wjpmr, 2021, 7(4), 159-164 SJIF Impact Factor: 5.922 Review Article Ved et al. WORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL World Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research AND MEDICAL RESEARCH ISSN 2455-3301 www.wjpmr.com Wjpmr

OROXYLUMINDICUM: A REVIEW

Dr. Ved Parkash Sharma1* and Dr. Om Prakash Sharma2

1PG Scholar Department of Dravyagunavigyan, Sri Ganga Nagar College of Ayurvedic science and Hospital, Tantia University, Sri GangaNagar-33500, India. 2Professor and HOD Department of Dravyagunavigyan, Sri Ganga Nagar College of Ayurvedic science and Hospital, Tantia University, Sri GangaNagar-33500, India.

*Corresponding Author: Dr. Ved Parkash Sharma PG Scholar Department of Dravyagunavigyan, Sri Ganga Nagar College of Ayurvedic science and Hospital, Tantia University, Sri GangaNagar-33500, India.

Article Received on 05/02/2021 Article Revised on 25/02/2021 Article Accepted on 15/03/2021

ABSTRACT

Oroxylumindicum (Bignoniaceae), also known as Sonapatha or Shyonaka is commonly used herbal medicinein Ayurvedic system. Roots, leaves and stems of Oroxylumindicum have been used as a single drug or as acomponent of certain compound drug preparations in the Indian Ayurvedic system of

medicine for treatmen to fvarious disorders as well as used as atonic and Rasayana drug. It contains

flavonoids like chrysine, baicaleinand Oroxylin -A.Various studies indicated that sonapatha possesses anticancer, antioxidant, hepato protective and immune modulatory properties mainly. Variouso there effects like antibacterial, analgesic and gastro-protective properties of sonapatha have also been

reported. It is a tree that is found generally in damp region. In the present review an attempt thasbeen

made to compile and critically analyse various published reportson Oroxylumindicum A

INTRODUCTION (40feet). The large leaf stalks wither and fall off the tree andcollect near the base of the trunk, appearing Oroxylumindicum also known as „Sonapatha‟ is an to look likea pile of broken limb bones. The tree is a important herb in Ayurvedic medicine and indigeno [1] night-bloomerand flowers are adapted to natural us medical system for over thousands of years. pollination by bats.They form enormous seed pods Oroxylumindicum has been used asasingle drug that hang down frombare branches. Those long orasa component of certain poly-herbal drug fruits curve downward andresemble the wings of a preparations in Indian systemof medicine ie. large bird or dangling sickles orswords in the night. Ayurveda. It is active ingredient of well known The seeds are round with paperywings. Bark is off Ayurvedic formulations like Chyavanprash, brown in color. Leaves are 2 to 4 inchlong, broad, [2] Dashmularisthaetc . The root bark and leaflets are 5 inch long and 3 to 4 inch broad stembarkpossess antiallergic properties and are used havings harpedges. The flowers stal kisone feet in treatingallergic disease, urticaria, jaundice, long. The flowers are purpleincolor. Fruitsare 1 to 3 asthma, sore throat, laryngitis, hoarseness, footlong, 2 to 4 inchbroad. Seeds are flatandare 3 gastralgia, diarrhoea, dysentery, infantile, erythema inch in length and 2 inch in width. The flowers are [3–4] born in rainy season and fruit appears in December and measles. The normal doseis reported 8 to 16 [2–3,5] g of bark in the form of decoction, extract or to March. [4–5] powder . The seeds are active in chroniccough and gastralgia: 5 to 10 g daily in the form of GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION adecoction or powder and al so used as purgative. Oroxylumindicum is native to the Indian subcontinent, in the Himalayan foothills with a part An alcoholic maceration of fresh bark is applied externally forlacquer allergic dermatitis. The fruits of extending to Bhutan and southern China, in Indo- Oroxylumindicum are acrid, sweet, stomachic, China and the Malaysia ecozone. It is diversely anthelmintic, and good indiseases of the heart and available in the forest of National Parkin Assam, [5] the throat, piles, bronchitis,used as an expectorant, India, reported from SriLanka(Ceylon). [2,6–10] improves the appetite, useful inleucoderma. [4] TAXONOMICALCLASSIFICATION BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION Kingdom : Plantae

It is a tree which can attain a height of 12 meter Division : Magnoliophyta Class : Magnoliopsida

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Ved et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research

Order : Lamiales Family : Bignoniaceae Genus : Oroxylum Species : indicum

[9–10] SYNONYMS Sansk : Prthsuimba,Katvanga Hindi : Sonapatha,Syonak,Tentoo Eng : Indiantrumpletflower Beng : Sonagachh Guj : Tentoo Punj : Tatpaling,Talvarphali FIGURE3: FRUITOFOROXYLUMINDICUM. Mar : Tentoo

Tamil : Peruvaagai  Bark of the root is reported with chrysin,

[11–13] baicaleinand oroxylin-A. Bark also gave According to Ayurveda it contains dihydrobaicalein. Heart wood yield edbeta- Gunna (Properties) – laghu (light), tikshan (sharp) sitosterolandaniso-flavone, prunetin. The bark and ruksha (dry). Rasa(Taste) – madhur also contains traces of analkaloid, tannicacid, [14–15] (sweet), tikta (bitter) sitosterolandgalactose. Virya (Potency) – ushan (hot)  Its root and stem contains three flavones namedoroxylin A (5, 7-dihydroxy-6- CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS methoxyflavone), baicalein (5, 6, 7- The chemical constituents of Oroxylumindicumare trihydroxyflavone) and chrysin (5,7- alwaysof an interest for the researcher. A number of dihydroxyflavone). It also contains ptero carpan secondary metabolites like flavonoids, glycosides, and rhodioside with p-hydroxyphenylethanols alkaloids, tannins, terpenoids etc. have been [16–18] reported from various parts oftheplant. andcyclohexanols.  Four flavonoids, chrysin, baicalein, baicalein-7- The leaves have been reported containing flavones O-glucoside, baicalein-7-O-diglucoside and theirglycosides baicaleinand scutellarein. (OroxylinB) and one unknown flavonoid have also been is olated from the seeds of Leavesalsocontainananthraquinone, aloe- [19] [9,17] Oroxylumindicum. Seeds also contains hiny emodin. [2] oil, the yield of which was20%.  In Indian system of medicine the root, bark, stem [2] and leaf are prescribed for snake bite.  Leaves are used externally to treatanen larged spleen and also to alleviate headaches and ulcersand also reported for its analgesic and anti [20] microbial activity.  In various tribes of India, bark and seeds of theplant are used in fever, pneumonia and repir [21–22] at orytroubles. It is also used to cure [23] various stomach disorders.

FIGURE1: LOWERSOFOROXYLUMINDICUM.  In Nepal a root decoction is used in diarrhea and dysentery. Seeds are used as adigestive. Aseed paste is applied to treat boils and wounds.The root is used as astringent, anti- inflammatory, aphrodisiac, expectorant, anthelmintic and tonic. The bark is diuretic and stomachic and useful indiarrhoea and dysentery. Root bark and seeds are carminative, stomachic, tonic, diaphoretic and astringent. Root barkis al soused totreatbile problems, [24] cough, diarrhoea, and dysentery. Itis also used in a formulation used for [25] nootropicacitvity. FIGURE2: LEAVESOFOROXYLUMINDICUM.

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PHARMACOLOGICALREPORTS ingssuggest, Oroxylumindicum may be use ful Al though al otof pharmacological and inmanagement of chronic in flammatory conditions nonpharmacological investigations have been like arthiritis. carried out on the plant and its phyto constituents. A summary of the findings of the sestudies is present ANTI-HEPATOTOXICACTIVITY ed below. Leaves of Oroxylumindicum are widely use dasaprophy laxis for liver disorders in Indian ETHNOMEDICINALUSES system of medicine. Tenpeet al. reproted anti-  The root barko fplanti sacrid, bitter, pungent; hepatotoxic activity of various extracts of astringent to the bowels, cooling, aphrodisiac, Oroxylumindicum Vent. Against CCl4 induced tonic, increase appetite, useful in “vata”, hepatotoxicity. Petether, chloroform, biliousness, fevers, bronchitis, intestinal worms, ethanolandaqueous extract swere administer vomiting, dysentery, leucoderma, asthma, in edtodiseased animals (rats) at a dose of 300 mg/kg flammation, analtroubles. It is used to treat body weight andserum enzymes levels were diarrhea, dysentery, diaphoretic,and observed. All the test groupsshowed a significant [2–3] rheumatism. Paste prepared from sesameoil reduction in SGOT, SGPT, ALP, totalbilirubin (Sesamumindicum) and the powdered bark content and a significant increase in the level oftotal ofthe root is given as digestive tonic. The seeds protein was observed in CCl4 and Oroxylumindicum are purgative and take no rally to treat throat treatedrats. Among all the extract set hanolicextract [20] [28] infections and hypertension. was found to be more effective. Free redical  Thefruitsareacrid, sweet; stomachic, scavenging activity was also report edandhepato anthelmintic; effective in diseases of the throat protective action of these extracts was likely to be and heart, piles, bronchitis, used as an due to its ability to scavengefree radicals and induce expectorant; improves theappetite; useful microsomal enzymes there by inhibition of the lipid [6–9] peroxidation induced by CCl . Thestudy inleucoderma. 4 scientifically proved the folklore use of Oroxylumindicum in liver disorders and as an ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY ingredient in various Ayurvedic formulations use The aqueous extract of leaves of Oroxylumindicum din liver disorders. has been reported to possess significant anti- inflammatory activity. The anti-inflammatory ANTHELMINTICACTIVITY activity has been studiedin vivo in carageenan Jessica et al. evaluated the anthelmintic cactivity of induced rat paw edema model andit was report ed Oroxylumindicum agains tequine strongyleeggs in that aqueous sex tract of Oroxylumindicum leaves vitro and compare dittoivermect in, one of the most exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity at – adose level of 150mg/ kg body weight and effective deworming agents. At a dose of 2×10 300mg/kg body weight. Oroxylumindicumaqueous 5g/mLand greater, hatching of the strongyle eggs extract at adose of 300 mg/kg body weight showed was delayedusing Oroxylumindicum. 0% hatching maximum anti-inflammatory activity. Howeverthe was achieved at2×10–1 g/mL Oroxylumindicum. At activity producedby both the dose was less effective a dose of 2×10–4 g/Ml and greater, 0% vi ability of than the reference standard diclofenac sodium. the strongy leeggs and larvae was achieved. The Extract at both doses show ed significant anti- results of the study suggested that inflammatory activity at 5hr. against carrageenan Oroxylumindicum may be an appropriate an the injection suggesting that the extract predominantly [29] inhibit there lease of prostaglandin like substances. lminticag ainstequine strongyles. Inconclusion, leaves of Oroxylumindicumshowed anti-inflammatory activity which may beattri but ANTI CANCER ACTIVITY edto the presence of different chemical constituents Various studieshave proved anticancer potential of [26] Oroxylumindicum using various models. Narisa et al. present within. A number of flavonoidal extracted Oroxylumindicum with 95% et hanol and compounds have al sobeen report ed previous tested forcytotoxic effects determingtheanti- lyasanti- Inflammat or yagentand flavonoids present proliferative effects on Hep2 cell lines. Cell in plant maybe responsible for this activity. proliferation was measure dusingacolori metric

method based on the ability of metabolic active Aqueous and alcoholic extract swere test educing cells to cleave the yellow tetrazolium salt XTT to three different in vitro systems for effect srelevant an orange for mazandye and soluble for mazandye toanti-inflammatory activity of stem bark of was directly quantified using a scanning multi wall Oroxylumindicum.The aqueous extracts of O. spectrophoto meter (ELIS Aplatereader). indicum significantly reducedmyeloperoxide Ethanolexhibited cytotoxic activity against the release. In the rat hind paw edema test, extract al so [30] [27] Hep2 cell lines ataconcentrationof0.05%. show ed significantactivity. All these find www.wjpmr.com │ Vol 7, Issue 4, 2021. │ ISO 9001:2015 Certified Journal │ 161 Ved et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research

Royetal. Reported the in vitro effects of baicale in on anIC50 value 19.6μg/ml for CEM, 14.2μg/mlforHL-60, the vi ability and induction of apoptosis in the HL-60 17.2μg/ml for B-16 and 32.5μg/ml for HCT-8. On cellline was investigated. The cell vi ability after the seaurchin eggs, it also inhibit the progression of treating with baicale in for 24h was quantified by cell cyclesince the frist cleavage (IC50 = 13.5 counting viable cell susingtrypan bluestaining. The μg/ml). On the basis of all these finding sit can be results showed that baicalein caused a 50% inhibition concluded that extracts of Oroxylumindicum, could of HL-60cell satc on centrations of 25–30 micro M. be considered as potential sources of anti cancer [34] The inhibition of proliferation of HL-60 cells due to compounds. 36–48h exposure to 10 or 20 micro M baicalein was associated with the accumulation of cell sat Sor G2 IMMUNOSTIMULATINGACTIVITY Mphases. However, proli feration inhibition at a The immune modulatory activity and the higher dose maybe associated with induction by mechanism of action of then-but anolfraction apoptosis and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase- (100mg/ kgbody weight, per os, once daily for 22 mediatedd UTP nickendlabeling (TUNEL). The consecutive days) of the root bark of results indicate that baicalein hasanti-tumor effect son Oroxylumindicum, was reported by Zaveri et al. in human can cercells, and Oroxylumindicum extract [31] rats using measures of immune responses to could be used in supplementary can certherapy. sheepred blood cells (SRBC haemagglutinating antibody [HA] titer) and delayed-type hyper Nakahara et al. reported that methanolic extract of sensitivity (DTH) reactions. Inresponseto SRBC, Oroxylumindicum strong lyinhibited the treatment with then-but anolfraction caused a mutagenicity of Trp-P-1inan Ames test. The major significant rise in circulating HA titers during antimutagenic constituent was identified as secondary antibody responses, indicating baicalein with an IC50 value of 2.78+/−0.15 apotentiation of certain aspects of the humoral microM. The potentantimutagenicity of the extract response. The treatment also resulted in a was correlated with the high content significant rise inpawedema formation, indicating (3.95+/−0.43%, dry weight) of baicalein. Baicalein increased host DTH response. Additionally, the act ed as ad esmutagen since itinhibited the N- antioxidant potential of thedrug was exhibited by [32] hydroxylation of Trp-P-2. significant reductions in whole blood malondialdehyde content along with a rise in the Tepsuwan et al. report ed the in vivo geno toxi activities/ levels of super oxidedismutase, cactivity and cell proli ferative activity in stomach catalaseand reduced glutathione. Furthermore, mucosa ofmale F344 rats by in vivo short-term histopathologicanalysis oflymphoidt issues show methods after oral administration of an itrosated edan increase incellularity, e.g., T-lymphocytes and Oroxylumindicum Ventfraction, which had been sinusoids, in the treatment group. Inatripleantigen- found to be mutagenic with out S9 mixto Salmone mediated immunological edemamodel, the exten to llatyphimurium TA 98 and TA 100. Administration fedemaraised in drug-treated rats was greater of the nitrosated Oroxylumindicum Vent. fraction at compared to thatin control rats, thus confirming doses of 1 and 2 g/kg body weight induceddose- enhanced DTH reactionsin response to the drug dependent DNA single-strand scission in the treatment. Based on the all thesefindings, stomach pyloric mucosa 2 h after its administration: thereported immunomodulatory activity adose of 2 g/kg body weight induced an 18-fold ofanactivefractionofO. indicum might beat increasein the DNA elution rate constant. tributedtoits ability to enhance specific immune responses (both humoralandcell-mediated) as well Administration of then itrosated Oroxylumindicum [35] fraction at doses of 0.7-2.8g/kg body weight also as its antioxidant potential. This study also induced dose-dependent increases,upto11-fold, justifies the use of plant in various inreplicative DNA synthesis in the stomachpy immunomodulatory formulations of Ayurveda like loricmucosa 16 hafter its administration. Moreover Chyavanprash etc. administration of the nitrosated Oroxylumindicum fraction at doses of 0.25-2.0 g/kg body weight ANTI MICROBIAL ACTIVITY induceddose-dependent increases, up to 100-fold, in The anti-microbial activity of various extracts of or nith inedecarboxy lase activity in the stomachpy Oroxylumindicumhas been screened against fourteen loricmuco saw itha maximum 4h after its pathogenic bacteria (five gram-positive and administration. These results demonstrate that the ninegram-negative) and seven pathogenic fungi by nitrosated Oroxylumindicum fraction has genotoxic Kawsaret al. using disk diffusion method. The and cell proliferative activity in the pyloricmucosao crudeethy lacetate extract show ed mild to moderate [33] fratstomach in vivo. activity against all bacteria and fungi where as the methanolic extract show ed little activity against Leticia et al. reported that extract of Oroxylumindicum bacteria but moderate activity against fungi. The show ed the toxicity ontumorcell lines tested, with minimum inhibitory concentration of two isolatedflavonoid compounds from O. indicumwere www.wjpmr.com │ Vol 7, Issue 4, 2021. │ ISO 9001:2015 Certified Journal │ 162 Ved et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research

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