Notes Introduction 1. Corriere della sera, November 9–10, 1879. 2. The trial archive is catalogued in the Archivio di Stato di Roma as Tribunale Civile e Penale di Roma—Corte d’Assize. AD 3659, fascicoli penali 18958– 18959, and is housed in the Sede Succursale in Via Galla Placidia. The archive consists of a cardboard box approximately twelve inches high containing four folders, each with an annotated paper wrapper. The folders include in roughly chronological order the legal documentation of the investigation (such as the autopsy, the arrest reports, interrogation records, and photographs and letters recovered from the victim’s habitation), the official charges (Atto d’Accusa), documentation of the constitution of the jury, the verbale of the trial proceed- ings, the verdict, the sentences, and a small amount of extraneous material. Each of the four folders is indexed. Although the indexing is assiduous, the great variety of page sizes, decay of page edges where numbers are marked, and the difficulty of deciphering the handwriting of several of the scribes reduce the utility of the indexes. Following the practice of other scholars, in this study footnotes will refer to the Fadda archive as ASR, Tribunale Civile e Penale di Roma, b.3659. More detailed indications have been provided when- ever possibile. 3. The two published collections of trial coverage are those of Luigi Arnaldo Vas- sallo for the Messaggero and of Nicolò Coboevich for the Bersagliere, which will be noted respectively throughout this study as Vassallo, L.A., Processo Car- dinali e coimputati per l’assassinio del Capitano Fadda commesso in Roma il 6 ottobre 1878. Rome: Perino, n.d. (but 1879) and as Coboevich, Nicolò, Processo Fadda illustrato, Rome: Bracco, 1879. It is important to note that one week before the end of the Fadda trial, reporter Vassallo was transferred to cover another trial (the famous Davide Lazzaretti trial in Tuscany) and handed over his duties at the Roman courtroom to another, unnamed reporter. For both the book published by Perino of the Messaggero’s coverage, and that published by Bracco of the Bersagliere’s coverage, the principal author is not named on the title page. 4. See Davis, “Introduction,” Italy in the Nineteenth Century, 1–24. 5. Banti, La storiografia sull’Italia contemporanea, 183–208. 210 NOTES 6. Cardoza, Anthony L., “Rethinking Modern Italy after the Cultural Turn,” Journal of Modern Italian Studies, 541–49, see also Ascoli and von Henneberg, Making and Remaking Italy, 1–26. 7. Croce, A History of Italy, 1871–1915, 10. 8. Porciani, La festa della nazione, 99; see also Tobia, Una patria per gli Italiani. 9. “Biopolitics, as Foucault terms this other form of power, challenges the juridico-ideological operations of the state, though, despite its incursions, it does not entirely displace them,” Stewart-Steinberg, The Pinocchio Effect, 10. 10. The first chapter, titled “Corte d’Assisie,” of prosecutor Lino Ferriani’s 1886 study of infanticides, La infanticida nel codice penale e nella vita sociale. Con- siderazioni, consists of an extended reflection on theatre, public trials and jour- nalism, in which the author cites the Fadda trial, 7–37; see also the unsigned article, “Modificazioni al codice di procedura penale,” in D’Addio, Politica e magistratura, 428–32. 11. A concise, helpful definition of performance in this sense (influenced by the thought of Judith Butler) is proposed by Duttlinger et al.: “something is per- formative when its representation and itself overlap; when the act of represent- ing something is that thing itself,” Performance and Performativity in German Cultural Studies, 12–13 (italics in the original). The sense of performance here is more literal but phenomenologically related to what Stewart-Steinberg calls “continuous stagings of a crisis identity,” The Pinocchio Effect, 5. 12. The conception and treatment of this third level of spectacle throughout the present study owes a great deal to Debord’s The Society of the Spectacle. The peculiar case of Italy in the late nineteenth-century may constitute a prototype version of the society Debord describes, especially in terms of the submission of “cyclical time” to “the irreversible time of the bourgeois,” no. 141, 104. Given the retarded sociohistorical and economic conditions of Italy in comparison to England and France, however, the same period can equally be regarded as a particularly late and concentrated exemplar of Jürgen Habermas’s description of the formation of the public sphere. 13. A sufficient example is Armati and Selvetella, Roma criminale, il lato oscuro della Città Eterna, misteri, delitti, fattacci e criminalità dal rapimento di Aldo Moro all’assurda morte di Marta Russo, dal controverso assassinio di Pier Paolo Pasolini alla banda della Magliana, 28–31. 14. The model for the concept of “national imaginary” used here is that of Bene- dict Anderson’s Imagined Communities. 15. “At stake, then, is the mode of attachment of the postliberal subject to the state and to the ideological state apparatus,” Stewart-Steinberg, The Pinocchio Effect, 156. Chapter 1 1. Gnoli, Topografia e toponomastica di Roma medioevale e moderna; see also, D’Amelio, “Foro di Cesare,” Fori Imperiali. 2. Kostof, The Third Rome 1870–1950, 19, 60. NOTES 211 3. Cuccia, Urbanistica edilizia infrastrutture di Roma capitale 1870–1990, Una cronologia, 156; see also Meneghini, “Lo scavo dei fori Imperiali e la scoperta del catasto imperiale romano.” 4. Pesci, “I primi anni di Roma capitale (1870–1878)”; Talamo, Il Messaggero e la sua città, 4. 5. Serianni, Storia della lingua italiana, 24. 6. Cuccia, 9. 7. Vidotto, Roma capitale, 8; De Jaco, Antistoria di Roma capitale, 815–21. 8. Beltrami Scalia, La riforma penitenziaria in Italia, 107–13. Beltrami Scalia is identified as director general of prisons in Lombroso, “Il mio museo crimi- nale,” Illustrazione italiana 33, no. 13, April 1, 1906. The article is reprinted in Lombroso, Delitto, genio, follia, 326. 9. Vassallo, L. A., Processo Cardinali e coimputati per l’assassinio del capitano Faddo, 52. 10. ASR, Tribunale Civile e Penale di Roma, b.3659, Autopsy report. Number of wounds given at pp. 19–20. 11. Fadda’s age estimated at 35 in the autopsy report at p. 17. The Neapolitan daily Il Pungolo cites the Roman newspaper L’Opinione as giving Captain Fadda’s age as 45. Il Pungolo, October 7, 1878, no. 278. 12. Corriere della sera, October 7–8, 1878, no. 276, 1–2. 13. Il Bersagliere, October 7, 1878, 4, no. 274. 14. The report in Il Diritto is republished in Naples’ Il Pungolo, October 7, 1878. 15. Corriere della sera, October 7–8, 1878, no. 276, 1–2. 16. Corriere della sera, October 8–9, 1878, no. 277, 1. 17. La Capitale, October 7, 1878, 1, no. 1048. Italics in the original. 18. Il Bersagliere, October 9, 1878, no. 276. 19. Corriere della sera, October 11–12, no. 279, 1. 20. “Signori, il 6 ottobre 1878 surse nefasto per Roma: surse nefasto per l’Italia.” The words by Rosano (before practicing law he had founded and directed a theatrical journal in Naples) are recorded in Il Bersagliere, and published after the trial, by journalist (and lawyer) Coboevich, Processo Fadda illustrato, 140; see 143–44 for a brief biography of Rosano. 21. Corriere della sera, October 11–12, 1878, no. 279, 2. 22. Maria Paola Fiorensoli, La città della dea Perenna, 180–81. 23. Il Diritto is cited in Il Pungolo, October 11, 1878, no. 282. 24. Corriere della sera, October 12–13, 1878, 2. 25. Il Bersagliere, October 12, 1878, no. 279. 26. Corriere della sera, October 13–14, 2. 27. “Immense grief,” Il Bersagliere, October 10, 1879, no. 277; “great consterna- tion,” Il Diritto, October 9, 1878, no. 282; “long roadway,” La Capitale, October 9, 1878, no. 1050. 28. L’Avvenire d’Italia, October 9, 1878, no. 233. 29. Il Bersagliere, Thursday October 10, 1878, no. 277. Echoing this funerary oration, the motive of revenge (“vendetta”) is exploited during the trial by 212 NOTES chief prosecuting attorney Ippolito Rutigliano during his closing remarks, as reported in Il Messaggero, October 17, 1878, no. 286. 30. L’Opinione, October 14, 1878, no. 282. 31. Pessina, Enrico, Dei progressi del diritto penale in Italia nel secolo XIX, 183. 32. In addition to the original document in ASR, Tribunale Civile e Penale di Roma, b. 3659, The Atto is reproduced in Coboevich, Processo Fadda illustrato, 5–6. All citations from the Atto are from these sources. 33. In momenti di ebbrezza amorosa (in moments of amorous intoxication) is the expression by Antonio Ponsiglioni, lawyer for the Fadda family, reported the hearing of October 20 in L’Opinione, October 21, no. 288. 34. Corriere della sera, Wednesday–Thursday September 24–25, 1879, no. 263, p. 1. The reporter here counts three women as defendants, but when the trial opened, there were only two. The third would have been Maria Ferraro, known also as “Necco” or “Mamma latte,” widow Saraceni’s wet nurse, who had been implicated for her role as courier of messages and telegrams between the three accused defendants. Although not ultimately charged of complicity in the murder, she will be cited and incarcerated for contempt of court when her public testimony contradicts that she had given under interrogation. 35. Fiorensoli, La città della dea Perenna, 205. 36. Il Bersagliere, September 27, 1879, no. 264. The description of “first and sec- ond class tickets” comes from the circular released by the minister of justice commenting on the trial, dated November 3, 1879 (Gabinetto N. 243–340), titled “Giudizi innanzi alle Corti d’Assise,” in Raccolta delle circolari emanate dal Ministero di Grazia e Giustizia e dei Culti. 37. Don Pirloncino, October 5, 1879, 8, no.