The Lamb Christology of the Apocalypse of John

Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament • 2. Reihe

Herausgeber/Editor Jörg Frey Mitherausgeber / Associate Editors Friedrich Avemarie • Judith Gundry-Volf Martin Hengel • Otfried Hofius • Hans-Josef Klauck

167

ARTI BUS

Loren L. Johns

The Lamb Christology of the Apocalypse of John

An Investigation into Its Origins and Rhetorical Force

Mohr Siebeck LOREN L. JOHNS, bom 1955; 1977-85 Pastor; 1985-88 Theology Book Editor; 1993-2000 Assistant and Associate Professor of Religion, Bluffton College, Ohio; 1998 Ph.D.; Currently Academic Dean and Associate Professor of New Testament, Associated Mennonite Biblical Seminary, Elkhart, Indiana.

ISBN3-16-148164-X ISSN 0340-9570 (Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 2. Reihe)

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Printed in Germany. To Rachel, with love and gratitude

Preface

This book represents a slightly revised version of my doctoral dissertation in New Testament Studies, which I completed at Princeton Theological Seminary in Princeton, New Jersey, under the title, The Origins and Rhetorical Force of the Lamb Christology of the Apocalypse of John. Having come to this point in my journey with this research project, I am quite aware of the ways in which I have benefited from the communities of which I have been a part and from individuals who have read and critiqued what I have written here. This project would not have been possible without the benefits I have reaped from the work of many other people. Three people whose work in the Apocalypse of John were formative for me early on were Howard Charles, Ted Grimsrud, and William Klassen. I took an undergraduate course in the Apocalypse of John with Dr. Charles at Goshen College. He taught me to be honest with the text within the confines of the subjectivity with which we all must work—to work inductively without forcing preconceived ideas on the text or predetermining a hermeneutical outcome. His deliberate and thoughtful approach also lessened my fear of this book. Later, as theology book editor for Herald Press, I edited Ted Grimsrud's book, Triumph of the Lamb (1987), a helpful study guide intended for laypersons and church groups. His study excited me about this book and convinced me that there was potential in reading the Apocalypse ethically. Finally, I found several conversations with William Klassen to be helpful as I began to work with this project. Dr. Klassen provided key bibliographical help and pointed me in helpful directions. The late Dr. J. Christiaan Beker pressed me early in this project to pay attention to the overall structure and design of this dissertation in order to maintain a healthy sense of the parts within the whole and the flow of the argument. I hope the results meet his high standards in this regard. My family has been helpful and supportive in various ways. My father, Galen Johns, graciously read part or all of several drafts of this dissertation, catching errors, providing helpful feedback, and asking for clarification. Thank you. My wife Rachel and my daughters, Kendra and Jessica, have been patiently supportive all along the way. viii Preface My small group at West Philadelphia Mennonite Fellowship was gracious enough to participate enthusiastically in an extended study I led in the late 1980s on the relevance of the Apocalypse for life in modern Philadelphia. Bluffion College supported my research along the way and helped me to per- severe as I completed my dissertation while teaching there. I would especially like to thank my colleague, Dr. J. Denny Weaver, who has been a good con- versation partner and whose own work on the Apocalypse has emphasized the theological significance of a preterist reading of the Apocalypse—especially for a Christus Victor Christology. I would like to thank Princeton Theological Seminary for making this research project possible. Its heritage of serious theological inquiry informed by careful historical-critical methods is as critically valuable to Christ's church today as it has ever been. I would like to thank Dr. Beverly Gaventa, whose careful and thoughtful reading of this dissertation went beyond the call of duty and helped me to avoid some misperceptions. I would especially like to thank my dissertation committee for the careful reading and helpful suggestions they have given me along the way: Dr. Brian K. Blount, Dr. Ulrich Mauser, and my adviser, Dr. James H. Charlesworth. Each of them read carefully and offered me valuable counsel. I am grateful to Dr. Charlesworth for his guidance of this project. His im- portant essay, "The Apocalypse of John: Its Theology and Impact on Subse- quent Apocalypses," was seminal in my own early reflection on the rhetorical significance of the Lamb Christology and the nature of the redefinitions of power it entailed. I have benefited greatly from his knowledge of the history and literature of Second Temple Judaism. On the more personal level, I found Dr. Charlesworth always to be available, eager and willing to discuss my research and to encourage me along the way. Thank you. Finally, I would like to express my sincere thanks to Prof. Dr. Jörg Frey of the Evangelisch-Theologische Fakultät, University of Munich, who expressed interest in my work and recommended its publication in the WUNT 2 series. In light of the valuable help I received from these communities and individuals, I take responsibility for whatever flaws remain in this study. Despite the long labor I endured in giving birth to this work, I was encouraged by the vision of the end and a conviction that the study was both worthwhile and valid in its findings. May the reader conclude in agreement ... or at least be blessed along the way (cf. Rev 1:3). Vicit agnus noster.

Elkhart, Indiana, July 2003 Loren L. Johns Table of Contents

Preface vii

Chapter I. Introduction 1 1.1 Introductory Observations 1 1.2 "Apocalypse" in Popular Discourse 11 1.3 Methodology and Reading Strategies 14 1.4 Problems Central to this Dissertation 19 1.5 Procedure and Outline 21

Chapter II. What is TO apviov? 22 2.1 Lamb Lexicography and Statistics 22 2.2 Questions about Translation 22 2.3 The Semantic Domain of "Lamb" in the New Testament 25 2.4 "Lamb" in the Hebrew Bible and Septuagint 28 2.5 The Lamb Domain in Josephus and Philo 32 2.5.1 In Josephus 32 2.5.2 In Philo 35 2.5.3 The Josephus and Philo Evidence Interpreted 36 2.6 apviov as a Cryptogram 38 2.7 Conclusion 38

Chapter III. Lambs in the Ancient Near East and the Graeco-Roman Environment 40 3.1 Prehistoric Animal Mythologies 42 3.2 Egyptian Religion 43 3.2.1 Ram Deities 45 3.2.2 The Lamb to Bocchoris 47 3.3 Aesopic Fable Traditions 52 3.4 Greek and Roman Mythology and Religion 55 x Table of Contents 3.4.1 Lions and Lambs in Homer's Epics 56 3.4.2 Oracular Deities Associated with the Ram 57 3.4.3 The Golden Fleece 60 3.4.4 Sacrifice Traditions 62 3.4.5 Rams and Lambs in Greek Art 65 3.4.6 Roman Religion and the Magna Mater 66 3.4.7 Aries: Lamb of the Zodiac 68 3.5 Summary and Conclusion 75

Chapter IV. Lambs in Early Judaism 76 4.1 Introduction 76 4.2 The Literature Examined 80 4.2.1 Testament of Joseph 19:8 80 4.2.2 Testament of Benjamin 3:8 87 4.2.3 1 Enoch 89-90 88 4.2.4 Psalms of Solomon 8 97 4.3 Lambs in Rabbinic Literature 98 4.3.1 Moses as Lamb 101 4.3.2 David as Lamb 104 4.4 Conclusion 106

Chapter V. Lamb Symbolism in the Old Testament and the Apocalypse ... 108 5.1 The Lamb and the Meaning of Symbols 108 5.2 Method in Symbol Analysis 109 5.3 The Social-Historical Setting of the Apocalypse 120 5.4 Potential Antecedents in the Old Testament 127 5.4.1 The Lambs of the Sacrificial System 128 5.4.2 The Paschal Lamb of Exodus 130 5.4.3 The Suffering Servant Song of Isaiah 53:7 133 5.4.4 Daniel's Vision of a Ram and a Goat (Dan. 8) 135 5.4.5 The Aqedah (Gen. 22) 137 5.4.6 The Lambs of Micah 5:6 [LXX] 140 5.4.7 The Lambs of Eschatological Peace 143 5.4.8 The Vulnerable Lamb of the LXX 145

Chapter VI. The Rhetorical Force of the Lamb Christology in the Apocalypse 150 6.1 The Christology of the Apocalypse in Political Context 151 Table of Contents xi 6.2 The Rhetoric of the Apocalypse 155 6.3 The Central Scene in Revelation 5 158 6.3.1 The Lion 164 6.3.2 The Root 167 6.3.3 The Lamb 168 6.3.4 The Praise 168 6.4 Christology and Ethics in the Apocalypse 171 6.4.1 "Witness" in the Apocalypse 172 6.4.2 "Triumph" in the Apocalypse 175 6.4.3 The Prophetic Calls to Discernment 180 6.4.4 The Lamb as Divine Warrior 181 6.4.5 But is the Vision Really Ethical? 185 6.5 Conclusion 202

Appendix I. The Semantic Domain of "Lamb" in the Old Testament 207 The Lamb in the Old Testament 208 Notes to pp. 208-209 210 General Uses of "Lamb" (Nonsacrificial, Nonsymbolic) 212 The Sacrificial Lamb in the Hebrew Bible and Septuagint 213 Lamb as Symbol in the Hebrew Bible and Septuagint 214 The Passover Lamb in the Hebrew Bible and the Septuagint 215

Appendix II. "Titles" Used for Jesus in the Apocalypse of John 217

Bibliography 223

Indices 245 Index of Ancient Sources 245 Index of Modern Authors 264 Subject Index 270

Chapter I

Introduction

1. Introductory Observations

Religion is dangerous business. Arguably, more people have been murdered in the name of religion than for any other reason in the history of humanity. Reli- gion has inspired humanity's most profound acts of benevolence and its most horrifying acts of violence. Historically, religion has been capable of inspiring the sort of imagination that motivates people on the deepest level—perhaps uniquely so. When Pon- tius Pilate first became prefect of Judea around 26 CE, he publicly displayed in Jerusalem several military standards bearing medallions of the emperor. The Jews of Jerusalem saw this display as a wanton disregard of the command against "graven images." When the Jews of the city staged a protest at his resi- dence in Caesarea Maritima, Pilate ordered his troops to provide a display of force, drawing their swords and threatening to kill them if they continued to protest. However, the protestors' deep commitment to the Law of Moses inspired them to bare their necks, showing that they were prepared to die rather than to tolerate such a violation of the Decalogue. Their religious zeal ran so deep that they even offered the necks of their wives and children to the sword rather than wink at this display of blasphemy. It was a powerful and effective demon- stration of nonviolent resistance, motivated by religious zeal. In this case, Pi- late backed off, though in others he did not.1 Many sources of power lie latent within religion. The key to religion's power lies in its ability to excite the imagination. Some religions do this through scriptural interpretation, preaching, teaching, and liturgies, while others excite the imagination in other ways. Ultimately, it is not religion itself, but religious labels, or the personal and corporate interpretations of religion that are most dangerous. For instance, during the Crusades the crusaders la-

1 See Josephus, War 2.9, 2-3 §169-174; Ant 18.3, 1 §53-59; Philo Embassy 38 §299ff.; see also 3Mac 1:1-2:24. Examples of heroic and/or foolish self-sacrifice abound in the history and literature of Early Judaism and in subsequent history. 2 Introduction beled another ethnic group as "the Infidel" and associated eternal salvation with whole-hearted participation in a "Holy Crusade" against a foreign land and people. Pope Urban II and others were able to create an interpretation of the spiritual meaning of the Crusades that was powerful enough to motivate tens of thousands of people to leave home and family and to slaughter innocent men, women, and children in the name of Christ—even though such activity was personally painful, costly, and ultimately anti-Christian from the perspective of many Christians today. The power of the Crusaders' vision and the lab- eling power of words that promised eternal salvation were enough to lead them into their despicable repudiation of the gospel at a high cost to themselves and to others. More specifically, the power and influence of the New Testament Revela- tion to John (Apocalypse of John) on the life of the church in the last two mil- lennia have been extensive. The influence of the Apocalypse on the history of Christian art is unparalleled. Marcion rejected the Apocalypse because it was too Jewish.2 The first three centuries of interpretation saw a polarization on the issue of its millenarianism: some rejected it because of its millenarian theology;3 some accepted and gladly proclaimed it because of its millenarianism;4 and still others made peace with its millenarianism by spiritualizing its message.5 Personal reactions to the Apocalypse have varied wildly. Augustine found in the Apocalypse's vision of future punishment and reward significant sup- port for his theology.6 But Augustine also admitted discomfort with the book:

2 See Tertullian, Against Marcion HI. 14 and IV.5. Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson, eds., The Ante-Nicene Fathers, Vol. 3. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons (1925), 333, 350. 3 E.g., Gaius (early 3rd cent.), Dionysius of Alexandria (d. c. 264), and Eusebius (c. 260-c. 340). 4E.g., Justin Martyr (c. 100-c. 165); Irenaeus (c. 130-c. 200), although his views on this matter are mixed; Hippolytus (c. 170-c. 236); Victorinus (d. c. 304). 5Origen (c. 185-c. 254), Methodius (d. c. 311), Tyconius (d. c. 400), and Augus- tine (354—430) were among the church fathers who "saved" John's Apocalypse for the church through an allegorizing interpretation, even though Origen and Methodius, and Tyconius and Augustine, respectively, were opponents on most other issues. Although Tertullian (c. 160-c. 225) said little about the Apocalypse, he too "spiritualized" its millenarianism. 6Cf. his De Civitate Dei, esp. Books 20-22. Nevertheless, one must admit that the Apocalypse was not as significant in his theology as has sometimes been supposed. His inspiration for the theologically programmatic concept of "the city of God" does not come from the Apocalypse's vision of the New Jerusalem. Augustine identifies Ps. 87:3 as the immediate inspiration for his identification of this city with the church: "Glorious things are spoken of thee, O city of God" (11.1). His development of the paradigm of the city of God as a way to understand and organize Christian theology Introduction 3 Though this book is called the Apocalypse, there are in it many obscure passages to exercise the mind of the reader, and there are few passages so plain as to assist us in the interpretation of the others, even though we take pains; and this difficulty is increased by the repetition of the same things, in forms so different, that the things referred to seem to be different, although in fact they are only differently stated.7

The Apocalypse was not quickly or easily canonized. Although it enjoyed canonical status earlier in the West, it remained suspect throughout the first millennium in Eastern Christianity. In the West, the Apocalypse was treated with suspicion by many people at different times. Today, despite its official canonical status, it continues to be regarded with suspicion. It is the only ma- jor book of the New Testament on which John Calvin wrote no commentary.8 Martin Luther said, "My spirit cannot accommodate itself to this book. There is one sufficient reason for the small esteem in which I hold it—that Christ is neither taught in it nor recognized."9 In 1887, Friederich Nietzsche called Revelation "jenen wüstesten aller ge- schriebenen Ausbrüche, welche die Rache auf dem Gewissen hat" [the wildest of written outbursts, which wreaks vengeance on the conscience].10 He saw the book as an expression of the repressed hatred that pious weaklings often have toward the powerful. In his 1898 Jowett lectures on eschatology, R. H. Charles referred to the thought of the Apocalypse as "unadulterated Judaism." In his depends on a merging or harmonizing of diverse biblical concepts and literatures, including the Psalms of Zion, Jesus' teaching of the kingdom of God, and Paul's dualisms of flesh vs. spirit and chosen people (children of the promise) vs. unchosen people (children of the flesh). When he does discuss the New Jerusalem that comes down out of heaven and the blessings that are associated with it, he concludes that it cannot be speaking figuratively of the church in the present age, but of some future blessing (20.17). Quotations and allusions to the Apocalypse play a minor role, overall, in his theology. 7 Augustine, The City of God, translated by Marcus Dods, with an introduction by Thomas Merton, The Modem Library (New York: The Modern Library, 1950), 32. 8 Calvin wrote commentaries on 24 of the 27 books of the New Testament. The three on which he wrote none are 2 and 3 John and the Apocalypse. 9 Martin Luther, in the preface to his 1522 translation of the Bible. For more on Lu- ther's approach to the Apocalypse, see Winfried Vogel, "The Eschatological Theology of Martin Luther; Part II: Luther's Exposition of Daniel and Revelation," Andrews Uni- versity Seminary Studies 25 (Summer): 183-99; Rodney L. Petersen, Preaching in the Last Days: The Theme of "Two Witnesses " in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993); H.-U. Hofmann, Luther und die Johannes Apokalypse (Tübingen: Mohr-Siebeck, 1982); Gottfried Seebass, "The Importance of Apocalyptic for the History of Protestantism," Colloquium 13 (October 1980), 24-35. 10 Friedrich Nietzsche, Zur Genealogie der Moral, Nietzsches Werke (Alfred Kröner Verlag, 1919), 7:331. 4 Introduction historical and theological context, this statement was not considered a compli- ment. However, the views and attitude of Charles regarding the Apocalypse changed dramatically over his course of study. This negative remark was printed in the 1898 first edition of his Studies in the Apocalypse,11 but it was removed in the 1913 second edition of that book.12 George Bernard Shaw called the Apocalypse the "curious record of the visions of a drug addict which was absurdly admitted to the canon under the title of Revelation."13 D. H. Lawrence expressed "dislike" and "resentment" at the Apocalypse of John and found it "annoying" and "ugly." In fact, Lawrence judged the Apoca- lypse to be "the most detestable of all [the] books of the Bible."14 In his 1936 The Apostolic Preaching and Its Developments, C. H. Dodd spoke harshly about the theology of the Apocalypse. It reflects, he thought, "a relapse into a pre-Christian eschatology."15 'The God of the Apocalypse can hardly be recognized as the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ,"16 nor does its fierce messiah reflect the early kerygma. Dodd advised his readers to have done with such "eschatological fanaticism."17 In the introduction to his modern "literary-critical interpretation" of the Apocalypse, Harold Bloom says, "The influence of Revelation is out of all pro- portion to its literary strength or spiritual value."18 In Bloom's words,

11R. H. Charles, Studies in the Apocalypse (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark [1899], 347). 12 R. H. Charles, Studies in the Apocalypse, 347. By the time he finished writing his International Critical Commentary on the Apocalypse in 1920, he considered its theology among the best in the New Testament. He defends the book against those who regarded it as somehow sub-Christian. For instance, he says, "Nowhere in the N.T. is the glory of the exalted Christ so emphasized" (see Charles, A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Revelation of St. John, Vol. 1. The International Critical Com- mentary. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark [1920], cxi; see also cix-cx). I am indebted to G. R. Beasley-Murray for pointing out this shift in Charles' thought; see G. R. Beasley- Murray, "How Christian is the Book of Revelation?" in Reconciliation and Hope: Essays Presented to L. L. Morris, R. J. Banks, ed. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 276. 13 George Bernard Shaw, The Adventures of the Black Girl in Her Search for God (New York: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1933), 73. 14 Apocalypse, by D. H. Lawrence. Penguin Twentieth-Century Classics (Har- mondsworth: Penguin Books, 1974 [originally published 1931]). See esp. 5-9. 15 C. H. Dodd, The Apostolic Preaching and Its Developments, 2d ed., reprint, 1936 (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1944), 40. 16 C. H. Dodd, Apostolic Preaching, 41. 17 C. H. Dodd, Apostolic Preaching, 41. Dodd later reiterated this judgment, calling the Apocalypse "only superficially Christian" (C. H. Dodd, The Authority of the Bible [London, 1960], 180). ^"Introduction," The Revelation of St. John the Divine, ed. Harold Bloom. Modern Critical Interpretations (New York: Chelsea House Publications, 1988), 1-2. Introduction 5 Resentment and not love is the teaching of the Revelation of St. John the Divine. It is a book without wisdom, goodness, kindness, or affection of any kind. Perhaps it is appropriate that a celebration of the end of the world should be not only barbaric but scarcely literate. Where the substance is so inhumane, who would wish the rhetoric to be more persuasive, or the vision to be more vividly realized?19

The rhetorical power of the Apocalypse historically to inspire and motivate interpreters of every kind make it nearly unique as a study in reader-response criticism and in the ethics of interpretation. G. K. Chesterton was certainly correct when he said that "though St. John the Evangelist saw many strange monsters in his vision, he saw no creature so wild as one of his own commen- tators."20 The evocative power of the Apocalypse is never more pronounced— for better or for worse—than when the book captures the imagination of a whole community. The 1993 tragedy experienced near Waco, Texas, with the Branch Davidi- ans led by David Koresh has only confirmed in the minds of some the strange and negative influence of John's Apocalypse. Koresh's fascination with the Apocalypse is well-documented.21 Appeals to the Old Testament conquest nar- ratives and to the Apocalypse have been used to incite numerous wars and "resistance movements" such as the one led by David Koresh.22 The Apocalypse of John is arguably the most dangerous book in the history of Christendom in terms of the history of its effects. It has been used to inspire and mobilize countless Christian communities over the centuries, from Mon- tanism to David Koresh's Branch Davidians.23 The movements inspired by

"Bloom, "Introduction," 4—5. 20G. K. Chesterton, Orthodoxy (New York: John Lane Co., 1908), 29. 21 See, for instance, Peter Steinfels, "Bible's Book of Revelation Was Key to Waco Cult," New York Times 142 (1993): 16; cf. also James D. Tabor, Why Waco?: Cults and the Battle for Religious Freedom in America, coauthor Eugene V. Gallagher (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995), 8-9, 53-55, 191-203. 22 Koresh himself found the Apocalypse to be the key to the interpretation of the entire Bible. He said, "Every book of the Bible meets and ends in the book of Revela- tion" (David Koresh, "The Decoded Message of the Seven Seals of the Book of Reve- lation," unpublished paper, with a preface by J. Phillip Arnold, compiled by James D. Tabor (Houston: Reunion Institute, 1994), 7. Koresh specifically claimed that the Branch Davidians were the beneficiaries of the Apocalypse and that the original readers of the Apocalypse were simply a part of ths grace the Davidians were about to receive (cf. p. 8). Furthermore, Koresh claimed that he himself was the Lamb who was worthy to open the sealed scroll (Rev 5) as well as the rider on the white horse (Rev 19; cf. "Comments and Clarifications," James D. Tabor and J. Phillip Arnold, p. A, attached as an appendix to The Decoded Message). 23 For historical surveys of millennialism in the Middle Ages and in the Reforma- tion, see Norman Cohn, The Pursuit of the Millennium: Revolutionary Millenarians 6 Introduction apocalyptic literature in general and the Apocalypse of John in particular have been multifarious.24 Some groups, such as the medieval monastic orders of the and Mystical Anarchists of the Middle Ages, 2d ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1970); Richard Kenneth Emmerson, Antichrist in the Middle Ages: A Study of Medieval Apocalypticism, Art, and Literature (Seattle, Wash. : University of Washing- ton Press, 1981); Thomas Arthur Dughi, The Breath of Christ's Mouth: Apocalypse and Prophecy in Early Reformation Ideology. Ph.D. Dissertation (Johns Hopkins Uni- versity, 1990); Richard Kenneth Emmerson and Bernard McGinn, eds. The Apocalypse in the Middle Ages (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1992); G. Kretschmar, Die Offenbarung des Johannes: die Geschichte ihrer Auslegung im I. Jahrtausend (Calwer Theologische Monographien, Band 9; Stuttgart: Calwer Verlag, 1985); Bernard McGinn, Visions of the End: Apocalyptic Traditions in the Middle Ages (New York: Columbia University Press, 1979); F. Rapp, "Apocalypse et mouve- ments populaires au Moyen Age," L'Apocalyptique, ed. by F. Raphaël, Études d'Histoire des Religions, no. 3 (Paris: Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner); Pierre Prigent, L'Apocalyptique, ed. by F. Raphaël, Études d'Histoire des Religions, no. 3 (Paris: Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner); and Ned Bernard Stonehouse, The Apoc- alypse in the Ancient Church: A Study in the History of the New Testament Canon (Goes, Netherlands: Oosterbaan & Le Cointre, 1929). For a helpful overview of the influence of the apocalypse in the Middle Ages, see "The Exegesis of the Apocalypse in Latin Christianity," chapter two of The Calabrian Abbot: Joachim ofFiore in the History of Western Thought, by Bernard McGinn (New York and London: Macmillan and Collier Macmillan, 1985), 74-97. For the influence of the Apocalypse on the English renaissance and post-renaissance Victorian literature, see C. A. Patrides and Joseph Wittreich, eds., The Apocalypse in English Renaissance Thought and Literature (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1984). James H. Moor- head pursues some of the same issues in his survey of the influence of apocalyptic thought during the American civil war; see American Apocalypse: Yankee Protestants and the Civil War, 1860-1869 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1978). 24 The identification of the social location of the communities that have produced and valued apocalyptic writings is a point of debate. Norman Cohn has confidently generalized that the Jewish apocalypses "were directed to the lower strata of the Jew- ish population as a form of nationalist propaganda" (Pursuit, 20). Paul Hanson has ar- gued that apocalypticism had its origins in a shared sociological status: "one of disen- franchisement and alienation from the institutional structures of the community" ( The Dawn of Apocalyptic: The Historical and Sociological Roots of Jewish Apocalyptic Eschatology, 2d ed. (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1979), e.g., 409. In contrast, Leon- ard Thompson denies that one can speak of a "genre-specific social, historical setting" of apocalypses. He argues that apocalypticists shared a perception of crisis, but that "any social situation can be perceived as one of crisis" {The Book of Revelation: Apocalypse and Empire [New York: Oxford, 1990], 25, 28; emphasis mine). At least one phenomenological study of apocalyptic movements throughout history has tended to confirm Thompson's theory: see Stephen L. Cook, "Millennial Groups in Power: To- ward a New Basis for Studying Biblical Apocalyptic Groups," presentation at Society of Biblical Literature annual meeting, 1992, in San Francisco. Introduction 7 late Middle Ages, and the nineteenth-century Millerites, found in the Apoca- lypse a rationale for nonparticipation in society and thus withdrew from society to await the return of Christ.25 Other groups, such as the violent, revolutionary Miinster Anabaptists, found in the Apocalypse a rationale for why they should take up the sword to help God bring in the kingdom. Interestingly, although the Apocalypse has inspired in some readers much chaos and violence, it has provided for other readers significant hope, peace, and comfort. In his fascinating book, Irenic Apocalypse: Some Uses of Apoca- lyptic in Dante, Petrarch and Rabelais, Dennis Costa argues that modern characterizations of the Apocalypse that are univocally violent are essentially "misappropriations" of the text. While the images of the Apocalypse are surely violent, the book aims to liberate a people and leave them at peace. It is this "irenic" function that is often missed in today's discourse. Even such an auth- or as Dante, often associated with the most violent of images, found in apocalyptic language a means of resolving nonviolently his own political and spiritual aspirations.26 Although readings of the Apocalypse in some contexts have inspired Christians to withdraw from society and "wait," readings of the Apocalypse in other contexts have inspired Christians to become more engaged in society. In his compelling little study of the Apocalypse, Allen Boesak says that it should be no surprise that the Apocalypse is a source of encouragement and hope for an oppressed people. He sees in the book a "sharp, critical commentary on contemporary historical events."27 Apocalyptic literature "always appears against a background of persecution and suffering ... [and] is ... meant as

25 The increasing influence of the Apocalypse in the late Middle Ages is due primarily to the influence of Joachim of Fiore. Umberto Eco's fascinating The Name of the Rose recounts part of this story (William Weaver, trans. [New York: Warner Books, 1984]). See also Bernard McGinn, The Calabrian Abbot: Joachim of Fiore in the History of Western Thought (New York: Macmillan, 1985). The systems of thought articulated by William Miller (early to mid-nineteenth century) and the works of Hal Lindsey (late twentieth century) provide the focus for Stephen O'Leary's attempt to articulate a theory of millennial rhetoric in Stephen D. O'Leary, Arguing the Apoca- lypse: A Theory of Millennial Rhetoric (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994). 26 Cf. Dennis Costa, Irenic Apocalypse: Some Uses of Apocalyptic in Dante, Pet- rarch and Rabelais (Saratoga: Cal.: Anma Libri, 1981), 1-3, 44—45; cf. also R. E. Kaske, "Dante's DXV," in Dante, John Freccero, ed. (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1965), 122-140. Costa does not go so far as to suggest that the Apocalypse articulates a nonviolent ethic. Rather, his point is that the vision is essential irenic—that whatever the means to the goal, the goal actually is an irenic Paradise, not cataclysmic destruc- tion or violence for its own sake. 27 Allan Boesak, Comfort and Protest: Reflections on the Apocalypse of John of Patmos (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1987), 16. 8 Introduction comfort, encouragement, and inspiration for people in times of dire stress and great difficulties."28 The Apocalypse is "protest literature" because it is inher- ently subversive. It shows little respect for the status quo. In the Quaker tradition, the Apocalypse of John has shaped and empow- ered a tradition of prophetic engagement with the world that is unique among the Protestant churches.29 Friends have often understood social engagement in the world as an expression of the "apocalyptic battle" reflected in John's Apoc- alypse. Because this engagement is filled with conflict, "battle" imagery and terminology are appropriate even though the tactics themselves are those of nonviolence. George Fox and the early Quakers referred to this radical engagement with the world as "the Lamb's war," drawing on imagery from the Apocalypse. This "Lamb's war" is in one sense political, but one waged through the prophetic power of the word, not through the traditional tactics of violence or power politics. Among the three historic peace churches,30 the Friends have articulated the clearest vision of engagement with the world, with the powers of darkness. Arguably, it was George Fox's reading of the Apocalypse and his Apocalypse-inspired language that most directly effected this difference.31 One recent study of the Apocalypse offers a thorough-going political reading. Wes Howard-Brook and Anthony Gwyther's Unveiling Empire: Reading Revelation Then and Now sees in Revelation a consistent critique of the Ro- man Empire and of any government that, like the Roman imperial cult, de- mands the allegiance that belongs to Jesus alone.32 Throughout this book the

28 Comfort and Protest, 15. 29 For a compelling exposition of the influence of the Apocalypse on the life and thought of both George Fox personally and the larger Quaker tradition, see Douglas Gwyn, Apocalypse of the Word: The Life and Message of George Fox (1624-1691) (Richmond, Ind.: Friends United Press, 1986). 30 The historic peace churches in the United States consist of the Mennonites, the Friends (Quakers), and the Church of the Brethren. 31 Note the judgment of Douglas Gwyn, one of the leading contemporary interpreters of Fox: "Though Fox clearly has a singular grasp of scripture as a whole, Reve- lation is the only text for which he particularly notes a breakthrough in interpretation. It is also the only book of the Bible to receive an extended, point-by-point interpretation in his writings. But its significance to him is best revealed by the way its language infuses and informs page after page, volume after volume of his works" (Douglas Gwyn, Apocalypse of the Word, 186). Gwyn's interpretation of Fox emphasizes Fox's indebtedness to apocalyptic thought in contrast to the mystical interpretation of Rufus M. Jones and the "Protestant" interpretation of Geoffrey Nuttall and Hugh Barbour (cf. Douglas Gwyn, Apocalypse of the Word, xiii-xxiii, 213-18). 32 Wes Howard-Brook and Anthony Gwyther, Unveiling Empire: Reading Revela- tion Then and Now, foreword by Elizabeth McAlister (Orbis Books, 1999). Introduction 9 authors mine the Apocalypse for lessons for today's Christians seeking to understand how to follow Jesus on the way of discipleship. For them, such practical discipleship entails a critique of empire conjoined with real engagement with the poor and disenfranchised. Howard-Brook and Gwyther say, for instance:

Despite the spiritualized and politically disengaged interpretations of scripture that have become the norm in our churches, seminaries, and Bible study groups, it is clear to us that Revelation, like all the other biblical texts, was in- volved in a pitched battle over issues of spirit such as economics and politics.... Because Revelation took seriously the world of the Roman Empire— and declared it a blasphemous caricature of God's sovereignty over the world—we can take our own world no less seriously.33

Thus, for some readers, the message of the Apocalypse is not a message of "escape" from this world, but a celebration that the domination system of this world has been defeated in the death and resurrection of Jesus and that Chris- tians must resist the seductive power of that domination system. Its message is a message of nonviolent resistance and its power lies in its unmasking of the present order.34 As Richard Bauckham has said, "Those who imagine early Christianity as a quietist and apolitical movement should study the book of Revelation."35 And as Bauckham has said elsewhere, the message of the Apoc- alypse "is not that the here-and-now are left behind in an escape into heaven or the eschatological future, but that the here-and-now look quite different when they are opened to transcendence."36 The Apocalypse is, in fact, "the most powerful piece of political resistance literature from the period of the early Empire.37 No confessional stance or religious commitment is required to recognize the subversive power and this-worldly potential of the Apocalypse. In the Japanese occupation of Korea during the Second World War, the Japanese were wary of the subversive power of preaching from the Apocalypse. As a re- sult, they prohibited Korean preachers from preaching from the Apocalypse.38

33 Howard-Brook and Gwyther, Unveiling Empire, xxiv. 34 Cf. Walter Wink, Engaging the Powers: Discernment and Resistance in a World of Domination, The Powers, vol. 3 (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1992), 324. 35 Richard Bauckham, "The Fallen City: Revelation 18," chapt. 6 in The Bible in Politics: How to Read the Bible Politically, by Richard Bauckham (Louisville, Ky.: Westminster/John Knox Press, 1989), 101. 36 Richard Bauckham, The Theology of the Book of Revelation, New Testament Theology (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 7-8. 37 Bauckham, The Theology of the Book of Revelation, 38. 38 Comfort and Protest, 17. 10 Introduction The idea that the Apocalypse is "resistance literature" is not new. Already in 1920, R. H. Charles wrote:

The object of the Apocalypse was to encourage the faithful to resist even to death the blasphemous claims of the State, and to proclaim the coming victory of the cause of God and of His Christ not only in the individual Christian, and the corporate body of such individuals, but also in the nations as such in their national and international life and relations. It lays down the only true basis for national ethics and international law. Hence the Seer claims not only the after-world for God and for His people, but also this world.39

But "resistance literature" does not say enough, since there are many conceptions of resistance and as many corresponding political perspectives.40 For many scholars, "apocalyptic" is nearly synonymous with "other-worldly" and escapist. This questionable association derives in part from German scholar- ship's dislike of any works which "breathe anything but the clarity of a time- less and logical terminology."41

39 R. H. Charles, A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Revelation of St. John, Vol. 1, The International Critical Commentary (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1920), xxii; emphasis mine. Although Charles's claim that the Apocalypse "lays down the only true basis for national ethics and international law" is probably too bold, he is correct in seeing the ethic of the Apocalypse as a politically engaged, practical ethic. 40 For a helpful delineation of the various "political perspectives" reflected in the literature of Early Judaism and a discussion of how the Apocalypse fits within that literature, see Adela Yarbro Collins, "The Political Perspective of the Revelation to John," Journal of Biblical Literature 96 (1977): 241-56. Cf. also Klaus Wengst, "Babylon the Great and the New Jerusalem: The Visionary View of Political Reality in the Revelation of John," in Politics and Theopolitics in the Bible and Postbiblical Lit- erature, edited by Henning Graf Reventlow, Yair Hoffman, and Benjamin Uffenheim- er, Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplement Series, no. 171 (Sheffield: JSOT Press, 1994), 189-202; Bauckham, "Fallen City"; Oliver O'Donovan, "The Political Thought of the Book of Revelation," Tyndale Bulletin 37 (1986): 61-94; Wal- ter Dietrich, "Gott als König: Zur Frage nach der theologischen und politischen Légiti- mât religiöser Begriffsbildung," Zeitschrift für Theologie und Kirche 77 (1980): 251- 68; Elisabeth Schüssler Fiorenza, "Visionary Rhetoric and Social-Political Situation," chapt. 7 in The Book of Revelation: Justice and Judgment (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1985), 181-203; Thomas Harding, "Take Back the Apocalypse," Touchstone 3, no. 1 (January 1985): 29-35; Elemer Kocsis, "Apokalyptik und politisches Interesse im Spätjudentum," Judaica 27 (1971): 71-89; J. A. du Rand, "An Apocalyptic Text, Dif- ferent Contexts and an Applicable Ethos," Journal of Theology in South Africa 78 (1992): 75-83; and Heinz Schürmann, Studien zur neutestamentlichen Ethik, in collab- oration with Thomas Söding, Stuttgarter biblische Aufsatzbände (Stuttgart: Verlag Katholisches Bibelwerk, 1990); see esp. 269-286, 307-378. 41 Klaus Koch, The Rediscovery of Apocalyptic: A Polemical Work on a Neglected Area of Biblical Studies and Its Damaging Effects on Theology and Philosophy, trans- Index of Ancient Sources

The ancient sources are indexed here in the following order and arrangement: (1) Old Testament; (2) New Testament; (3) Apocrypha; (4) Old Testament Pseudepigrapha; (5) Josephus; (6) Philo; (7) Dead Sea Scrolls; (8) Greek and Latin Authors; (9) Apos- tolic Literature and Christian Apocrypha; (10) Rabbinic Literature; and (11) Doc- umentary Papyri.

1. Old Testament 10:21-29 132 12 132 Genesis 12:3 208,215 12:3 218 12:4 208,215 21:28 29,31,208,212 12:5 29-30, 132,208,215 21:29 29,31,208,212 12:11 211 21:30 29,31,208,212 12:21 100, 209,215 22 128,137-140 12:27 211 22:7 208,213 12:43 211 22:7-8 137 12:48 211 22:8 139, 208,213 13:13 208,213 22:13 137 14:21 132 28:14 218 14:21-22 147 30:32 29, 208,212 15 146 30:33 29, 208,212 15:1-18 132 30:35 29, 208,212 15:1-21 168 30:40 29, 208-209,212 15:15 80 31:7 210 23:19 35,210 31:38 31,209,212 29:16 129 32:14(15) 31,212 29:20 129 33:19 210 29:38-41 33,128 49 167 29:38 208,213 49:9 164-165 29:39 208,213 49:10 165 29:40 208,213 29:41 208,213 Exodus 32 71 2:11-15 103 34:20 208,213 5:21 99 34:25 211 7:5 79 34:26 210 7:14-25 132 8:1-15 132 Leviticus 8:26 99 1-16 30 9:8-12 132 1:3-13 35 9:13-35 132 1:5 129 10:1-20 132 1:10 37, 208,213 246 Index of Ancient Sources 1:11 129 7:45 208,213 1:14-2:16 30 7:47 33,208,213 3:7 33,208,213 7:51 208, 213 4:1-21 30 7:53 33,208,213 4:22-31 30 7:57 208, 213 4:32 33,208,213 7:59 33,208,213 4:32-35 30,35 7:63 208,213 4:35 208,213 7:65 33,208,213 5:6 31,208,213 7:69 208,213 5:7-13 30 7:71 33,208,213 5:14-19 30 7:75 208,213 7:15 37 7:77 33,208,213 7:23 208,213 7:81 208,213 9:3 30, 208,213 7:83 33,208,213 12:6 208,213 7:87 208,213 12:8 208,213 7:87-88 30 14:10 31,208,213 7:88 33,208,213 14:12 208,213 9:2 211 14:13 208,213 9:4 211 14:21 30, 208,213 9:5 211 14:24 208,213 9:6 211 14:25 208,213 9:10 211 16:15 30 9:12 211 16:18 30 9:13 211 16:27 30 9:14 211 17:3 208,213 15:5 33,208,213 22:19 208,213 15:11 33,208,213 22:23 208,213 15:24 30 22:27 208,213 18:17 29, 208,213 23:5 211 19:10b-22 32 23:12 33,37,208,213 23:24 165-166 23:18 208,213 24:9 165 23:18-20 34 24:17 142 23:19 208,213 28:1-8 33,128 23:20 208,213 28:3 28,208,213 26:6 144 28:3-8 34 26:7 144 28:4 208,213 28:7 208, 213 Numbers 28:8 208,213 6:12 35, 208,213 28:9 208,213 6:14 30-31,35,208,213 28:9-10 34, 128 7:15 208,213 28:11 208,213 7:17 33, 208 28:11-14 34 7:21 208,213 28:13 208,213 7:23 33,208,213 28:14 208,213 7:27 208,213 28:16 211 7:29 339,208,213 28:16-25 33,128 7:33 208,213 28:19 208,213 7:35 33, 208,213 28:21 208,213 7:39 208,213 28:26-31 33, 128 7:41 33,208,213 28:27 208,213 Index of Ancient Sources

28:29 208,213 Judges 29:1-6 33, 128 5:3 180 29:2 208,213 5:4-5 147 29:4 208,213 6:4 210 29:7-11 33, 128 11:34 168 29:8 208,213 29:8-10 35 1 Samuel 29:10 208,213 7:9 29, 34,209,213 29:12-40 33, 35,128 7:34-37 34 29:13 208,213 8 152 29:15 208,213 15:9 210 29:17 208,213 16:11 105-106 29:18 208,213 17 104 29:20 208,213 17:34 29, 208,212 29:21 208,213 17:43 104 29:23 208,213 21:4-5 184 29:24 208,213 29:26 208,213 2 Samuel 29:27 208,213 1:23 165 29:29 208,213 5:2 106 29:30 208,213 6:13 210 29:32 208,213 7:8 106 29:33 208,213 12:1-6 32, 148 29:36 208,213 12:3 29-31, 148,208, 29:37 208,213 12:4 29-31,208,214 31:2 54 12:6 29-31,208,214 31:19-20 32 17:10 165 33:3 211 1 Kings Deuteronomy 1:9 210 14:4 29, 34, 208,212 1:19 210 14:21 210 1:25 210 16:1 211 3:4 209 16:2 211 4:23 34 16:5 211 5:3 34 16:6 211 7:29 165 20:1-9 184 7:36 165 23:9-10 184 10:19-20 165 29:4 180 22:19 180 32:1 180 32:14 30-31,209,212 2 Kings 33:20 165 3:4 29,31,212 33:22 165 19:16 180 23:21 211 Joshua 23:22 211 4:23 132 23:23 211 5:10 211 24:15 80 5:11 211 6:21 210 1 Chronicles 24:32 210 15:29 146 29:21 32,208,213 248 Index of Ancient Sources 2 Chronicles 78:70-71 106 211 80:1 84 7:18 106 87:3 2 9:18-19 165 95:7 106 17:11 34 96:1 168 29:20-24 33 98:1-3 168 29:21 30, 208,213 100:3 84,106 29:22 208,213 114(113) 146 29:32 208,213 114(113):3 147 30:15 209,215 114(113):4 29,31, 145,209-210,214 30:17 209,215 114(113>:4-6 148 35:1 209,215 114(113):6 29,31, 145,209-210,214 35:6 209,215 114(113):7 147 35:7 33,208,213 115:6 180 35:8 28,210-211 135:17 180 35:9 209,211,215 137:9 191 35:11 209,215 141:2 95 35:13 209,215 144:9 168 35:19 211 149:1 168 149:6-9 168 Ezra 1:26 219 Proverbs 6:9 33,210 22:17 180 6:17 34,210 27:26 29-30, 208,210,212 6:19 211 28:15 165 6:20 209,215 30:30-31 165 6:21 211 7:17 210 Ecclesiastes 8:35 30, 34, 208,213 3:4 146 3:15 98 Job 21:11 146 Song of Songs 29:18 42 1:8 101 31:20 29, 208,212 6:6 210 42:11 210 Isaiah Psalms 1:11 30, 208,213 2 178 1:18 28 2:9 37 5:17 29-31,208,214 17:1 180 5:29 165 17:6 180 7:14 82 23 84, 106 11 144 29:6 146 11:1 167 33:3 168 11:1-5 164 39:12 180 11:1-10 167 40:3 168 11:2-5 142 49:1 180 11:6 29-31, 143, 148, 187, 202, 50:9 30 208,214 50:13 30 11:6-7 165, 175 65(64):13(14) 31,209 11:7 143 78:52 84 13:21 146 Index of Ancient Sources 16:1 210 13:15 180 17:2 175 13:17 163 24:14-16 168 16:4-7 163 29:9-12 180 17:23 180 29:11 180 22:10 163 31:4 165 22:18 163 32:3 180 23:5-6 167 33:15 180 25:33 163 34:6 30-31, 148, 209,214 25:38 165 35:9 165 31(38):8 211 38:13 165 31(38):9-21 163 40:10-11 145 31(38): 12 210-211 40:11 30-31,70, 84,97,106, 34:5 163 145, 148, 209,214 38:12 210 42:10-13 168 41:6 163 42:20 180 42:15 180 48:8 180 48:5 163 52:13-53:12 133 48:32-38 163 53 134 49:3 163 53:7 30-31,52,79, 128, 133- 49:19 165 135, 148,208-209,214 49(30):20(14) 146,211 53:7-8 25, 108 50(27):4 163 54:17 101 50(27):6-7 84 59:16 183 50:17 165 63:1-3 184 50:44 165 63:3 183 50(27):45 30-31, 145-146 64:4 180 214 65 144 51:38 165 65(64):13(14) 212 51(28):40 30-31,148,209 65:17 201 65:25 30-31,54, 70,144,148, Ezekiel 165,209,214 29-30 66:3 210 1 58 66:22 201 1:6 51 1:8 51 Jeremiah 1:10 51 3:21 163 12:2 180 4:7 165 17:13 80 4:8 163 19:1-6 165 4:22 80 22:25-27 165 6:10 180 27:21 30-31,209,212 6:26 163 30:13 80 7:29 163 31:11 80 9:1 163 31:14 80 9:10 163 32:21 80 9:20 163 34 84 11 179 34:11-16 106 11:18 179 37:10 168 11:19 29-31,79, 97-98, 145- 38:13 165 148, 179, 208,214 39:18 80,211 12:8 165 43:2 219 250 Index of Ancient Sources 45:15 30,213 Micah 45:21 211 128 46:4 208,213 4-5 141, 143 46:4-15 30 4:1 141 46:5 208,213 4:3-4 141 46:6 208,213 4:6 141 46:7 208,213 4:11 141 46:11 208,213 4:13 142 46:13 208,213 5:2 141 46:15 208,213 5:4 141 5:5a 141 Daniel 5:6(5) 140, 142 3:39 209,213 5:7(6) 30-31, 140-143, 148, 209- 4:37 221 211,214 7 219 5:8 142,165-166 7:6-8 51 5:10 141 7:10 94 5:10-11 141 7:13 218-219 7:19 28 8 70, 80, 128, 135-137 8:3 135 Nahum 8:4 82 2:11-13 165 8:5 135 2:11b 166 8:6 137 2:13 165-166 8:8 137 3:2 146 8:10 135 8:13 135 Habakkuk 8:15-17 135 3:19 132 8:17 135 8:20 135 Zephaniah 8:21 136-137 2:6 210 8:26 135 3:13 175 8:27 135 10 219 Zechariah 4:14 84 Hosea 7:11 180 2:18 175 9:16 84 4:16 29-31,84, 148, 208,214 10:2-3 84 5:14 165 10:3 210 12:13 104 12:10ff. 218 13:7-8 165 14:5b 183

Joel 1:6 165 2. New Testament 2:5 146 3:11b 183 Matthew 95 Amos 1:21 82 6:4 210 1:23 82,87 7:16 180 3;17 178 7:15 147 10:16 26,144,147 Index of Ancient Sources 251 11:15 181 19:36 131 13:9 181 21 27 13:43 181 21:15 25 15:10 181 21:15-17 25 26:2 25 21:16 25 26:17 25 21:17 25 26:17-19 25 26:18 25 Acts 26:19 25 95 4:25-26 178 Mark 8:32 25 4:9 181 8:32-33 133 4:23 181 12:4 25 14:1 25 13:33 178 14:12 25 20:29 147 14:14 25 14:16 25 Romans 95 Luke 95 1 Corinthians 1:27 87 95 1:34-35 87 5:7 25,130-132 1:78 82 2:41 25 3:22 178 2 Corinthians 95 8:18 181 10:3 26, 144, 147,202 10:5 144 Ephesians 95 22:1 25 22:7 25 22:8 25 Colossians 95 22:11 25 22:13 25 22:15 25 1 Thessalonians 95

John 2 Thessalonians 79, 82, 86, 95 95 1:1 92 1:1-18 116 1 Timothy 1:29 25, 27, 82, 87, 131 95 1:36 25,27, 82, 87, 131 2:13 25 Hebrews 2:23 25 95 6:4 25 1:5 178 11:55 25 5:5 178 12:1 25 7:14 82 13:1 25 9:13 30 18:28 25 10:4 30 18:39 25 11:28 25 19:14 25 19:33 131 252 Index of Ancient Sources

1 Peter 2:5b 177 123 2:6 156, 177 1:18-19 26, 131,133 2:7 94, 177, 180 1:19 82, 88,129 2:7b 177 1:19-20 139 2:8 152, 177,219 2:9 177 2 Peter 2:10 177,218 3:13 201 2:10-11 122 2:11 176-177, 180 1 John 2:11b 177 95 2:12 177, 184, 220 3:12 169 2:13 122, 154, 172-173, 177, 218 Jude 2:14 152, 177 95 2:14-15 177 2:15 177 Revelation 2:16 149, 177, 183 1-3 130 2:16b 177 22 2:17 177, 180 1:1 22, 163,218 2:17b 177 1:2 22, 173, 175,218 2:18 177, 220 1:3 152, 156, 181, 189 2:19 156, 177 1:4 159 2:20 152, 177 1:4-8 154 2:20-21 177 1:5 22, 128, 130, 132, 151- 2:21 177 152, 154, 169, 172-175, 2:22 156 184, 201,218,220 2:22-23 177 1:5a 154 2:23 156, 220 1:5-6 130, 170 2:24 152 1:6 152 2:24-25 177 1:7 218 2:26 156,178-179 1:8 222 2:26-28 177 1:9 22, 122-123, 152, 156, 2:27 37, 152 173, 175, 191, 199,218 2:28 222 10 110,219 2:29 177, 180 12 111,219 3:1 156, 177,219-220 12-16 219,221 3:2 156 13 94, 110,219 3:2-3 177 14 110 3:3 156, 177 15 219 3:3b 177 16 184 3:4 177 17 135, 152,219 3:4-5 156 18 152, 172,219 3:5 177 2-3 153, 157, 162, 176, 181, 3:6 177, 180 185 3:7 152, 172, 177,220 2:1 177,219-220 3:8 156, 177 2:2 156, 177 3:8-10 177 2:2-3 177 3:9 177,218 2:3 156 3:10 156 2:4 177 3:11 177 2:5 156, 177 3:12 177, 221 Index of Ancient Sources 253 3:13 177, 180 6:9 129, 169, 173,220 3:14 152, 154, 172-173, 175, 6:9-10 95 177-178, 184,218,220 6:9-11 122 3:15 156, 177 6:10 135, 152, 173,219 3:16 177 6:11 94, 156 3:17 177 6:15 149, 152 3:18 156 6:16-17 24 3:18-20 177 6:16 22, 220 3:19 177 6:18 135 3:20 219 7:2 219 3:21 159, 162, 177-179, 204 7:9 22, 220 3:22 177, 180 7:10 22, 152,219-220 4-5 94-95, 158-159, 176 7:13-14 122, 135, 183 4-22 181 7:14 22, 132, 156, 183-184, 220 4:1 94, 184,219 7:17 22, 152, 220-221 4:5 115,219 8- 11 22 4:6 110 8:1 22 4:7 110, 166 8:3 129 4:8 95 8:4 129 5 144, 162, 166, 169-170, 8:5 129,219 174, 184, 187, 191, 195, 8:8 94 202 8:10 95 5:2 161, 163,218-219 8:10-12 135 5:3 161, 163 8:13 219 5:4 163 9:1 94-95, 135,172 5:5 78, 149, 152, 163, 166- 9:3 132 168, 220 9:7 132 5:6 22, 24, 51, 110-111, 115, 9:8 166 128-129, 167, 169-170, 9:9 219 220 9:11 95, 152 5:7 168 9:13 129,219 5:8 22, 115, 129, 220 9:14 218 5:8-14 84 9:17 152, 166, 221 5:9 129-130, 132, 149, 169, 9:20 94, 156 220 10:3 166,219 5:9-10 176 10:4 135,219 5:9b 52, 170 10:7 152,219 5:10 152,178 10 8 219 5:10b 169 10:10 135 5:11 94,219 10:11 152, 181 5:12 22, 24, 129, 169,219-220 11 174 5:13 22, 24, 220 11 1 129 6-8 163 11 3 152-173,218 6 144 11 6 152 6:1 22,219-220 11 7 173, 179 6:2 152, 179, 221 11 7-9 122 6:4 129, 152, 169, 220-221 11 8 132, 152, 221 6:5 152,221 11 10 152 6:6 110,219 11 11 168 6:7 219 11 12 219 6:8 152,221 11 15 152,219-220 254 Index of Ancient Sources

11:17 152 15:7 219 11:18 152 16 22 11:19 184,219 16:1 219 12 68 16:2 132 12:1 82-83 16:3-4 132 12:1-2 68 16:6 122, 152 12:3 51 16:7 129 12:4 , 135,220-221 16:10 132, 152 12:5 37, 152, 178,220-221 16:11 156 12:7 183 16:12 132, 152 12:9 153 16:13 132 12:10 152,219-220 16:14 152 12:10-12 179 16:15 156, 177, 189 12:11 22, 122, 132, 154, 173, 16:17 219 179, 184, 220 16:18 132,219 12:13 220 16:21 132 12:17 22, 68, 156, 173,218 17:2 152 13 153 17:3-18 82 13:1 51 17:6 22, 122, 173,218 13:2 104, 153, 166 17:9 152, 181 13:3 129,220 17:10 117 13:4 183 17:12 152 13:7 179 17:14 22, 24, 82,94, 152, 180, 13:8 22, 129, 139, 169, 220 183,220-221 13:9 180 17:17 152 13:10 156 17:18 152 13:11 22, 24, 220 18 22,48, 126 13:12 153 18:2 219 13:18 181 18:3 152 14:1 22, 220 18:4 219 14:2 219 18:6 156 14:3 168 18:7 152 14:4 22, 173, 175, 183,220 18:9 152 14:5 129 18:20 152 14:7 219 18:22 219 14:8 129 18:23 219 14:9 219 18:24 122, 129, 152, 169, 220 14:10 22, 94, 220 19-21 119 14:12 22, 156,218 19 20, 184 14:13 152, 156, 189,219, 221 19:1 152,219 14:14 94,219, 221 19:1-10 154 14:15 219, 221 19:2 122 14:16 221 19:5 219 14:18 219 19:6 152,219 15:1 132 19:7 22, 220 15:2 132, 180 19:7-8 68 15:2-3 104 19:8 156, 185 15:3 22, 131, 152, 156, 220 19:9 22, 156, 189, 220 15:4 192 19:10 22, 135, 152, 173,218 15:5 173,184 19:11 152,218,220 15:6 156 19:11-16 221 Index of Ancient Sources 255 19:11-20:3 155 22:10 152, 181,221 19:12 221 22:12 156 19:13 52, 132, 184,218,221 22:13 152,219, 222 19:14 156, 185 22:14 94, 156, 189 19:15 37, 152, 178, 184 22:16 22, 152, 173,218,220, 222 19:16 152,221 22:18 173,181 19:17 219 22:18-19 95, 152 19:18 152,221 22:19 181 19:19 152, 178,221 22:20 152, 173, 222 19:21 152,221 22:21 222 20 22 20:1 172 3. Apocrypha 20:3 218 20:4 22, 122, 152, 173, 178, I Esdras 218,220 1:1 209,211,215 20:4-6 122, 155 1:6 209,211,215 20:6 152, 156, 176, 178, 189, 1:7 209, 213 220 1:8 211 20:7 218 1:9 211 20:8 94 1:12 209,215 20:12 156, 168 1:13 211 20:13 94, 156 1:16 211 20:14 176 1:17 211 21 180 1:18 211 21:1 95 1:19 211 21:1-22:5 155 1:20 211 21:3 219 6:29(28) 33,209,215 21:5 218 7:7 33-34, 209,213 21:6 222 7:10 211 21:7 180 7:12 209 21:8 176 8:14 209,213 21:9 22, 220 8:35 34 21:10 175 8:66(63) 26, 34,209,213 21:14 22, 220 47:3 31 21:16 175 21:18 175 2 Esdras 21:20 175 6:9 33 21:22 22, 155,220 6:17 34 21:23 22, 220 21:24 152 Judith 21:27 22, 220 8:25 138 22 94 16:2-3 168 22:1 22, 220 22:2 94 Wisdom 22:3 22, 220 11:15-16 99 22:5 152 12:27 99 22:6 152,218 19:9 30-31, 146, 148,209,214 22:6-21 178 22:7 152, 156, 181, 189 Sirach 22:8 135 13:17 29-31, 144, 148, 208,214 22:9 152, 156, 181 45:3 103 256 Index of Ancient Sources

46:16 209,213 51:4 147 47:3 148,209,214 53:5 152 47:3-4 106 54:2 152 47:10 209 55:3-4 152 56:5-8 94 Prayer of Azariah 62:2 164 17 209,213 62:3, 5 94 63:2 152 Baruch 63:4 152 1:5 163 63:7 152 4:11 163 4:23 163 Book of Astronomical Writings (72-82) 81:3 152 1 Maccabees 140 Dream Visions (83-90) 1-2 90 88, 92 1:10 167 84:2-5 152 1:64 191 85-90 90 3:4 165 86:1 94-95 89-90 (Animal Apocalypse) 24, 78, 84, 88-97, 113- 4. Old Testament Pseudepigrapha 114, 118 89:21-27 103 1 Enoch (Enochic corpus) 89:41-50 24 Book of the Watchers (1-36) 89:44 93 9:4 94, 152 89:45 89, 106 12:3 152 89:45-46 89, 97 14:15 94 89:72 80 14:18-25 94 90 78 14:22 94 90:6-12 89 18:13 94 90:9 89-90 21:3 94 90:13 90 22:12 95 90:31 93 25 94 90:37-39 96 25:1-7 94 90:38 24, 92, 96-97 25:3 152 25:5 152 Epistle of Enoch (91-107) 25:7 152 91:13 152 27:3 152 91:16 95 99:7 94 Book of the Similitudes (37-71) 104:10-13 95 146 104:11 95 38:4-5 152 39:12 95 3 Enoch 40:1 94 15b 104 46:1 94 46:3-5 152 Sibylline Oracles 47:3-4 94 5.275-280 99 48:9 94 49:3 164 4 Ezra 51:1 94 8:52 94 Index of Ancient Sources 257

11:1 51 6:5 12:31-32 165-166 13:13 13 183 18:11 13:10 164 21:4 88 13:33-38 178 23:10

2 Baruch Jannes and Jambres 10:4-19 163 87

Apocalypse of Elijah Ahiqar 2:7 166 120-123 53

Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs 3 Maccabees 81,84-86 1:1-2:24 1 5:35 221 Testament of Benjamin 3 78 4 Maccabees 3:8 87-88 140, 181-182 Testament of Dan 1:11 181 5:10 84 3:17 181 6:10 181-182 Testament of Gad 6:33 181 8:1 84 7:4 181-182 Testament of Joseph 7;ll 181 86 7:14 138 19 78, 84, 87 8:2 181-182 19:3-7 81 9:6 181-182 19:4 80 9:30 181-182 181 19:6 80 11:20 182 19:7-8 87 11:21 13:2 181 19:8 80-87, 103 181 19:8-12 81,87 13:7 13:12 138 19:9 84 16:14 181-182 19:10 81, 84 16:20 138 19:11 82, 84 17:15 181 19:12 84 17:24 181-182 Testament of Moses 140 5 Apocryphal Syriac Psalms 9:6-7 95 la 106

Letter of Aristeas Non-Masoretic Psalms of David 135 99 151 105 146 57 151:1 106 151:7 106 Jubilees 37:21 54 Psalms of Solomon 2 97, 147 Joseph and Asenath 8 97-98, 147 6:3 88 8:1-22 147 258 Index of Ancient Sources 8:23 31,97, 140, 145, 147-148, 13.5 166 209-211,214 18.3 1 §53-59 1 17 97, 147, 167, 183 17:23-24 178 Jewish War 17:24 164 1.33.2-4 69 17:35-37 164 2.9.2-3 §169-174 1 5.217 70 Odes 6.292 33 2:14 209,213 4:19 132 7:39 209,213 6. Philo 14:17 209, 213 Changes of Names 159 35 5. Josephus Decalogue Antiquities 76-80 99 1.17 95 1.227 138 Embassy 1.232 138 38 §299ff. 1 3.186 70 163 72 3.221 32,37 317 35 3.222 33 362 34 3.226 32,37 3.228 33 On the Cherubim 3.231 33 49-50 184 3.233 33 3.234 33 On the Contemplative Life 3.237 33 8-10 99 3.239 33 3.240 33 On Rewards and Punishments 3.246-247 33 8 55 3.249 33 3.251 32-33, 37 Questions and Answers on Genesis 3.252-253 33 41 3.262 32 6.25 34 Special Laws 6.182 34 1.169 34 7.148-150 32 1.170 34 7.382 32 1.177-178 34 8.40 34 1.184 34 8.396 34 1.188 35 9.268 33 1.189 35 9.270 33 1.198 35 9.271 211 1.226 35 10.70 33 1.233 35 10.71 33 1.251 35 11.102 33 1.253 35 11.107 33 4.105 34 11.137 34 11.297 34 Index of Ancient Sources 259 Virtues Frg. 2,2.1 72 133 35 Frg. 2, 2.6 72 142-144 35 4QEn' Who Is the Heir 4 2.16 92 174 34 4QFlor [4Q174] 1.11-12 164 7. Dead Sea Scrolls 2.3-4 165 3.10-13 167 CD 3.18-19 178 12.23 84 14.19 84 4QPBless 19.10-11 84 164 20.1 84 4QpIsa" [4Q161] 1QH 167 191 Frg. A 164 Frgs. 8-10,11. 15-29 167 1QS 9.11 84 4QpNah 166 lQSb [1Q28Ò] Frgs. 3-4, 1.2 166 142 Frgs. 3-4, 1.5-6166 5.20-29 142,164-165 Frgs. 3—4, 1.7 166 5.27 166 Frgs. 3-4,1.11 166 5.29 165-166 4QXIP lQMflQ33] 143 185, 191 1.2 80 UQPs" 14.2 168 151 106

4Q186 8HevXIIgr 70 142-143

4Q225 (4QPseudo-Jubilees") Mur88 (MurXII) 139 143 2.4 139

4QpGen, the Patriarchal Blessings [4Q252J 8. Greek and Latin Authors 167 Frg. 1,5.1-7 165 Aelian Frg. 1,5.3 167 On the Characteristics of Animals 41 4Q285 (The War of the Messiah) 12.3 42,48 167 Frg. 5,11. 3-4 164 Apuleius Metamorphosis 4Q318 (Brontological Text) 11:3 84 72-73 260 Index of Ancient Sources

Phoenician Women Aristophanes 1116 51 The Frogs 847 64 Herodotus Histories The Wasps 1.46 47 568-575 54 2.32 47 2.42 44, Aristotle 2.55 47 Historia Animalium 2.73 42 41 7.19 24 Persian Wars 2.43 99 Rhetoric 1.2.2-5 [1356a] 162 Homer Iliad Babrius 1.58-67 59 51 52, 54 3.97-120 59 89 53 3.273 63 93 54 4.101 59 102 54 4.119 59 113 54 4.155-163 59 128 54 5 57 132 54 5.430 56 Recension la 342 5.765 56 54 5.824-864 56 705 54 8.131 57 10 57 Dio Cassius 11 57 Epitome 15.121-142 56 67.14 125 16.352 57 21.391—415 56 Euripides 22 54 Electra 22.261-264 57 699-726 61 22.308-310 57 705 60 23.864 59 719 60 23.873 59 24 57 Iphigeneia in Taurica 192-202 62 Odyssey 197 60 4.85 24 813 60 6 57 9 57 Orestes 10 68 810 60 11 57. 811 61 990 61 Isocrates 995 61 Panathenaicus 998 60-61 264 [12.264] 95 1008-1012 62 Index of Ancient Sources

Juvenal 95e 95 Satire 15.1-3 45 The Statesman 15.11-12 99 268 60 15.11-13 45 15.33-38 45 Pliny the Elder Natural History Lucian 41 On Astrology 4.12.23 122 12 73 4.12.69 122 Marcus Manilius 10.2 42 Astronomica 1.263-264 73 Pliny the Younger Epistle Martial 10.96-97 121, 154 Epigrammaton liber 9.56.3 125 Pseudo-Apollodorus The Library Ovid 1.9 61 Metamorphoses 1.9.27 61 5.327 47 e.2.10 61 e.2.10-11 [2.165] Pausanias 60 Description of Greece e.3.21 [2.191] 60 1.24.2 60 1.34.4 59 Suetonius 1.34.5 59, 65 Domitian 2.3.4 65 10.2 125 2.10.1 64 2.18.1 60 Tacitus 2.24.1 59,65 Histories 4.33.4 65 5.3 47, 100 5.27.8 65 5.4 101 6.2.5 59 5.5 45 8.11.3 61 9.22.1 65 Thucydides 9.34.5 60 History 9.39.6 59 5.29 95

Phaedrus Virgil 1.1 53-54 Aeneid 1.5 53 62 1.17 53-54 3.120 64

Pindar Eclogues Pythian 1 63 4.68 60 1.6-10 63 1.40-45 63 Plato Phaedo 59e-61b 54 262 Index of Ancient Sources 9. Apostolic Literature and Apology Christian Apocrypha 5 121

Apocalypse of Peter De Praescriptione Haereticum 191 36 123

Apostolic Constitutions 42 10. Rabbinic Literature

Augustine Babylonian Talmud City of God 11.1 2 b.Pesahim 20-22 2 112b 83 20.17 3 b.Berakhot 1 Clement 33a 83 1.1 121 7.1 121 b.Baba Batra 25-26 42 15b 101

2 Clement b.Baba Qamma 5.2-4 202 65b 102

Eusebius b.Hul Ecclesiastical History 84a 98 1.3.17-20 121 89a 98 4.26.9 121 b.Sota Life of Constantine 42b 104 4.72 42 b.Suk Preparatio Evangelica 55b 101 2.2.24 67 b. Yoma Irenaeus 69b 101 Against Heresies 5.32 202 Palestinian Talmud p.Berakhot Melito 7:3 101 Peri Pascha 11c 101 104

Syncellus (George the Monk) ARN 'EicXoyfi Xpovoypaipioç 17 101 48 Pesikta de-Rab Kahana Tertullian 5.17 100 Against Marcion 6.4 28 m.14 2 17.5 99 IV.5 2 Exodus Rabbah 2:2 101 Index of Ancient Sources 263 5:21 99 Tanhuma B 11:3 100 Emor 16:3 99-100 13 98 20:1 99 21:8 103 Pinhas 32 71 12 98 §14-15 101 Leviticus Rabbah 2:11 139 Targum Neofiti 27:6 98 on Gen 22:10 139

Siphre Targum Onkelos 157 (on Numbers 31:2) 102 54 on Gen 49:9 166

Esther Rabbah Targum Pseudo-Jonathan 9:2 99 on Gen 22:10 139 10:11 101 on Exod 1:15 101,103 on Exod 8:22 (= English 8:26) Ecclesiastes Rabbah 99 9:1 54 Tosefta Targum Piska on ISam 17:43 104-105 7:9 99 Yalqut Rashi Pinhas Exodus 8:22 99 §14-15 101

Mekhilta Pisffa Yelamdenu 6 (on Exod 12:7) 101 100 11 (on Exod 12:22) 100 11. Documentary Papyri

Sifre Zutta PGurob Pinhas 22 36-37, 148 §16 101

Tanhuma Toledot §5 101 Index of Modern Authors

Abadie, M. J. 43 Benoit, P. 143 Abaecherli, A. 58 Berenguer Sánchez, José 31, 36-37, 148 Abegg, Martin 166 Beyreuther, Erich 31 Abrams, M.H. 15 Bialik, Hayim Nahman 98-99, 101, 103 Achtemeier, Paul 159 Bickerman, Elias 126 Adda, Rabbi 100 Bietenhard, Hans 31 Adkins, Lesley 66 Black, M. 91, 96 Adkins, Roy A. 66 Bloom, Harold 4-5, 12, 196 Agourides, Savas 121 Blount, Brian K. viii, 13, 15, 17 Alfaro, Juan I. 142 Boer, W. den 121, 126 Allen, Leslie C. 141-142 Boesak, Allan 7 Alsup, John E. 179 Boll, Franz 69 Anderson, Gary A. 30 Bonnefoy, Yves 40, 42, 44, 47, 56, 60 Arndt, William F. 27 Booth, Edwin Prince 219 Arnold, J. Phillip 5 Boring, M. Eugene 114-119, 131-132, Attridge, Harold W. 51 151, 159-160, 174, 184, 190-191 Aune, David E. 94, 131, 158, 170, 176, Botterweck, Johannes 28 195 Bourke, Myles M. 218 Avi-Yonah, Michael 53 Bousett, Wilhelm 78 Bowden, John 11 Baines, John 45-46 Bowersock, G.W. 126 Ball, C.J. 27 Braude, William Gershon Zev 98, 100 Barbour, Hugh 8 Breech, James 155 Barnard, L.W. 120-121 Briggs, Charles A. 28 Barr, David L. 14, 110, 119, 158-160, Bromiley, Geoffrey W. 26-27, 154 171, 188, 193-194 Brown, Colin 26, 31, 129 Barrett, C.K. 67 Brown, Francis 28 Bauckham, Richard 9-10, 119, 131, 150, Brown, Raymond E. 27, 77, 196 158-159, 164-165, 168, 181, 183, 205 Brown, Robert 71 Beale, G.K. 111, 170, 221 Brownlee, W.H. 183 Beasley-Murray, George R. 4, 76 Brownson, Jim 96, 167, 217 Beauvais, Danielle 47, 56, 60 Bryan, David 86, 90-92, 97, 112-114 Beck, Astrid B. 30 Buchanan, Emerson 113 Beck, Dwight Marion 219-221 Buchanan, George Wesley 77-78 Becking, Bob 19, 77 Burchard, Christoph 88, 103 Beckwith, Isbon T. 129 Burney, Charles F. 27 Bell, Robert E. 60 Buttrick, George Arthur 121 Index of Modem Authors 265 Caird, G.B. 20, 151, 159-160, 184 Déaut, Roger Le 138 Calvin, John 3 Derchain, Philipe 40, 45^46 Campbell, Joseph 43-44 Descamps, Albert 169 Campenhausen, Hans Freiherr von 51 Dietrich, Walter 10 Carey, Greg 192, 194-195, 197, 199-200 Diez Macho, A. 91 Carnegie, David R. 130, 170 Dillmann, August 91-92, 96 Carter, Frederick 151 Dodd, C.H. 4, 27, 30, 77-79, 82, 196 Caspi, Mishael Maswari 128, 137 Dods, Marcus 3 Charles, Howard vii Dohmen, C. 28-29, 32 Charles, R.H. 3-4, 10, 24, 77-78, 81, 86, Donaldson, James 2, 202 90-92, 94, 96, 110, 122-123, 220 Doniger, Wendy 40, 42, 44, 47, 56, 60 Charlesworth, James H. viii, 14, 50, 52, Driver, Samuel R. 28 54, 69-70, 80-81, 87-88, 91, 96, 103, Drummond, Sir William 71 105-106, 113, 147, 159, 164, 166- Dunn, James D.G. 219 167,217,219 Dupuis, Charles-François 69 Chesterton, G.K. 5 Chevalier, Jacques M. 74 Earp, J.W. 72 Chilton, Bruce D. 138 Eco, Umberto 6 Coenan, Lothar 31 Ehrman, Bart D. 119 Cohen, Sascha Benjamin 128, 137 Eliade, Mircea 43 Cohn, Norman 5-6, 12-13 Eller, Vernard 151, 185 Collins, Adela Yarbro 10, 95, 111, 114, Emmerson, Richard Kenneth 5 121-123, 125, 140, 151, 154-155, Etheridge, J.W. 102 174, 182, 185,217,219 Evans, Craig A. 85, 183 Collins, John J. 50, 52, 84, 135-137, Ewing, Ward B. 151 164, 167, 183 Comblin, Joseph 133-135, 158 Faure, Paul 56, 60 Constantelos, D. 121 Fekkes m, Jan 13-14, 20, 134 Coogan, Michael D. 77 Feldman, Louis H. 36 Cook, Edward 166 Ferguson, Everett 58, 62-63, 65 Cook, Stephen L. 6 Ferguson, John 66-67 Corriente, F. 91 Fiorenza, Elisabeth Schüssler 10, 18, Corsini, Eugenio 131 115-117, 120, 123, 131, 153-156, Costa, Dennis 7 158, 174, 186, 193,200, 205 Costello, John 108 Fish, Stanley 16 Crenshaw, James L. 148 Fishwick, Duncan 63 Czerny, Robert 108 Fischel, Henry A. 55 Fletcher, Angus 120 Dagut, M. 53 Flusser, David 55, 114 Danby, Herbert 23-24 Ford, Josephine Massyngberde 24, 27, Danker, Frederick 27 160, 196 Dante 7 Freccerò, John 7 Darmon, Jean-Pierre 40-41, 56 Freedman, David Noel 30, 111, 151 Daube, David 55 Frey, Jörg viii, 115, 157 Davies, Philip R. 138 Friedrich, Gerhard 23 Davis, Michael T. 96, 167, 217 Friesen, Steven J. 123, 125-126, 153, 198 266 Index of Modem Authors Funk, Robert A. 116 Hellholm, David 48 Frye, Northrop 109-110, 113 Hemelrijk, E. 41,45, 51, 100 Hennecke, Edgar 11 Gallagher, Eugene V. 5 Herion, Gary A. 30 Galling, Kurt 51 Hiyya bar Adda, Rabbi 100 Gantz, Timothy 61 Hoffinan, Yair 10 Garrett, Susan R. 185 Hofius, Otfried 25 Gaventa, Beverly viii, 111 Hofmann, H.-U. 3 Gentry, Kenneth L. 123 Hohnjec, Nikola 22, 158-160, 172 Gesenius, William 28 Holtz, Traugott 131, 158 Giblin, Charles Homer 183-184 Honigsblum, Gerald 42 Gingrich, F. Wilbur 27 Hornblower, Simon 62 Girard, René 161 Hornung, Erik 45-46, 70 Golan, Ariel 46 Horst, Pieter W. van der 19, 24, 76 Goldschmidt, Lazarus 92 House, Nathan 188 Goodenough, Erwin Ramsdell 72, 74 Howard-Brook, Wes 8-9, 187 Goold, G.P. 73 Humphrey, Edith M. 177 Goranson, Stephen 156 Hunt, Gladys 150 Gordon, Edmund I. 52, 59 Grabar, André 72 Isaac, Ephraim 91-92, 94-95, 147 Graf, David F. 30 Grant, Frederick C. 37 Janssen, Jozef M.A. 48-49 Grant, Michael 59, 125 Jeremias, Joachim 23, 26-27, 76, 81-83, Gray, G. Buchanan 133 87, 102-103, 106 Greenfield, Jonas C. 72-73 Johns, Loren L. 158 Gressmann, Hugo 51 Jones, Henry Stuart 23, 37, 80 Griffiths, J. Gwyn 48^49 Jones, Rufüs M. 8 Grimal, Nicolas-Christophe 44 Jones, W.H.S. 59 Grimsrud, Ted vii, 151, 185, 189-191 Jörns, Klaus-Peter 130 Grosso, Michael 188 Jonge, Martinus de 81, 86, 96 Guthrie, David 130, 159-161 Gwyn, Douglas 8 Kahn-Lyotard, Laurence 60 Gwyther, Anthony 8-9, 187 Käkosy, K. 49, 51 Kapstein, Israel J. 100 Haag, Herbert 211 Kaske, R.E. 7 Haase, Wolfgang 41, 100, 113 Katz, Peter 35 Halleaux, A. de 169 Keck, Leander E. 141 Hamerton-Kelly, Robert 162 Kee, Howard Clark 80-81, 87-88 Hanson, Anthony Tyrrell 191 Kennedy, George A. 156, 162 Hanson, Paul 6 Kessler, Herbert L. 72 Harding, Thomas 10, 158 Kitchen, K.A. 47 Harlé, Paul A. 31, 131 Kittel, Gerhard 26-27, 76, 154 Harrington, Wilfrid J. 151, 163, 184 Klassen, William vii, 175, 183, 188-189, Hatch, Edwin 26, 211 191 Hayward, Robert 137-139 Knibb, Michael A. 91 Hazel, John 59 Koch, Klaus 10, 83, 87, 103 Index of Modem Authors 267 Kocsis, Elemer 10 Malamat, Abraham 53 Koesel, Christian 188 Malina, Bruce J. 68-70, 73-74, 204 Koester, Helmut 58, 66-67, 69 Martin, Thomas R. 63 Kohl, Margaret 11 Massyngberde-Ford, Josephine 77 Koresh, David 5 Mauser, Ulrich viii, 17 Kozloff, Arielle P. 44, 56, 59, 65-66, 80, Mays, James Luther 94, 142 83, 164-165 Mazar, Benjamin 53 Kraeling, Karl H. 72 Mazzaferri, Fred 173 Kraft, Heinrich 133 McAlister, Elizabeth 8, 187 Kraftchick, Steven J. 96, 167, 217 McCown, C.C. 48-49 Krall, J. 48-49 McFayden, Donald 120 Kraybill, J. Nelson 124-126 McGaughy, Lane C. 53 Kretschmar, G. 5 McGinn, Bernard 5-6 Krodel, Gerhard A. 184 McKenzie, Roderick 80 Krylov, Ivan Andrevick 53 McLaughlin, Kathleen 108 McNamara, Martin 99 Ladd, George Eldon 150 Meeks, Wayne A. 157, 171 Lake, Kirsopp 121, 202 Mellaart, James 43 Lambrecht, Jan 110 Mendel, Arthur P. 13, 192 Lanzone, R.V. 83, 85 Mercer, Calvin R. 113 Läuchli, Samuel 130 Merton, Thomas 3 Laurin, R.B. 84 Metzger, Bruce Manning 77 Lawrence, D.H. 4, 12 Meyer, Eduard 48 Laws, Sophie 13, 76, 96, 129, 151, 159 Milburn, R.L.P. 120-121 Leclant, J. 47, 58 Milgrom, Jacob 30 Lefort, Guy 161 Milik, J.T. 90, 95-96, 143 Lehrman, S.M. 71 Millar, Fergus 120 Leivestad, Ragnar 175 Miller, Patrick 79 Leroi-Gourhan, André 42-44 Minear, Paul Sevier 154, 218 Levine, Lee I. 69-70, 72 Mitten, David Gordon 164 Liddell, Henry George 23, 37, 80 Moloney, Francis J. 131 Lindars, Barnabas 92, 96 Moor, J.C. de 104 Lindsey, Hai 6, 12, 150 Moore, Stephen 15-16 Litvinskii, B. A. 43 Moorhead, James H. 6 Liver, J. 84 Morenz, Hugo 51 Lohmeyer, Ernst 77, 117-118 Morris, Leon 77, 132-133 Longmanin, Tremper 168, 183 Mounce, Robert H. 37, 77, 89 Louw, Johannes P. 22-23, 26 Moyise, Steve 14, 109, 119, 154, 187- Lust, J. 210-211 188, 192-193, 195-198 Luther, Martin 3 Mulready, William 203 Lutz, R.T. 103 Münchow, Christoph 11, 19 Munson, Karen A. 23, 26 Mack, Burton 162 Murmelstein, B. 82-85 Mackenzie, D. 37 Murray, A.T. 56 Mäher, Michael 99 Mussies, G. 110 Maier, Harry O. 200-201 268 Index of Modem Authors Ness, Lester John 69 Reumann, John H.P. 17 Neusner, Jacob 55, 72 Reventlow, Henning Graf 10 Newman, Barclay 120, 122 Richard, Pablo 184, 190 Newsom, Carol A. 185 Ricoeur, Paul 108-109, 113 Nickelsburg, George W.E. 92 Ridgway, Brunilde Simondo 65 Nicholson, Paul 44 Rietz, Henry W.L. 105 Nida, Eugene A. 22-23, 26 Ringe, Sharon H. 185 Niese, Benedictus 32 Riordan, P. 162 Nietzsche, Friedrich 3 Rist, Martin 120 Nuttall, Geoffrey 8 Roberts, Alexander 2, 202 Robertson, J.M. 71 O'Donald, Oliver 9 Robinson, Edward 28 O'Leary, Stephen 6, 13, 192 Roloff, Jürgen 131, 179 O'Neill, J.C. 82, 85-86 Root, Margaret Cool 164 O'Rourke, John J. 130 Rosivach, Vincent J. 64 Osborne, Grant 161 Rowdon, Harold H. 130 Oughourlian, Jean-Michel 161 Rowland, Christopher 11, 19, 123, 151, 153, 174 Parker, R.C.T. 62, 64 Royalty Jr., Robert M. 157, 162, 176 Patrides, C.A. 6 Rozmovits, Linda 203 Paul, Ian 109, 115 Ruiz, Jean-Pierre 154 Perrin, Norman 112-114 Perry, Ben Edwin 52 Sanders, Jack 185-186 Peterson, Rodney L. 3 Sanders, James A. 105-106 Petrie, Sir William Matthew Flinders 37 Schimanowski, Gottfried 158, 160, 167 Pierce, C.S. 188 Schnapp-Gourbeillon, Annie 56-57 Pietersma, Alfred 103 Schneemelcher, Wilhelm 11 Pinney, Gloria Ferrari 65 Schneider-Teteruk, Rita 46 Pinney, Roy 28 Scholer, David M. 41 Pinero, A. 91 Scholfield, Alwyn Faber 42 Pippin, Tina 18-19, 185-186, 191 Schürmann, Heinz 10 Pleins, John David 30 Schwager, Raymond 162 Porter, Paul A. 116 Schwarzbaum, Haim 55 Porter, Stanley E. 85 Scott, Robert 24, 37, 80 Price, Simon R.F. 58 Seebass, Gottfried 3 Priest, John 54-55 Segal, AlanF. 96, 167,217 Prigent, Pierre 6, 72, 121 Segovia, Fernando 155 Selvidge, Maria J. 185 Ramsay, G. G. 45 Shaw, George Bernard 4 Rand, J.A. du 10 Shaw, Ian 44, 47, 51 Raphael, F. 6 Silva, David de 73 Rapp, F. 6 Simundson, Daniel J. 141 Ravnitzky, Yehoshua Hana 98 Sleeper, C. Freeman 151, 153 Reddish, Mitchell G. 197-198 Slingerland, H. Dixon 86 Redpath, Henry A. 26, 211 Smallwood, E. Mary 120 Rengstorf, Karl Heinrich 32 Smelik, K. 41,45, 51, 100 Index of Modem Authors 269

Smith, Jonathan K. 162 VanderKam, James C. 89-91, 96 Smith, Rondal B. 23, 26 Vannorsdall, John W. 17 Söding, Thomas 10 Vassiliadis, Petros 173 Sokoloff, Michael 73 Vaux, Roland de 143 Sparks, H.F.D. 91 Vermes, Geza 138-139, 165-166 Spawforth, Antony 62 Vielhauer, Philip 11 Spitta, Friedrich 24, 78, 149, 196 Vogel, Winfried 3 Stählin, Gustav 23 Stallduine-Sulman, E. van 104 Waddell, W.G. 48 Stauffer, Ethelbert 125 Wainwright, Arthur W. 68-69 Steinfels, Peter 5 Walters, P. 26 Steinsaltz, Adin 23 Warden, Preston Duane 123 Stern, David 98, 100 Weaver, J. Denny viii Stinespring, W.F. 183 Weaver, William 6 Stone, Michael A. 36 Weitzmann, Kurt 72 Stonehouse, Ned Bernard 6 Wengst, Klaus 9 Straten, F.T. van 62-64 West, David R. 67 Strathmann, Hermann 154 Westermann, Claus 146 Strecker, Georg 11 Whale, Peter 27 Stuckenbruck, Loren 219 Wheelwright, Philip 111-113, 135 Swartley, Willard M. 151, 185, 189, 193 White, David 40, 56 Sweet, John 184 Whittaker, Molly 58, 67 Swete, Henry Barclay 150 Wiens, Devon Harvey 183 Swetnam, James 137 Wilder, Amos N. 155, 203-204 Williams, James G. 162 Tabor, James D. 5 Wilson, J. Christian 123 Talbert, Charles H. 77 Wilson, Robert McL. 11 Talmon, Shemaryahu 164 Wink, Walter 9, 116, 198 Taylor, Lily Ross 57-58 Winn, Albert Curry 183 Thoma, Clemens 55 Wintermute, O.S. 166 Thompson, Leonard 6, 121-122, 125, Wischnitzer, R. 72 157, 171, 177, 200 Wise, Michael Owen 69, 71, 166 Tiller, Patrick A. 89-93, 113-114, 116, Wittreich, Joseph 6 118 Wyschogrod, Michael 55 Tillich, Paul 112 Toorn, Karel van der 19, 77 Yoder, John H. 183 Toperoff, Shlomo Pesach 53-54 Yonge, C.D. 41 Touilleux, Paul 66, 68 Tov, Emmanuel 143 Trocme, Etienne 77

Uffenheimer, Benjamin 9 Uhlig, S. 91 Ulrich, Eugene 143 Unnik, W. C. van 160, 169 Subject Index

666 • 104, 115 Apocalypse of John 144,000« 129, 173, 183, 188 canonization of 3 Apocalypticism 3, 6-8, 10-13, 18, 47- Aaron 105 52, 75-82, 89, 103-104, 106, 108, Abel 169 112-115, 118-119, 123, 136, 149, Abraham 137-140 155, 160, 175, 183, 190, 192, 194- Achaemenid Art 164 196, 200, 204-205 Achilles 57 Apollo 57-59, 67-68 Actium 124 Apollo Diradiotes 65 Aeëtes 61 Apollodorus (Pseudo-) 60 Aelian, Claudius 41, 48, 51 Apuleius 84 Aeneas 62 Aqedah 128, 137-140 Aeneid 62 Aquilah 218 Aerope 61 Aramaic 27, 70, 73, 90-93, 97, 99, 102, Aesop 52-55, 75 104-105,210 African Meriotic Empire 46 Ares55-56 Africanus, Sextus Julius 48 Arestes 60 Agdistis 66 Argonauts 60 Alcman 41 Argos 58, 65 Alexander Jannaeus 166 Aries 59, 68-73, 204 Alexander the Great 58, 124, 137 Aristotle 41 Alkmaionis 61 Armenian 81, 84-88 Amenhotep HI 44 Arniobolium 68 Ammon 47, 57-58, 100-101 Art, Christian 2, 13 Ammonites 89, 182 Artemis 66 Ammon-Re 46, 57-58 Asclepius cult 63 Amor (Syria) 50 Asenath 88 Amos 126-127 Asia38, 46, 52, 58, 66-68, 70, 123-126, Amphiaraus 65 130, 153, 157-158, 172, 178, 217 Amun 44, 46-^7, 57, 70 Assyria 50, 89 Anabaptists of Münster 6-7 Astral mythology 68-71, 73-74 Animal worship 41, 43-45, 47, 51, 71- Aswan 45 72, 75, 99-100 Athamas 60 Antiochos 61 Athena 56, 60, 64 Antiochus Epiphanes 89, 136, 167, 182 Atonement theology 11, 25, 30, 67, 84, Antipas 122, 154, 172-173, 218 87-88, 128-130, 133, 138, 140, 148, Apion of Alexandria 48 150, 161, 169-170, 202, 204 Apis 40, 59, 83, 101 Atreus 60-62 Subject Index 271 Attic period pottery 62 Colophon 58 Attis 66, 68 Combat myth: see "divine warrior tradi- Augustine 2-3 tion" Augustus 65, 124 Conquering: see "Victory" Authorial intent 16-17, 119, 171, 186, Consistent resistance (WIO|IOVT|) 122- 196, 202 123, 156, 161, 174-175, 182, 185, Avenge: see "Vengeance" 187, 201 Azzai, Ben 23 Constans, Emperor 67 Crete 56 Baal Zephon 72 Criobolium 67-68 Babrius 52-54 Crusades 1-2 Babylon 10, 48-49, 52, 71, 117, 194 Cybele 60, 66-68 Bagoses 34 Bakenranef 47 Damnatio memoriae 124 Balaamites 177 Dante 7 Banebdjedet 43 Date of Revelation's composition 123 Bara 71 David 78, 89, 96-97, 104-106, 135 Beast 20, 26, 41, 55, 59, 82, 89, 91, 97, David, Root of: see "Root of David" 104, 115, 117-118, 127, 129, 135- Dead Sea Scrolls 36, 69-70, 84, 91, 105, 136, 152-153, 169, 171, 179, 184- 139, 142-143, 164, 166-167 186, 190, 199, 217 (see also "Qumran") Belial 139 Decoding: see "referentialism" Beliar 88 Delay of the Parousia 119, 150 Beth Alpha synagogue 72 Deliberative rhetoric: see "Rhetoric, Bethlehem 141 deliberative" Birket Karun 48 Delphi 58 Bocchoris 42, 47-51, 75, 100, 103 Demetrius 166 Branch Davidians 5 Didyma 58 Bride 68 Dindymus, Mt. 66 Bubastis 49 Dionysius of Alexandria 2 Bull 30-31, 40, 51, 59, 64, 67-68, 71- Dionysos 59-60 72, 80-81, 83-85, 90, 92, 96-98, 109 Dispensationalism 115, 150, 195 Divine warrior tradition 19-20, 87, 103, Cain 169 111, 142, 146, 151, 155, 168, 182- Caligula: see "Gaius" 184, 189, 193, 200, 205 Catal Huyuk 43 Diwya 56 Christology 11, 17-19, 22, 27 Djebel Bes Seba 43 Circe 68 Domination system 9, 18, 53, 116, 170, Civica Cerealis 125-126 186, 194-195, 197-201, 203, 205 Civil disobedience 1 Dominus et deus noster 125 Civil war, American 6 Domitian 58, 66, 120-126 Claras 58 Domitianic persecution 120-124, 196 Claudius 68 Dragon 20, 41, 60, 136, 151, 153, 184- Clement of Alexandria 123 186 Cleopatra 124 Dura-Europos 72 Colchis 61 272 Subject Index

Eagle 57, 69 Golden calf 71 Edomites 89 Golden cow 84 Egypt 28, 40-52, 56-60, 63, 66, 71-72, Golden fleece 60-62, 73 75, 83-85, 89, 99-100, 103-104, 132, Golden lamb 60 164-165 Golden ram 60 El 40 Goliath 104-106 Eleazar 181 Greece 45, 51-52, 57-67, 75 Elephantine 45-46, 100 Emperor cult 8, 58, 63, 65-67, 118, 120- Hacilar pottery 46 121, 123-127, 153, 171, 174, 176, Hadrian 101 198-199 Hammat Tiberias synagogue 70 Emro 71 Hasidim 90 En Gedi 72 Hebit 49 Enki 53 Hecate 60 Enochic corpus (1 Enoch) 69 Heliopolis 49 Ephesus 58, 66, 109, 123-126, 153, 177, Helios 60, 72 219 Helle 60-61 Ephrathah 141 Hellenization 90 Epideictic rhetoric: see "Rhetoric, Hellespont 61 epideictic" Hera 61 Erebus 68 Heracles 47, 60 Eros60 Hermeneutics 13-18, 113, 117, 151 Esau 54 Hermes 59-60, 65 Ethics 5-13, 16-21, 64, 116-117, 127, Hermopolis 49 153-159, 170-205 Herod Antipas 55 Etruscan religion 69 Herod the Great 69 Euphrates 218 Herodotus 41^2, 44-45, 47, 64, 99 Euripides 60 Heros 56 Eusebius 2, 42, 48, 67, 121 Hezekiah 182 Exodus, the 47, 72, 100, 103, 131-132, Hillel 28 134, 146-147, 182 Hippolytus 2 Expiation of sin: see "Atonement Historical-critical method 16-17, 117, theology" 191, 196-197 History of effects 5, 12, 111, 185-186, Firmicus Maternus 67 197, 199 Forensic rhetoric: see "Rhetoric, foren- Hittite Empire 80 sic" Holy war tradition: see "Divine warrior Fox, George 7-8 tradition" Homer 56-59, 64, 75 Gaius (Caligula) 2, 124 Horns 24, 42, 45-48, 51, 62-63, 79-81, Generative mimetic scapegoat mechan- 83-85, 87-91, 97, 135-137, 141, 160- ism 162, 186 161, 168, 220 Genre criticism 10 Hymns of the Apocalypse 129-130 Gentiles (or "nations") 10, 53, 82, 84, 88, 91, 96-97, 101, 114, 134, 140- Ilios 57 141, 143, 152, 166, 168, 174, 178, Imperial cult: see "Emperor cult" 183, 185 Subject Index 273 India 71 Lamb of God 12, 25, 28, 77, 79, 82, 84- Ino 60 88, 150 Intertextuality 13 Lamb-Redeemer figure 76-80, 82, 85- Iolcus 61 88, 103-106, 108, 149, 160, 196 Ipemedeya 56 Lamb's War 8 Irenaeus 2, 120, 122, 202 Lampstands 110-111, 116 Isaac 128, 137-140 Laodicea 125, 177-178, 220 Ishmael, Rabbi 23 Law of Moses 1 Isis 45, 66, 84 Linen 83-84 Islam 127, 137-138 Lion 12, 34, 51, 53-57, 65, 67, 75, 78, 81, 86, 89, 98, 104, 109-110, 140- Jacob 54, 210 146, 159-161, 163-168, 170, 187- Jannes and Jambres 87, 102-103 188, 190-191, 195-196, 198, 220 Jason 60-61 Liturgy: see "Worship" Jeroboam II126 Livia 124 Jerusalem 1, 26, 34, 90, 97, 123, 147, Lucian 73 155, 166 Luristan tribes (Iran) 80 Jewish war 33 Jezebel 152, 177, 186, 200 Maccabeans 89, 96, 140 Joachim of Fiore 6 Macedonians 90 Job 101 Magna Mater 66-67 John the Baptist 25, 27-28, 160 Manetho 47^8 Jonathan ben Uzziel 102 Manilius, Marcus 73 Joseph 88 Marcion and Marcionism 2, 119 Joseph and Asenath 88 Mark Antony 124 Josephus 32-37 Martyrdom 1, 21, 95, 121-123, 138-140, Joshua, Rabbi 101 154, 161, 169, 173-176, 178-182, Judah bar Simon, Rabbi 98 184, 202, 205 Judah the Levite (bar Shallum) 99 Mastema 139 Judah, tribe of 78, 82, 87, 151-152, 163- Medea 42, 61-62 164, 166, 168, 202 Media 135 Judas Maccabeus 90, 165 Megalensia 66 Judgment 23, 95, 122, 127, 134, 141, Melito 104, 121, 130 146, 157, 163, 176, 187, 189 Memphis 83 Juno 60 Mendes 43 Jupiter 60 Mercury 59 Justin Martyr 2 Meroe 44 Messiah 4, 12, 38, 51, 76, 78-79, 82, Khnum 45^6, 49, 100 84-85, 87, 96, 103-105, 108, 136, 142, 150, 152, 159-160, 164-168, Laban 210 174-175, 178, 183, 189, 191, 202, 221 Lamb 5, 8, 12-13, 18-42, 44, 47-57, 59- Metaphor 20, 59, 74, 80, 108-112, 116, 65, 68-73, 75-90, 92-93, 96-111, 144, 146, 166-167, 189-191, 217 115-116, 120, 127-151, 154, 158- Methodius 2 163, 165, 167-170, 172-176, 178- Middle Ages 6 180, 182-198, 200-205, 207, 220 Mihos 164 274 Subject Index Miletus 58, 124 Parables, rabbinic 55, 100 Millenarianism 2, 6 Parousia: see "Delay of the Parousia" Millerites 7 Passover 25, 29, 31, 34, 71-72, 76-77, Miriam 102 79, 100, 104, 108, 128, 130-134, 138- Mishnah 32 139, 161, 170, 207,211 Mithraism 67 Patient endurance: see "Consistent resist- Moabites 89, 182 ance" Molech 98 Patmos 74, 122-123, 173 Montanism 5 Paul 3, 25, 118, 130, 169, 196, 204 Montanus and Montanism 66, 119 Pausanias 59-60 Moriah 137-138 Pelias 61-62 Moses 71, 99, 101-104, 131-132 Pelops 60 Munster Anabaptists 7 Peresa 56 Muraba'at 142 Pergamum 66-67, 122, 124, 126, 220 Mycenae 56 Persecution 7, 51, 74, 89-90, 98, 120- 124, 132, 153, 196, 204 Naga 44 (see also "Domitianic persecution") Nagar (Ethiopic) 91-92, 97 Persia 58, 135 Naljal Sever 142 Pessinus 66 Natan, Rabbi 101 Petrarch 7 Nations: see "Gentiles" Phaedrus 52-54 Nephele 60 Philadelphia 177, 220 Nero 121, 123-124 Philistines 89 New Jerusalem 2-3, 10, 119, 155, 180, Philo 1, 32, 35-37, 41, 55, 72, 75 189-190, 201 Philo (Pseudo-) 104-105 Nicolaitans 177, 184 Phrixus 60-62 Nineveh 49 Phrygia 59, 66, 69 Ninhursag 53 Pindar 60 Noah 98 Plato 60 Nonviolence 1, 7-9, 11, 20, 25, 100, 119, Pliny the Elder 41-42 127, 142, 146, 148, 161, 170, 174, Pliny the Younger 121, 154, 175 176, 181-183, 185-187, 190, 196, Plutarch 83-84 198-201, 203-205 Political ethics 6-10, 16, 18, 25, 38, 41, Nubians 45 44, 51, 93, 95, 116-117, 125, 140, Nymphs 60 151-155, 161, 166, 168, 172, 174, 176, 184, 187, 191, 193-194, 196- Octavian: see "Augustus" 197, 200-201 Onkelos 102 Pompey 97-98, 147-148 Origen 2 Pontius Pilate 1 Osiris 45, 70, 83-84 Poseidon 60 Ovid 42 Praetextatus 99 Priapus 60 Paleolithic art 42-43 Psalms of David (Non-Massoretic) 105- Pan 59-60 106 Panathenaia, Greater 64 Psalms of Zion 2 Papias 202 Psenyris 49-50 Subject Index 275 Pshenljor 49 Samuel 105 Ptolemies 90 Sardis 65, 69, 121, 125, 130, 177, 220 Pu'ah 102 Saul 89, 165 Pylos 55 Scroll 5, 13,51-52 Sebennytus 49 Quaker tradition 7 Sefer HaRazim 72 Qumran 36, 70, 72-73, 84, 90, 142-143, Seleucids 89-90, 114 165, 167, 185, 191 Sennacherib 141, 182 (see also "Dead Sea Scrolls") Senate 124-125 Septuagint (LXX) 25-29, 32, 34-39, 79- Rabelais 7 80, 97, 108, 132-134, 140-143, 169, Ram 22-26, 30-31, 35, 41-47, 49, 51, 181,207,210-211,218, 221 57-62, 64—68, 70-73, 75, 78-80, 83, Seven wonders of the world 66 89-90, 93, 96-97, 99-101, 106, 108- Shabako 47 109, 135-140, 146, 161 Shallum, Rabbi 99 Rashi 99 Shammai 28 Red Sea 132 Shifra 102 Referentialism 111-119, 163 Shu 47 Renaissance 6 Slaughter 2, 25, 31, 38, 68, 97-98, 111, Resistance literature 9-11, 18, 20, 51, 127-129, 133-134, 144, 146-147, 65-66, 95, 100, 116, 119, 127, 153- 159-161, 165, 168-170, 173-176, 155, 172, 174-175, 203-204 179, 220 Revenge: see "Vengeance" Smyrna 66, 125, 177, 219 Rhea 66-67 Soba 44 Rhetoric and rhetorical method 5-7, 10, Social ethics 6-9, 11 12-16, 18, 20-21, 27-28, 39, 74, 109, Sokhnopaiou Nesos 48 111, 116-117, 119-121, 123, 126, Sophocles 58 129, 150, 154-158, 160-162, 169- Suetonius 125 173, 175-178, 180, 182, 185-188, Suffering servant 11, 108, 128, 133-135 190, 192, 194, 197-200, 204-205, 217 Sumerian fables 52-53, 55, 59 Rhetoric, deliberative 156 Susanna 99 Rhetoric, epideictic 156-157, 205 Symbolism and symbol analysis 14, 15, Rhetoric, forensic 156-157 18-20, 31, 38, 40-76, 80, 82, 90-91, Roma 124 98-99, 101, 108-120, 127-128, 130, Roman Empire 126, 153 132-133, 135-136, 143-144, 147-148, Rome 45, 49, 51-52, 66, 99, 117, 120, 150-151, 153, 155, 158-161, 164- 124-125, 132, 152-153, 157, 171, 167, 170, 176, 180, 185-187, 190- 186, 194, 205 191, 193, 195-196, 199-200, 202- Root of David 64, 78, 152, 163-164, 204, 207, 217 166-168, 202, 220 Symbols, "steno" 111-116 Symbols, "tensive" 111-114, 116, 147 Sacrifice 1, 23, 26, 29-39, 43-44, 47, 54, Syria 50-51, 89 57, 59-65, 68, 75, 78, 98-101, 108- Syriac 106 109, 128-131, 133, 137-140, 144, 147, 159, 161-162, 189, 195-197, Tacitus 42, 100, 125 202, 207 Taharqo 44 276 Subject Index Tamid (daily sacrifice) 33-34, 128, 132, 101-102, 104, 111, 127-129, 131- 138-139 133, 144, 149, 151, 153, 159, 161, Tanagra 65 163-165, 168-170, 172-173, 175-196, Tarfon, Rabbi 23 198, 200-205 Taurobolium 67-68 Violence 1, 7-8, 11-13, 15, 18, 20, 25, Taurus 68, 70-71 41, 53-54, 56, 59, 62, 75, 79, 89, 97- Tertullian 2 99, 102, 105, 140, 142, 146-148, 162, Testify, testimony: see "Witness" 164-165, 167, 169, 171, 180, 182- Thebes 46,71 183, 186-190, 192-200, 203-205 Theodotion 218 Virgil 62-63 Theriomorphism 45, 52 Vulnerability 25, 29, 31-32, 37-39, 52- Thrace 52 55, 57, 75, 79, 97-99, 101-103, 105- Throne 24, 32, 58, 61, 68, 94-95, 110, 106, 108-109, 128, 135, 139-140, 122, 129, 149, 153, 159, 162-163, 144-147, 149, 153, 160, 167, 170, 168-169, 178-179, 200 175-176, 196, 202-204, 207, 210 Thyatira 177-178, 220 Thyestes 60-62, 73 Waco tragedy (1993) 5 Tiberias 124 Whore 174, 185-186, 194 Trajan 121, 154, 175 Witness 3, 20-21, 122, 152, 154, 169, Tree of life 94 172-175, 178-180, 184, 187, 192, Tribe of Judah: see "Judah, Tribe of' 194, 196, 198, 200-205, 218, 220 Triumph: see "Victory" Wolf 26, 39, 42, 53-55, 57-59, 75, 89, Trophonius 60 98-99, 101, 103, 109, 143-145, 148, Turnus 62 165, 187, 202-203 Tyconius 2 Worship 1, 41, 43-45, 47, 51, 58, 60, 62, 63, 66-69, 71-72, 84, 95, 99-100, Ugaritic 79 105, 121, 124, 153-155, 157-158, Ulysses 68 160, 167-169, 174, 184, 193, 217 Universalism 84 Wrath of the Lamb 24, 149, 191 Urban H, Pope 2 Yom Kippur 33, 35 Vengeance (avenge, revenge) 3, 13, 62, Yose bar Nehorai, Rabbi 98 122, 136, 175, 185-191, 195, 204 Victim (victimization) 57, 75, 97, 101, Zeus 47, 58, 60-61 106, 144-145, 148-149, 160, 170, Zion, Mount 129, 131, 173, 175 175-176, 186, 190-191 Zodiac 68, 70-73, 83 Victorinus 2 Zoroastrianism 69 Victory (conquering, triumph) 10, 12, 20-21, 24, 38, 50, 58, 68, 81-83, 85, Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament Alphabetical Index of the First and Second Series

Ädna, Jostein: Jesu Stellung zum Tempel. Baum, Armin Daniel: Pseudepigraphie und 2000. Volume 11/119. literarische Fälschung im frühen Christen- Ädna, Jostein and Kvalbein, Hans (Ed.): The tum. 2001. Volume 11/138. Mission of the Early Church to Jews and Bayer, Hans Friedrich: Jesus' Predictions of Gentiles. 2000. Volume 127. Vindication and Resurrection. 1986. Alkier, Stefan: Wunder und Wirklichkeit in den Volume 11/20. Briefen des Apostels Paulus. 2001. Becker, Michael: Wunder und Wundertäter Volume 134. im früh-rabbinischen Judentum. 2002. Anderson, Paul N.: The Christology of the Volume 11/144. Fourth Gospel. 1996. Volume 11/78. Bell, Richard H.: Provoked to Jealousy. 1994. Appold, Mark L: The Oneness Motif in the Volume 11/63. Fourth Gospel. 1976. Volume 11/1. - No One Seeks for God. 1998. Volume 106. Arnold, Clinton E.: The Colossian Syncretism. Bennema, Comelis: The Power of Saving 1995. Volume 11/77. Wisdom. 2002. Volume 11/148. Ascough, Richard S.: Paul's Macedonian Bergman, Jan: see Kieffer, René Associations. 2003. Volume 11/161. Bergmeier, Roland: Das Gesetz im Römerbrief Asiedu-Peprah, Martin: Johannine Sabbath und andere Studien zum Neuen Testament. Conflicts As Juridical Controversy. 2001. 2000. Volume 121. Volume 11/132. Betz, Otto: Jesus, der Messias Israels. 1987. Avemarie, Friedrich: Die Tauferzählungen der Volume 42. Apostelgeschichte. 2002. Volume 139. - Jesus, der Herr der Kirche. 1990. Volume 52. Avemarie, Friedrich and Hermann Lichtenberger Beyschlag, Karlmann: Simon Magus und die (Ed.): Auferstehung-Ressurection. 2001. christliche Gnosis. 1974. Volume 16. Volume 135. Bittner, Wolf gang J. : Jesu Zeichen im Johannes- Avemarie, Friedrich and Hermann evangelium. 1987. Volume 11/26. Lichtenberger (Ed.): Bund und Tora. 1996. Bjerkelund, Carl J.: Tauta Egeneto. 1987. Volume 92. Volume 40. Bachmann, Michael: Sünder oder Übertreter. Blackburn, Barry Lee: Theios Anér and the 1992. Volume 59. Markan Miracle Traditions. 1991. Back, Frances: Verwandlung durch Offenbarung Volume 11/40. bei Paulus. 2002. Volume 11/153. Bock, Darreil L. : Blasphemy and Exaltation in Baker, William R.: Personal Speech-Ethics in the Judaism and the Final Examination of Jesus. Epistle of James. 1995. Volume 11/68. 1998. Volume 11/106. Bakke, OddMagne: 'Concord and Peace'. Bockmuehl, Markus N.A.: Revelation and 2001. Volume 11/143. Mystery in Ancient Judaism and Pauline Balla, Peter: Challenges to New Testament Christianity. 1990. Volume 11/36. Theology. 1997. Volume 11/95. B0e, Sverre: Gog and Magog. 2001. - The Child-Parent Relationship in the New Volume 11/135. Testament and its Environment. 2003. Böhlig, Alexander: Gnosis und Synkretismus. Volume 155. Teil 1 1989. Volume 47- Teil 2 1989. Bammel, Emst: Judaica. Volume I 1986. Volume 48. Volume 37. Böhm, Martina: Samarien und die Samaritai bei - Volume II 1997. Volume 91. Lukas. 1999. Volume 11/111. Bash, Anthony: Ambassadors for Christ. 1997. Böttrich, Christfried: Weltweisheit - Mensch- Volume 11/92. heitsethik - Urkult. 1992. Volume 11/50. Bauernfeind, Otto: Kommentar und Studien zur Bolyki, Jänos: Jesu Tischgemeinschaften. 1997. Apostelgeschichte. 1980. Volume 22. Volume 11/96. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament

Bosman, Philip: Conscience in Philo and Paul. Dickson, John P.: Mission-Commitment in 2003. Volume 11/166. Ancient Judaism and in the Pauline Brocke, Christoph vom: Thessaloniki - Stadt Communities. 2003. Volume 11/159. des Kassander und Gemeinde des Paulus. Dietzfelbinger, Christian: Der Abschied des 2001. Volume 11/125. Kommenden. 1997. Volume 95. Brunson, Andrew: Psalm 118 in the Gospel of Dobbeler, Axel von: Glaube als Teilhabe. 1987. John. 2003. Volume 11/158. Volume 11/22. Büchli, Jörg: Der Poimandres - ein paganisier- Du Toit, DavidS.: Theios Anthropos. 1997. tes Evangelium. 1987. Volume 11/27. Volume 11/91 Buhner, Jan A.: Der Gesandte und sein Weg im Dunn, James D.G. (Ed.): Jews and Christians. 4. Evangelium. 1977. Volume 11/2. 1992. Volume 66. Burkhard, Christoph: Untersuchungen zu - Paul and the Mosaic Law. 1996. Volume 89. Joseph und Aseneth. 1965. Volume 8. Dunn, James D.G., Hans Klein, Ulrich Luz and - Studien zur Theologie, Sprache und Umwelt Vasile Mihoc (Ed.): Auslegung der Bibel in des Neuen Testaments. Ed. von D. Sänger. orthodoxer und westlicher Perspektive. 2000. 1998. Volume 107. Volume 130. Burnett, Richard: Karl Barth's Theological Ebertz, Michael N.: Das Charisma des Gekreu- Exegesis. 2001. Volume 11/145. zigten. 1987. Volume 45. Byron, John: Slavery Metaphors in Early Eckstein, Hans-Joachim: Der Begriff Syneidesis Judaism and Pauline Christianity. 2003. bei Paulus. 1983. Volume 11/10. Volume 11/162. - Verheißung und Gesetz. 1996. Volume 86. Byrskog, Samuel: Story as History - History as Ego, Beate: Im Himmel wie auf Erden. 1989. Story. 2000. Volume 123. Volume 11/34 Cancik, Hubert (Ed.): Markus-Philologie. 1984. Ego, Beate and Lange, Armin with Pilhofer, Peter Volume 33. (Ed ): Gemeinde ohne Tempel-Community Capes, David B.: Old Testament Yaweh Texts in without Temple. 1999. Volume 118. Paul's Christology. 1992. Volume 11/47. Eisen, Ute E.: see Paulsen, Henning. Caragounis, Chrys C.: The Son of Man. 1986. Ellis, E. Earle: Prophecy and Hermeneutic in Volume 38. Early Christianity. 1978. Volume 18. - see Fridrichsen, Anton. - The Old Testament in Early Christianity. Carleton Paget, James: The Epistle of Barnabas. 1991. Volume 54. 1994. Volume 11/64. Endo, Masanobu: Creation and Christology. Carson, D.A., O'Brien, Peter T. and Mark 2002. Volume 149. Seifrid (Ed.): Justification and Variegated Ennulat, Andreas: Die 'Minor Agreements'. Nomism: A Fresh Appraisal of Paul and 1994. Volume 11/62. Second Temple Judaism. Volume 1: The Ensor, Peter W.: Jesus and His 'Works'. 1996. Complexities of Second Temple Judaism. Volume 11/85. Volume 11/140. Eskola, Timo: Messiah and the Throne. 2001. Ciampa, Roy E.: The Presence and Function of Volume 11/142. Scripture in Galatians 1 and 2.1998. - Theodicy and Predestination in Pauline Volume 11/102. Soteriology. 1998. Volume 11/100. Classen, Carl Joachim: Rhetorical Criticsm of Fatehi, Mehrdad: The Spirit's Relation to the the New Testament. 2000. Volume 128. Risen Lord in Paul. 2000. Volume 11/128. Colpe, Carsten: Iranier - Aramäer - Hebräer - Feldmeier, Reinhard: Die Krisis des Gottessoh- Hellenen. 2003. Volume 154. nes. 1987. Volume 11/21. Crump, David: Jesus the Intercessor. 1992. - Die Christen als Fremde. 1992. Volume 64. Volume 11/49. Feldmeier, Reinhard and Ulrich Heckel (Ed.): Dahl, Nils Alstrup: Studies in Ephesians. 2000. Die Heiden. 1994. Volume 70. Volume 131. Fletcher-Louis, CrispinH.T.: Luke-Acts: Deines, Roland: Jüdische Steingefäße und phari- Angels, Christology and Soteriology. 1997. säische Frömmigkeit. 1993. Volume 11/52. Volume 11/94. - Die Pharisäer. 1997. Volume 101. Förster, Niclas: Marcus Magus. 1999. Dettwiler, Andreas and Jean Zumstein (Ed.): Volume 114. Kreuzestheologie im Neuen Testament. Forbes, Christopher Brian: Prophecy and 2002. Volume 151. Inspired Speech in Early Christianity and its Hellenistic Environment. 1995. Volume 11/75. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament

Fornberg, Tord: see Fridrichsen, Anton. Hartog, Paul: Polycarp and the New Testament. Fossum, Jarl E.: The Name of God and the 2001. Volume 11/134. Angel of the Lord. 1985. Volume 36. Heckel, Theo K.: Der Innere Mensch. 1993. Fotopoulos, John: Food Offered to Idols in Volume 11/53. Roman Corinth. 2003. Volume ¡1/151. - Vom Evangelium des Markus zum viergestal- Frenschkowski, Marco: Offenbarung und tigen Evangelium. 1999. Volume 120. Epiphanie. Volume 1 1995. Volume 11/79- Heckel, Ulrich: Kraft in Schwachheit. 1993. Volume 2 1997. Volume 11/80. Volume 11/56. Frey, Jörg: Eugen Drewermann und die - Der Segen im Neuen Testament. 2002. biblische Exegese. 1995. Volume 11/71. Volume 150. - Diejohanneische Eschatologie. Volume I. - see Feldmeier, Reinhard. 1997. Volume 96. - Volume II. 1998. - see Hengel, Martin. Volume 110. Heiligenthal, Roman: Werke als Zeichen. 1983. - Volume III. 2000. Volume 117. Volume 11/9. Freyne, Sean: Galilee and Gospel. 2000. Hellholm, D.: see Hartman, Lars. Volume 125. Hemer, Colin J.: The Book of Acts in the Setting Fridrichsen, Anton: Exegetical Writings. Edited of Hellenistic History. 1989. Volume 49. by C.C. Caragounis andT. Fornberg. 1994. Hengel, Martin: Judentum und Hellenismus. Volume 76. 1969,31988. Volume 10. Garlington, Don B.: 'The Obedience of Faith'. - Die johanneische Frage. 1993. Volume 67. 1991. Volume 11/38. - Judaica et Hellenistica. - Faith, Obedience, and Perseverance. 1994. Kleine Schriften 1.1996. Volume 90. Volume 79. - Judaica, Hellenistica et Christiana. Garnet, Paul: Salvation and Atonement in the Kleine Schriften II. 1999. Volume 109. Qumran Scrolls. 1977. Volume 11/3. - Paulus und Jakobus. Gese, Michael: Das Vermächtnis des Apostels. Kleine Schriften III. 2002. Volume 141. 1997. Volume 11/99. Hengel, Martin and Ulrich Heckel (Ed.): Paulus Gheorghita, Radu: The Role of the Septuagint und das antike Judentum. 1991. Volume 58. in Hebrews. 2003. Volume 11/160. Hengel, Martin and Hermut Lohr (Ed.): Grabe, Petrus J.: The Power of God in Paul's Schriftauslegung im antiken Judentum und Letters. 2000. Volume 11/123. im Urchristentum. 1994. Volume 73. Größer, Erich: Der Alte Bund im Neuen. 1985. Hengel, Martin and Anna Maria Schwemer: Volume 35. Paulus zwischen Damaskus und Antiochien. - Forschungen zur Apostelgeschichte. 2001. 1998. Volume 108. Volume 137. - Dermessianische Anspruch Jesu und die Green, Joel B.: The Death of Jesus. 1988. Anfänge der Christologie. 2001. Volume 138. Volume 11/33. Hengel, Martin and Anna Maria Schwemer Gregory, Anthony: The Reception of Luke and (Ed.): Königsherrschaft Gottes und himm- Acts in the Period before Irenaeus. 2003. lischer Kult. 1991. Volume 55. Volume 11/169. - Die Septuaginta. 1994. Volume 72. Gundry Volf, Judith M.: Paul and Perseverance. Hengel, Martin; Siegfried Mittmann and Anna 1990. Volume 11/37. Maria Schwemer (Ed.): La Cité de Dieu / Hafemann, Scott J.: Suffering and the Spirit. Die Stadt Gottes. 2000. Volume 129. 1986. Volume 11/19. Herrenbrück, Fritz: Jesus und die Zöllner. 1990. - Paul, Moses, and the History of Israel. 1995. Volume 11/41. Volume 81. Herzer, Jens: Paulus oder Petrus? 1998. Hahn, Johannes (Ed.): Zerstörungen des Volume 103. Jerusalemer Tempels. 2002. Volume 147. Hoegen-Rohls, Christina: Der nachösterliche Hannah, Darrel D.: Michael and Christ. 1999. Johannes. 1996. Volume 11/84. Volume U/109. Hofius, Otfried: Katapausis. 1970. Volume 11. Hamid-Khani, Saeed: Relevation and Con- - Der Vorhang vor dem Thron Gottes. 1972. cealment of Christ. 2000. Volume 11/120. Volume 14. Hartman, Lars: Text-Centered New Testament - Der Christushymnus Philipper 2,6-11.1976, Studies. Ed. von D. Hellholm. 1997. 21991. Volume 17. Volume 102. - Paulusstudien. 1989,21994. Volume 51. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament

- Neutestamentliche Studien. 2000. Volume 132. - and Karl-Wilhelm Niebuhr (Ed.): Früh- - Paulusstudien II. 2002. Volume 143. judentum und Neues Testament im Horizont Hofius, Otfried and Hans-Christian Kammler: Biblischer Theologie. 2003. Volume 162. Johannesstudien. 1996. Volume 88. - see Walter, Nikolaus. Holtz, Traugott: Geschichte und Theologie des Kreplin, Matthias: Das Selbstverständnis Jesu. Urchristentums. 1991. Volume 57. 2001. Volume 11/141. Hommel, Hildebrecht: Sebasmata. Volume 1 1983. Kuhn, Karl G.: Achtzehngebet und Vaterunser Volume 31 - Volume 2 1984. Volume 32. und der Reim. 1950. Volume 1. Hvalvik, Reidar: The Struggle for Scripture and Kvalbein, Hans: see Ädna, Jostein. Covenant. 1996. Volume II/82. Laansma, Jon: I Will Give You Rest. 1997. Johns, Loren L.: The Lamb Christology of the Volume 11/98. Apocalypseof John. 2003. Volume 11/167. Labahn, Michael: Offenbarung in Zeichen und Joubert, Stephan: Paul as Benefactor. 2000. Wort. 2000. Volume 11/117. Volume 11/124. Lambers-Petry, Doris: see Tomson, Peter J. Jungbauer, Harry: „Ehre Vater und Mutter". Lange, Armin: see Ego, Beate. 2002. Volume 11/146. Lampe, Peter: Die stadtrömischen Christen in Kühler, Christoph: Jesu Gleichnisse als Poesie den ersten beiden Jahrhunderten. 1987, und Therapie. 1995. Volume 78. 21989. Volume 11/18. Kamiah, Ehrhard: Die Form der katalogischen Landmesser, Christof: Wahrheit als Grundbe- Paränese im Neuen Testament. 1964. Volume 7. griff neutestamentlicher Wissenschaft. 1999. Kammler, Hans-Christian: Christologie und Volume 113. Eschatologie. 2000. Volume 126. - Jüngerberufung und Zuwendung zu Gott. - Kreuz und Weisheit. 2003. Volume 159. 2000. Volume 133. - see Hofius, Otfried. Lau, Andrew: Manifest in Flesh. 1996. Kelhoffer, James A.: Miracle and Mission. 1999. Volume 11/86. Volume 11/112. Lawrence, Louise: An Ethnography of the Kieffer, René and Jan Bergman (Ed.): La Main de Gospel of Matthew. 2003. Volume 11/165. Dieu / Die Hand Gottes. 1997. Volume 94. Lee, Pilchan: The New Jerusalem in the Book of Kim, Seyoon: The Origin of Paul's Gospel. Relevation. 2000. Volume II/129. 1981,21984. Volume 11/4. Lichtenberger, Hermann: see Avemarie, - "The 'Son of Man' " as the Son of God. Friedrich. 1983. Volume 30. Lieu, SamuelN.C.: Manichaeism in the Later Klauck, Hans-Josef: Religion und Gesellschaft Roman Empire and Medieval China. 21992. im frühen Christentum. 2003. Volume 152. Volume 63. Klein, Hans: see Dunn, James D.G.. Loader, William R.G.: Jesus' Attitude Towards Kleinknecht, Karl Th.: Der leidende Gerechtfer- the Law. 1997. Volume 11/97. tigte. 1984,21988. Volume 11/13. Lohr, Gebhard: Verherrlichung Gottes durch Klinghardt, Matthias: Gesetz und Volk Gottes. Philosophie. 1997. Volume 97. 1988. Volume II/32. Lohr, Hermut: Studien zum frühchristlichen und Köhler, Wolf-Dietrich: Rezeption des Matthäus- frühjüdischen Gebet. 2003. Volume 160. evangeliums in der Zeit vor Irenaus. 1987. -: see Hengel, Martin. Volume II/24. Lohr, Winrich Alfried: Basilides und seine Kooten, George H. van: Cosmic Christology in Schule. 1995. Volume 83. Paul and the Pauline School. 2003. Luomanen, Petri: Entering the Kingdom of Volume 11/171. Heaven. 1998. Volume 11/101. Korn, Manfred: Die Geschichte Jesu in Luz, Ulrich: see Dunn, James D.G. veränderter Zeit. 1993. Volume 11/51. Maier, Gerhard: Mensch und freier Wille. 1971. Koskenniemi, Erkki: Apollonios von Tyana in Volume 12. der neutestamentlichen Exegese. 1994. - Die Johannesoffenbarung und die Kirche. Volume 11/61. 1981. Volume 25. Kraus, Thomas J.: Sprache, Stil und historischer Markschies, Christoph: Valentinus Gnosticus? Ort des zweiten Petrusbriefes. 2001. 1992. Volume 65. Volume 11/136. Marshall, Peter: Enmity in Corinth: Social Kraus, Wolfgang: Das Volk Gottes. 1996. Conventions in Paul's Relations with the Volume 85. Corinthians. 1987. Volume U/23. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament

Mayer, Annemarie: Sprache der Einheit im Obermann, Andreas: Die christologische Epheserbrief und in der Ökumene. 2002. Erfüllung der Schrift im Johannesevangeli- Volume 11/150. um. 1996. Volume II/83. McDonough, Sean M.: YHWH at Patmos: Ohler, Markus: Barnabas. 2003. Volume 156. Rev. 1:4 in its Hellenistic and Early Jewish Okure, Teresa: The Johannine Approach to Setting. 1999. Volume U/107. Mission. 1988. Volume 11/31. McGlynn, Moyna: Divine Judgement and Oropeza, B. J.: Paul and Apostasy. 2000. Divine Benevolence in the Book of Wisdom. Volume U/115. 2001. Volume 11/139. Ostmeyer, Karl-Heinrich: Taufe und Typos. Meade, David G.: Pseudonymity and Canon. 2000. Volume U/118. 1986. Volume 39. Paulsen, Henning: Studien zur Literatur und Meadors, Edward P: Jesus the Messianic Geschichte des frühen Christentums. Ed. von Herald ofSalvation. 1995. Volume 11/72. Ute E. Eisen. 1997. Volume 99. Meißner, Stefan: Die Heimholung des Ketzers. Pao, David W.: Acts and the Isaianic New 1996. Volume 11/87. Exodus. 2000. Volume U/130. Meli, Ulrich: Die „anderen" Winzer. 1994. Park, Eung Chun: The Mission Discourse in Volume 77. Matthew's Interpretation. 1995. Mengel, Berthold: Studien zum Philipperbrief. Volume U/81. 1982. Volume II/8. Park, Joseph S.: Conceptions of Afterlife in Merkel, Helmut: Die Widersprüche zwischen Jewish Insriptions. 2000. Volume U/121. den Evangelien. 1971. Volume 13. Pate, C. Marvin: The Reverse of the Curse. Merklein, Helmut: Studien zu Jesus und Paulus. 2000. Volume U/114. Volume 1 1987. Volume 43. - Volume 2 Peres, Imre: Griechische Grabinschriften und 1998. Volume 105. neutestamentliche Eschatologie. 2003. Metzdorf, Christina: Die Tempelaktion Jesu. Volume 157. 2003. Volume 11/168. Philonenko, Marc (Ed.): Le Tröne de Dieu. Metzler, Karin: Der griechische Begriff des 1993. Volume 69. Verzeihens. 1991. Volume 11/44. Pilhofer, Peter: Presbyteron Kreitton. 1990. Metzner, Rainer: Die Rezeption des Matthäus- Volume U/39. evangeliums im 1. Petrusbrief. 1995. - Philippi. Volume 1 1995. Volume 87. - Volume 11/74. Volume 2 2000. Volume 119. - Das Verständnis der Sünde im Johannesevan- - Die frühen Christen und ihre Welt. 2002. gelium. 2000. Volume 122. Volume 145. Mihoc, Vasile: see Dunn, James D.G.. - see Ego, Beate. Mineshige, Kiyoshi: Besitzverzicht und Pöhlmann, Wolfgang: Der Verlorene Sohn und Almosen bei Lukas. 2003. Volume 11/163. das Haus. 1993. Volume 68. Mittmann, Siegfried: see Hengel, Martin. Pokorny, Petr and Josef B. Soucek: Bibelausle- Mittmann-Richert, Ulrike: Magnifikat und gung als Theologie. 1997. Volume 100. Benediktas. 1996. Volume 11/90. Pokorny, Petr and Jan Roskovec (Ed.): Mußner, Franz: Jesus von Nazareth im Umfeld Philosophical Hermeneutics and Biblical Israels und der Urkirche. Ed. von M. Exegesis. 2002. Volume 153. Theobald. 1998. Volume 111. Porter, Stanley E.: The Paul of Acts. 1999. Niebuhr, Karl-Wilhelm: Gesetz und Paränese. Volume 115. 1987. Volume 11/28. Prieur, Alexander: Die Verkündigung der - Heidenapostel aus Israel. 1992. Volume 62. Gottesherrschaft. 1996. Volume U/89. - see Kraus, Wolf gang Probst, Hermann: Paulus und der Brief. 1991. Nielsen, Anders E.: "Until it is Fullfilled". 2000. Volume U/45. Volume U/126. Räisänen, Heikki: Paul and the Law. 1983, Nissen, Andreas: Gott und der Nächste im 21987. Volume 29. antiken Judentum. 1974. Volume 15. Rehkopf, Friedrich: Die lukanische Sonderquel- Noack, Christian: Gottesbewußtsein. 2000. le. 1959. Volume 5. Volume 11/116. Rein, Matthias: Die Heilung des Blindgeborenen Noormann, Rolf: Irenäus als Paulusinterpret. (Joh 9). 1995. Volume II/73. 1994. Volume U/66. Reinmuth, Eckart: Pseudo-Philo und Lukas. Novakovic, Lidija: Messiah, the Healer of the 1994. Volume 74. Sick. 2003. Volume U/170. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament

Reiser, Marius: Syntax und Stil des Markus- - Argumentation bei Paulus. 1985. Volume 34. evangeliums. 1984. Volume 11/11. - Philon von Alexandrien. 1988. Volume 46. Richards, E. Randolph: The Secretary in the Simon, Marcel: Le christianisme antique et son Letters of Paul. 1991. Volume 11/42. contexte religieux I/II. 1981. Volume23. Riesner, Rainer: Jesus als Lehrer. 1981,31988. Snodgrass, Klyne: The Parable of the Wicked Volume 11/7. Tenants. 1983. Volume 27. - Die Frühzeit des Apostels Paulus. 1994. Söding, Thomas: Das Wort vom Kreuz. 1997. Volume 71. Volume 93. Rissi, Mathias: Die Theologie des Hebräerbriefs. - see Thüsing, Wilhelm. 1987. Volume 41. Sommer, Urs: Die Passionsgeschichte des Roskovec, Jan: see Pokomy, Petr. Markusevangeliums. 1993. Volume 11/58. Röhser, Günter: Metaphorik und Personifikation Soucek, Josef B.: see Pokorny, Petr. der Sünde. 1987. Volume 11/25. Spangenberg, Volker: Herrlichkeit des Neuen Rose, Christian: Die Wolke der Zeugen. 1994. Bundes. 1993. Volume 11/55. Volume 11/60. Spanje, T.E. van: Inconsistency in Paul? 1999. Rüegger, Hans-Ulrich: Verstehen, was Markus Volume 11/110. erzählt. 2002. Volume 11/155. Speyer, Wolfgang: Frühes Christentum im Rüger, Hans Peter: Die Weisheitsschrift aus der antiken Strahlungsfeld. Volume 1:1989. Kairoer Geniza. 1991. Volume 53. Volume 50. Sänger, Dieter: Antikes Judentum und die - Volume D: 1999. Volume 116. Mysterien. 1980. Volume II/5. Stadelmann, Helge: Ben Sira als Schriftgelehr- - Die Verkündigung des Gekreuzigten und ter. 1980. Volume II/6. Israel. 1994. Volume 75. Stenschke, Christoph W: Luke's Portrait of - see Burchard, Christoph Gentiles Prior to Their Coming to Faith. Salzmann, Jorg Christian: Lehren und Volume II/108. Ermahnen. 1994. Volume 11/59. Stettier, Christian: Der Kolosserhymnus. 2000. Sandnes, Karl Olav: Paul - One of the Volume 11/131. Prophets? 1991. Volume 11/43. Stettier, Hanna: Die Christologie der Pastoral- Sato, Migaku: Q und Prophetie. 1988. briefe. 1998. Volume 11/105. Volume 11/29. Stökl Ben Ezra, Daniel: The Impact of Schapen Joachim: Eschatology in the Greek Yom Kippur on Early Christianity. 2003. Psalter. 1995. Volume 11/76. Volume 163. Schimanowski, Gottfried: Die himmlische Strobel, August: Die Stunde der Wahrheit. 1980. Liturgie in der Apokalypse des Johannes. Volume 21. 2002. Volume 11/154. Stroumsa, GuyG.: Barbarian Philosophy. 1999. - Weisheit und Messias. 1985. Volume 11/17. Volume 112. Schlichting, Günter: Ein jüdisches Leben Jesu. Stuckenbruck, Loren T.: Angel Veneration and 1982. Volume 24. Christology. 1995. Volume 11/70. Schnabel, Eckhard J.: Law and Wisdom from Stuhlmacher, Peter (Ed.): Das Evangelium und Ben Sira to Paul. 1985. Volume 11/16. die Evangelien. 1983. Volume 28. Schutter, William L: Hermeneutic and - Biblische Theologie und Evangelium. 2002. Composition in I Peter. 1989. Volume 11/30. Volume 146. Schwartz, Daniel R.: Studies in the Jewish Sung, Chong-Hyon: Vergebung der Sünden. Background of Christianity. 1992. 1993. Volume II/57. Volume 60. Tajra, Harry W.: The Trial of St. Paul. 1989. Schwemer, Anna Maria: see Hengel, Martin Volume 11/35. Scott, James M.: Adoption as Sons of God. - The MartyrdomofSt.Paul. 1994. 1992. Volume 11/48. Volume 11/67. - Paul and the Nations. 1995. Volume 84. Theißen, Gerd: Studien zur Soziologie des Shum, Shiu-Lun: Paul's Use of Isaiah in Urchristentums. 1979,31989. Volume 19. Romans. 2002. Volume 11/156. Theobald, Michael: Studien zum Römerbrief. Siegert, Folker: Drei hellenistisch-jüdische 2001. Volume 136. Predigten. Teil I 1980. Volume 20 - Teil II Theobald, Michael: see Mußner, Franz. 1992. Volume 61. Thornton, Claus-Jürgen: Der Zeuge des - Nag-Hammadi-Register. 1982. Volume 26. Zeugen. 1991. Volume 56. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament

Thüsing, Wilhelm: Studien zur neutestamentli- Watts, Rikki: Isaiah's New Exodus and Mark. chen Theologie. Ed. von Thomas Söding. 1997. Volume II/88. 1995. Volume 82. Wedderburn, A.J.M.: Baptism and Resurrection. Thurén, Lauri: Derhethorizing Paul. 2000. 1987. Volume 44. Volume 124. Wegner, Uwe: Der Hauptmann von Kafarnaum. Tomson, Peter J. and Doris Lambers-Petry 1985. Volume 11/14. (Ed.): The Image of the Judaeo-Christians in Weissenrieder, Annette: Images of Illness in the Ancient Jewish and Christian Literature. Gospel of Luke. 2003. Volume 11/164. 2003. Volume 158. Welck, Christian: Erzählte .Zeichen'. 1994. Treloar, Geoffrey R.: Lightfoot the Historian. Volume 11/69. 1998. Volume 11/103. Wiarda, Timothy: Peter in the Gospels . 2000. Tsuji, Manabu: Glaube zwischen Vollkommen- Volume 11/127. heit und Verweltlichung. 1997. Volume 11/93 Wilk, Florian: see Walter, Nikolaus. Twelftree, GrahamH.: Jesus the Exorcist. 1993. Williams, Catrin H.: I am He. 2000. Volume 11/54. Volume 11/113. Urban, Christina: Das Menschenbild nach dem Wilson, Walter T.: Love without Pretense. 1991. Johannesevangelium. 2001. Volume 11/137. Volume 11/46. Visotzky, Burton L: Fathers of the World. 1995. Wisdom, Jeffrey: Blessing for the Nations and Volume 80. the Curse of the Law. 2001. Volume 11/133. Vollenweider, Samuel: Horizonte neutestamentli- Wucherpfennig, Ansgar: Heracleon Philologus. cher Christologie. 2002. Volume 144. 2002. Volume 142. Vos, Johan S.: Die Kunst der Argumentation bei Yeung, Maureen: Faith in Jesus and Paul. 2002. Paulus. 2002. Volume 149. Volume 11/147. Wagener, Ulrike: Die Ordnung des „Hauses Zimmermann, Alfred E.: Die urchristlichen Gottes". 1994. Volume 11/65. Lehrer. 1984,21988. Volume 11/12. Walker, Donald D.: Paul's Offer of Leniency Zimmermann, Johannes: Messianische Texte (2 Cor 10:1). 2002. Volume 11/152. aus Qumran. 1998. Volume ¡1/104. Walter, Nikolaus: Praeparatio Evangélica. Ed. Zimmermann, Ruben: Geschlechtermetaphorik von Wolfgang Kraus und Florian Wille. und Gottesverhältnis. 2001. Volume 11/122. 1997. Volume 98. Zumstein, Jean: see Dettwiler, Andreas Wander, Bernd: Gottesfürchtige und Sympathi- santen. 1998. Volume 104.

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