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European Wilderness Quality Standard Audit 2016 European Wilderness Quality Standard Audit 2016 © European Wilderness Society www.wilderness-society.org Uholka-Shyrokyy Luh Wilderness European Wilderness Quality Standard Audit Published by: European Wilderness Society, Austria, 2018 Written by: • Vlado Vancura, European Wilderness Society • Max A. E. Rossberg, European Wilderness Society • Iryna Shchoka, European Wilderness Society • Verena Gruber, European Wilderness Society • Marjorie Dulom, European Wilderness Society Maps: Includes maps of the Carpathian Biosphere Reserve and Uholka-Shyrokyy Luh Wilderness Photos by: Vlado Vancura Copyright: European Wilderness Society | Registration number / ZVR Zahl: 305471009 | Registered in Austria Dechant-Franz-Fuchs Str. 5 | A-5580 Tamsweg Email: [email protected] | www.wilderness-society.org EU Transparency registration number: 706136913777-83 (category non-governmental organisation) Print, layout and design: Die Medienwerkstatt GmbH, Austria © European Wilderness Society www.wilderness-society.org 3 European Wilderness Quality Standard Audit WILDERNESS CERTIFICATE The European Wilderness Society certifies that the UHOLKA-SHYROKYY LUH WILDERNESS UKRAINE with 7 117 ha is part of the Carpathian Biosphere Reserve, complying with the PLATINUM European Wilderness Quality Standard and registered in the European Wilderness Network ILDERNE W SS N Q A U E valid until 01.10.2027 A P L O I R T Y U E E U R Y O T PLATINUM IE PE C A O N S S WILDERNES Max A.E. Rossberg Vlado Vančura Chairman Director Wilderness Development © European Wilderness Society 4 www.wilderness-society.org Uholka-Shyrokyy Luh Wilderness European Wilderness Quality Standard and Audit System Report EWQA Version: 1.8 April 2018 PARK INFORMATION Protected area’s name: Carpathian Biosphere Reserve Name of the Wilderness: Uholka-Shyrokyy Luh Wilderness Country(s): Ukraine Geographical position: 48°15,07”N 23°39,34”E IUCN classification: I Main ecological classification: Broadleaf Forest Wilderness Number of visitors per year: >500 Size of Wilderness: 7 117 ha Size of protected area (without buffer zone): 57 880 ha Year Special Protected Area established: 1968 PARK MANAGEMENT INFORMATION Address: Carpathian Biosphere Reserve, Krasne Pleso Steet, 77, Rakhiv, Zakarpattiaa oblast, Ukrajina, 90600 Telephone: +380 3132 22193 E-mail: [email protected] Web-site: http://cbr.nature.org.ua/main.htm Director: Mykola Rybak Contact person: Mykola Rybak, Director Telephone: +380 3132 22193 E-mail: [email protected] AUDIT RESULT: Certification Level: Platinum Valid until: 2027 Intermediate Audit: 2022 REPORT DEVELOPED BY: Name: Vlado Vancura European Wilderness Society Lead Verifier Date: 15.03.2018 Telephone: + 421 907 816 067 E-mail: [email protected] Approved by Approved by: Max A E Rossberg, Chairman Vlado Vancura, Wilderness Director © European Wilderness Society www.wilderness-society.org 5 European Wilderness Quality Standard Audit 2018 Table of contents 1. Executive summary ……………………………………………………………………………7 2. Wilderness Concept in Europe1 ……………………………………………………………9 2.1. Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………… 9 2.2. Assessment of Wilderness …………………………………………………………………… 13 2.3. Current development of European Wilderness Quality Standard and Audit System ……… 20 2.4. The European Wilderness Quality Standard and Audit System process …………………… 24 2.5. European Wilderness Network ……………………………………………………………… 28 3. Wilderness ………………………………………………………………………………… 34 3.1. Value of the European Wilderness …………………………………………………………… 34 3.2. Wilderness functions ………………………………………………………………………… 34 3.3. Wilderness in Europe ………………………………………………………………………… 35 3.4. European Wilderness Society ………………………………………………………………… 35 3.5. European Wilderness Network ……………………………………………………………… 36 4. Audit Team and Itinerary ………………………………………………………………… 38 4.1. Audit Team …………………………………………………………………………………… 38 4.2. Verification itinerary ………………………………………………………………………… 39 4.3. Site assessment itinerary ……………………………………………………………………… 39 5. Carpathian Biosphere Reserve …………………………………………………………… 44 5.1. Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………… 44 5.2. Management of the Carpathian Biosphere Reserve ………………………………………… 55 6. Wilderness Internationally1 ……………………………………………………………… 64 6.1. Global Wilderness …………………………………………………………………………… 64 6.2. Wilderness in Europe ………………………………………………………………………… 66 6.3. Wilderness in Ukraine ………………………………………………………………………… 67 6.4. Uholka-Shyrokyy Luh Wilderness …………………………………………………………… 73 7. Implementation of the European Wilderness Quality Standard and Audit System in Uholka-Shyrokyy Luh Wilderness …………………………………………… 80 7.1. Principles of the European Wilderness Quality Standard and Audit System ……………… 80 7.1. Principle 1: Wilderness zoning and size ……………………………………………………… 84 7.2. Principle 2: Natural processes and biodiversity ……………………………………………… 91 7.3. Principle 3: Wilderness Stewardship ………………………………………………………… 99 7.4. Principle 4: Wilderness Restoration ……………………………………………………… 106 7.5. Principle 5: Wilderness extractive and intrusive uses ……………………………………… 111 7.6. Principle 6: Wilderness Disturbances ……………………………………………………… 123 7.7. Principle 7: Control strategies for fire, disease, invasive species, ………………………… 143 and other dynamic natural processes ……………………………………………………… 143 7.8. Principle 8: Wilderness research and monitoring ………………………………………… 150 7.9. Principle 9: International relevance ……………………………………………………… 156 8. Findings and Recommendations …………………………………………………………160 9. Wilderness Awarding ………………………………………………………………………174 9.1. The History of cooperation between the Carpathian Biosphere ………………………… 174 Reserve and the European Wilderness Society …………………………………………… 174 9.2. International Audit and Awarding Process ………………………………………………… 175 10. Monitoring and Evaluation ………………………………………………………………178 11. References ……………………………………………………………………………………180 12. List of figures ………………………………………………………………………………188 13. List of tables …………………………………………………………………………………190 © European Wilderness Society 6 www.wilderness-society.org 1. Executive summary 1. Executive summary Wilderness represents a vital part of Europe’s natural and cultural heritage. In addition to its intrinsic value, it offers the opportunity for people to experience the spiritual quality of nature in the widest experiential sense – beyond mere physical and visual attributes and in particular its psychological impact. Wilderness also provides important economic, social and environmental benefits, including ecosystem services. The European Wilderness Society, as a pan-European, Wilderness and environmental advo- cacy organisation, has developed a standardised Wilderness norm: the European Wilderness Quality Standard and Audit System. This norm is a tool to identify, designate, manage and promote European Wilderness in order to support Wilderness long-term existence and its further development and restoration. The European Wilderness Quality Standard and Audit System serves as a basis for effective Wilderness protection, designation, restoration, and promotion of Wilderness across a range of geographical and political regions in Europe. It provides an easily understood, unambigu- ous and practical Wilderness benchmark system that can mobilise the necessary interest and support among practitioners across the key sector of society. The European Wilderness Quality Standard and Audit System is a mechanism which was used to assess the quality of Wilderness within the Uholka-Shyrokyy Luh Wilderness. The 7 117 ha Uholka-Shyrokyy Luh Wilderness is part of the Carpathian Biosphere Reserve, located in western Ukraine. The Uholka-Shyrokyy Luh Wilderness also includes the Uhol- ka-Shyrokyy Luh WILD Forest (7,117 ha) and 3 WILDRivers – the upper watersheds of Mala Uholka River (7 km), Velyka Uholka River (8 km) and Shyrokyy Luh River (9 km). The establishment of a Wilderness within the Uholka-Shyrokyy Luh massif is in response to a new nature conservation and biodiversity strategy for Ukraine, which aims to strengthen the Wilderness character of several protected areas. The Uholka-Shyrokyy Luh Wilderness applied to be audited using the European Wilderness Quality Standard and Audit System. This audit lasted from September 2016 until October 2017 and included an extensive site assessment from 28th May to 6th June 2017. The result of the research, the site assessment and the data verification resulted in a list of 95 recommenda- tions of differing priorities, all of which should be completed by 2027. © European Wilderness Society www.wilderness-society.org 7 European Wilderness Quality Standard Audit © European Wilderness Society 8 www.wilderness-society.org 2. European Wilderness Quality Standard and Audit System 2. Wilderness Concept in Europe1 2.1. Introduction Wilderness is a vital part of Europe’s natural heritage. This is underpinned by an ongoing trend towards the designation of Wilderness in Europe e.g. the UNESCO World Heritage Site ‘Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and other regions of Europe’, or recent initiatives to promote Wilderness (e.g. Wild Europe Initiative, European Wilderness Society, etc., Martin et al., 2008). The trend towards Wilderness conservation and promotion raises certain questions about what the term Wilderness actually means in a European context. In Central European coun- tries, no legislation comparable to the US Wilderness Act exists, which clearly defines Wilder- ness as of a minimum area size and designates places exclusively as such (Lupp et al., 2011). Although the term Wilderness has long existed in various
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