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Sistemas Integrados De Transporte Público: Situación Actual En La Ciudad De México

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Sistemas Integrados De Transporte Público: Situación Actual En La Ciudad De México UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA Sistemas Integrados de Transporte Público: Situación actual en la Ciudad de México TESIS Que para obtener el título de: Ingeniero Civil P R E S E N T A Édgar Alejandro Avilés Cortés DIRECTOR DE TESIS Ing. Guillermo Luis Lauro Esquivel Castañeda Ciudad Universitaria, Cd. Mx., 2018 Agradecimientos A mi alma máter, la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México y a la Facultad de Ingeniería, las cuales me siento sumamente orgulloso de representar. Pertenecer a la Máxima Casa de Estudios es gran un honor y me comprometo a representarla con orgullo, pasión, amor y respeto, y a participar en la búsqueda de soluciones a los problemas de la nación. A mis padres, Yolanda Cortés y Alfonso Avilés, por ser un pilar fundamental de todo lo que soy actualmente, porque sin su apoyo incondicional, amor, concejos y sacrificios esto no habría sido posible. Toda mi admiración, respeto y agradecimiento para ellos. A mi hermano, César Avilés, por estar siempre ahí, por su apoyo, consejos y por ser un gran ejemplo para mí. A las personas que se han convertido en mi segunda familia y que me han acompañado durante casi 10 años en cada momento importante de mi vida para apoyarme, escucharme y aconsejarme; Salvador Ulloa, Roberto Ruiz, Pablo García, Fernando Salmerón, Sara Álvarez, Oswaldo Rodríguez, Ameyalli Gómez, Miriam Lomas, Alejandra Saldaña, Deni Rebolledo, Maddie Ávalos e Itzayana Montesinos. A mis amigos y ahora colegas, Vicente Romero, Javier Castellanos, José Antonio Santiago, Luis González e Isaac Romero; por haberme acompañado desde el primer semestre en este camino, por su apoyo y por todos los momentos que compartimos a lo largo de estos 5 años. A toda la gente que formó parte de mi intercambio en Colombia, a la Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, profesores, compañeros y amigos. A mi director de tesis, el Ing. Guillermo Esquivel, por haberme brindado la posibilidad de recurrir a su capacidad y conocimientos para realizar este trabajo; por su paciencia, apoyo y consejos que sin duda ayudaron a enriquecer esta tesis. A mis sinodales, Marcos Trejo, Norma Legorrreta, Mauro Terán y Guillermo Mancilla, por su apoyo y motivación para concluir con este proceso. A Techint Ingeniería y Construcción por brindarme las facilidades para la elaboración de este trabajo. A todos los que de alguna u otra manera han ayudado a forjar lo que soy actualmente. ¡Gracias! “Por mi raza hablará el espíritu” ÍNDICE Introducción ..................................................................................................................................... 4 Hipótesis ........................................................................................................................................ 6 Objetivos ........................................................................................................................................ 6 1. Conceptos generales ............................................................................................................ 7 1.1. La demanda y oferta del transporte ............................................................................... 8 1.2. Componentes de los sistemas de transporte ............................................................... 9 1.2.2. Componentes operativos ...................................................................................... 10 1.2.3. Componentes fluentes ........................................................................................... 10 1.3. Atributos de los sistemas de transporte ...................................................................... 11 1.4. Clasificación del transporte ........................................................................................... 13 1.4.1. Ámbito ...................................................................................................................... 13 1.4.2. Medio y modo .......................................................................................................... 13 1.4.3. Transporte multimodal ........................................................................................... 14 1.5. Movilidad urbana ............................................................................................................ 15 1.5.1. Jerarquía de movilidad .......................................................................................... 16 1.5.2. Principios de movilidad .......................................................................................... 18 1.6. Transporte urbano .......................................................................................................... 20 1.6.1. Tipo de derecho de vía .......................................................................................... 21 1.6.2. Tecnología ............................................................................................................... 22 1.6.3. Tipo de servicio ....................................................................................................... 23 1.7. Problemáticas a las que se enfrenta el transporte .................................................... 24 1.7.1. Calidad del aire ....................................................................................................... 25 1.7.2. Contaminación acústica ........................................................................................ 28 1.7.3. Crecimiento del parque vehicular......................................................................... 29 1.7.4. Accidentes ............................................................................................................... 34 2. Sistemas Integrados de Transporte Público ................................................................. 36 2.1. ¿Qué es un Sistema Integrado de Transporte? ........................................................ 36 2.1.1. Tiempo de viaje ....................................................................................................... 38 2.2. Características de los Sistemas Integrados de Transporte ..................................... 40 2.2.1. Estructura de la red ................................................................................................ 40 1 2.2.2. Paradas, terminales y estaciones de transferencia .......................................... 40 2.2.3. Horarios .................................................................................................................... 41 2.2.4. Métodos de pago y tarifas ..................................................................................... 42 2.2.5. Información al usuario ............................................................................................ 43 2.2.6. Autoridad única del sistema de transporte ......................................................... 44 2.2.7. Integración del transporte público con el transporte no motorizado ............... 44 2.3. Sistemas de Transporte Inteligente ............................................................................. 47 2.3.1. Antecedentes .......................................................................................................... 47 2.3.2. ¿Qué son los Sistemas de Transporte Inteligente? .......................................... 48 2.3.3. Ciudades Inteligentes ............................................................................................ 49 2.3.4. Clasificación de los Sistemas de Transporte Inteligente (ITS) ........................ 50 2.4. ¿Cómo funciona un ITS? .............................................................................................. 52 2.4.1. Sistemas de Posicionamiento Global .................................................................. 52 2.4.2. Sistema de Información Geográfica .................................................................... 53 2.5. Gestión de la información.............................................................................................. 55 2.6. Sistemas Integrados de Transporte Público en el Mundo ....................................... 59 2.6.1. Londres .................................................................................................................... 60 2.6.2. Bogotá ...................................................................................................................... 64 2.7. Sistemas Integrados de Transporte Público en México ........................................... 75 2.7.1. Optibús: León, Guanajuato ................................................................................... 75 3. Sistemas Integrados de Transporte Público en la Ciudad de México ................... 80 3.1. Panorama general del transporte público en la Ciudad de México ........................ 80 3.1.1. Distribución modal .................................................................................................. 84 3.1.2. Infraestructura y Cobertura ................................................................................... 86 3.1.3. Tiempos de viaje ..................................................................................................... 88 3.1.4. Centros de Transferencia Modal (CETRAM) ..................................................... 91 3.2. Problemática en el Sistema de Transporte Público de la ZMVM ........................... 93 3.2.1. Modelo hombre – camión ...................................................................................... 94 3.2.2. Información .............................................................................................................
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