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Proquest Dissertations The Return of the Native (Veteran): Six Nations Troops and Political Change at the Grand River Reserve, 1917-1924 by John Moses, Bachelor of Arts A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Canadian Studies Carleton University OTTAWA, Ontario (28 March 2008) c. 2008, John Moses Library and Bibliotheque et 1*1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-40606-9 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-40606-9 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par Plntemet, prefer, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans loan, distribute and sell theses le monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non­ sur support microforme, papier, electronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation. reproduced without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne Privacy Act some supporting sur la protection de la vie privee, forms may have been removed quelques formulaires secondaires from this thesis. ont ete enleves de cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires in the document page count, aient inclus dans la pagination, their removal does not represent il n'y aura aucun contenu manquant. any loss of content from the thesis. Canada The Return of the Native (Veteran): Six Nations Troops and Political Change at the Grand River Reserve, 1917-1924 Abstract This thesis presents the author's research into the impacts of Canada's involvement in the First World War on political leadership at the Six Nations of the Grand River Reserve. In 1924 the traditional council of Confederacy Chiefs was replaced as the governing body by an elected band council, organized as per Indian Act regulations. Today, prevailing ideology maintains that this change occurred as an intervention of the federal government to speed Native assimilation. The historical record reveals other forces at work, including Six Nations veterans of the First World War. The thesis posted here is that the implementation of elected band council government on the Six Nations of the Grand River occurred at the instigation of a small but vocal minority of Six Nations residents themselves, and that newly returned Six Nations veterans of the Great War constituted an elite body at the forefront of this movement advocating political change. 11 Acknowledgements I wish to thank the librarians and staff of Library and Archives Canada, and the Canadian Museum of Civilization, for directing me to many of the research materials used in the writing of this thesis. I also wish to thank my external readers and examiners, and my thesis supervisors, Donna Patrick and Paul Litt, for their valuable insights. I wish to thank my parents Russ and Helen, and my wife Denise, for much support during early mornings and late evenings. Finally, I dedicate this thesis to our daughter Quinn Kateri, that she may know more of her Grand River heritage. iii The Return of the Native (Veteran): Six Nations Troops and Political Change at the Grand River Reserve, 1917-1924 Table of Contents Title Page i Abstract ii Acknowledgements iii Table of Contents iv A Note on Terminology and Usage v Introduction: Defining the Research Question p. 1 Chapter 1: Six Nations of the Grand River in Political and Military Context p. 17 Chapter 2: Six Nations Governance and the Rise of the Dehorners p. 38 Chapter 3: Six Nations of the Grand River in the First World War p. 52 Chapter 4: The Return of the Six Nations Veterans and the Implementation of Band Council Rule p. 80 Summary & Conclusions: The Sovereignty Question p. 109 Endnotes p. 113 References p. 118 iv A Note on Terminology and Usage First Nations, Inuit and Metis communities across Canada are asserting the right to be known by those indigenous language names by which they have customarily identified themselves. Often these do not correspond to those names formerly appearing within the anthropological or historical literature, or as previously recognized by the federal government. In addition, other completely original terminologies are coming into use to reflect continuing political or cultural developments within these constituencies. Throughout this thesis, where the reader is more likely to recognize an English or French-language usage rather than an Aboriginal equivalent, specific groups or communities are referred to by their more commonly recognized English or French- language designations, while specific individuals are identified with the names by which they most commonly appear in the historical record. For example, "Mohawk leader Joseph Brant remained principal spokesperson for the Six Nations of the Grand River territory until his death in 1807. " Aboriginal is used as per its definition under section 35, the Constitution Act 1982, as an inclusive term identifying the Indian, Inuit and Metis populations of Canada. Indian remains a legal term insofar as there remains in force the federal legislation of the Indian Act, and the continuing mandate of the federal department of Indian and Northern Affairs Canada. Indian also remains in everyday use among significant Aboriginal constituencies themselves, as with the Federation of Saskatchewan Indian Nations, and the Union of British Columbia Indian Chiefs. First Nations is more recent terminology dating from 1981 when the former National Indian Brotherhood formally changed its name to the Assembly of First Nations. This was largely in response to the "two founding v nations" (French and English) political rhetoric which characterized constitutional patriation debates of that era. First Nations is now typically used to identify those communities of status Indian residing on Indian reserves, and their ancestral populations. However, a number of communities avoid this terminology, concerned that it implies political representation by the Assembly of First Nations, when this may not be the case. Non-status Indians are those individuals of Indian background whose ancestors for whatever reason were never formally registered or recognized legally as "status" Indians by the federal government, or who otherwise lost their status under outdated and now repealed provisions of the Indian Act. Registered band members are those status Indians who, in addition to their federally recognized status, are inscribed members of a specific Indian reserve. Under some circumstances, it is possible that a person enjoys legal Indian status, but not registered band membership, or vice versa. In this thesis, Native may be used occasionally to refer collectively to status and non-Status Indian persons, or groups. Metis are those Aboriginals of mixed racial background who self-identify neither as Indian or Inuit. There are distinct Metis populations across all regions of Canada, including, for example, the mixed Inuit-white "Settler" populations along the Labrador coast, the Dene-Metis groups of the Yukon and Northwest Territories, and the Anishnaabe-white population of the Ottawa River Valley, as well as the Metis nation of the West. Those Metis today who are descendants of the Red River Metis and who remain heirs to the political legacy and tradition of Louis Riel are just one element of the diverse Metis populations of Canada. vi The Inuit are the indigenous people of the Canadian Arctic, formerly often called "Eskimos" by southerners and outsiders. They are racially, culturally and linguistically distinct from other Aboriginal peoples in Canada. Variants of their language, Inuktitut, are spoken from the Russian Arctic eastward across the circumpolar regions to Greenland, making it the most widely spoken indigenous language on the globe. vii 1 Introduction: Defining the Research Question Demands by some Native protesters and their supporters in the continuing land dispute between Six Nations band members, Caledonia residents, real estate developers, and government representatives over the Douglas Creek Estates housing development in southern Ontario include calls for a return to governance by a Six Nations council of hereditary chiefs. Insofar as this demand challenges the legitimacy of the system of governance by elected band councils which has been in place at Six Nations since 1924, it is timely to interrogate the assumptions underlying it. This means examining the circumstances under which the traditional form of government was superseded by a non- traditional form in this Indian reserve community. Prevailing ideology today maintains that this change occurred due to a unilateral
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