hints of hay and a slightly piquant fruity flavour.
•obtained from the Tonda Iblea variety (at least 90%); Gulfi •it is green in colour and has an intense fruity aroma, with mild hints of hay and a mildly piquant fruity flavour.
•obtained from the Moresca variety (at least 60%); Valle dell’Irminio • it is green in colour and has a light fruity aroma, with mild hints of hay and a delicate piquant fruity flavour.
•obtained from the Tonda Iblea variety (at least 60%); Calatino •it is green in colour and has a light fruity aroma, with mild hints of hay and a delicate piquant fruity flavour.
•obtained from the Nocellara Etnea variety (at least 60%); Trigona-Pancali: • it is green in colour and has a mild fruity aroma, with light hints of hay and a slightly piquant fruity flavour. 17 18
Introduction Biancolilla Moresca Using molecular markers
• genetic relationships that exist between the different cultivars and wild forms; • the size of the characters; • their manifestation; • the mechanisms that control them.
Nocellara Etnea Tonda Iblea Studies on the molecular characterization in olive • Protect and safeguard genetic resources • Typical of extra virgin olive oil • Voluntary certification of the nursery • Locating synonyms and homonyms
19
47 BIANCOLILLA Biancolilla
■ Habitus: not defined. ■ Historical Information: We identify many different ecotypes with the name "Biancolilla" , characterized by strong color attenuation (which turns white) prior to coloring of the fruit which may, during ripening, a purplish color. In Sicily center-west, ■ Vigor: strong. there is the presence of an accession called Biancolilla Caltabellotta (or commonly Buscionetto) while in the central- ■ Attitude production: only by oil. eastern Sicily only a call Biancolilla. ■ Cultivation and native range: Widespread in almost all of Sicily. ■ Ripening: medium. ■ Oil Yield: low (11-15%). ■ Olive tree and drupes’ Morphological: ■ Leaf: Straight, short, narrow, dark green. ■ VARIETY 'SELECTED IN SICILY AND GROWN ecotypes: Biancuzza, Janculidda ■ Drupes medium-small, ovoid-conical, ■ Organoleptic and sensory characteristics: The extra virgin olive oil produced with distinctive fruity odor intensity of light oil, green pea with yellow forward maturity, accompanied by notes of almond, sometimes accompanied by hints of artichoke, grass-green leaf and tomato, with a then pink-purple when ripe. predominance of sweet at the expense of bitter and spicy. ■ Product specification of Extra virgin Olive Oil PDO: Extra virgin olive oil PDO "Monte Etna", extra virgin olive oil PDO "Valle del Belice", extra virgin olive oil PDO "Val di Mazara", extra virgin olive oil PDO "Monti Iblei" ■ Use in local food production: The oil is typically used raw for seasoning white meat, fish and salads.
22
MORESCA Moresca
■ Historical Information: The Moresca is a widespread cultivar in Central and Eastern Sicily, where it falls within the permissible range for the production of the PDO oils "Monti Iblei". In addition to the production of oil, the fruits are used for the preparation of black olives in dry salt. Habitus: spreading. ■ Vigor: medium. ■ Cultivation and native range: The cultivar is a native of south-eastern Sicily and is found in cultivation in the provinces of Productive capacity: double. Catania, Siracusa, Ragusa, Enna and Caltanissetta. Ripening: early. ■ Oil yield: medium (16-19%). ■ Olive tree and drupes’ Morphological: Leaf: large, short, straight, flat, tomentose, green matte gray. ■ Drupes: big, egg-shaped, nipple short, ■ VARIETY 'SELECTED IN SICILY AND GROWN ecotypes: Biancuzza, Janculidda palegreenbackthenmaturityand ■ intense black uniform. ■ Organoleptic and sensory characteristics: The extra virgin olive oil produced is characterized by its fruity smell of very intense olive oil, accompanied by the typical notes of almond and sometimes the subtle hints of ripe or green apple, and grass-leaf, with a predominance of sull'amaro sweet and spicy. ■ Product specification of Extra virgin Olive Oil PDO: Extra virgin olive oil PDO "Monte Etna", extra virgin olive oil PDO "Monti Iblei". 24 ■
48 NOCELLARA ETNEA Nocellara etnea
■ Historical Information: Nocellara Etnea is one of the most representative cultivars of central-eastern Sicily, in particular, it is widespread on the slopes of Etna and in the Ragusa area, where it is grown both for direct consumption and for the Habit: drooping. production of extra virgin olive oil. Vigor: strong. ■ Cultivation and native range: A native of Etna and the municipalities of Paternò, Adrano and Biancavilla, it is rife with rates Productive capacity: double. of over 70% in the Syracuse (Avola, Sortino and Melilli) and in the Ragusa area where it is often referred to as "Verdese ". Ripening: late. ■ Olive tree and drupes’ Morphological: Oil yield: medium (15-20%). ■ VARIETY 'SELECTED IN SICILY AND GROWN ecotypes: Nuciddara, Verdese, Parturnisa, Marmorina ■ Organoleptic and sensory characteristics: The extra virgin olive oil produced in the nose is characterized by a medium- Leaf narrow, long straight, intense fruity olive oil, accompanied by the typical notes of thistle or artichoke and sometimes green tomato, herb-leaf tomentosa, opaque green. and green almond, with a predominance of spicy. Drupes: big or very big if irrigated, ■ Product specification of Extra virgin Olive Oil PDO: Extra virgin olive oil PDO "Monte Etna", extra virgin olive oil PDO "Monti elongated, purple when ripe. Early Iblei". ripening in the apical part. Easy ■ Use in local food production: The oil is typically used raw to flavor red meat, white fish and soup pitting.
26
TONDA IBLEA Tonda Iblea
■ Historical Information:Tonda Iblea is cultivated in Sicily south-east and central between the provinces of Ragusa, Siracusa, Catania and Enna. The cultivar is popular for excellent extra virgin olive oil and used as a table cultivar. ■ Cultivation and native range: The cultivar is a native of Ragusa (Chiaramonte Gulfi), Syracuse (Buccheri, Ferla, Palazzolo Habitus: upright. Acreide) and Catania (Caltagirone, Grammichele and Vizzini) Productive capacity: double. ■ Olive tree and drupes’ Morphological: Ripening: normal. Oil yield: medium (16-20%). ■ VARIETY 'SELECTED IN SICILY AND GROWN ecotypes: Cetrala e Tonda Leaf: small, narrow, with flaps folded ■ Organoleptic and sensory characteristics: The extra virgin olive oil produced is characterized by its fruity scent of medium down, green gray matte. intensity olive oil, accompanied by green tomato notes with hints of bitter almond and tomato leaf, with flavors of spicy and bitter. Drupes: variable size, also very large, round and red-vinous to full maturity. ■ Product specification of Extra virgin Olive Oil PDO: Extra virgin olive oil PDO "Monti Iblei" and extra virgin olive oil PDO "Monte Etna" ■ Use in local food production: The oil is typically used raw to dress soups of legumes and cereals and red meat.
28
49 snl ait fTnaIla tnsota nqeadinimitable and world. unique the in a oils single-variety important as a and orga renowned out most and or has stands the sensorial Iblea” Iblea” high Tonda it with “only Tonda of product, spicy, of oil The re the of variety environment: very sensations. “single note growing the taste tomato, the an prevailing and are is and green cultivation color the olfactory characteristics The the the hill. of sensory high between of despite of harmony hint zones organoleptic and remarkable the typical the with from green oil The coming is fruity intense olives bitter. a the variety the obtained in is over this apparent it spicy Iblea” of the “Tonda characteristics the of from predominance use, a main the for As
Nome accessione Iblea Tonda
Filare 4
Lotto B
Codice Pianta 148 uto h pca etrso the of features special the of sult oetcqaiis,mkn toeof one it making , qualities noleptic 31 29 pickled. and as olive table oil but also the of production “Tonda Iblea” is suitable be usedto notonly for the the kernel, andthe pulp the between relationship Becauseof these characteristicsof theandexcellent organoleptic, sensorial and nutraceutical qualities. thanks worldwide, to varieties award-winning its years, it has become one of the most popular and produced.Withthis specific feature, over the last 15 organoleptic quality of the extravirgin oil thatis high the for varieties other to the compared The “TondaIblea”", in particular, stands out PRODUCTION METHOD h geographical of reference. on 15th depending the January or year, be each or hand October 30th by by must mechanically, either the tree, from olives directly harvested The 30 32 50 DISTINCTIVE FEATURES GASTRONOMY
Extra virgin olive oil is highly perishable Monti Iblei PDO extra virgin and must be stored correctly in order to maintain its organoleptic olive oil is characterised by a characteristics. It should therefore be maximum acidity that varies kept in a cool, dark place at a temperature between 14 and 18°C, between 0.5 and 0.65 g per away from heat sources and other 100 g of oil, a panel test result foods that release odours. It should be consumed within four to six higher than or equal to 6.5 or months of pressing to fully appreciate 7 and a polyphenol level of its qualities. Monti Iblei PDO extra virgin olive oil is an ideal condiment at least 120 ppm. for fish, vegetables and white meats.
33 34
MARKETING
The product is marketed as Monti Iblei PDO extra virgin olive oil, accompanied by one of the following place names: Monte Lauro, Val d’Anapo, Val Tellaro, Frigintini, Gulfi, Valle dell’Irminio, Calatino or Trigona-Pancali. It is sold in glass or tin plate recipients of no more than 5 litres. Francesco Scollo, PhD The label must indicate the +39 3331895797 year of production [email protected] 35 36
51 52 LADYAGRI IMPACT INVESTMENT HUB GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS THROUGH A GENDER LENS
HILARY BARRY
53 54 GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS ONCE UPON A TIME IN MARSA MATROUH….
LADYAGRI IMPACT INVESTMENT HUB
GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS THROUGH A GENDER LENS EGYPT
12th June 2019
THE LADYAGRI FOUNDERS LADYAGRI IMPACT INVESTMENT HUB A MEETING OF MINDS : AGENTS OF IMPACT THE PROBLEM – the Disconnect ! BUILT ON 3 PILLARS . Aid vs Trade . Aid agencies, banks, private sector . The finance model: How to best serve Women ? 3 Founders TECHNICAL SOCIAL FOOD THE SOLUTION – connecting the dots ASSISTANCE IMPACT BUSINESS & . Focusing on trade and capacity building . Gender Smart Investment in Agriculture COACHING INVESTMENT TECHNOLOGY . Facilitate dialogue public+ private+investors FUNDS PARTNERSHIPS . Structure ‘Fair Value Chains’ for Women MENTORING . Bringing a pipeline of bankable projects . Providing blended and meso‐financing . Engaging the private sector
WHY WOMEN? . Smart economics . Smart networks . Big impact
55 PILLAR 1 HANDS‐ON APPROACH: CAPACITY BUILDING PILLAR 2: ACCESS TO FUNDS TARGETING THE MISSING MIDDLE
Technical assistance, Coaching, Mentoring to Agri‐businesses, Cooperatives, Women Producer Associations to build key organizational capacity, financial and business literacy of women in agri‐business, strengthen women in agri‐supply chains
Building Confidence of Women in agri‐business to deal Macro Financing with financial services, administration, customers, government authorities
Business management, Organisational capacity, HR, Financial planning, market LadyAgri Meso Financing analysis
Risk and insurance –including agriculture and climate change risk mitigation Micro Financing
Understanding financial and trading landscape incl national, regional, international export requirements
PILLAR 3: ACCESS TO FOOD TECHNOLOGY PARTNERSHIPS
Farm Production Technology Logistics‐ Eco‐Packaging & Factory Equipment Services Providers Processing
WHY GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS CAN SERVE WOMEN?
56 Socio‐Economic Development, LADYAGRI BENEFICIARY IN HER COMMUNITY Safeguard of National Cultural Heritage, Quality Products
Small Producers
Trade Cooperatives MARKETS
Geographical Indications Womens Associations
Culture Development Imraguen Women Mauritania Traditional Processing Mullet Bottarga
GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS: WHAT DOES A GI SYSTEM INVOLVE? STRUCTURING THE SUPPLY CHAIN TOWARDS COMMON GOAL
Producers
Processors
Inter‐ Competent Market Access Cooperatives Profession Authorities
Traders
Bottom Up Organisation Public‐Private Sector Supported by Technical Experts Collaboration Agronomists, Governance, Regulation, Quality Food Safety Experts, Assurance Value Chain Experts Promotion
57 GI’s: Advantages for Women Virtuous Circle of Local Recognition of Direct Association Womens traditional Women’s between Women and processes recognised, contributions in the enhanced upgraded, protected Economic Development Traditional Cultural reputation of a & documented within Products product with GI GI Code Of Practice Increase technical Role of Women in Visibility & Increase in quantities Increase consumer capacity, of Women to Strengthening Interprofessional sold (Warning: protect willingness to pay & produce, process and Womens roles at Governance GI biodiversity despite link to women market different stages of increased production) producers Agri‐Value Chains Protection of Increase womens Streamlining, Closer links and Increase final price incomes, savings efficiency gain due to ‘Traditional Cultural understanding of Market and prices paid to capacity, economic SOP’s reducing both Practices’ women producers status within family production & requirements and community transaction costs Mother‐Daughter
Improved Quality Growth potential for (Food Safety) Women led SME’s trading in GI products
‘Liquid Gold’ of Morocco
Berber Structuring Environment Tradition Exports 700 Tons Womens Protection 13th Century Cooperatives
X 2 Since Culinary 2012 Professional Value Argan Trees 1ltr= Cosmetic Improved Quality 400USD Organic Buyers GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS L’Oréal, Literacy for Women Unilever AFRICA‐ARGANE OIL MOROCCO Improved Economic Status
Participation local Leadership
58 GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS AFRICA‐ZIAMA MACENTA COFFEE AFRICA‐PENJA PEPPER GUINEA CAMEROON
Key Figures
Between the 2011 and 2012 campaigns, the price paid for Penja pepper to producers more than doubled and a minimum price was fixed. Producer incomes, production area and employment multiplied more than three times.
Ziama Macenta coffee has a higher price on the market, and the income of smallholders has increased from 18 to 58 percent, according to AU Burkina Faso‐ Shea Butter (GI Strategy 2018_2023 ). Pilot Project
59 SUMMARY LADYAGRI: AGENTS OF IMPACT
LadyAgri is the bridge between the investment‐financing and donor communities, advanced ag‐tech companies and services providers, and African women agricultural entrepreneurs. LadyAgri is an innovative investment model for unlocking public‐private investment to drive an inclusive women‐led agricultural transformation.
IMPACT OUTCOMES Pathways out of poverty (SDG 1) Successfully serving the financial market while contributing to economic development, environmental sustainability and improving livelihoods. Shining the Food safety and security (SDG 2) spotlight on women who are champions of their community, and social Education (SDG 4) entrepreneurs who contribute to a positive ‘rising tide’ approach creating jobs and upskilling of women in their supply chain (SDG 5). Growth for SMEs with appropriate capital (SDGs 8 and 9)
INCREASED DEMAND FOR AN ENABLING ENVIRONMENT INCREASED LENDING TO WOMEN FINANCIAL SERVICES FROM WOMEN Engaged private sector partners in Increased incentives and guarantees investments and technology transfers to invest in women and a so‐far Through mentoring and coaching, TA overlooked sector : agriculture aligned to women SME needs and Understanding of legal and policy financing requirements barriers
60 EU Case Study: Siracusa Lemon (PGI)
Origin Marketing and Trade
Gianluca AGATI
61 62 Origin Marketing and Trade
EU Case Study: Siracusa Lemon (PGI)
Fayum, Egypt, June 12th , 2019 63 Organic 100%
Slow Food +/– 100%
PGI/PDO 0
64 Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) Strong / exclusive link with the geographical area Raw materials and production steps in the GA
Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) Raw materials from anywhere At least one production step in the GA
Traditional Specialiy Guaranteed (TSG) (not a GI) Priority given to production methods / composition Raw materials and production steps from anywhere 65 Healthy. Good. Natural.
Class 1.6 / PGI / Registered / Official Journal L30 04.02.2011 66 Ceci n’est pas un citron
67 28
8 Consortium √ L 526/1999 (IT)
1 0 Produce gains PGI status
68 69 Earth is abundant, and if we take care it gives us goodness. So was born a new 'Kinder Cerealè', thanks to a partnership with the Siracusa Lemon (PGI) Consortium. Made with yogurt and sicilian citrus, wheat germs with whole wheat, and almond crumbs. This is how 'Kinder Cerealè' was conceived during Expo 2015 Milan. 'They made it right there in front of my eyes! It was made just for us.' 'Kinder Cerealè'. Wholly Yours.
70 71 72 153
109
34 38 25 Feb. 3, 2011, PGI status published
73 7%
74 √ 100% edible (preservatives-free skin)
√ No less than 34% in juice content per fruit
√ High citrates concentration
√ Minimum weight per fruit: 100 gr
√ Seasonality (a fresh lemon for every season)
√ High quality of essential oils (perfumes industry)
75 76 77 Warm water, honey, fresh lemon juice
78 1) It’s its natural color! 2) It’s not sour! 3) It’s not a lime!
PRIMOFIORE VERDE (FALL LEMON)
RAISE AWARENESS IN CONSUMERS PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES EARLIER HARVESTING
INCREASE FARMERS’ INCOME 79 80 81 Cotton Clementine Date Figue Garlic Grapefruit Grapes Lemon Lime Olive Onion Orange Potato / Sweet potato Tomato Wheat 82 @siracusalemon
@siracusalemon
@siracusalemon
limonedisiracusaigp
https://limonedisiracusa.org
Consorzio di Tutela del Limone di Siracusa IGP
Gianluca Agati • [email protected] 83 84
Geographic Indication-Matrouh A Case study, Matrouh
Matrouh Producers Association
85 86 Environmental Governance
Geographic Indication-Matrouh A Case study, Matrouh
Geographical Indications
What is a Geographical Indication?
It’s a distinctive sign to be used to locate a product originates in a certain Region or State in a certain country, in which the reputation and the characteristics of that product are attached to the geographical origins.
87 The Product and its connection to the place and surrounding environment The geographical indications shed the light upon the characteristics of one of the products in which these characteristics are formed as a result of local traditions in the place of origins of that product, Geographical indications also include those specific local skills and habits of manufacturing a product. As in, for example, handicrafts, which are produced manually using local natural materials or resources, are rooted within the traditions of local communities.
Activities of The European Union Joint Rural Programme and Italian cooperation for recording the geographical Indication for some Matrouh Products
Promoting for the idea of Geographical Indications in Matrouh
88 Identifying products eligible for the Geographical Indicator:
A workshop was held, attended by several interested parties, governmental, non‐governmental and international organizations under the title of “Good Agriculture practices in geographical indications” in November 2015 with the presence of 100 participants and resulted in the identification of some distinctive products for protection.
Eligible Products for registering the Geographical indication • “Sultany (Sultan)” Figs • Olives‐ Olive oil • “Barrany” Black Grapes • Desert watermelon • Thyme, Peppermint • Colocynth • “Barki” Goats & Sheep • Grouper Fish • “ Barbounia (Red Mullet)” Fish • “Hawaya Hammal” Handmade Carpets from Wool • Beads (accessories and other handmade beads from wool)
89 Geographic Indications Matrouh committee GIMC
• EU‐JRDP formed a Committee from the concerned parties within the governorate • The committee carried by raising the awareness of the citizens of the Geographic Indication Concept within four villages in Matrouh and they are “Nagila”, “Baranny”, “Ras Al‐Hekmah” and “Matrouh. • The Committee with the geographical indications expert that was supported by EU‐JRDP formed workshops to prioritize the products that are favoured by Matrouh and the deal was to start participating by the following products: Figs, Olive oil, and Grapes.
The National Group for Geographical Indications NWG • A committee was formed on a National Level by the EU‐JRDP from the relevant authorities, with the participation of representatives of several concerned parties, NGOs and ministries. • To spread the idea of the geographical indication at a national level. • The committee carried by participating in a workshop with the participation of an international expert in the field of geographical indications.
90 • The EU‐JRDP has jointly organized a program to visit Morocco to learn about their experience in the field of geographical indication. • A workshop was held and a conference to show the results of morocco visit and a certainly needed advice to record the geographical indication in Egypt.
A Two‐Day Workshop ended with a press conference to present the outputs of Morocco visit and what has been accomplished in the previous period
A workshop was held with Representatives of the Ministry of agriculture and the Ministry of Supply and internal trade. Overall programme activity formulation of what has been accomplished.
91 The Geographical Indication project in “Matrouh”
Environmental Governance
Team of Work
In cooperation with the concerned authorities in Matrouh governorate, headed by the Directorate of Agriculture in Matrouh
12
92 Environmental Governance
The Project Aims to implement 12 training workshops on good Agriculture practices for qualification to register the geographical indication including agriculture procedures harvesting and post‐harvesting treatment.
93 Environmental Governance The project made visits to farmers to follow‐up on the possible implementation on the application of agriculture practices in demonstration plots (farms)
Criteria have been developed, for the selection of 6 demonstration Farms Example of the applied practices (Organic, Bio‐fertilization, Biological control system and other needed practices during summer and winter).
94 The Practicing Manual The Agricultural Practices Manual has been drafted to qualify for the Geographical Indicator.
• Printing the manual.
The Project has trained female engineers (Trainers) so they will train the Bedouin ladies on the GAPs.
95 Raising the capabilities of “Madad” association so it would cope with the management of the registration of geographical indication They were Trained on Marketing, the creation of a marketing plan and financial management
Marketing and Exhibitions Creation of a marketing plan Visits to some companies working in the field of supply and export of horticultural crops and famous markets in Cairo such as “Al‐Obour” A refrigerated car was provided
96 Participation in “Sahara”, “Agar” and “Business” Exhibitions
Environmental Governance Registration of The Geographical Indication Several meeting were held with concerned authorities including the Egyptian federation of industries, the horticultural export association “HIA”. • Several meetings were held with officials of the central department of trademarks. • As a part of these activities, the Ministry of Supply and internal trading activated the role of geographical indications unit. • In the process of finishing the registration of the first three geographical indications “Sultany Figs” in Matrouh, “Matrouh Olive Oil” and “BARRANY Grapes of Matrouh”.
97 Environmental Governance Creation of logos for the three products
Thank you very much
98
Working Groups Presentations
99 100
Working group 1
101 102 Proposed products from Fayoum Governorate
1. Fayoum’S chicken 2. Medicinal Plants (Hibiscus and Marjoram) 3. Aromatic Plants 4. Fayoum’S Grapes (investigating if they are still produced) 5. Apricots (ensure the reasons for not planting and the possibility of reproduction using gene banks of the Groups: First group Directorate of Agriculture) 6. Sole Fish (investigating if they are still produced) 7. Peppermint 8. Handmade Carpets 9. Pottery 10. Palm leaves craft products
Opportunities Challenges
Opportunities for Fayoum Opportunities will be • The absence of an entity that brings producers together (associations, foundations, and unions) that could introduce Products in case of Available for Products after the idea of registra on as a geographical Indicator Registration Registration • The level and Capabilities of these entities need to develop 1. some of the products can qualify 1.Protection of products and and train their Leaders & teams for GI non‐deterioration • Poor awareness of the concept and importance of 2. The Products are not registered 2. Some products are reviewed from Geographical Indications 3. Farmer's Desire to register their another economic perspective products • continuous quality maintaining 4. There are 169 associations • Activating the executive regulations of the law of geographical affiliated with the Directorate of Indications Agriculture in Fayoum working directly with farmers • Deterioration of products with a special reputation in Fayoum 5. The association's activity must (potential for reproduction) include the legal handling of the product 6. Accordingly, the product can be idbii
103 Proposed future steps 2-Proposed future steps
1. Formation of an entity comprising producers (farmers‐breeders) responsible 1. Preserving the Egyptian breeds, seeds and seedlings and for recording geographical indications 2. The capacity of this entity is built to be able to register, protect products and increasing their production to protect them from extinction also handle marketing through the National Committee for Geographical Indications, 3. Determining the role of authorities to monitor products with a geographical which coordinates with all the competent associations, for indication for the absence of fraud to the consumer and to preserve the reputation of Egyptian products (from Matrouh experience preferably this is example, the directorates of agriculture, agricultural research the Directorate of Agriculture) centers, desert research centers and the central administration for 4. Using media to inform farmers and breeders the importance of Geographical Indications the production and inspection of seeds. 5. Conduct intensive training courses for farmers and breeders in all steps of 2. Increasing Egyptian exports to the European, Asian, African and production and processing to explain the modern practices of each crop separately Arab markets for all Egyptian agricultural products in cooperation 6. Conducting international exhibitions and conferences to increase the foreign with the Ministries of Agriculture, Supply, Health, Foreign Affairs, trade activity for export and to introduce the distinguished Egyptian products Industry, Investment, Transport, Aviation, Private Sector to other countries Institutions and Exporters Union at Ministry of Agriculture 7. Improving Irrigation Network 8. Forming a Guide to Good Agricultural Practices eligible for Geographical 3. A legislative amendment to Law 82 of 2002 and issuance of its Indications executive regulation for Geographical Indications
104 Working group 2
105 106 Group 2
First List
Medicinal and aromatic Plants - Chamomile - Gladiola - Peppermint -Lemongrass Fayoum’S Chicken
107 Second List
Handmade Carpets Porcelain Pottery
Characteristics of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
we can market for it on more than one shape for the advantages of: High oils and extracts and high-quality ingredients They are handled together which preserves their natural properties His global marketing reputation is high. It does not use any non-natural materials. It is marketed in more than one Form Dry and Fresh, also in extracts and by-products which add value. It withstands Drought and salinity.
108 Challenges
Most producers are small producers and break up in the land acquisition. Not using modern technologies in post- harvest treatments such as drying and extraction. High production costs. Farmers' lack of knowledge of export opportunities.
Opportunities
The international reputation and high marketing capability. Their manufacture gives added value to the product. Crops give a Rapid income.
109 Requirements Support specialized quality associations Cooperation between different specialized agencies to increase productivity and export opportunities. Provision of production requirements for service and post-harvest operations Good training for producers and farmers in farming and post-harvest farming Local awareness campaigns on the characteristics of medicinal and aromatic plants Tighten control over the product to maintain its reputation
Fayoum’S Chicken (Begawi) Features:
Its origin from ancient times and related to Fayoum Adapt to high temperatures and harsh environment conditions Resistance to many endemic diseases Good production of desired eggs from the consumer The special taste of meat if cooked qualify for home breeding The good social effect as projects is run by women Increase household income
110 Challenges
Body size and weight are less than commercial breeds Unfair competition in marketing with other breeds The color of the leg is darker or more blue, which is reflected in consumer choices Not commercially produced
Requirements
Formation of a union or alliance between producers and specialized associations to organize the production process and promote the breed Commercial production of the breed Providing more than one source for the production of chicks Marketing egg production Preserving the rights of the breeder as distinct genetic resources Awareness campaigns for proper breeding methods and necessary immunizations Awareness campaigns for consumers about the characteristics of the Fayoum’S strain
Awareness campaigns for marketers
111 112
Working group 3
113 114 Products
1.Begawi Chicken/ Fayoum 2.Fayoum’S Grapes 3.Chamomile 4.Lemon Grass
Begawi Chicken (Fayoum’S Chicken)
Attribute / History Marketing Plans Opportunities Challenges Properties Organize producers Forming Licensed Length of the chicks An abundance of into Groups and and registered farms production cycle egg production Links for the original Mothers Promote the The presence of The difficulty of The color of the product through tourist hotels that maintaining the chicken feathers is certified breeds help to promote the original breed Black and White outlets breed Participation in Distinguish the color Random Breeding High immunity Overseas and Local of the egg yolk of exhibitions the breed Forming advertising The breed eggs are Coping with heat and publicity characterized by a illustrating the high percentage of distinctive benefits omega‐3 of Fayoum'S Eggs
115 Marketing Strategy • By :‐ • 1‐ Market study and consumer behavior. • 2. Rehabilitation and training of small producers and farmers Promoting products through: • A‐ Paper and media advertisements. • B‐ Brochures and brochures illustrated with pictures and product features. • C ‐ Participation in international exhibitions. • D. Creating websites for geographical indication products in three languages. • 3‐ Marketing • ‐ Select the GI icon. • ‐ Provide certified permanent sales outlets‐Providing a distinctive shape for packaging. • ‐ Provide means of transport and storage of the product Providing offices to follow the markets and to clarify the products.
Fayoum’ S Grape
Attribute / History Marketing plans Opportunities Challenges Properties Organize producers If planted in any Degradation of The very small into Groups and different cultivated areas spherical shape Links environment other than its own, will change its qualities Promote the It is grown as The use of It has a light product through organic agriculture hormones has greenish‐yellowish certified breeds without chemicals changed some of its colour at maturity outlets qualities Participation in The environmental Lack of interest in The cluster is a Overseas and Local and climatic agricultural short, full cone exhibitions conditions of transactions Fayoum added advantage to Fayoum’S grapes Forming advertising Distinctive grape Severe Infection It has a distinctive
116 Fayoum’S Chamomile
Attribute / History Marketing plans Opportunities Challenges Properties Organize farmers in Used for stomach There are It has a distinctive Groups & Links pain insufficient solar smell dryers to cover the cultivated quantity Promote the Used as a sedative No refrigerators for Contains essential product through preservation after oils certified breeds drying outlets Creation of a Large spaces It has a therapeutic Product Logo prescription for Illustrates the diseases special Chamomile yellow color Greenish yellow color
117 118 Annex 3: EU GI Guide Worksheets
119 120 EU GI Guides: Part 9 Worksheet 1. Introduction to origin marketing and GIs
Text revised April 2019.
Figure 1: Marche, Italy Worksheet 1: Introduction to using geographical indications – GIs 1.1 Why market products based on origin identity? Many farmers hold valuable assets in their traditional and regional product.
These derive from:
Local production features (e.g. mountains, islands, climate, soil type) that give a product particular characteristics. Traditional know-how of local producers. Biological resources and genetic varieties and breeds of crops and animals.
There are many ways to distinguish products in the market place, including branding and various certification labelling schemes. But of these, linking specific products to their origin can be one of the most effective marketing strategies available.
Origin-linked products in a general sense can be defined as local products sold on Figure 2: GI publicity in India with the EU PGI logo the basis of a territorial identity and reputation. They include products based on specific modes of production that are used in the locality.
121 EU GI Guides: Part 9 Worksheet 1. Introduction to origin marketing and GIs
The geographical origins can be provinces, departments, countries, but also regional areas that are culturally, naturally or climatically homogeneous.
Geographical indications (GIs) are a select class of origin-based product. GIs are defined as products whose quality, reputation or other characteristics are attributable essentially to their geographical origin.
In the market place, consumers the world over are looking for origin-linked products, whether produced in their own local region or guaranteed to originate from a particular place. This gives the
Figure 3: Brioche vendéenne PGI (France) products a distinctive feature, which is the key to securing price premiums. The product, its origin, and the ‘story behind the product’ must be clearly identifiable to consumers to communicate the authenticity of the product.
Geographical indications are the tools that enable differentiation in the market of a specific product, linked to its place of production.
1.2 What's in a name? Any product can be described by an ‘indication of source’ or ‘indication of provenance’. This tells the consumer that the product originates in a country, a region or a specific place. This can include standard commodity products for which there is no objective differentiation from product of a similar standard produced elsewhere.
A GI, though, is a specific name of a product that has been shown to have characteristics or reputation due to its origin.
Without protection, the name can be used by any producer. The economic value of the genuine origin then accrues to downstream operators, or it is dissipated as product passes into commodity channels.
GIs can be identified and protected in a variety of ways, including consumer protection laws and trademarks. However, the most effective and useful mechanism is a specific intellectual property scheme for GIs.
Figure 4: GIs are a global phenomenon. GI logos of Turkey, China, Cambodia, Japan, India and Morocco
GIs enable the right-holding producers, especially small holders, to exercise more control over the marketing of their products, combat counterfeiting, and secure a higher share of the value added. This is done by distinguishing the product in the marketplace
122 EU GI Guides: Part 9 Worksheet 1. Introduction to origin marketing and GIs
and having exclusive rights to use the registered GI name. The benefits of specific GI systems have been shown in many parts of the world and is truly a global phenomenon.
1.3 What's it worth? The market for GI products is significant, especially in the United States, Europe and more affluent countries. The estimated value for sales of products marketed under GIs from the EU alone is estimated to be around EUR 60 billion (or 7% of the total value of food and drink). The global figure will be many times that as many countries, ranging from Italy to Australia and China to Chile have GI exports in excess of USD 1 billion.
Not all the sales value of a product sold under a GI can be attributed solely to the GI status. By definition, products registered under GIs have certain qualities or reputation, which may be due to the skill and dedication of the Figure 5: La Boqueria market, Barcelona, Spain producers over many years, and these attributes themselves attract a price premium. The data shows that GI-designated products sell for higher prices (typically double) and have significant overall value. There is no doubt in many cases that the GI both contributes to that value and, equally important, fastens the intrinsic added-value of the name to the product, its producers and its place.
1.4 Elements that contribute to successful development of a GI system 1. Strong organizational and institutional structures to maintain, market, and monitor the GI. Local institutions and management structures need to show long-term commitment to cooperation on the core processes of
a. Identifying, describing the product and fairly demarcating the GI area of production,
b. Setting down and enforcing the production methods and standards, and
c. establishing a plan to protect and market the GI.
123 EU GI Guides: Part 9 Worksheet 1. Introduction to origin marketing and GIs
2. Equitable participation among the producers and enterprises in a GI region – that is to say that all participating producers in a GI region should share reasonably in not only costs and benefits but also in the control and decisions regarding the GI – their public asset.
3. Strong market partners (buyers,
distributors) committed to promote and Figure 6: Καλαμάτα / Kalamata PDO (Greece) commercialize over the long term. Many of the GI market successes are the result of mutually beneficial business relations whereby consistent market positioning and effective commercialization have led to a long-term market presence.
4. Effective legal protection, including a strong domestic GI system. Carefully chosen protection options will permit effective monitoring and enforcement in relevant markets to reduce the likelihood of fraud that can compromise not only the GI’s reputation but also its legal validity.
Figure 7: Operators, government and stakeholders in a GI value chain By Gimenan ‐ Own work, CC BY‐SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=73926032
While GIs do have some private characteristics, they are intrinsically a ‘public good’. They broadly affect the people and the resources of a region, so it is critical that GI governance and legal protection are both structured to serve the greatest number of people, rather than focusing on a few elites. In this way, GIs can drive an integrated form of market-oriented rural development for the benefit of all of its stakeholders.
124 EU GI Guides: Part 9 Worksheet 1. Introduction to origin marketing and GIs
Origin marketing devices, including GIs, are tools making it possible to preserve cultural and biological diversity, while driving the development of the rural economy. But in organizing a GI strategy, all stakeholders involved should collectively consider how they can best put in place common rules and sustainable production practices, which will best ensure positive impacts on the environment and society, with a monitoring and controlling mechanism to evaluate this over time and adapt to changing circumstances. In this way, the community may work together to put sustainability at the heart of their strategy, acknowledging that economic and conservation considerations cannot be separated if GIs and origin-linked products are to make concrete contributions to long-term environmental conservation and rural Figure 8: Pecorino Toscano PDO (Italy) development.
References
EU Quality schemes – geographical indications: https://ec.europa.eu/info/food-farming-fisheries/food-safety-and-quality/certification/quality- labels/quality-schemes-explained_en#geographicalindications
FAO, Food and Agriculture Organization: Linking people, places and products, a guide for promoting quality linked to geographical origin and sustainable geographical indications, FAO and SINER-GI, 2nd edition, Rome, 2010. http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1760e/i1760e00.htm The Quality&Origin Identification Tool is intended to facilitate the identification of the link between a product and its geographical origin and the different stages necessary to develop a GI process and enter the virtuous quality circle. http://www.fao.org/in-action/quality-and-origin- program/identification-tool/identification-tool/about-olq/en/ Strengthening sustainable food systems through geographical indications An analysis of economic impacts, FAO and EBRD, 2018. http://www.fao.org/3/I8737EN/i8737en.pdf UNIDO, United Nations Industrial Development Organization: Market Access for Origin-linked Products and Geographical Indications, UNIDO, Vienna, 2017 https://www.unido.org/sites/default/files/2017- 07/TII_BCI_Brochure_web_15.02.2017_final_0.pdf Adding value to traditional products of regional origin, a guide to creating an origin consortium. UNIDO, Vienna, 2010. https://www.unido.org/resources/publications/advancing-economic- competitiveness/investment-technology-and-sme-development/industrial-export-promotion- and-sme-consortia/papers
125 EU GI Guides: Part 9 Worksheet 1. Introduction to origin marketing and GIs
WIPO, World Intellectual Property Organization: Geographical indications, an introduction. Publication No. 952, Geneva. https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/geographical/952/wipo_pub_952.pdf
CTA, Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation ACP- EU: - Isolina Boto and Suzanne Phillips, CTA; Francis Fay and Georges Vassilakis, DG AGRI, EC. Reader. The Geography of food: reconnecting with origin in the food system. CTA and DG Agriculture and Rural Development, European Commission, Brussels, 2013. http://brusselsbriefings.files.wordpress.com/2013/04/cta-reader-31.pdf
- Monique Bagal, M. Vittori. Practical Manual on Geo-graphical indications for ACP countries. CTA Origin. 2011 http://publications.cta.int/publications/publication/1667/
126 EU GI Guides: Part 9 Worksheet 2. Protecting rights: the legal framework
Text revised April 2019.
Worksheet 2: Protecting GI rights: the legal framework 2.1 Indication of Source vs. Geographical Indication Indications of Source
The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) defines an indication of source as any expression or sign used to indicate that a product originates in a country, a region or a specific place. They can therefore cover a broad scope. An indication of source does not give any intrinsic guarantee of a specific quality or reputation.
Geographical Indications (GIs)
Figure 1: A GI identifies a product having characteristics linked to its place of production
GIs are defined by the TRIPS Agreement in 1994 as: “indications which identify a good as originating in the territory of a member, or a region or locality in that territory,
127 EU GI Guides: Part 9 Worksheet 2. Protecting rights: the legal framework
where a given quality, reputation or other characteristic of the good is essentially attributable to its geographical origin”. See box below.
GIs are … What does that mean? … indications names of places compound names other names and non-geographical names are possible logo, graphic or visual representation … which identify a good … the indication must be understood by the consumer to describe a specific prod-uct … as originating … the indication must show the consumer that the product has a particular origin … in the territory of a country or in a geographical place region or locality … where a given … quality of the good specific chemical composition (sugar level, acidity, ingredients), physical attributes (size, shape, colour, texture, appearance… ), microbiological, organoleptic, etc. … or reputation of the good the public knows of the specific product originating in that place (agronomic literature, newspapers, books, consumer survey…) …or other characteristic of the other characteristics possible – such as traditional or indigenous good knowledge. … is essentially attributable to its the quality or reputation must be due to its origin. There is a link between origin. the product and its original place of production. the “essentially attributable” link can be due to environmental factors and/or the traditions or skills or know-how of the local/indigenous population The link to origin must be demonstrated or justified 2.2 Control over origin-linked names Choosing the appropriate system for protection and promotion of an origin linked name or GI depends on a number of factors:
– Organisation of the producers, which usually implies a collective approach. – Production capacity of producers to adhere to a specification. – Resources to exploit the name and origin-linked identity in the market place. – Proving and maintaining link to origin. – Control requirements or regime.
Figure 2 Organisation of producers is key factor in successful GIs
128 EU GI Guides: Part 9 Worksheet 2. Protecting rights: the legal framework
Let us look now at three main ways for providing protection of origin-linked products:
A. Labelling Laws and Listing Schemes
Names of origin-linked product and geographical indications may be protected through laws relating to unfair competition, consumer protection or laws on the labelling of products.
Some countries and regions have in place schemes listing the names of origin-linked products as having a reputation or traditional Figure 3 Rooibos GI is protected in South qualities. These are mainly marketing and Africa under competition law publicity schemes and give have no specific protection to the name that is listed.
B. Trade Marks
Some countries protect origin-linked names and GIs under trade mark law.
Trade marks are “distinctive signs whose purpose is to distinguish products for consumers and vis-à-vis competitors”.
Figure 4: GI logos protected as trade marks
A trade mark provides its owner with an exclusive right to designate products and services, or to authorize another entity to use it.
To be considered as a lawful trade mark, a chosen sign must be, inter alia:
– Distinctive: the sign must distinguish goods and services from other goods and services in the same category. In general, geographical names are likely to be considered non-distinctive and be ineligible for registration as trade marks. – Non-deceptive: the sign must not be of a nature that can generate confusion among consumers.
There are basically three legal forms of trade marks:
1) Individual trade marks: owned by a single specified natural or legal person. They apply to particular firms or other single organisations; 2) Collective trade marks: owned by a public or private group of more than one legal entity (e.g. trade association). These trademarks are mainly used to guarantee product characteristics – such as geographical origin:
129 EU GI Guides: Part 9 Worksheet 2. Protecting rights: the legal framework
3) Certification mark, that indicate products that meet defined standards which may include a geo-graphical region of production.
There is no limit to the product list that can be covered by GIs. However, by the nature of the link to the territory most systems of GI protection focus on agricultural product, fisheries product, foodstuff, handicraft, traditional product and other rural product and forestry product. Products of mining have also been included in GI systems.
C. Geographical Indication System
A specific or sui generis GI protection system is one that both identifies GIs (by definition non-GIs cannot be registered) and provides specific IP protection to them. The elements of a GI system are summed up in the box.
Elements of a Geographical Indications System
1. A list containing geographical indications protected in the territory.
2. An administrative process verifying that geographical indications identify a good as originating in a territory, region or locality of one of the parties, where a given quality, reputation or other character-istic of the good is essentially attributable to its geographical origin.
Figure 5: Paprika Žitava PDO (Slovakia) 3. A requirement that a protected geographical indication shall correspond to a specific product or products for which a product specification is laid down, which can only be amended by due administrative processes.
4. Control provisions applying to production.
5. Enforcement of the protection of geographical indications by appropriate administrative action by the public authorities within the structures and norms that apply to such names.
6. Legal provisions laying down that a protected geographical indication: a. may be used by any operator marketing the agricultural product or foodstuff conforming to the corresponding specification; b. is protected against:
- any direct or indirect commercial use of a protected Figure 6: Pêra Rocha do Oeste PDO geographical indication for comparable products not (Portugal) compliant with the product specification of the protected name, or in so far as such use exploits the reputation of a geographical indication;
- any misuse, imitation or evocation, even if the true origin of the product is indicated or if the protected name is translated, transcribed, transliterated or used together with words such as "kind”, "type", "style", "imitation", or similar words or expressions;
130 EU GI Guides: Part 9 Worksheet 2. Protecting rights: the legal framework
- any false or misleading indication as to the provenance, origin, nature or essential qualities of the product, on the inner or outer packaging, advertising material or documents relating to the product concerned, and the packaging of that product in a con-tainer liable to convey a false impression as to its origin;
- any other practices liable to mislead the consumer as to the true origin of the product concerned. Figure 7: Steirischer Kren PGI (Austria) 7. A rule that protected names shall not become generic in the territory of the Parties.
131 132 EU GI Guides: Part 9 Worksheet 3. The producers: Development of a GI specification
Text revised April 2019.
Worksheet 3: The Producers: Development of a GI Specification
This Worksheet covers three elements which are fundamental to the development of a GI specification:
– Forming producer groups – Product specification – Product Control 3.1 Ownership and Producer Groups Geographical indications are collective instruments. They are usually managed or owned by a collective group. This is often the ‘right holder’ of the intellectual property right in GIs.
Forming a producer group can be a vital step to developing a GI. The producer group can play a number of important roles:
– Ensuring the product is produced by all members of the Group in line with the quality standard; – Managing the product specification, such as proposing amendments and adjustments when needed; – Organising collective marketing and advertising of the product – Being the advocate and representing of all the producers to consumers, to buyers and to the authorities.
133 EU GI Guides: Part 9 Worksheet 3. The producers: Development of a GI specification
– Protecting the product name and monitoring markets and the internet for abuses. – Developing rural activities around the product.
What kind of group?
The only requirement for a Producer Group is that it mostly comprises producers of the produce covered by the GI. There are no legal or administrative requirements for the type of group. Examples include:
– farm union – cooperative – consortium – specific group of producers – without any legal form – who come together to create the GI – governmental body (e.g. of a local region) that producers can join
– traditional organisation Figure 1: El Consejo Regulador de Ribera del Duero PDO (Spain) GIs are sometimes used in association with trademarks. Thus, the valuable name can be protected through a GI system, and the identity of the producer group as a collective trade mark. For example, the trade mark may be used to protect the producer group’s logo for putting on the product label.
3.2 Product specification Identifying and describing the product(s) and names
A product specification is a precise description of the product, highlighting its specific characteristics. It also explains the link between the characteristics of the product and its place of origin – this linkage may be due ot the skills and know-how of the local producers, or due to the natural environment and pedo-climatic features of the area. The product specification sets out the guarantee for consumers that the product meets the requirements to be a GI.
The table below sets out the elements of a GI product specification.
Element of a specification Comments and criteria GI name The only requirement for a name to be a GI is that it identifies the product as having a specific origin. A GI is often a geographical name or contains a geographical name. Non-geographical names can also be GIs – provided they identify to the consumer product coming from a specific geographical zone.
134 EU GI Guides: Part 9 Worksheet 3. The producers: Development of a GI specification
Some names of GIs should not be protected if they have become widely used as: - the name of a plant variety or the breed of animal that is used outside the original zone, and use of the name as a GI would confuse consumers; - generic names (meaning the common name of a product that has lost its geographical association); - private trademarks that are well known and long used so that the consumer would be misled as to the identity of the product if the name were also registered as a GI. In other cases, the earlier trade mark and the GI can “coexist” meaning both can be used on the market. Description of the agri- The description should be precise and scientific. It describes the specific cultural product or product as it is produced in the region. The description must be realistic foodstuff and cover the range of production intended to be covered by the GI, including any variations allowed. At the same time, the description should exclude product that does not reach the standard to be covered by the GI. If relevant to the specificity of the product and its link with the geographical area, other elements can be included: - the production method - feeding regime for livestock - plant varieties and animal breeds Figure 2: Oriel Sea Salt PDO (Ireland) used - traditional practices. Description of the geo- Describe the geographical area in graphical area detail, by reference as far as possible to physical boundaries (e.g. rivers, roads) or administrative boundaries. It must be clear to a farmer and to an inspector whether each individual field is in the area or outside the area. Include its boundaries and particular geographical and environmental features. The geographical area must be delimited with regard to the link between the place and the product. A map may prove useful. link between a specific The link with the geographical area is the essential product quality, the reputation or specification. It comprises 3 elements: other characteristic of - Specificity of the geographical area (environmental conditions and the agricultural product skills of the local producers) relevant to the production; or foodstuff and the - Specificity of the product Identify and describe what makes this geographical origin product special compared to similar products.
135 EU GI Guides: Part 9 Worksheet 3. The producers: Development of a GI specification
- Causal link between the geographical area and the quality or characteristics or reputation of the product.
3.3 Verifying production Systems of control on production are needed to offer guarantees to the consumer that the product has been produced in accordance with its specification and has the origin claimed on the label.
Control systems that need to verify a multiplicity of production elements, including activities that take place at different times of the year, can be burdensome and costly. So the control system is a factor to take into account in the design of a product specification.
Two elements need to be taken into consideration:
What aspect of the product is being controlled? What is the appropriate system of control?
What is being controlled?
1. Origin and Traceability
For a GI this is the fundamental verification that is needed. The control plan should identify the level to which the verification is needed: to the individual farm or local community; or to a bulking-up centre, like a packing station; or to the province/country concerned. The normal distribution chain is likely to preserve origin in a general sense, which may be sufficient for a product being sold under an indication of source.
136 EU GI Guides: Part 9 Worksheet 3. The producers: Development of a GI specification
2. Specific Quality of Final Product
If the product specification lists a specific quality (such as the moisture content, protein content, or size colour and texture, or variety of plant), this needs to be verified. Elements that can be verified in a laboratory on the final product can be verified away from the farm or cooperative, for example at a washing or packing station.
3. Production Method (process activity)
Verification of the production method (such as cultivation technique, use or non-use of pesticides, cultivation activities at certain times of year), necessitates controls to be in place at the production level. This can be on- farm or wherever the activity that is being controlled is taking place.
CHOICE OF VERIFICATION SYSTEMS
(adapted from FAO, People, places and product, 2nd edition 2010, page 74.)
A first-party verification consists of guarantees provided by producers themselves, based on auto-controls (by individual producers) or internal controls (by the GI producer organization). Without other external controls, this self-verification system means the producers take responsibility for the reliability of quality attributes. They can sign a formal document (the self- attestation) either individually or through the GI association. Social sanctions and trust relationships based on cultural and geographical proximity contribute to making sure that the rules are respected. Self-verification works when the production system is mainly composed of small-scale agricultural and artisan producers directly selling on local markets.
A second-party verification system involves a trade agent who verifies that suppliers comply with the product specification requirements. Many retailers are using second-party verification systems, also for GI products. Figure 3: Drones are increasingly used in The degree of effectiveness of this sys-tem depends farm inspections largely on the agent’s reputation.
137 EU GI Guides: Part 9 Worksheet 3. The producers: Development of a GI specification
A participatory guarantee system (PGS) is based on the active participation of stakeholders, both internal and external to the GI value chain (even consumers) and is built on a foundation of trust, social networks and knowledge exchange. Such an alternative is entirely realistic in the context of the small-scale farms and local direct markets. This can be managed by a local association of stakeholders (including producers, local authorities and buyers) which carries out its own GI supply chain control.
A third-party certification system involves an independent and external body (private, public or joint public-private) without direct interest in the economic relationship between the supplier and the buyer and which provides assurance that the relevant requirements have been followed. Standards for certified products are now recognized worldwide, based on independent third-party certification. The international standard is the ISO/IEC 17065:2012 Conformity assessment -- Requirements for bodies certifying products, processes and services, setting out how a certification body should act, expertise and training requirements of the inspectors, how to make spot checks, and avoid conflicts of interest, etc. All countries participating in international trade and negotiations, are establishing, or have established, a national framework for guarantee systems which complies with these international standards (official accreditation service, certification bodies, etc.) for products to be exported. This trend is prompted by requests from traders, retailers and consumers for guarantees about the way products have been produced.
138 EU GI Guides: Part 9 Worksheet 4. The Administrators: Light Administration of an origin-linked or GI scheme aText revised April 2019.
Ministry of Agriculture, Warsaw, Poland Worksheet 4: The Administrators: Light Administration of a GI scheme 4.1 Legal devices for protection A GI regime for identification and protection of an origin-linked indications needs an administrative framework.
The system needs to serve the needs of the stakeholders who use or have reference to it. In particular in the case of a geographical indications system, the registration of a name will normally cover the following functions:
1. Receipt of applications from producer groups
2. Assessment of applications
3. Publication of applications for opposition
4. Final assessment of an application
5. Registration
An assessment may involve different departments, for example the agricultural department to assess an application and an intellectual property office to manage oppositions and registration of the names. See the schema in the box as an example of the workflow.
4.2 Receipt of applications from producer groups The administrative system must identify who may file an application. This can either be:
139 EU GI Guides: Part 9 Worksheet 4. The Administrators: Light Administration of an origin-linked or GI scheme
restrictive – for example only a specified group or consortium can apply. The advantage is that the producers must be organised into a consortium and so the project has a better chance of being a success. The disadvantage is that it may take many years and resources for the group to be formed. Certain participants may hold an effective veto over formation and so block the process.
open – allowing any person to apply (normally producers or traders who have a direct interest in the protected name). In this case, the opposition process will be essential to ensure that all stakeholders can have their views and interests represented.
Administrative fees are common for applications for intellectual property rights and allow the authorities to recover costs and so help provide a service. While a fee can be a disincentive for producers with limited access to resources, without fees the administrative system can be under strain from resource constraints in the public sector.
Who? Step in the workflow Producers Write the product specification Complete application and send to Government Intellectual Property Office (IP office) Government IP office Check application is complete Consult Agriculture Department Agriculture Department Check the agronomic information and reply to the IP office Government IP office Publish the proposal (the GI name and basic information such as the geographical area and the type of product) and invite oppositions from interested parties Interested parties (other Have opportunity to submit statements of opposition giving producers, traders, details of any difficulties with the application consumers…) Government IP office Assess and resolve any oppositions Government IP office If the name has passed the checks and the opposition process has been resolved favourably: enter the name in the register
Producers may consider they need to have professional assistance to submit an application, for example from a legal advisor. The administrative system should be clear enough to allow producers to submit applications themselves, but also allow for agents and representatives to apply on their behalf.
An application should normally comprise:
1. Details about the applicant (e.g. the producer consortium) and contact details
2. The product specification:
a. The name of the geographical indication or origin-linked product proposed for registration.
140 EU GI Guides: Part 9 Worksheet 4. The Administrators: Light Administration of an origin-linked or GI scheme
b. Technical description of the final product.
c. Description of the farming and production pro-cess of the product.
d. Definition of the geographical area, including a map of the production zone, if possible.
e. (GIs only) Causal link: For GIs, the key factor distinguishing a GI from any other origin-linked name (like an indication of source) is the link with the geographical area.
3. Proof of the origin in the geographical area concerned: list of the production steps that must take place in the identified geographical area.
4. The control body, or control system, used to verify or audit the production process.
On receipt of an application, a quick assessment should be made to check that the application is admissible, i.e. that all the information required has been submitted. This is not a qualitative assessment and is only to check that some information is provided in each section, not whether it is sufficient for registration.
4.3 Assessment of applications Checking and approving applications requires administrative resources. It is essential not to build a system that is too heavy to operate where there is not a realistic prospect of securing the administrative resources necessary: registration of a GI will convey to consumers that the product has certain characteristics and will protect the registered GI exclusively for producers of the specified product. This implies these elements should be verified prior to registration
Figure 1: Scrutiny of an application involves exchange between producer group and administration In checking the specification, particularly the agronomic and geographical aspects, the department responsible for the process can have recourse to technical expertise, for example from:
Local/provincial authorities Ministry of agriculture or fisheries
141 EU GI Guides: Part 9 Worksheet 4. The Administrators: Light Administration of an origin-linked or GI scheme
Commodity board (unless this body is also the applicant) Agricultural Department of a University External contractor Use of transparency and public consultation 4.4 Checking the production control system The choice of the control system depends on the nature of the legal protection and the use intended for the name of the origin-linked product. For indications of source that are not specifically protected, a self-managed control system may be sufficient.
For GIs:
in international trade, a system of third-party controls is needed. This must be compatible with ISO standards (for example ISO/IEC Guide 65 on General requirements for bodies operating product certification systems); in national or regional trade, a lighter system or even a self-managed system might provide the necessary controls, depending on national policy choices.
4.5 Checking the validity of the name In addition to checking the validity of the name – for a GI the name must identify the specific product – the administrative system must ensure that the rights of prior users of the name are upheld. This is normally done through the opposition process. The name and possibly a summary of the specification is published in an official gazette and operators are given a time period in which to submit observations or oppositions to the proposed registration.
In relation to the prior uses of the name, the grounds for an opposition to the name may include:
The name is that of a variety or animal breed and used widely outside the original area to refer to product of that type and not specifically from the region claimed; The name is generic – a common name for a type of product Rights in the name are already held by another operator (e.g. trade mark rights) The name or a homonymous name is already registered for another product – for example coming from a region having the same name as the region in another country Other operators have already used the name for similar product, although they do not have trademarks.
Once the oppositions are received the claims must be assessed. An opposition does not necessarily prevent the registration of a name as a GI or other origin-linked name. For example, if there is a prior trade mark, the administration can provide that the trade mark
142 EU GI Guides: Part 9 Worksheet 4. The Administrators: Light Administration of an origin-linked or GI scheme
and the GI can “coexist” – both are used in the market. A prior use of a name that is not protected as a trade mark could be permitted to be used for a temporary period after a GI is registered.
4.6 Registration Once the administrative process and oppositions have been addressed, and provided the name is successful in the examination process, it can be entered in the GI register or list of origin-linked products.
The register should be publically available and contain the precise name that is registered or listed, in its language(s) of registration.
For GIs, extracts from the register or certificates of registration should be available for producers to display and use in marketing campaigns.
4.7 Enforcement in the marketplace As for official agricultural and food standards, the authorities should provide enforcement for origin linked names. This is necessary to ensure that consumers are not misled and producers holding the rights in the names are not undercut by non- originating product utilising the name.
The administrative authorities should provide enforcement commensurate with their capacity and level of enforcement given to other similar labelling claims and intellectual property rights. A trading board or auction house will quickly loose reputation if product is not of the origin or standard claimed, so it is necessary to control the quality and origin of product.
For GIs, an administrative system of enforcement is an important feature. Even if there are problems and mis-uses result, it is also crucial that the legal system allows GI rights to be enforced at a later date – that non-enforcement does not lead to acquiescence.
4.8 Enforcement on the internet As trade increasingly takes place on the internet, GI right holders must be vigilant that their valuable GI names are not being misused. There are two areas to look out for:
1. Mis-selling on platforms (like Amazon and Alibaba). Most platforms have a ‘notice and take down system’: if you see your GI being mis-used, you send an on-line form to the Platform showing the misuse and that you are the GI right holder. Normally the page is taken down or remedied within a short time period.
143 EU GI Guides: Part 9 Worksheet 4. The Administrators: Light Administration of an origin-linked or GI scheme
2. Domain names registering GI names. Here the web address of a company might include a GI name, but the product they are selling is not the genuine product. Action to take can depend on the jurisdiction of the domain. It is then a matter for the national authorities to ensure domain names are not being misused.
144 EU GI Guides: Part 9 Worksheet 5. The traders: How to exploit GIs in national and international markets
Text revised April 2019.
Worksheet 5: The traders: How to best exploit GIs in national and international markets
5.1 Is there consumer demand for GIs? The demand for high quality attributes in food products has been increasing in recent years due to consumers’ interest in origin, health and the environment. In the EU, consumers consume a wider range of products and they claim to be less concerned with quantity and more with quality. And as the source of food becomes more distant both geographically and culturally, consumers tend to want to be reconnected with agriculture and the place their food comes from.
Regional products that are guaranteed to come from a specific area and are made in a particular way are one way to build trust among consumers. Food can carry values and link producers of a particular origin with consumers. These ties that simply do not exist with manufactured products such as shoes or soccer balls – where the emotional link between consumer and product may be as strong, but it is with the brand-owner or the patent-holder, but rarely with the workers who made the Figure 1: Farmers Market in Heidelberg, Germany, connecting farmers with consumers product nor with their region.
But in order to demonstrate food product quality, differentiation, and safety, communication of this information is crucial. Informative food labels can help to
145 EU GI Guides: Part 9 Worksheet 5. The traders: How to exploit GIs in national and international markets
promote market incentives and highlight product attributes that may be desirable for specific niche markets, conveying significant information to consumers in a simple manner.
5.2 What do Consumers think of GI (origin-linked) Products? The demand of EU consumers for quality and origin is clear, as repeatedly shown by surveys of EU consumers. According to a Eurobarometer poll, almost half of the European consumers surveyed claimed to be willing to pay a price premium for being guaranteed the origin of the product.
There is also evidence of consumer preferences for regional products globally. Studies show consumers in Asia choosing ‘local specialty’ food products that associate the place of production with the expectation of a higher quality. Market data on coffee in Costa Rica show that customers in supermarkets and small shops alike rank place of origin as the first criteria that determines coffee quality. A review of local foods and the expertise of preparing it in West Africa shows the relevance of these foods for women’s employment and income generation, as well as their broad spread in urban diets, including restaurants and street food vendors.
5.3 Consumers need clear information on logos if they are to understand them Logos are a familiar way to communicate information easily to consumers, and logos are commonly an integral feature of a GI protection scheme.
The logo can also facilitate communication and trade in a region, especially across language boundaries, provided it is primarily visual. Once a scheme is in place, with criteria for inclusion of a product, the creation and optional marketing of a logo is a logical step.
However, it is essential that the logo is not presenting a false impression to consumers or it risks being discredited. For GIs, a logo for inclusion in the GI register is an evident bonus given the quality criteria that must be fulfilled for inclusion in the register. For indications of source however, the case for a logo is less persuasive.
Studies show that consumers see the regional certification labels as a guarantee of quality, as well as believing that they would support the local economy by buying these products. This results in a higher willingness-to-buy and willingness-to-pay. However,
146 EU GI Guides: Part 9 Worksheet 5. The traders: How to exploit GIs in national and international markets
the results also stressed that just having the GI label, without additional information from the vendor, has no positive impact on perceived quality of the product. Providing information on the meaning of food labels – i.e. the story behind the product – changed in an economically important way consumers’ willingness-to-pay for a certain product.
Elements to consider for a logo:
Visually simple and relevant Available in colour and black-and-white Optional or compulsory use Verification and controls: Can the logo be protected as a figurative trade mark? The logo does not over-sell or misrepresent the product's characteristics Use of the logo is conditional on clear criteria, e.g. that the product name is entered in an official GI register; it is only used in relation to the product and not used to indicate a derived product.
5.4 Better labelling The packaging and labelling contribute to value creation. Labelling provides important information about product characteristics (composition, nutritional facts, description of how to use the product), and about specificity related to the origin-linked product.
Information can be given that reinforces the image of the product's attributes; for example, information, on the specificity of the production process and on natural resources used in it, the know-how, the link with the culture of the production area, etc.
A label can also suggest possible utilization of the product in culinary preparations by non-expert consumers; for example, providing traditional recipes, suggestions for conservation, and so on. This can facilitate usage by consumers and increase opportunities to buy and consume the product.
In protecting a GI that may be used as an ingredient in other products, particular consideration is needed of the labelling. On the one hand, producers who use top-quality (and sometimes expensive) GI ingredients in a processed product want to tell consumers about these attributes of the final product. They can do this by referring to the GI on the label of the final product: "made with [name of GI]", etc.
On the other hand, deceptive practices should be prevented – for example using an insignificant quantity of the GI, bulked up with a larger quantity of a cheaper product.
147 EU GI Guides: Part 9 Worksheet 5. The traders: How to exploit GIs in national and international markets
If the final product has no real characteristic "due to" the presence of the GI, the use of the registered name should be prohibited.
In general terms, laws on not misleading consumers should be sufficient to regulate this situation.
A strategy for positioning origin-linked product is to associate it with another differentiation label such as "fair-trade" or "slow food", or to participate in national or international food fairs.
GIs that are protected in their home country can be protected also in countries of export destinations. For the EU market, it is important to note that as well as meeting the criteria for a GI, a third-party control system compliant with the ISO 65 standard is needed.
Trade marks can also be protected in export markets.
5.5 Consumer support: example of Slow Food As described in the FAO guide, Slow Food is an international association, operating since 1986, to safeguard the international oeno-gastronomic heritage through the enhancement of typical products and the promotion of agri-food quality and taste education of consumers. The Slow Food Foundation for Biodiversity was born in 2003 with the objective to protect agricultural biodiversity and the folk as well as food traditions in the world. More specifically, the Foundation is active in the realization of the following projects:
Slow Food Presidia, specific projects created to protect small producers and save plant species, animal breeds and quality folk products. The Earth Markets, focused on small-scale producers of origin-linked quality products, which offer an important commercial opening to local communities.
Every two years Terra Madre allows producers from all over the world and operators of the sector (cooks, academics, journalists) to meet and raise awareness of their food products and sample other food products during the Salone del Gusto in Torino, Italy.
Figure 2: Terra Madre 2018
148 EU GI Guides: Part 9 Worksheet 6. The rural community: How GIs support traditional knowledge, indigenous farmers’ rights, and rural development
Text revised April 2019.
Worksheet 6: The rural community: How GIs support traditional knowledge, indigenous farmers’ rights, and rural development 6.1 Rural Development A number of studies indicate how effectively GIs can contribute to development in rural areas. By linking the value-added of an origin-designated product to the geographical place, economic, social and environmental benefits that flow from the product and its production cannot be delocalised. These include:
Maintaining and/or increasing local revenues and local employment in the different stages of the production process (production, processing, distribution). Securing jobs in production and associated activities so that local people to stay and live in the production area. Preserving the environment and biodiversity, insofar as it is linked to the product. Maintaining traditional farming with its potential positive contributions to the landscape, favourable habitats for biodiversity and soil preservation. Maintaining traditional processing systems and recipes. Keeping alive local traditions and local culture related to the product. Promoting the region as a whole through a 'regional brand', contributing to tourism and gastronomy.
149 EU GI Guides: Part 9 Worksheet 6. The rural community: How GIs support traditional knowledge, indigenous farmers’ rights, and rural development
6.2 Contribution to the Economy Traditional products can obtain a good added-value with little investment in promotion/marketing and there is no need to create new products, as promotion is generally collective. Considering the different cost structures, traditional products may not be more expensive for consumers than innovative industrial products which require high research and development and advertising investments to enter markets.
GIs can of course play a fundamental role in either increasing or maintaining rural employment and local revenues. In areas where mechanization is difficult or costly, such as mountainous areas, traditional production methods may be the only way to maintain activities and some employment. Production and supply costs of traditional products are generally higher than those of competitive industrial products; that is why their specific quality should be recognized and the consumer should be informed about their characteristics. Information on quality needs to be correctly shared through-out the market (individual consumer's knowledge, official quality labels and regulations on claims).
Examples
Morocco: Activities linked to the production of Argan oil represents between 25% and 45% of the local population’s income, with estimates that the aggregated production of Argan oil constitutes an equivalent of 7 million working days for families each year. There is a particular place for female cooperatives that have more than 3000 members and reached an estimated average production of 125 litres per producer.
India: For Darjeeling tea, it is estimated that some 10.000 tons are produced annually, of which 70% is exported. The Darjeeling tea industry employs more than 52000 people on a full-time basis and an additional 15000 people during harvesting season. Many studies indicate that additional positive spill-over effects on employment can be anticipated in sectors directly or indirectly linked to the tea industry.
South Africa: South African Rooibos provides income and employment to more than 5000 people, with an estimated industry turnover of over EUR 22.5 million. On average about
150 EU GI Guides: Part 9 Worksheet 6. The rural community: How GIs support traditional knowledge, indigenous farmers’ rights, and rural development
12000 tons of Rooibos are produced in South Africa with 60% exported and 40% consumed domestically.
6.3 Contribution to Local Society Some origin-linked products have been produced for a long period in the same social and cultural environment, the result of traditional processes and knowledge carried forward by a community from generation to generation. Some products identified by a GI may embody characteristic elements of the traditional artistic heritage developed in a given region, known as traditional cultural expressions. Geographical indications may therefore help to preserve and protect traditional knowledge and traditional cultural expressions.
Ελιά Καλαμάτας / Elia Kalamatas Brabantse Wal asperges PDO Pomodoro di Pachino PGI (Italy) PDO (Greece) (Netherlands)
The link between product, people and place often makes the origin-linked product an element of the local identity for the population, so the impacts of protecting origin- linked products should be the strongest for local stakeholders. Promotion of an origin- linked product increases self-esteem among local actors as their identity and related way of life, including the role of each actor (men and women, young and old people) is recognized and considered valuable. This is especially the case in remote areas, where the production system differs greatly from modern systems. Furthermore, traditional production and processing of these products often involves work undertaken by women, thus giving positive social and economic recognition to their work and providing an opportunity for their involvement in the creation of added-value on farms or in small- scale factories (FAO guide, 2010).
So, protecting origin-linked products can acquire a strong social dimension, related to the preservation of the natural and cultural heritage, traditions, know-how and lifestyle in marginal areas which are an important part of the population’s local identity. The development of origin-linked products can constitute the basis for a territorial quality strategy, where stakeholders are not only the supply chain operators but also cover a large network involved in other economic activities and cultural values. The collective dimension of the origin-linked product contributes not only to strengthening social linkages between local actors, but also those with external stakeholders at the territorial level, such as public authorities, tourism industry, schools, etc.
151 EU GI Guides: Part 9 Worksheet 6. The rural community: How GIs support traditional knowledge, indigenous farmers’ rights, and rural development
6.4 Contribution to the Environment For centuries, local communities have been using their practical knowledge to develop and maintain complex ecosystems, unique agroforestry systems and highly diversified local plant varieties and animal breeds, the diversity of which, together with traditional production methods, has also led to a variety of local agricultural foodstuff. Local ecological knowledge is characterized by the human interaction with the environment over centuries, by the conservation mentality of local communities, and as being “holistic, inherently dynamic and constantly evolving through experimentation and innovation, fresh insight and external stimuli.”
When such communities use their biological resources to develop marketable products based on their traditional knowledge, new challenges arise regarding governance of these resources and practices. This may lead to genetic preference in those instances where the product is derived from a specific resource to the exclusion of other species. Or greater product demand may lead to intensified production which results in the over- exploitation of resources, like land or water.
However, there is an incentive to biodiversity conservation in the context of origin-linked products. Where market success depends on the sustainable use of specific biological and genetic resources, production will reinforce conservation of that resource. Thus, biological and genetic resource conservation can become a direct consequence of the product value chain development. GI registration can also create visibility for the sustainable use of wild biological resources and rare and endemic genetic resources in agriculture, both in public policy and in the minds of consumers.
Local actors should therefore look to develop collective product standards which follow rules for sustainable production. For example, the Rooibos industry in South Africa, located in an environmentally sensitive area, considered biodiversity concerns in the design of the product specification, aligning its code of practices with existing biodiversity initiatives.
152 EU GI Guides: Part 9 Worksheet 6. The rural community: How GIs support traditional knowledge, indigenous farmers’ rights, and rural development
6.5 What's the challenge? In creating and managing GIs:
Avoid poor design or inadequate governance structures. They can lead to domination by narrow interests or a single enterprise. If not well designed, GIs can exclude the poorest producers or stimulate inappropriate outcomes like ending traditional practices Where the product lacks distinguishing characteristics or reputation for its origin, GIs should not be encouraged – an Indication of Source is the better option for origin marketing. You could use the FAO web tool for identification of origin linked production and GI development potential at http://www.fao.org/in-action/quality-and-origin-program/identification- tool/identification-tool/about-olq/en/ Keep costs down: costs can arise for organizational and institutional structures and ongoing operational costs, such as marketing and promotion. But many operations should be able to be done by the producers themselves: establishing producer organisations, defining the product specification, and achieving and maintaining the unique qualities of the product. Controls must be appropriate to the product and to the market: A 3rd party certification system is needed for internationally traded product, but is it needed for locally-distributed product? Could a self-certification scheme be used? Ensure your country has in place a simple, clear and functional GI registration system.
Don’t forget the alternative instruments
Trademarks are always available to protect the interests of operators, including for origin-linked product and for GIs. The use of several IPR instruments is not uncommon in marketing of GI products. Both Café de Colombia and Darjeeling are prime examples of names protected as GIs that have figurative images protected as trade marks to promote their identity. Indications of Source and lists of "local" or "national" products, not having any particular quality criteria, can also be useful tools to develop producers' identity and pride in their origin-linked product.
6.6 What's the good news? GIs are not exclusively commercial or legal instruments; they are multifunctional and have multiple potential benefits:
GIs exist in a broader context as an integral form of rural development that can powerfully advance commercial and economic interests while fostering local values such as environmental stewardship, culture and tradition.
153 EU GI Guides: Part 9 Worksheet 6. The rural community: How GIs support traditional knowledge, indigenous farmers’ rights, and rural development
GIs are the embodiment of ‘glocalization’ i.e. products and services participating in global markets and at the same time supportive of local culture and economies. On the business side, GIs are market oriented. They align with emerging trade demands since they tend to have standards for quality, traceability and food safety. GIs possess many of the characteristics of an upmarket brand. They can have an impact on entire supply chains and even other products and services in a region and thereby foster business clustering and rural integration. GIs capture the distinctive aspects that emerge from a terroir and its associated traditional methods of production and processing that are often difficult to duplicate in other regions or countries. This differentiation capacity can offer a valuable competitive advantage that is difficult to erode. GIs can increase incomes and boost competitiveness, with the right circumstances and conditions in place. GIs can be part of a national food heritage in a country. When adequately managed, they can be a unique and powerful tool, which can also offer a comprehensive framework for rural development, bringing economic competitiveness, stakeholder equity, environmental stewardship, and socio-cultural value.
154 Annex 4: EU guide GI Worksheets (Arabic translation)
155 156 تمت مراجعة النص أبريل .9112
1الشكل : ماركي، إيطاليا
ورقة العمل 1: مقدمة استخدامعن المؤشرات المؤشرات استخدامعن مق د مة الجغرافية – )GIs(
1-1 لماذا تسويق المنتجات على أساس هوية المنشأ؟ يمتلك العديد من المزارعين أصوال قيمة فى منتجاتهم التقليدية واإلقليمية.
وهذه األصول مستمدة من:
سمات اإلنتاج المحلية )مثل الجبال والج زر والمناخ ونوع التربة( التى تعطى خصائص معينة للمنتج. الدراية والمهارة الفنية التقليدية للمنتجين المحليين. الموارد البيولوجية واألصناف الوراثية وسالالت المحاصيل والحيوانات.
هناك العديد من الطرق لتمييز المنتجات فى األسواق، منها العالمات التجارية واألنظمة المختلفة للصق بطاقات أو شهادات المنتجات. ولكن من بين هذه، قد يكون ربط منتجات معينة بمنشأها إحدى أكثر استراتيجيات التسويق المتاحة فعالية.
الشكل 2: دعاية خاصة بالمؤشرات الجغرافية فى الهند مع شعار يمكن تعريف المنتجات المرتبطة بالمنشأ، بشكل عام، على أنها منتجات مؤشر جغرافى محمى تابع لالتحاد األوروبي محلية تباع على أساس الهوية والسمعة اإلقليميتين. حيث تشمل المنتجات القائمة على طرق إنتاج محددة مستخدمة فى تلك المنطقة.
157 يمكن أن يكون األصل أو المنشأ الجغرافى مقاطعة أو دائرة أو بلد وقد تكون كذلك مناطق إقليمية متجانسة اث قافي أو طبيعي ا أو مناخي ا.
المؤشرات الجغرافية (GIs) هى فئة مختارة من المنتجات القائمة على المنشأ. ت عرف المؤشرات الجغرافية بأنها منتجات ت عزى جودتها أو سمعتها أو خصائصها األخرى أساسا إلى أصلها أو منشأها الجغرافى.
الشكل 3: بريوش فوندينيه مؤشر جغرافى محمى )فرنسا( فى السوق، يبحث المستهلكون جميعب أنحاء العالم عن منتجات مرتبطة ،بالمنشأ سواء تم إنتاجها منطقتهمفى المحلية أو مضمونة المنشأ من مكان معين. مما يعطى تلك ت مما يعطى المنتجات ميزة ،فريدة وهى ال عامل لضماناألول تحديد عالوة سعرية لتلك المنتجات يجب. أن يكون المنتج المنتج يكون القصة"وومنشأه وراء المنتج" معرفين بشكل واضح للمستهلكين للتعبير عن أصالةمدى المنتج.
المؤشرات الجغرافية هى أدوات التمايزتسمح ب فى سوق منتج معين، مرتبط بمكان إنتاجه.
9-1 على األصل دور يمكن وصف أى منتج من خالل إشارة" إلى المصدر " أو إشارة" إلى المقاطعة ". يخبروهو ما المستهلك أن المنتج المنتج ينشأ فى بلد أو منطقة أو مكان محدد. يمكن أن يشمل ذلك المنتجات السلعية القياسية الالتى يوجد فيها مييزت مييزت فيها يوجد الالتى القياسية السلعية المنتجات ذلك يشمل موضوعى عن المنتج الخاص بمعيار مماثل يتم إنتاجه مكانفى آخر.
إال أن المؤشر الجغرافى هو اسم محدد لمنتج ثبت أن له خصائص أو سمعة بسبب منشأه أو أصله الجغرافى.
وبدون حماية، يمكن استخدام االسم من قبل أى منتج. حيث قد تنتقل القيمة االقتصادية للمنشأ األصلى بعد ذلك إلى المشتغلين بأسفل العملية اإلنتاجية )األقرب للمستخدم النهائى( أو قد تبدد عند انتقال المنتج إلى قنوات السلع.
يمكن التعرف على المؤشرات الجغرافية وحمايتها بعدة طرق، منها قوانين حماية المستهلك والعالمات التجارية. ومع ذلك، فإن اآللية األكثر فاعلية وفائدة هى نظاممخطط / ملكية فكرية خاص بالمؤشرات الجغرافية.
4الشكل : المؤشرات الجغرافية هى ظاهرة عالمية. شعارات المؤشر الجغرافى من تركيال والصين وكمبوديا واليابان والهند والمغرب تمكن المؤشرات الجغرافية المنتجين الحائزين على حقوق الحماية، وخاصة أصحاب الحيازات الصغيرة، من ممارسة قدر أكبر من السيطرة على تسويق منتجاتهم، ومكافحة التزوير، وتأمين حصة أعلى من القيمة المضافة. يتم ذلك عن طريق تمييز منتجهاتهم فى السوق والحصول على حقوق حصرية الستخدام اسم المؤشر الجغرافى المسجل فقط. وقد ظهرت فوائد أنظمة المؤشرات الجغرافية المحددة فى العديد من أنحاء العالم وهى حق ا ظاهرة عالمية.
158 3-1 ما قيمتها؟ تعد سوق منتجات المؤشرات الجغرافية كبيرة جدا خاصة فى الواليات المتحدة وأوروبا والبلدان األكثر ثراء. تقدر القيمة التقديرية لمبيعات المنتجات التى يتم تسويقها بموجب المؤشرات الجغرافية من االتحاد األوروبي وحده بنحو 01 مليار يورو )أو 7 ٪ من إجمالى قيمة الطعام والشراب(. يتضاعف الرقم العالمى بأكثر من مرة فى العديد من البلدان بدء من إيطاليا إلى أستراليا والصين إلى تشيلى وهى البلدان التى لديها صادرات تحت المؤشر الجغرافى تتجاوز مليار دوالر أمريكى.
بالطبع ال يمكن أن تعزى كل قيمة مبيعات المنتج المباع إلى المؤشر الجغرافى وحده فبحكم التعريف فإن المنتجات المسجلة بموجب المؤشر الجغرافى لها بعض الصفات أو السمعة التى قد تكون راجعة إلى مهارة وتفانى المنتجين على مدار سنوات عديدة، وهذه السمات نفسها تجتذب العالوات السعرية. ومع ذلك تظهر البيانات أن المنتجات المعينة من قبل المؤشر الجغرافى تبيع بأسعار أعلى ولها قيمة إجمالية أكبر. الشكل 5: سوق البوكيريا، برشلونة، إسبانيا فليس هناك شك فى كثير من الحاالت أن المؤشر الجغرافى ال يساهم فى هذه القيمة فقط، بل وعلى نفس القدر من األهمية، يربط ما بين القيمة المضافة الجوهرية لالسم إلى المنتج بمنتجيه ومكانه. 4-1 العناصر التى تسهم فى التطوير الناجح لنظام المؤشرات الجغرافية .1 هياكل تنظيمية ومؤسسية قوية للحفاظ على المؤشر الجغرافى وتسويقه ورصده .تحتاج المؤسسات والهياكل اإلدارية المحلية إلى إظهار التزام طويل األجل بالتعاون فى العمليات األساسية لـ :
.أ تحديد ووصف المنتج وتحديد منطقة إنتاج المؤشر الجغرافى بعدل،
.ب وضع وإنفاذ أساليب اإلنتاج ومعاييره
.ت وضع خطة لحماية المؤشر الجغرافى وتسويقه.
.9 المشاركة المنصفة بين المنتجين والمؤسسات فى منطقة المؤشر الجغرافى - بمعنى أن جميع السكان المشاركين بمنطقة جغرافية معينة يجب أن يشاركوا بشكل معقول ليس فقط فى التكاليف والفوائد ولكن أيضا فى الضوباط والقرارات المتعلقة بالمؤشر الجغرافى – كإحدى األصول العامة.
.3 شركاء سوق أقوياء )مشترون وموزعون( ملتزمون بالترويج والتسويق على المدى البعيد. حدثت العديد من نجاحات المؤشر الجغرافى فى األسواق نتيجة لعالقات تجارية متبادلة المنفعة حيث أدى وضع السوق الثابت والتسويق الفعال إلى إطالة وجود منتجات المؤشر الجغرافى على المدى البعيد باألسواق.
الشكل Καλαμάτα( :6( كالماتا مسمى منشأ محمى )اليونان(
159 .4 حماية قانونية فعالة، متضمنة نظام محلى قوى للمؤشر الجغرافى. تتيح خيارات الحماية المختارة بعناية الرصد والتنفيذ الفعالين فى األسواق ذات الصلة لتقليل احتماالت االحتيال التى يمكن أن ت عرض كل من سمعة المؤشر الجغرافى وكذلك صالحيته القانونية إلى الخطر.
الشكل 7: المشغلون وال حكومة واألطراف المعنية فى سلسلة قيمة المؤشرات الجغرافية
جيمينانإعداد - العمل الخاص )CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=73926032 على الرغم من أن المؤشرات الجغرافية تتمتع بميزات خاصة، إال أنها فى جوهرها "منفعة عامة". حيث إنها تؤثر على األشخاص والموارد فى المنطقة على نطاق واسع، لذلك فمن الضرورة أن تتم هيكلة كل من حوكمة المؤشر الجغرافى وحمايته القانونية هيكلة من شأنها خدمة أكبر عدد ممكن من الناس بدال من التركيز على نخبة قليلة العدد. وبهذه الطريقة يمكن أن تقود المؤشرات الجغرافية شكال متكامال للتنمية الريفية الموجهة نحو السوق لصالح جميع األطراف المعنية.
تعد آليات التسويق القائمة على المنشأ، منها المؤشر الجغرافى أدوات تتيح الحفاظ على التنوع الثقافى والبيولوجى وتدفع بتنمية االقتصاد الريفى فى الوقت ذاته. ولكن عند تنظيم استراتيجية للمؤشر الجغرافى، ينبغى لجميع المعنيين أن ينظروا مجتمعين فى أفضل السبل لوضع القواعد المشتركة وممارسات اإلنتاج المستدامة والتى من شأنها أن تضمن أفضل اآلثار اإليجابية على البيئة والمجتمع، مع آلية رصد وضبط لتقييم ذلك بمرور الوقت والتكيف مع الظروف المتغيرة. وبهذه الطريقة، قد يعمل المجتمع معا لوضع االستدامة فى صميم استراتيجيتهم، مقرين بأنه ال يمكن الفصل بين االعتبارات االقتصادية والحفظية إذا أريد للمؤشرات الجغرافية والمنتجات المرتبطة
بالمنشأ أن تقدم مساهمات ملموسة فى الحفاظ على البيئة والتنمية الريفية على الشكل 8: بيكورينو توسكانو مسمى منشأ محمى )إيطاليا( المدى الطويل.
160 المراجع
مخططات الجودة لالتحاد األوروبي - :EU Quality schemes – geographical indications المؤشرات الجغرافية: - https://ec.europa.eu/info/food-farming-fisheries/food-safety-and quality/certification/quality-labels/quality-schemes- explained_en#geographicalindications
الفاو، منظمة األغذية والزراعة: :FAO, Food and Agriculture Organization ربط األشخاص واألماكن Linking people, places and products, a guide for promoting quality linked to والمنتجات ، ودليل لتعزيز ,geographical origin and sustainable geographical indications, FAO and SINER-GI الجودة المرتبطة بالمنشأ 2nd edition, Rome, 2010. http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1760e/i1760e00.htm الجغرافى والمؤشرات الجغرافية المستدامة الفاو SINER، -GI اإلصدار الثانى، روما، 9111. تهدف أداة تحديد الجودة The Quality&Origin Identification Tool is intended to facilitate the identification of والمنشأ إلى تسهيل تحديد the link between a product and its geographical origin and the different stages االرتباط بين المنتج ومنشأه .necessary to develop a GI process and enter the virtuous quality circle الجغرافى والمراحل -http://www.fao.org/in-action/quality-and-origin-program/identification المختلفة الالزمة لتطوير /tool/identification-tool/about-olq/en عملية المؤشر الجغرافى ودخول دائرة الجودة الفاضلة. تعزيز النظم الغذائية Strengthening sustainable food systems through geographical indications An المستدامة من خالل .analysis of economic impacts, FAO and EBRD, 2018 المؤشرات الجغرافية، http://www.fao.org/3/I8737EN/i8737en.pdf تحليل لآلثار االقتصادية، منظمة األغذية والزراعة والبنك األوروبي لإلنشاء والتعمير،
اليونيدو ، منظمة األمم المتحدة للتنمية :UNIDO, United Nations Industrial Development Organization الصناعية: , Market Access for Origin-linked Products and Geographical Indications, UNIDO الوصول إلى األسواق Vienna, 2017 للمنتجات المرتبطة https://www.unido.org/sites/default/files/2017- بالمؤشرات الجغرافية، TII_BCI_Brochure_web_15.02.2017_final_0.pdf/07 UNIDO، فيينا، 2117 إضافة قيمة إلى المنتجات Adding value to traditional products of regional origin, a guide to creating an origin التقليدية ذات المنشأ ,consortium. UNIDO, Vienna اإلقليمى، دليل إلنشاء -https://www.unido.org/resources/publications/advancing-economic.2010 كونسورتيوم المنشأ. -competitiveness/investment-technology-and-sme-development/industrial-export اليونيدو، فيينا، 2111. promotion-and-sme-consortia/papers
الويبو، المنظمة العالمية للملكية الفكرية: :WIPO, World Intellectual Property Organization المؤشرات الجغرافية، مقدمة. منشور رقم .Geographical indications, an introduction. Publication No. 952, Geneva 252 ، جنيف. https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/geographical/952/wipo_pub_952.pdf
سي تي إيه، المركز الفنى للتعاون :CTA, Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation ACP-EU الزراعى والريفى )إيه سي بي- اإلتحاد ,Isolina Boto and Suzanne Phillips, CTA; Francis Fay and Georges Vassilakis, DG AGRI - األوروبي(: EC. Reader. The Geography of food: reconnecting with origin in the food system. CTA and - إيزولينا بوتو وسوزاننيه فيليبس .DG Agriculture and Rural Development, European Commission, Brussels, 2013 )CTA( وفرانسيس فاي وجورج http://brusselsbriefings.files.wordpress.com/2013/04/cta-reader-31.pdf فاسيالكيس، المديرية العامة الزراعية، المفوضية األوروبية. قارئ. جغرافيا الطعام: إعادة االتصال بالمنشأ فى النظام الغذائى. الزراعة والتنمية الريفية، المفوضية األوروبية، بروكسل، 2113. مونيك باجال، م. فيتوري. دليل عملى Monique Bagal, M. Vittori. Practical Manual on Geo-graphical indications for ACP - حول المؤشرات الجغرافية الرسومية countries. CTA Origin. 2011 لدول أفريقيا الكاريبى والهادئ )http://publications.cta.int/publications/publication/1667/ )ACP CTA . األصل. 2111
161 162 تمت مراجعة النص أبريل .2102
2ورقة العمل : حماية حقوق المؤشر :الجغرافى اإلطار القانونى
0-2 مؤشر المنشأ مقارنة بالمؤشر الحغرافى المنشأمؤشر
ت عرف المنظمة العالمية للملكية الفكرية )WIPO( مؤشر المنشأ على أنه إشارة أو عالمة ت ستخدم للداللة على أن المنتج ينشأ فى بلد أو منطقة أو مكان محدد، ويمكن بالتالى أن تغطى نطاقا واسعا . غير أن مؤشر المنشأ ال يعطى أى ضمان جوهرى لجودة أو سمعة محددة.
1الشكل : المؤشر الجغرافى يعرف المنتج على أن له خصائص مرتبطة بمكان إنتاجه من اليسار إلى اليمين: 0. منطقة جغرافية محددة + 2 . 3منتج محدد + 0. ما بين 2و = تسميات منشأ محمية ومؤشرات محميةجغرافية
المؤشرات الجغرافية
163 يتم تعريف المؤشرات الجغرافية بموجب اتفاق تريبس ) اتفاق بشأن جوانب حقوق الملكية الفكرية المتصلة بالتجارة ( عام 0221 على النحو مؤشرات":التالى تحدد السلعة بأنها ناشئة فى إقليم عضو أو منطقة تابعة لذلك اإلقليم ، حيث تعزى أساسا جودة أو سمعة أو سمة سمة أخرى من سمات السلعةتلك إلى منشأها الجغرافى . نظرأ الجدول .أدناه
المؤشرات الجغرافية هى معناه؟ أى مؤشرات... أسماء أماكن أسماء مركبة أسماء أخرى أو أسماء غير جغرافية ممكنة شعار، تمثيل جرافيكى أو مرئى ... تحدد سلعة ... يجب أن يفهم المستهلك هذه اإلشارة على أنها تصف منتج محدد
…على أن نشأتها … يجب أن توضح اإلشارة للمستهلك أن المنتج له أصل أو منشأ معين .. فى إقليم بلد أو منطقة محلية... فى مكان جغرافى ... حيث... أن إحدى صفات السلعة... تركيب كيميائى محدد )مستوى السكر، درجة الحموضة، المقادير(، الخصائص الفيزيائية )الحجم، الشكل، اللون، الملمس، المظهر ...(، الميكروبيولوجية، الحسية ، إلخ. ... أو سمعة السلعة... يعرف الجمهور المنتج المحدد الذى نشأ فى ذلك المكان )األدب الزراعى، الصحف، الكتب، استبيان المستهلك ...( ... أو خصائص أخرى للسلعة... الخصائص األخرى الممكنة - مثل المعارف التقليدية أو األصلية.
... تعزى أساسا إلى منشأها. أن تكون الجودة أو السمعة بسبب منشأها. هناك رابط بين المنتج ومكان إنتاجه األصلى أو منشأه. يمكن أن يكون الرابط "المنسوب بشكل أساسى" بسبب العوامل البيئية و/ أو تقاليد أو مهارات أو معارف السكان المحليين / األصليين يجب إظهار أو تبرير الرابط إلى المنشأ
2-2 ضوابط األسماء المرتبطة بالمنشأ يعتمد اختيار النظام المناسب لحماية وترويج االسم المرتبط بالمنشأ أو المؤشر الجغرافى على عدد من العوامل منه :ا
– تنظيم المنتجين والذى عادة ما ينطوى على نهج جماعى. – القدرة اإلنتاجية للمنتجين لاللتزام بالمواصفات. – موارد الستغالل االسم والهوية المرتبطة بالمنشأ فى األسواق. – إثبات الصلة بالمنشأ والمحافظة عليها. – متطلبات الرقابة أو النظام.
2الشكل منظمة المنتجين )هيئة أو تعاونية( عامل أساسى فى المؤشرات الجغرافية الناجحة
164 نلقواآلن ىدعونا نظرة على ثالث طرق رئيسية لتوفير حماية للمنتجات المرتبطة :بالمنشأ
.أ قوانين التسمية وخطط اإلدراج
يمكن حماية أسماء المنتجات المرتبطة بالمنشأ والمؤشرات الجغرافية من خالل القوانين المتعلقة بالمنافسة غير العادلة أو قوانين حماية المستهلك أو قوانين تسمية المنتجات.
يوجد لدى بعض البلدان والمناطق مخططات بقوائم بأسماء المنتجات المرتبطة بالمنشأ باعتبارها ذات سمعة أو صفات تقليدية. هذه هى أساسا هى الشكل 3 شجيرات الرويبوس )Rooibos( مؤشر جغرافى مخططات للتسويق والدعاية وال توفر حماية محددة لالسم المدرج .بها محمى فى جنوب أفريقيا بموجب قانون المنافسة .ب العالمات التجارية
تقوم بعض الدول بحماية األسماء المرتبطة بالمنشأ والمؤشرات الجغرافية بموجب قانون العالمات التجارية.
غير أن العالمات التجارية هى "عالمات مميزة تهدف إلى تمييز المنتجات للمستهلكين مقارنة بغيرهم من المنافسين".
4الشكل : شعارات المؤشر الجغرافى المحمية كعالمات تجارية توفر العالمة التجارية لمالكها حق ا حصري ا فى تعيين المنتجات والخدمات، أو السماح لكيان آخر باستخدامها.
ولكى يتم اعتبارها عالمة تجارية قانونية، يجب أن تكون العالمة المختارة ، من جملة أمور يلىأخرى، :ما
– مميزة: يجب أن تميز العالمة السلع والخدمات عن السلع والخدمات األخرى من نفس الفئة. بشكل عام، من المحتمل اعتبار األسماء الجغرافية غير مميزة وغير مؤهلة للتسجيل كعالمات تجارية. – غير خادعة: يجب أال تكون العالمة ذات طبيعة يمكن أن تؤدى إلى إرباك المستهلكين. هناك ثالثة أشكال قانونية للعالمات التجارية:
(0 عالمات تجارية فردية: مملوكة لشخص طبيعى أو اعتبارى واحد محدد. وتنطبق على شركات معينة أو غيرها من المنظمات؛ (2 عالمات تجارية جماعية: وهى مملوكة لمجموعة عامة أو خاصة تضم أكثر من كيان قانونى واحد )مثل جمعية تجارية(. ت ستخدم هذه العالمات التجارية بشكل رئيسى لضمان خصائص المنتج - مثل المنشأ الجغرافى: (3 عالمات التصديق، التى تشير إلى المنتجات التى تستوفى المعايير المحددة التى قد تشمل منطقة اإلنتاج الجرافيكية.
ال يوجد حد لقائمة المنتجات التى يمكن تغطيتها بالمؤشرات الجغرافية. ومع ذلك، بحكم طبيعة االرتباط باإلقليم تركز معظم أنظمة حماية المؤشرات الجغرافية على المنتجات الزراعية ومنتجات المصايد والمواد الغذائية
165 والحرف اليدوية والمنتجات التقليدية وغيرها من المنتجات الريفية ومنتجات الغابات. كما تم إدراج منتجات التعدين فى أنظمة المؤشرات الجغرافية.
.ج نظ ام المؤشرات الجغرافية
نظام حماية المؤشرات الجغرافية المحدد أو الفريد هو نظام يقوم بكل من تحديد المؤشرات الجغرافية )بحكم التعريف ال يمكن تسجيل المؤشرات الجغرافيةغير ( وتوفير حماية خاصة للملكية الفكرية لها تلخي. تم ص عناصر المؤشر الجغرافى فى المربع أدناه.
عناصر نظام المؤشرات الجغرافية .1 قائمة تحتوى على مؤشرات جغرافية محمية فى اإلقليم. .2 عملية إدارية تتحقق من أن المؤشرات الجغرافية تحدد سلعة ما على أنها ناشئة فى إقليم أو منطقة أو محلية ألحد األطراف األعضاء، حيث تعزى أساسا نوعية أو سمة أخرى من سمات السلعة إلى منشأها الجغرافى. .3 شرط أن يتوافق المؤشر الجغرافى المحمى مع منتج معين أو منتجات محددة لمواصفات المنتج الموضوعة، والتى ال يمكن تعديلها إال عن طريق العمليات اإلدارية الواجبة. .4 أحكام وشروط الرقابة المطبقة على اإلنتاج الشكل 5: بابريكا زيتافا )Žitava( تسمية منشأ محمية )سلوفاكيا( .5 إنفاذ حماية المؤشرات الجغرافية عن طريق اتخاذ اإلجراءات اإلدارية المناسبة من قبل السلطات العامة ضمن الهياكل والقواعد التى تنطبق على هذه األسماء. .6 الشروط واألحكام القانونية التى تنص على أن المؤشر الجغرافى المحمى: .أ يجوز ألى مشغل استخدامه لتسويق المنتج الزراعى أو المواد الغذائية المطابقة للمواصفات المطابقة؛ .ب محمى من: - أى استخدام تجارى مباشر أو غير مباشر لمؤشر جغرافى محمى من قبل منتجات مماثلة غير مطابقة لمواصفات المنتج الخاص باالسم المحمى، أو إلى حد ما تستغل من خالل هذا االستخدام سمعة المؤشر الجغرافى؛ الشكل 6: كمثرى بيرا غوشيه دويسشى من مجتمع - أى سوء استخدام أو تقليد أو استفزاز، حتى إذا تمت اإلشارة إلى األصل الغرب البلدى )Pêra Rocha do Oeste( تسمية منشأ الحقيقى للمنتج أو فى حالة ترجمة االسم المحمى أو نسخه أو ترجمته أو محمية )البرتغال( استخدامه مع كلمات مثل "نوع"من "فصيلة" أو "طراز" أو تقليد" أو " أو " تقليد" أو "طراز" أو "فصيلة" أو "نوع"من كلمات أو تعبيرات مماثلة؛ - أى إشارة خاطئة أو مضللة عن منشأ المنتج أو أصله أو طبيعته أو صفاته األساسية، على العبوة الداخلية أو الخارجية أو المواد اإلعالنية أو المستندات المتعلقة بالمنتج المعنى، وتغليف هذا المنتج فى حاوية مسؤولة عن نقل انطباع خاطئ عن منشأه أو أصله؛ - أى ممارسات أخرى من شأنها تضليل المستهلك فيما يتعلق بالمنشأ الحقيقى للمنتج المعنى. .7 قاعدة أن األسماء المحمية ال يجوز أن تصبح عامة فى إقليم الدول األعضاء. الشكل 7: الفجل ستيريا )شتايغشه كرين Steirischer Kren( مؤشر جغرافى محمى )النمسا(
166 تمت مراجعة النص أبريل .9102
ورقة العمل 3: المنتجون: تطوير مواصفات المؤشر الجغرافى
تتناول ورقة العمل هذه ثالثة عناصر أساسية لتطوير مواصفات المؤشر الجغرافى:
– تشكيل مجموعات المنتجين – مواصفات المنتج – مراقبة المنتج 0-3 مجموعات الملكية والمنتجين المؤشرات الجغرافية هى أدوات جماعية. وعادة ما تديرها أو تملكها مجموعة جماعية. غالب ا ما تكون تلك المجموعة هى "صاحب الحق" لحقوق الملكية الفكرية بالمؤشرات الجغرافية.
يعد تشكيل مجموعة المنتجين خطوة حيوية لتطوير المؤشر .الجغرافى حيث يمكن لمجموعة المنتجين ان تلعب ان ت عدد ا من األدوار :الهامة مثل
– ضمان إنتاج المنتج من قبل جميع أعضاء المجموعة بما يتماشى مع معايير الجودة؛ – إدارة مواصفات المنتج، مثل اقتراح التعديالت عند الحاجة؛ – تنظيم التسويق الجماعى واإلعالن عن المنتج – أن تكون تلك المجموعة داعية لجميع المنتجين وتمثلهم أمام المستهلكين والمشترين والسلطات. – حماية اسم المنتج ومراقبة األسواق واإلنترنت لالنتهاكات. – تطوير األنشطة الريفية حول المنتج.
167 أى نوع من ؟المجموعات
الشرط الوحيد لمجموعة المنتجين هو أنها تضم فى األغلب منتجى المنتجات التى يغطيها المؤشر الجغرافى. ال توجد متطلبات قانونية أو إدارية لنوع المجموعة. من أمثلتها: – اتحاد زراعى – تعاونية – ائتالف )كونسورتيوم( – مجموعة محددة من المنتجين - دون أى شكل قانونى - يتحدون إلنشاء مؤشر جغرافى. – هيئة حكومية )مثل منطقة محلية( يمكن للمنتجين االنضمام إليها – منظمة تقليدية
تستخدم المؤشرات الجغرافية أحيانا باالشتراك مع العالمات التجارية. وبالتالى، يمكن حماية االسم الثمين من خالل نظام المؤشر الجغرافى، وهوية مجموعة المنتجين كعالمة تجارية جماعية. على سبيل المثال، يمكن استخدام العالمة التجارية لحماية شعار مجموعة المنتجين لوضع ملصق المنتج. الشكل 1: المجلس التنظيمى لمنطقة ريبيرا ديل دويرو مشهورة بالنبيذ الفاخر–منشأ محمى )إسبانيا(
9-3 مواصفات المنتج تحديد ووصف المنتج )المنتجات( واألسماء
مواصفات المنتج هى وصف دقيق للمنتج، مع إبراز خصائصه المحددة. تشرح المواصفات كذلك العالقة بين خصائص المنتج ومكانه األصلى أو منشأه- قد تكون تلك الصلة بسبب مهارات المنتجين المحليين ودرايتهم أو بسبب البيئة الطبيعية والميزات المناخية للمنطقة. تحدد مواصفات المنتج الضمان للمستهلكين بأن المنتج يلبى المتطلبات ليكون مؤشر جغرافى. يحدد الجدول أدناه عناصر مواصفات منتج .مؤشر جغرافى
عنصر الوصف تعليقات ومعايير اسم المؤشر الشرط الوحيد ألن يكون االسم المؤشر الجغرافى هو أنه يعرف المنتج بأنه ذو منشأ محدد. غالبا الجغرافى ما يكون المؤشر الجغرافى اسم جغرافى أو يحتوى على اسم جغرافى. يمكن أن تكون األسماء غير الجغرافية أيضا من المؤشرات الجغرافية – شريطة أن تحدد للمستهلك المنتج القادم من منطقة جغرافية محددة. بعض أسماء المؤشرات الجغرافية ال ينبغى حمايتها إذا أصبحت تستخدم على نطاق واسع على النحو التالى:
- اسم مجموعة متنوعة من النباتات أو ساللة من الحيوانات يتم استخدامها خارج المنطقة األصلية، واستخدام االسم كأداة من شأنها أن تربك المستهلكين؛
- األسماء العامة )بمعنى االسم الشائع للمنتج الذى فقد ارتباطه الجغرافى(؛ العالمات التجارية الخاصة المعروفة والمستخدمة لفترة طويلة بحيث يتم تضليل المستهلك بشأن هوية المنتج إذا كان االسم أيضا مسجل كمؤشر جغرافى. فى حاالت أخرى، يمكن للعالمة التجارية السابقة والمؤشر الجغرافى "التعايش "معا مما يعنى أنه يمكن استخدام كالهما فى السوق.
168 وصف المنتج يجب أن يكون الوصف دقيق ا وعلمي ا. يصف المنتج المحدد كما يتم إنتاجه فى المنطقة. يجب أن الزراعى الثقافى أو يكون الوصف واقعيا وأن يغطى نطاق اإلنتاج المراد تغطيته بواسطة المؤشر الجغرافى، بما فى المواد الغذائية ذلك أى أشكال مسموح بها.
فى الوقت نفسه، يجب أن يستبعد الوصف المنتج الذى ال يصل إلى المعيار المراد تغطيته بواسطة المؤشر الجغرافى. إذا كان األمر متعلق ا بخصوصية المنتج وارتباطه بالمنطقة الجغرافية، فيمكن إدراج عناصر أخرى مثل: - طريقة اإلنتاج - نظام تغذية للماشية - األصناف النباتية والسالالت الحيوانية المستخدمة - الممارسات التقليدية. الشكل 2: ملح البحر أوريل )Oriel( منشأ محمى )أيرلندا( وصف المنطقة الجغرافية تصف المنطقة الجغرافية بالتفصيل، بالرجوع بقدر اإلمكان إلى الحدود المادية )مثل األنهار والطرق( أو الحدود اإلدارية. يجب أن يكون واضحا للمزارع والمفتش ما إذا كان كل حقل فردى موجود فى المنطقة أو خارجها. ويشمل حدودها وخصائصها الجغرافية والبيئية الخاصة. يجب تحديد المنطقة الجغرافية فيما يتعلق بالعالقة أو الصلة بين المكان والمنتج. قد تكون الخريطة مفيدة فى هذاالعنصر. الصلة بين نوعية الصلة بالمنطقة الجغرافية هى مواصفات المنتج األساسية. فهى تتكون من ثالث عناصر: محددة أو سمعة أو - خصوصية المنطقة الجغرافية )الظروف البيئية ومهارات المنتجين المحليين( ذات الصلة غيرها من سمات باإلنتاج؛ المنتج الزراعى أو - خصوصية المنتج مع تحديد ووصف ما الذى يجعل هذا المنتج خاصا مقارنة بالمنتجات المواد الغذائية المماثلة. والمنشأ الجغرافى
- العالقة السببية بين المنطقة الجغرافية ونوعية أو خصائص أو سمعة المنتج.
169 3-3 التحقق من اإلنتاج
هناك حاجة إلى أنظمة الرقابة فى اإلنتاج لتقديم ضمانات للمستهلك بأن المنتج قد تم إنتاجه وفق ا لمواصفاته وله المنشأ ا
المزعوم الملصق.على مركز التداول والمعالجة مزارع الحيوانات والمحاصيل والمزارع يمكن أن تكون أنظمة التىالرقابة تحتاج التخزين، المستودع السمكية والمبردات إلى التحقق من تعدد عناصر اإلنتاج، منها
األنشطة التى تحدث ف ى أوقات مختلفة من
العام، مرهقة ومكلفة. لذا فإن نظام الرقابة سلسلة توريد الطعام
هو عامل يجب أخذه فى االعتبار عند
تصميم مواصفات المنتج. الخدمات االستهالكية النقل وخدمات تقديم الطعام والتوزيع األسواق ومراكز التجزئة
يجب أخذ عنصرين االعتبار:فى
ما هو جانب المنتج الذى تتم مراقبته؟ ما هو نظام المراقبة المناسب؟
ما الذى تتم مراقبته؟
-0 المنشأ وإمكانية تتبعه
بالنسبة إلى المؤشر الجغرافى، هذا هو التحقق األساسى المطلوب. يجب أن تحدد خطة المراقبة المستوى الذى يلزم التحقق منه: للمزرعة الفردية أو المجتمع المحلى؛ أو إلى مركز التجميع، مثل محطة التعبئة؛ أو إلى المقاطعة/ البلد المعنى. بشكل عام من المحتمل أن تحافظ سلسلة التوزيع العادية على المنشأ، وهو ما قد يكون كافي ا للمنتج الذى يتم بيعه تحت مؤشر المنشأ.
-9 نوعية محددة من المنتج النهائى
إذا كانت مواصفات المنتج تسرد جودة معينة )مثل محتوى الرطوبة، أو محتوى البروتين، أو لون الحجم والملمس، أو مجموعة متنوعة من النباتات(، فيجب التحقق من ذلك. يمكن التحقق من العناصر التى يمكن التحقق منها فى المختبر على المنتج النهائى بعيدا عن المزرعة أو التعاونية، على سبيل المثال فى محطة الغسيل أو التعبئة.
170
-3 طريقة اإلنتاج )نشاط العملية(
يتطلب التحقق من طريقة اإلنتاج )مثل تقنية الزراعة أو استخدام أو عدم استخدام المبيدات الحشرية أو أنشطة الزراعة فى أوقات معينة من السنة( وجود ضوابط على مستوى اإلنتاج. يمكن أن يكون هذا فى المزرعة أو فى أى مكان يحدث فيه النشاط.
اختيار أنظمة التحقق
)مقتبس عن منظمة األغذية والزراعة، األشخاص، األماكن والمنتج، الطبعة الثانية 9101، صفحة 47(
يتكون التحقق من الطرف األول من الضمانات المقدمة من المنتجين أنفسهم، بناء على الضوابط الذاتية )من قبل المنتجين الفرديين( ا أو الضوابط الداخلية )من قبل منظمة منتجى المؤشرات الجغرافية(. بدون ضوابط خارجية أخرى، يعنى نظام التحقق الذاتى هذا أن المنتجين يتحملون مسؤولية موثوقية سمات الجودة. يمكنهم التوقيع على وثيقة رسمية )الشهادة الذاتية( إما بشكل فردى وأ من خالل جمعية للمؤشر الجغرافى. تساهم العقوبات االجتماعية وعالقات الثقة القائمة على القرب الثقافى والجغرافى فى التأكد من احترام القواعد. يعمل التحقق الذاتى عندما يتألف نظام اإلنتاج بشكل أساسى من صغار المنتجين الزراعيين والحرفيين الذين يبيعون مباشرة فى األسواق المحلية.
أما نظام لالتحقق التابع جهة خارجية فهو يتضمن وكيل تجارى يقوم وكيل تجار ى بالتحقق من أن الموردين يمتثلون لمتطلبات مواصفات المنتج. يستخدم العديد من تجار التجزئة أنظمة تحقق تابعة لجهات خارجية، وكذلك لمنتجات المؤشر الجغرافى. تعتمد درجة فعالية هذا النظام إلى حد كبير الشكل 3: زيادة استخدام الطائرات بدون طيار فى على سمعة الوكيل. فحوصات المزارع
بينما يعتمد نظام الضمان التشاركى )PGS( على المشاركة الفعالة لألطراف المعنية، داخل وخارج سلسلة قيمة المؤشر الجغرافى )حتى المستهلكين(، حيث يقوم باألساس على الثقة والشبكات االجتماعية وتبادل المعرفة. يعد هذا البديل واقعي ا جدا فى سياق المزارع الصغيرة واألسواق المحلية المباشرة. يمكن أن يدار هذا النظام عن طريق جمعية محلية تضم األطراف المعنية )منهم المنتجين والسلطات المحلية والمشترين( والتى تقوم بالرقابة الخاصة بها فى سلسلة توريد المؤشر الجغرافى.
171 يشتمل نظام إصدار الشهادات من طرف ثالث على هيئة مستقلة وخارجية )خاصة أو عامة أو مشتركة بين القطاعين العام والخاص( دون اهتمام مباشر بالعالقة االقتصادية بين المورد والمشترى والتى توفر ضمان ا باتباع المتطلبات ذات الصلة. يتم اآلن التعرف على معايير المنتجات المعتمدة بجميع أنحاء العالم، استنادا إلى شهادات الجهات الخارجية المستقلة. المعيار الدولى هو :ISO / IEC 17065 2012 تقييم المطابقة - متطلبات الهيئات التى تصادق على المنتجات والعمليات والخدمات، وتحديد كيفية قيام هيئة إصدار الشهادات بالتصرف، والخبرة الفنية والمتطلبات التدريبية للمفتشين، وكيفية إجراء فحوصات فورية وتجنب تضارب المصالح، إلخ. جميع البلدان المشاركة فى التجارة والمفاوضات الدولية، قامت أو تقوم بإنشاء أو وضع إطار عمل وطنى ألنظمة الضمان التى تتوافق مع هذه المعايير الدولية )خدمة االعتماد الرسمية، وهيئات إصدار الشهادات ، إلخ( للمنتجات التى سيتم تصديرها. هذا االتجاه مدعوم بطلبات التجار وتجار التجزئة والمستهلكين للحصول على ضمانات حول طريقة إنتاج المنتجات.
172 تمت مراجعة النص أبريل 9102.
وزارة الزراعة، وارسو، بولندا 4ورقة العمل : المسؤولون: اإلدارة الخفيفة لمخطط المؤشر الجغرافى 0-4 األجهزة القانونية للحماية تحتاج أنظمة المؤشر الجغرافى لتحديد وحماية المؤشرات المرتبطة بالمنشأ إلى إطار إدارى.
يحتاج النظام إلى تلبية احتياجات األطراف المعنية الذين يستخدمونه أو لديهم مرجع إليه. خاصة فى حالة نظام حالة ن المؤشرات الجغرافية، عادة ما يغطى تسجيل االسم الوظائف التالية:
0. استالم الطلبات من مجموعات المنتجين
9 الطلبات. تقييم
3. نشر طلبات المعارضة
4. التقييم النهائى للتطبيق
5 التسجيل. 5
قد يشمل التقييم إدارات أو زارات مختلفة، على سبيل المثال وزارة الزراعة لتقييم الطلب ومكتب للملكية الفكرية إلدارة االعتراضات وتسجيل األسماء. أنظر المخطط فى المربع كمثال لسير العمل.
9-4 استالم الطلبات من مجموعات المنتجين يجب أن يحدد النظام اإلدارى من يمكنه تقديم طلب. والذى يمكن أن يكون إما:
مقيِّدِّ- على سبيل المثال ال يمكن التقدم بالطلبات إال عن طريق مجموعة محددة أو ائتالف محدد. الميزة هنا هى أنه يجب تنظيم المنتجين فى ائتالف أو كونسورتيوم وبالتالى يكون لذلك المشروع فرصة أفضل للنجاح. أما العيب هو أنه قد يستغرق سنوات عديدة وموارد لتشكيل المجموعة. قد يحمل بعض المشاركين حق النقض )الفيتو( الفعال على التشكيل وبالتالى يعيقون العملية. مفتوح - السماح ألى شخص بالتقدم )عادة المنتجين أو التجار الذين لهم مصلحة مباشرة فى االسم المحمى(. فى هذه الحالة، ستكون عملية المعارضة ضرورية لضمان تمثيل جميع األطراف المعنية آلرائهم ومصالحهم.
173 الرسومِّاإلدارية شائعة فى طلبات الحصول على حقوق الملكية الفكرية وتسمح للسلطات باسترداد التكاليف وبالتالى المساعدة فى توفير الخدمة. فى حين أن الرسوم يمكن أن تكون مثبطة للمنتجين الذين لديهم إمكانية محدودة للوصول إلى الموارد، إال أنه بدون رسوم، قد يكون النظام اإلدارى تحت ضغط من قيود الموارد فى القطاع العام.
منِّ خطوةِّفىِّسيرِّالعمل المنتجونِّ عليهم كتابة مواصفات المنتج ملئ الطلب ثم إرساله إلى مكتب الملكية الفكرية الحكومى )مكتب IP( مكتبِّالملكيةِّالفكريةِّ يتحقق من استكمال الطلب الحكومىِّ يستشير وزارة الزراعة وزارةِّالزراعةِّ تتحقق من المعلومات الزراعية وتقوم بالرد على مكتب حماية الملكية الفكرية الحكومى مكتبِّالملكيةِّالفكريةِّ ينشر المقترح )اسم المؤشر الجغرافى والمعلومات األساسية مثل المنطقة الجغرافية ونوع الحكومىِّ المنتج( ودعوة المعارضين من األطراف المعنية األطرافِّالمهتمةِّ لديهم الفرصة لتقديم بيانات معارضة مع إعطاء تفاصيل عن أى صعوبات فى الطلب. )المنتجونِّاآلخرونِّ والتجارِّوالمستهلكونِّ )... مكتبِّحمايةِّالملكيةِّ تقييم وحل أى معارضة الفكريةِّالحكومى مكتبِّحمايةِّالملكيةِّ يرى إذا كان االسم قد اجتاز المراجعات وتم حل عملية االعتراض بشكل إيجابى: يدخل الفكريةِّالحكومى االسم فى السجل.
قد يعتبر المنتجون أنهم بحاجة إلى مساعدة مهنية لتقديم طلب، على سبيل المثال من مستشار قانونى . يجب أن . يج يكون النظام اإلدارى واضحا بما يكفى للسماح للمنتجين بتقديم الطلبات بأنفسهم، ولكن أيضا السماح للوكالء والممثلين بالتقدم نيابة عنهم.
يجب أن يشتمل الطلب عادة على:
0. تفاصيل حول مقدم الطلب )مثل اتحاد او ائتالف المنتج( وبيانات االتصال
9. مواصفات المنتج:
ا. اسم المؤشر الجغرافى أو المنتج المرتبط بالمنشأ المقترح للتسجيل.
ب. الوصف الفنى للمنتج النهائى.
ج. وصف الزراعة و عملية اإلنتاج .الخاصة بالمنتج
د. تحديد المنطقة الجغرافية ، بما فى ذلك خريطة لمنطقة اإلنتاج، إن أمكن.
ه. )المؤشرات الجغرافية فقط( الصلة أو العالقة السببية: بالنسبة إلى المؤشرات الجغرافية ، فإن العامل ، فإ الرئيسى الذي يميز المؤشر الجغرافى عن أى اسم مرتبط بالمنشأ )مثل بيان المنشأ ه( هو ارتباط ه( هو ارتباط بالمنطقة الجغرافية.
3 . ما يثبت أو دليل على المنشأ فى المنطقة الجغرافية المعنية: قائمة بخطوات اإلنتاج التى يجب أن تتم فى المنطقة ا الجغرافية المحددة.
4 الرقابة. هيئة ، أو نظام ،الرقابة تستخدم للتحقق من أو مراجعة عملية اإلنتاج.
174 عند استالم الطلب، يجب إجراء تقييم سريع للتأكد من أن الطلب مقبول ، أى أنه تم تقديم جميع المعلومات المطلوبة. هذا ليس تقييما نوعيا وهو فقط للتحقق من أن بعض المعلومات مقدمة قسمفى كل ، وليس ما إذا كانت كافية للتسجيل.
3-4 تقييم الطلبات يتطلب التحقق من الطلبات والموافقة عليها موارد إدارية. من الضرورى عدم إنشاء نظام ثقيل للغاية بحيث ال يعمل فيه أى احتمال واقعى لتأمين الموارد اإلدارية الالزمة: بحيث ينقل تسجيل المؤشر الجغرافى للمستهلكين أن للمسته المنتج له خصائص معينة وأنه سيحمى المؤشر الجغرافى المسجل حصريا منتجىلصالح المنتج المحدد. هذا يعنى أنه يجب التحقق من هذه العناصر قبل التسجيل.
الشكل 2: التدقيق فى طلب ينطوى على التبادل بين مجموعة المنتجين واإلدارة
عند مراجعة المواصفات، خاصة الجوانب الزراعية واالقتصادية والجغرافية ، يمكن لإلدارة أو الجهاز المسؤول عن العملية اللجوء إلى الخبرة الفنية، على سبيل المثال من:
السلطات المحلية/ القطاعية وزارة الزراعة أو الثروة السمكية لوحة السلع )ما لم يكن هذا الجهاز هو مقدم الطلب أيضا( قسم الزراعة بالجامعة مقاول خارجى استخدام الشفافية والتشاور العام
4-4 التحقق من نظام مراقبة اإلنتاج يعتمد اختيار نظام الرقابة على طبيعة الحماية القانونية واالستخدام المخصص السم المنتج المرتبط بالمنشأ. بالنسبة لمؤشرات المنشأ غير المحمية على وجه التحديد، قد يكون نظام الرقابة المدار ذاتي ا كافيا . بالنسبة للمؤشرات الجغرافية:
فى التجارة الدولية، هناك حاجة إلى نظام للضوابط الخارجية. يجب أن يكون هذا متوافق ا مع معايير األيزو ISO )على سبيل المثال، دليل ISO / IEC 65 بشأن المتطلبات العامة للهيئات التى تشغل أنظمة إصدار شهادات المنتجات(؛
175 فى التجارة الوطنية أو اإلقليمية، قد يوفر نظام أخف أو حتى نظام مدار ذاتي ا الضوابط الالزمة، اعتمادا على خيارات السياسة الوطنية.
5-4 التحقق من صحة االسم باإلضافة إلى التحقق من صحة االسم - بالنسبة إلى المؤشر الجغرافى، يجب أن يحدد االسم المنتج الم -حدد يجب -حدد أن يضمن النظام اإلدارى دعم حقوق المستخدمين السابقين لالسم. ويتم ذلك عادة من خالل عملية المعا رضة. يتم رضة. يت نشر اسم وربما ملخص المواصفات فى الجريدة الرسمية ويتم إعطاء المشغلين فترة زمنية لتقديم المالحظات أو االعتراضات على التسجيل المقترح.
فيما يتعلق باالستخدامات السابقة لالسم، قد تتضمن أسباب معارضة االسم :ما يلى
االسم من صنف أو ساللة حيوانية ويستخدم على نطاق واسع خارج المنطقة األصلية لإلشارة إلى منتج من هذا النوع وليس على وجه التحديد من المنطقة المزعومة؛
االسم عام - اسم شائع لنوع المنتج الحقوق التى باالسم مملوكة من قبل مشغل آخر )مثل حقوق العالمات التجارية( االسم أو االسم المتجانس مسجل بالفعل لمنتج آخر - على سبيل المثال، يأتى من منطقة لها نفس اسم المنطقة ولكن ببلد آخر. استخدم المشغلون اآلخرون بالفعل السم منتج مشابه، على الرغم من أنهم ليس لديهم عالمات تجارية.
بمجرد استالم المعارضة، يجب تقييم الطلبات. ولكن المعارضة ال تمنع بالضرورة تسجيل اسم كمؤشر جغرافى أو اسم مرتبط بالمنشأ. على سبيل المثال، إذا كانت هناك عالمة تجارية سابقة، يمكن لإلدارة أن تنص على أن العالمة التجارية والمؤشر الجغرافى يمكنها "التعايش/ الوجود معا " - - كالهما يستخدم فى السوق. يمكن السماح باستخدام مسبق السم غير محمى كعالمة تجارية لفترة مؤقتة بعد تسجيل المؤشر الجغرافى.
6-4 التسجيل بمجرد معالجة العملية اإلدارية وطلبات المعارضة ، شريطة أن يكون االسم ناجحا فى عملية الفحص، يمكن إدخاله في سجل المؤشر الجغرافى أو قائمة بالمنتجات المرتبطة .بالمنشأ
يجب أن يكون السجل متاحا للعامة وأن يحتو ى على ى االسم الدقيق المسجل أو المدرج بلغته أو )لغاته( ل.التسجي بالنسبة إلى المؤشرات الجغرافية، ينبغى أن تكون المقتطفات من السجل أو شهادات التسجيل متاحة للمنتجين لعرضها واستخدامها فى الحمالت التسويقية.
7-4 التفعيل فى األسواق بالنسبة للمعايير الزراعية والغذائية الرسمية ، ينبغى للسلطات أن توفر تفعيال لألسماء المرتبطة المنشأب . يعد ذلك المنشأب ضروري ا لضمان عدم تضليل المستهلكين وعدم تقويض المنتجين الذين يحملون الحقوق فى األسماء بواسطة منتج غير ناشئ يستخدم االسم.
176 ينبغى على السلطات اإلدارية أن توفر التفعيل بما يتناسب مع قدرتها ومستوى تفعيلها الممنوح لمطالبات وضع العالمات األخرى المماثلة وحقوق الملكية الفكرية. ستفقد لوحة التداول أو مكان المزادات مكان امسمعته بسرعة إذا لم يكن المنتج من المنشأ أو المنشأ المعيار المزعوم، لذلك من الضرورى رقابة جودة .ومنشأهالمنتج
بالنسبة للمؤشرات الجغرافية، يعد النظام اإلدارى للتفعيل ميزة مهمة. حتى إذا كانت هناك مشاكل و نتيجة ل االستخدامسوء ، فمن األهمية أن يسمح النظام القانونى النظام القانونى بتفعيل حقوق المؤشر الجغرافى فى تاريخ –الحق أى أن عدم اإلنفاذ ال يؤدى اإلذعإلى .ان أو القبول
8-4 التفعيل على شبكة اإلنترنت نظرا ألن التجارة تتم بشكل متزايد على اإلنترنت، يجب أن يكون أصحاب حقوق المؤشر الجغرافى متيقظين من متيقظ عدم إساءة استخدام أسماء المؤشر الجغرافى القيمة الخاصة بهم. هناك مجاالن للبحث عن:
0. سوء البيع على المنصات )مثل Amazon و Alibaba(. تحتوى معظم األنظمة األساسية على "نظام اإلشعار واإلزالة": إذا رأيت أن المؤشر الجغرافى الخاص بك يساء استخدامه، قم بإرسال نموذجا عبر اإلنترنت إلى المنصة يعرض سوء االستخدام وأنك صاحب الحق فى المؤشر الجغرافى. عادة يتم أخذ الصفحة أو معالجتها خالل فترة زمنية قصيرة. .9 أسماء النطاقات التى تسجل أسماء المؤشر الجغرافى. هنا قد يحتوى عنوان الويب الخاص بالشركة على اسم المؤشر الجغرافى، لكن المنتج الذى يبيعونه ليس المنتج األصلى. يمكن أن يعتمد اإلجراء الواجب اتخاذه على اختصاص المجال. بعد ذلك، يجب على السلطات الوطنية التأكد من عدم إساءة استخدام أسماء النطاقات.
177 178 تمت مراجعة النص فى أبريل 9102.
5ورقة العمل : البائعون والتجار: أفضل طريقة الستغالل المؤشرات ىالجغرافية ف األسواق الوطنية والدولية
0-5 هل هناك طلب المستهلك على المؤشرات الجغرافية؟ تزايد الطلب على السمات عالية الجودة فى المنتجات الغذائية بالسنوات األخيرة بسبب اهتمام المستهلكين بالمنشأ والصحة والبيئة. فى االتحاد األوروبي، يستهلك المستهلكون مجموعة واسعة من المنتجات ويزعمون أنهم يهتمون بالجودة أكثر من اهتمامهم الكمية. وألن مصدر الغذاء يصبح أكثر ب عدا من الناحيتين الجغرافية والثقافية يميل المستهلكون إلى الرغبة فى إعادة االتصال بالزراعة والمكان الذ يأتى منه الطعام.
أن تأتى المنتجات اإلقليمية المضمونة من منطقة معينة ومصنوعة بطريقة معينة هى إحد الطرق لبناء الثقة لد المستهلكين. يمكن لألغذية أن تحمل القيم وتربط المنتجين من أصل معين بالمستهلكين. هذه الروابط التى ال توجد ببساطة مع المنتجات المصنعة مثل األحذية أو كرات كرة القدم - حيث قد تكون الصلة العاطفية بين المستهلك والمنتج بنفس القدر من القوة، لكنها مع مالك العالمة التجارية أو صاحب براءة االختراع، ولكن نادرا ما تكون مع العمال الذين أنتجوا المنتج وال مع منطقتهم. الشكل 1: سوق المزارعين فى هايديلبيرج بألمانيا يربط المزارعون المنتجون بالمستهلك مباشرة. ولكن من أجل إظهار جودة المنتجات الغذائية وتمايزها وسالمتها، يعد توصيل هذه المعلومات أمرا بالغ األهمية. يمكن أن تساعد ملصقات األغذية المعلوماتية على تعزيز حوافز التسويق وتسليط الضوء على سمات المنتجات التى قد تكون مرغوبة ألسواق متخصصة معينة ناقلة المعلومات الهامة للمستهلكين بطريقة بسيطة.
179
9-5 ما رأ المستهلكين فى منتجات المؤشر الجغرافى )المرتبطة بالمنشأ(؟ إن طلب مستهلك ى االتحاد األوروبي على الجودة واضحوالمنشأ ، كما يظهر مرارا وتكرارا من خالل استبيانات المستهلكين فى االتحاد األوروبي. ووفقا الستطالع يوروباروميتر )Eurobarometer(، ادعى ما يقرب من نصف المستهلكين األوروبيين الذين شملهم االستطالع أنهم على استعداد لدفع عالوة سعرية لضمان الحصول على أصل المنتج.
كما أن هناك ما يثبت تفضيالت المستهلكين للمنتجات اإلقليمية على مستو العالم. حيث أظهرت الدراسات أن المستهلكين فى آسيا يختارون المنتجات الغذائية "التخصصية المحلية" التى تربط مكان اإلنتاج بتوقع جودة أعلى. وت ظهر بيانات السوق الخاصة بالقهوة فى كوستاريكا أن العمالء فى محال السوبر ماركت والمتاجر الصغيرة على حد سواء يضعون مكان المنشأ كالمعايير األول لتحديد جودة القهوة. كما يظهر استعراض األغذية المحلية والخبرة الفنية فى تحضيرها بغرب إفريقيا أهمية هذه األطعمة بالنسبة لعمالة المرأة وتوليد الدخل، وكذلك انتشارها على نطاق واسع فى النظم الغذائية الحضرية، منها المطاعم وباعة األغذية فى الشوارع.
3-5 يحتاج المستهلكون إلى معلومات واضحة عن الشعارات إذا أرادوا فهمها ىالشعارات ه وسيلة مألوفة إليصال المعلومات بسهولة إلى المستهلكين ، عادة ما تكون عادة الشعارات ىميزة أساسية ف نظام حماية المؤشر الجغرافى، كما يمكن للشعار كذلك تسهيل االتصال والتجارة ف ى المنطقة المنط ى خاصة عبر الحدود اللغوية، بشرط أن يكون الشعار مرئي ا بالمقام األول. بمجرد وضع مخطط، مع وجود معايير إلدراج ال منتج، تعد الخطوة المنطقية التالية هى إنشاء شعار وتسويقه والذ قد يكون اختياريا .
ومع ذلك، من الضرور أال يقدم الشعار انطباعا خاطئ ا لد المستهلكين أو أنه قد يتعرض لخطر فقدان المصداقية. بالنسبة إلى المؤشرات الجغرافية، يعد شعار اإلنضمام إلى سجل المؤشر الجغرافى مكافأة واضحة نظرا لمعايير الجودة التى يجب الوفاء بها لإلدراج بالسجل. ومع ذلك، بالنسبة لمؤشرات المنشأ يكون استخدام الشعار أقل إقناعا.
تشير الدراسات إلى أن المستهلكين يرون ملصقات الشهادات اإلقليمية كضمان للجودة، باإلضافة إلى االعتق اد ا بأنهم سيدعمون االقتصاد المحلى عن طريق شراء هذه المنتجات. ينتج عن هذا زيادة اال ستعداد للشراء والدفع. ومع ذلك، أكدت النتائج أن مجرد الحصول على ملصق المؤشر الجغرافى، بدون معلومات إضافية من البائع، ليس له تأثير إيجابى على الجودة المتصورة للمنتج. إن توفير المعلومات حول معنى ملصقات األ -غذية أ القصة أ -غذية –وراء المنتج تغيرت تغيرا هاما من الناحية االقتصادية بحيث أثرت على استعداد المستهلكين للدفع مقابل منتج معين.
180
عناصر توضع فى االعتبار للشعار )اللوجو( حيث :يجب أن يكون
بسيط وذات صلة من الناحية البصرية متوفر باأللوان وكذلك باألبيض واألسود التحقق والضوابط لالستخدام االختيار أو اإلجبار : هل يمكن حماية الشعار كعالمة تجارية رمزية؟ أال يبالغ الشعار فى بيع المنتج أو يسئ تفسير خصائصه. استخدام الشعار مشروط بمعايير واضحة، على سبيل المثال إدخال اسم المنتج فى سجل المؤشر الجغرافى الرسمى؛ وأال يستخدم إال فيما يتعلق بالمنتج وال يستخدم لإلشارة إلى منتج مشتق.
4-5 وضع ملصقات أفضل التعبئةتساهم والتغليف ووضع الملصقات فى خلق القيمة. حيث يوفر وضع الملصقات معلومات حهامة ول حهامة معلومات الملصقا ت خصائص المنتج )التكوين، الحقائق الغذائية ، أو وصف كيفية استخدام المنتج( وحول الخصوصية المتعلقة بالمنتج المرتبط بالمنشأ.
يمكن تقديم المعلومات التى تعزز صورة سمات المنتج ؛ مثل معلومات حول خصوصية عملية اإلنتاج الموارو د الموارو الطبيعية المستخدمة فيها، والدراية الفنية و، االرتباط بثقافة منطقة اإلنتاج، إلخ.
يمكن أن تشير العالمة أيضا إلى االستخدام المحتمل للمنتج فى األعمال التحضيرية للطهى من قبل المستهلكين غير الخبراء؛ على سبيل المثال، تقديم وصفات تقليدية، اقتراحات للحفظ ، وهلم جرا . من شأن ذلك أن يس هل من هل أن ي س االستخدام من قبل المستهلكين ويزيد من فرص شراء .هواستهالكالمنتج
فى حماية المؤشر الجغرافى الذ قد يستخدم كمكون فى منتجات أخر ، هناك حاجة إلى اعتبار خاص للعالمة فالتجارية. من ناحية، يرغب المنتجون الذين يستخدمون مكونات المؤشر الجغرافى عالية الجودة )وأحيانا باهظة الثمن( فى منتج معالج المستإلى إخبار هلكين بهذه السمات للمنتج النهائى. يمكنهم القيام بذلك عن طريق اإلشارة إلى المؤشر الجغرافى على ملصق المنتج النهائى: "مصنوع من ]اسم المؤشر الجغرافى["، إلخ.
ومن ناحية أخر ، يجب منع الممارسات الخادعة - مثل استخدام كمية ال تذكر من المؤشر الجغرافى ، أ مجمعة أ ، بكمية أكبر من منتج أرخص. إذا لم يكن للمنتج النهائى خاصية حقيقية "تعز إلى" وجود المؤشر الجغرافى ، ، فيجب حظر استخدام االسم المسجل.
بشكل عام، يجب أن تكون قوانين عدم تضليل المستهلكين كافية لتنظيم .هذه الحاالت
181 تتمثل إستراتيجية وضع المنتج المرتبط بالمنشأ فى ربطه بتسمية أخر بهدف التمييز مثل "التجارة العادلة" أو مثل "التجارة "الحركة البطئية أو شعار حركة )سلو فوود Slow Food("، أو المشاركة فى معارض األغذية الوطنية أو الدولية.
يمكن حماية المؤشرات الجغرافية المحمية ليس فقط بلدانهافى األصلية ولكن كذلك فى بلدان جهات التصدي ر. ر بالنسبة لسوق االتحاد األوروبي، من المهم اإلشارة إلى أنه باإلضافة إلى تلبية معايير المؤشر الجغرافى ، هناك ، حاجة إلى نظام خارجيةرقابة متوافق مع معيار )أيزو 55 ( أو ISO 65.
يمكن كذلك حماية العالمات التجارية فى أسواق التصدير.
5-5 دعم المستهلك: مثال حركة سلو فوود كما هو موضح فى دليل الفاو تعد سلو فوود مؤسسة دولية تعمل منذ عام 0295 لحماية التراث الدولى لذواقة الطعام من خالل تعزيز المنتجات النموذجية وتعزيز جودة األغذية الزراعية وتعليم التذوق للمستهلكين. ولدت سلو فوود للتنوع البيولوجى ) Slow Food Foundation for Biodiversity( منذ عام 9113 بهدف حماية التنوع البيولوجى الزراعى والتقاليد الشعبية والتقاليد الغذائية فى العالم.
وبشكل أكثر تحديدا تنشط المؤسسة فى تنفيذ المشاريع التالية: مشروع بريسيديا لألغذية البطيئة، وهى مشاريع محددة تم إنشاؤها لحماية صغار المنتجين وحفظ أنواع النباتات والسالالت الحيوانية والمنتجات الشعبية عالية الجودة. "أسواق األرض" تركز على صغار المنتجين للمنتجات عالية الجودة المرتبطة بالمنشأ، والتى توفر انفتاحا تجاري ا هاما للمجتمعات المحلية.
تتيح شبكة )تيرا مادريه Terra Madre( كل عامين للمنتجين من جميع أنحاء العالم والمشتغلين بالقطاع )الطهاة واألكاديميين والصحفيين( االلتقاء وزيادة الوعى بمنتجاتهم الغذائية وتذوق المنتجات الغذائية األخر خالل المعرض الدولى لفن الطهو )صالونيه ديل جوستو Salone del Gusto( فى تورينو بإيطاليا.
الشكل 2: شبكة تيرا مادريه عام 2112
182 تمت مراجعة النص فى أبريل 9102.
6ورقة العمل : المجتمع الريفى: كيف تدعم المؤشرات ال م ؤ ش را ت الجغرافية المعارف التقليدية وحقوق المزارعين األصليين والتنمية الريفية
0-6 التنمية الريفية يشير عدد من الدراسات إلى مدى فعالية مساهمة المؤشرات الجغرافية فى تنمية المناطق الريفية. وذلك من خالل ربط القيمة المضافة للمنتج بالمرتبط المنشأ بالمكان الجغرافى بالفوائد االقتصادية واالجتماعية والبيئية التى تتدفق من المنتج ووإنتاجه ال يمكن إلغاء تحديدها المحلى ذه:. وتشمل ه
الحفاظ على اإليرادات والعمالة المحلية وزيادتها فى المراحل المختلفة من عملية اإلنتاج )اإلنتاج والمعالجة أو التجهيز إلى التوزيع(. تأمين الوظائف فى اإلنتاج واألنشطة المرتبطة به حتى يتمكن السكان المحليون من البقاء والعيش فى منطقة اإلنتاج. الحفاظ على البيئة والتنوع البيولوجى، بقدر ارتباطهما بالمنتج. الحفاظ على الزراعة التقليدية بمساهماتها اإليجابية المحتملة فى المناظر الطبيعية والموائل المواتية للتنوع البيولوجى والحفاظ على التربة. الحفاظ على أنظمة المعالجة التقليدية والوصفات. الحفاظ على التقاليد المحلية الحية والثقافة المحلية المتعلقة بالمنتج. الترويج للمنطقة ككل من خالل "عالمة تجارية إقليمية" والمساهمة فى السياحة وفن الطهو.
9-6 المساهمة فى االقتصاد المساهمة فى 6-9 يمكن للمنتجات التقليدية الحصول على قيمة مضافة جيدة مع القليل من االستثمار فى الترويج أو وليالتسويق س هناك حاجة إلنشاء منتجات جديدة، ألن الترويج جماعى بشكل عام. بالنظر إلى هياكل التكلفة المختلفة قد ال تكون ، قد ال المنتجات التقليدية أعلى تكلفة للمستهلكين من المنتجات الصناعية المبتكرة التى تتطلب استثمارات عالية فى البحث والتطوير واإلعالن لدخول األسواق.
183 يمكن للمؤشرات الجغرافية أن تلعب دورا أساسي ا فى زيادة العمالة الريفية واإليرادات المحلية .زيادتهماأو ففى .زيادتهماأو المناطق التى تكون فيها الميكنة صعبة أو مكلفة، كالمناطق الجبلية، قد تكون طرق اإلنتاج التقليدية هى الطريقة ا الوحيدة للحفاظ على األنشطة وبعض الوظائف. كما أن تكاليف اإلنتاج والعرض للمنتجات التقليدية أعلى عموما من تكاليف المنتجات الصناعية التنافسية و؛ هذا هو السبب فى أنه ينبغى االعتراف بجودتها المحددة ويجب إعالم المستهلك بخصائصها. يجب مشاركة المعلومات المتعلقة بالجودة بشكل صحيح عبر السوق )معرفة المستهلك والفرد ى ملصقات الجودة الرسمية واللوائح المتعلقة بالمطالبات(.
أمثلة
المغرب: تمثل األنشطة المرتبطة بإنتاج زيت األرجان ما بين 92٪ و 42٪ من دخل السكان المحليين، مع تقديرات أن إجمالى إنتاج زيت األرجان يمثل ما يعادل 7 ماليين يوم عمل للعائالت كل عام. يوجد مكان خاص للتعاونيات النسائية التى تضم أكثر من 0111 عضو وبلغ متوسط إنتاجها 092 لترا لكل منتج.
الهند: بالنسبة لشاى دارجيلنج ، يقدر إنتاجه بحوالى 01 آالف طن سنويا، 01٪ منها يتم تصديره. توظف صناعة شاى دارجيلنج أكثر من 00111 شخص متفرغ و00111 شخص إضافى خالل موسم الحصاد. تشير العديد من الدراسات إلى أنه يمكن توقع تأثيرات زيادة إيجابية على العمالة فى القطاعات المرتبطة بشكل مباشر أو غير مباشر بصناعة الشاى.
جنوب إفريقيا: توفر شجيرات الرويبوس Rooibos بجنوب إفريقيا الدخل والعمالة ألكثر من 2111 شخص، مع عائدات تقديرية للصناعة تتجاوز 9922 مليون يورو. فى المتوسط يتم إنتاج حوالى 09111 طن من النبات فى جنوب إفريقيا مع تصدير 61٪ بينما يخصص ٪41 فقط لالستهالك المحلى.
0-6 المساهمة فى المجتمع المحلى يتم إنتاج بعض المنتجات المرتبطة بالمنشأ لفترة طويلة فى نفس البيئة االجتماعية نتوالثقافية ، يجة للعمليات يجة ، نتوالثقافية والمعارف التقليدية التى ينقلها المجتمع من جيل إلى جيل. قد تجسد بعض المنتجات التى يحددها المؤشر الجغرافى عناصر مميزة من التراث الفنى التقليدى المطور فى منطقة معينة، والمعروفة باسم أشكال التعبير الثقافى لتقليدا ية. وبالتالى ، قد تساعد المؤشرات الجغرافية فى الحفاظ على المعارف التقليدية وأشكال التعبير الثقافية التقليدية الثقافي وحمايتها.
184
طماطم بومودورو دي باكينو، مؤشر جرافى نبات الهليون برابانتس فال اسبارجيش زيتون إليا كاالماتا )Ελιά Καλαμάτας(/ محمى )إيطاليا( )Brabantse Wal asperges( منشأ معين منشأ معين محمى )اليونان( محمى )هولندا(
غالب ا ما تجعل الصلة بين )المنتج واألشخاص والمكان( المنتج المرتبط بالمنشأ عنصرا فى الهوية المحلية للسكان، لذلك يجب أن تكون تأثيرات حماية المنتجات المرتبطة بالمنشأ أقوى بالنسبة لألطراف المعنية من المحل يين. يزيد يين. المحل الترويج لمنتج مرتبط بالمنشأ من احترام الذات بين الجهات الفاعلة المحلية حيث يتم التعرف على هويتهم وطريقة هوي حياتهم ذات الصلة ، بما فى بذلك االعتراف دور كل طرف فعال )رجال ونساء وشباب وشيوخ( واعتباره ذى قيمة. هذا هو الحال خاصة فى المناطق النائية، حيث يختلف نظام اإلنتاج كثيرا عن األنظمة الحديثة. عالوة على ذلك، فغالبا ما ينطوى اإلنتاج التقليدى لهذه المنتجات ومعالجتها على عمل تقوم به النساء ، وبالتالى إع طاء تقدير ط اجتماعى واقتصادى إيجابى لعملهن وتوفير فرصة لمشاركتهن فى إنشاء قيمة مضافة فى المزارع أو افى لمصانع افى المزارع أو فى الصغيرة )الفاو( دليل (.9101
لذا فإن حماية المنتجات المرتبطة بالمنشأ يمكن أن يكتسب بعدا اجتماعي ا قوي ا، يتعلق بالحفاظ على التراث ا ىلطبيع ىلطبيع قافىوالث والتقاليد والدراية وأسلوب الحياة فى المناطق الهامشية التى تعد جزءا مهما من الهوية المحلية للسكان. يمكن أن يشكل تطوير المنتجات المرتبطة بالمنشأ أساساالستراتيجية الجودة اإلقليمية، حيث ال تكون األطراف المعنية هم فقط مشغلى سلسلة التوريد ولكن يشملون كذلك شبكة كبيرة مشتركة فى األنشطة االقتصادية والقيم األالثقافية خرى. إن البعد الجماعى للمنتج المرتبط بالمنشأ ال يساهم فى تعزيز الروابط ا الجتماعية بين الفاعلين الجتماعية بين المحليين فقط ولكن أيضا على تقوية تلك الروابط مع األطراف المعنية الخارجية على المستوى اإلقليمى، مثل السلطات العامة و، صناعة السياحة والمدارس إلخ.
4-6 المساهمة فى البيئة لقرون ، ظلت المجتمعات المحلية تستخدم معارفها العملية لتطوير وصيانة النظم اإليكولوجية المعقدة ، وأنظمة ، وأن الزراعة الحراجية الفريدة وأنواع النباتات والسالالت الحيوانية المحلية شديدة التنوع، والت ى ،أدى تنوعها بجانب ،أدى تنوعها ى أساليب اإلنتاج التقليدية، إلى مجموعة متنوعة من المواد الغذائية الزراعية. تتميز المعرفة البيئية المحلية بالتفاعل البيئية المحلية ىالبشر مع البيئة على مر القرون وعقلية الحفظ فى المجتمعات المحلية، وبأنها " شمولية وديناميكية بطبيعتها ودائمة التطور من خالل التجارب واالبتكار والبصيرة الجديدة والمحفزات الخارجية."
185 عندما تستخدم هذه المجتمعات مواردها البيولوجية لتطوير منتجات قابلة للتسويق على أساس معارفها التقليدية، تنشأ تحديات جديدة فيما يتعلق بإدارة هذه الموارد والممارسات. مما قد يؤدى إلى التفضيل مما قد يؤدى الوراثى فى التىالحاالت يشتق فيها المنتج من مورد محدد إلى استبعاد األنواع األخرى. أو قد يؤدى زيادة الطلب على المنتجات إلى تكثيف اإلنتاج مما يؤدى إلى اإلفراط فى استغالل الموارد مثل األرض )التربة( أو المياه.
،ومع ذلك هناك حافز لحفظ التنوع البيولوجى فى سياق المنتجات المرتبطة بالمنشأ. حيث يعتمد نجاح السوق على االستخدام المستدام للموارد البيولوجية والوراثية ، أى أن اإلنتاج من شأنه أن يعزز من الحفاظ على هذا المورد. وبالتالى، يمكن أن يصبح الحفاظ على الموارد البيولوجية والوراثية نتيجة مباشرة لتطوير سلسلة قيمة المنتج. يمكن أن يؤدى تسجيل تسجي المؤشر الجغرافى كذلك إلى إبراز االستخدام المستدام للموارد البيولوجية البرية والموارد الوراثية النادرة والمتوطنة الزراعةفى ، سواء فى السياسة العامة أو فى عقول المستهلكين.
لذلك ينبغى على األطراف الفاعلة المحلية أن تتطلع إلى تطوير معايير جماعية للمنتجات تتبع قواعد اإلنتاج المستدام. على سبيل المثال ، نظرت صناعة شاى الرويبوس فى جنوب إفريقيا ، والتى تقع فى حسمنط قة اسة قة حسمنط ، والتى تقع فى للبيئة ، فى شواغل التنوع البيولوجى فى تصميم مواصفات المنتج ، لكى تتماشى قواعد مالممارسة مع بادرات مع مالممارسة التنوع البيولوجي الحالية.
2-6 ما هو التحدى؟ فى إنشاء مؤشر جغرافى وإدارته:
تجنب سوء التصميم أو عدم كفاية هياكل الحوكمة. حيث أنهما قد يؤديا إلى الهيمنة من قبل المصالح الضيقة أو مؤسسة واحدة. إذا لم يتم تصميمها بشكل جيد، يمكن أن تستبعد المؤشرات الجغرافية أفقر المنتجين أو تحفز نتائج غير الئقة كإنهاء الممارسات التقليدية. عندما يفتقر المنتج إلى الخصائص أو السمعة المميزة لمنشأه، ال ينبغى تشجيع المؤشرات الجغرافية - مؤشر المنشأ هو الخيار األفضل للتسويق بالمنشأ. يمكنك استخدام أداة الويب الخاصة بمنظمة األغذية والزراعة لتحديد اإلنتاج المرتبط بالمنشأ وإمكانات تطوير المؤشر الجغرافى على الرابط: http://www.fao.org/in-action/quality-and-origin-program/identification-tool/identification- tool/about-olq/en/
186 خفض التكاليف: يمكن أن تنشأ تكاليف للهياكل التنظيمية والمؤسسية والتكاليف التشغيلية المستمرة، مثل التسويق والترويج. ولكن ينبغى أن يكون المنتجون قادرين على القيام بالعديد من العمليات مثل: إنشاء منظمات المنتجين، وتحديد مواصفات المنتج، وتحقيق الصفات الفريدة للمنتج والحفاظ عليها. يجب أن تكون الضوابط مناسبة لكل من المنتج والسوق: نظام إصدار الشهادات من أطراف خارجية يحتاج إلى المنتج المتداول دولي ا، ولكن هل هو ضرورى لمنتج يتم توزيعه محلي ا؟ هل يمكن استخدام نظام االعتماد الذاتى؟ تأكد من أن لدى بلدك نظام بسيط وواضح وعملى لتسجيل المؤشر الجغرافى.
وال تنس األدوات البديلة
تكون العالمات التجارية متاحة دائما لحماية مصالح العاملين بها، ومنها المنتجات المرتبطة بالمنشأ والمؤشرات الجغرافية. إن استخدام العديد من أدوات حقوق الملكية الفكرية ليس شائعا فى تسويق منتجات المؤشرات الجغرافية. يعد كل من كافيه دي كولومبيا Café de Colombia وشاى دارجلينج الهندى Darjeeling مثالين رئيسيين على األسماء المحمية كمؤشرات جغرافية تحتوى على صور رمزية محمية كعالمات تجارية لتعزيز هويتهمها. كما يمكن لكل من مؤشرات المنشأ وقوائم المنتجات "المحلية" أو "الوطنية" التى ال تحتوى على معايير جودة معينة أن تكون أدوات مفيدة لتطوير هوية المنتجين واالعتزاز بمنتجهم المرتبط بالمنشأ.
6-6 هل هناك أخبار سارة؟
المؤشرات الجغرافية ليست أدوات تجارية أو قانونية فقط؛ ولكنها متعددة الوظائف ولها فوائد محتملة متعددة محتملة متعددة :تضم
توجد المؤشرات الجغرافية فى سياق أوسع كشكل ال يتجزأ من التنمية الريفية التى يمكن أن تدفع بقوة المصالح التجارية واالقتصادية إلى األمام وأن تعزز من القيم المحلية مثل اإلشراف البيئى والثقافة والتقاليد. تعد المؤشرات الجغرافية تجسيدا للعولمة المحلية "glocalization"، أى المنتجات والخدمات المشاركة فى األسواق العالمية وفى الوقت نفسه تدعم الثقافة واالقتصادات المحلية. على الجانب التجارى، فإن المؤشرات الجغرافية موجهة نحو السوق. فهى تتماشى مع متطلبات التجارة الناشئة ألنها تميل إلى التمتع بمعايير للجودة والتتبع وسالمة األغذية. تمتلك المؤشرات الجغرافية العديد من خصائص العالمة التجارية الراقية. حيث يمكن أن يكون لها تأثير على سالسل التوريد بأكملها وحتى على المنتجات والخدمات األخرى فى المنطقة وبالتالى تستطيع أن تدعم التجمعات التجارية والتكامل الريفى. تلتقط المؤشرات الجغرافية الجوانب المميزة التى تنشأ من المزرعة والوسائل التقليدية المرتبطة باإلنتاج والمعالجة والتى يصعب فى العادة تكرارها فى مناطق أو بلدان أخرى. يمكن لهذه السعة التفاضلية أن تقدم ميزة تنافسية قيمة يصعب زوالها. يمكن أن تزيد المؤشرات الجغرافية من الدخل والمنافسة، مع توفر الظروف واألوضاع المناسبة. يمكن أن تكون المؤشرات الجغرافية جزءا من التراث الغذائى الوطنى فى أى بلد. عند إدارتها بشكل مناسب، يمكن أن تكون أداة فريدة وقوية، كما يمكن أن توفر إطارا شامال للتنمية الريفية، مما يحقق القدرة التنافسية االقتصادية، وحقوق المساهمين، واإلشراف البيئى، والقيمة االجتماعية والثقافية.
187 188 Annex 5: Figures
189 190 Table of figures
Figure 1 – Opening remarks ...... 193 Figure 2 – Plenary session ...... 193 Figure 3 ‐ Plenary session ...... 193 Figure 4 ‐ Presentation Hillary Barry Director of Lady Agri ...... 194 Figure 5 ‐ Working group session ...... 194 Figure 6 ‐ Working group sessions ...... 194 Figure 7 ‐ Working group outcomes ...... 195 Figure 8 ‐ Final recommendations ‐ representative MALR ...... 195 Figure 9 ‐ Matrouh GI products ...... 196 Figure 10 ‐ Typical GI products ...... 196 Figure 11 ‐ Pottery products of Fayoum ...... 197 Figure 12 ‐ Group photo ...... 197
191 192 Figure 1 – Opening remarks
FigureFigure 22 –– PlenaryPlenary sessionsession Figure 3 - Plenary session
193
Figure 4 - Presentation Hillary Barry Director of Lady Agri
Figure 5 - Working group session Figure 6 - Working group sessions
194
Figure 7 - Working group outcomes
Figure 8 - Final recommendations - representative MALR
195 Figure 9 - Matrouh GI products
Figure 10 - Typical GI products
196 Figure 11 - Pottery products of Fayoum
Figure 12 - Group photo
197
Under the European Union's ENPARD (European Neighbourhood Programme for Agriculture and Rural Development) Initiative in Egypt
198