DOCSLIB.ORG

REVIEWS Benjamin R. FOSTER, Umma in the Sargonic Period

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
REVIEWS Benjamin R. FOSTER, Umma in the Sargonic Period REVIEWS Benjamin R. FOSTER, Umma in the Sargonic Period. Memoirs of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, Volume XX, April 1982. Archon Books, Hamden, Connecticut, 228 pp. (incl. 42 pl.). B. R. Foster analyse dans ce volume une sorte de tablettes, dat6es par des nume- ros pour 1'annee, le mois et c.q. le jour (dites: tablettes m u - i t i), et des tablettes connexes pour des raisons diverses. Toutes ces tablettes sont de provenance de Djokha, le site de 1'ancienne ville d'Umma, dans le Sud de la Mesopotamie et peu- vent etre datees de 1'epoque de la dynastie d'Akkad (Agade) (24e et 23' siecles av. J.Chr.). Par son analyse systematique, 1'auteur a reussi a distinguer trois groupes parmi ces tablettes, le premier datant du d6but de la periode d'Akkad, le troisieme, moins coherent que les autres, de la fin de cette p6riode, le second entre ces deux. Quel- ques conclusions de 1'auteur ont ete contestees, entre temps, par Aage Westenholz dans son compte rendu du livre dans l'Archiv für Orieniforschung XXXI (1984), pp. 76-81 (cf. aussi le compte rendu de Petr Charvat, Bibliotheca Orientalis XLI, 1984, 136-141). Le premier groupe de tablettes concerne le travail dans le pays de Sabum, loin au Nord-est d'Umma, vers les regions montagneuses a l'Est du Tigre, travail qui consiste dans la taille de pierres de construction. Ce travail est conduit et adminis- tre par les bureaux de 1'e n s i d'Umma, le representant du roi dans la ville. Selon 1'auteur, il s'agit de travail force par des habitants d'Umma et d'autres villes apres une revolte contre le roi Rimush, mais selon Westenholz il ne s'agit pas de travail force, mais de travail organise a partir d'Umma, et le lot de tablettes date plutot du regne de Sargon, qui commanda le travail en relation avec ses campagnes contre l'Elam. Les ouvriers sont souvent qualifies de g u r u s, ouvriers, ou i r11e n s i - k a, esclaves de 1'e n s i, des termes generaux pour des ouvriers. Des prisonniers de guerre, n'auraient-ils pas ete qualifies d'autre facon? Quoiqu'il en soit, ce groupe de textes est du plus grand int6r?t pour la connaissance de l'organisation du travail pour 1'6tat dans le royaume d'Akkad. Le second groupe constitue les archives d'un couple, Ur-Sara et Ama-e, s'occu- pant d'affaires privees. Ur-Sara s'occupait principalement de l'elevage, sa femme tenait des terres etendues, probablement destinees a l'agriculture. Leurs archives concernent des transactions avec une grande institution, probablement I'Etat. Dans le dernier groupe de tablettes, Foster distingue deux sortes d'archives, les unes trouvees dans un batiment, appele 1'E - g i d r i, les autres a un autre endroit du site. Le premier groupe concerne une exploitation, principalement agricole, caracterisee par 1'auteur comme une "oikos" ou "household economy", dont l'administration 6tait sous les ordres de 1'e n s i, qui devait rendre compte au roi d'Akkad. Mais il ressort des textes que les terres et les bien meubles, que 1'adminis- tration concerne, n'appartenaient pas tous au roi, bien que tout fut administre par 1'ensi. Parfois, le roi visita le pays de Sumer et plusieurs tablettes concernent des fourni- tures a l'occasion de ces visites. Un document 6num?re, selon 1'auteur (pp. 106- 107), des distributions a l'occasion d'une ceremonie, appelee "le nom du roi"; ou 111 faut-il simplement traduire "au nom du roi"? Suivent, entre autres, des distribu- tions ? un batelier du roi, a l'emblème du roi (s u n i r 1 u g a 1), a un haut fonc- tionnaire (s u k k a 1) du roi et pour des moutons du roi. Aupr?s de l'embleme s u n i r des serments furent jures, mais la supposition de 1'auteur que, dans ce cas, l'embleme avait ete apport6 dans un sanctuaire par les fonctionnaires du roi pendant quatre jours pour jurer des serments ne semble pas bien fond6e. 11 n'y a nulle allusion dans le texte a des actes de droit, et on peut supposer de meme que l'embleme fut apport6 pour representer le roi dans une ceremonie reli- gieuse (cf. aussi p. 107). C'est un exemple des difficultes qu'on rencontre dans l'interpr6tation de ces documents. Le grand merite de 1'auteur est qu'il presente pour la premiere fois une analyse detaillee et une synthese d'un groupe de documents de 1'epoque Sargonique, de documents qui interessent, en premier lieu, 1'histoire economique de cette periode. Malgre les critiques de Westenholz et de Charvat, le livre sans doute gardera une valeur exemplaire pour l'interpr6tation d'archives de la seconde moitié du 3e mil- 16naire. W. F. LEEMANS Rainer Michael BOEHMERet Heinz-Werner DÄMMER Tell Imlihiye, Tell Zubeidi, Tell Abbas, avec des contributions de Karlheinz Kessler. Baghdader Forschungen 7 = Hamrin Report 13. Mainz am Rhein, 1985. 84 + 145 (ar.) pp. 176 pl. 280 DM. Les fouilles aux sites mentionnes dans le titre sont dues a la construction d'un barrage, par lequel le bassin de Hamrin (a l'Est de Baghdad) fut inond6. La trou- vaille d'un lot de tablettes avec des textes cuneiformes du temps des Kassites pen- dant la construction de canaux d'irrigation occasionna une expedition de 1'Institut allemand d'archaeologie pour faire des fouilles au Tell Imlihiye en 1978 et 1979. L'histoire de 1'habitation a l'epoque kassite dans la vallee du Diyala 6tait inconnue et les fouilles de necessite d'autres expeditions 6talent plutot orientees vers d'autres periodes et cela promit des resultats interessants pour 1'expedition allemande. Apres avoir constate que la plus grande partie du tell n'avait pas ete habit6e dans 1`Antiquite, on trouva une zone, de mesures assez reduites, qui avait ete habit6e durant quelque temps dans la basse periode kassite (p. 5). Les tablettes mention- n6es d6jh, trouvees dans une cruche et publiees par K. Kessler dans les Baghdader Mitteilungen 13 (1982), pp. 51-116, concernent une seule famille, un certain Apil- Nergal et ses deux fils, et sont dat6es a partir du regne du roi Kadasman-Ellil II (1263-1255) jusqu'a la 6ème ann6e du roi Kaštiliašu (1232-1225), et s'etendent donc sur une periode de trente ans environ. Du point de vue de 1'histoire 6conomi- que, il est interessant d'avoir le temoignage d'un site habit6 et exploite par une seule famille de moyens modestes, donc probablement une ferme. L'agriculteur re?ut plusieurs fois des prets en cereales, entre autres d'un certain Kilamdu, 6vi- demment un capitaliste (pp. 18-19, nos 27 et 28). Par manque de tablettes, on ignore si 1'habitation du site fut continuee apres 1'expedition militaire du roi assy- rien Tukulti-Ninurta I en 1225 av. J.Chr. Sur l'indication du chef des fouilles japonaises dans le bassin de Hamrin, 1'expe- .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Limits of Middle Babylonian Archives1
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by OpenstarTs The Limits of Middle Babylonian Archives1 susanne paulus Middle Babylonian Archives Archives and archival records are one of the most important sources for the un- derstanding of the Babylonian culture.2 The definition of “archive” used for this article is the one proposed by Pedersén: «The term “archive” here, as in some other studies, refers to a collection of texts, each text documenting a message or a statement, for example, letters, legal, economic, and administrative documents. In an archive there is usually just one copy of each text, although occasionally a few copies may exist.»3 The aim of this article is to provide an overview of the archives of the Middle Babylonian Period (ca. 1500-1000 BC),4 which are often 1 All kudurrus are quoted according to Paulus 2012a. For a quick reference on the texts see the list of kudurrus in table 1. 2 For an introduction into Babylonian archives see Veenhof 1986b; for an overview of differ- ent archives of different periods see Veenhof 1986a and Brosius 2003a. 3 Pedersén 1998; problems connected to this definition are shown by Brosius 2003b, 4-13. 4 This includes the time of the Kassite dynasty (ca. 1499-1150) and the following Isin-II-pe- riod (ca. 1157-1026). All following dates are BC, the chronology follows – willingly ignoring all linked problems – Gasche et. al. 1998. the limits of middle babylonian archives 87 left out in general studies,5 highlighting changes in respect to the preceding Old Babylonian period and problems linked with the material.
    [Show full text]
  • The Evolution of Fragility: Setting the Terms
    McDONALD INSTITUTE CONVERSATIONS The Evolution of Fragility: Setting the Terms Edited by Norman Yoffee The Evolution of Fragility: Setting the Terms McDONALD INSTITUTE CONVERSATIONS The Evolution of Fragility: Setting the Terms Edited by Norman Yoffee with contributions from Tom D. Dillehay, Li Min, Patricia A. McAnany, Ellen Morris, Timothy R. Pauketat, Cameron A. Petrie, Peter Robertshaw, Andrea Seri, Miriam T. Stark, Steven A. Wernke & Norman Yoffee Published by: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research University of Cambridge Downing Street Cambridge, UK CB2 3ER (0)(1223) 339327 [email protected] www.mcdonald.cam.ac.uk McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 2019 © 2019 McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. The Evolution of Fragility: Setting the Terms is made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivatives 4.0 (International) Licence: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ISBN: 978-1-902937-88-5 Cover design by Dora Kemp and Ben Plumridge. Typesetting and layout by Ben Plumridge. Cover image: Ta Prohm temple, Angkor. Photo: Dr Charlotte Minh Ha Pham. Used by permission. Edited for the Institute by James Barrett (Series Editor). Contents Contributors vii Figures viii Tables ix Acknowledgements x Chapter 1 Introducing the Conference: There Are No Innocent Terms 1 Norman Yoffee Mapping the chapters 3 The challenges of fragility 6 Chapter 2 Fragility of Vulnerable Social Institutions in Andean States 9 Tom D. Dillehay & Steven A. Wernke Vulnerability and the fragile state
    [Show full text]
  • Karduniaš. Babylonia Under the Kassites
    Karduniaš. Babylonia Under the Kassites Bereitgestellt von | De Gruyter / TCS Angemeldet Heruntergeladen am | 12.10.17 12:45 Untersuchungen zur Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie Ergänzungsbände zur Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie Edited by Walther Sallaberger, Antoine Cavigneaux, Grant Frame, Theo van den Hout, and Adelheid Otto Band 11/2 Bereitgestellt von | De Gruyter / TCS Angemeldet Heruntergeladen am | 12.10.17 12:45 Karduniaš. Babylonia Under the Kassites The Proceedings of the Symposium Held in Munich 30 June to 2 July 2011 Tagungsbericht des Münchner Symposiums 30. Juni bis 2. Juli 2011 edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke Volume 2 Archaeological Studies Bereitgestellt von | De Gruyter / TCS Angemeldet Heruntergeladen am | 12.10.17 12:45 ISBN 978-1-5015-1216-2 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-1-5015-0424-2 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-1-5015-0418-1 ISSN 0502-7012 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2017 Walter de Gruyter Inc., Boston/Berlin Typesetting: fidus Publikations-Service GmbH, Nördlingen Printing and binding: Druckerei Hubert & Co. GmbH und Co. KG ♾ Printed on acid-free paper Printed in Germany www.degruyter.com Bereitgestellt von | De Gruyter / TCS Angemeldet Heruntergeladen am | 12.10.17 12:45 Inhalt Ursula Seidl 12 Babylonische Kunst zur Kassitenzeit 313 Peter A. Miglus 13 Die Sakralarchitektur in Ur zur Kassitenzeit 333 Katja Sternitzke 14 Bestattungen in der Kassiten- und Isin II-Zeit 351 James A.
    [Show full text]
  • Karduniaš. Babylonia Under the Kassites
    557 BIBLIOTHECA ORIENTALIS LXXV N° 5-6, september-december 2018 558 §2 The Early Kassite Period (pp. 45-92) by Frans van Koppen The generally neglected Early Kassite period is discussed at length by van Koppen. This chapter provides an in-depth study discussing first the Kassites in the Old Babylonian period and their military background, i.e., military specializa- tion, command structure, settlements and social organization, followed by a careful description of Kassite-Babylonian interactions in the Late Old Babylonian period, i.e., the Samḫarû and Bimatû under Ammī-ṣaduqa and the Kassite kingdoms in the Diyala under Samsu-ditāna, and finally the role of the Kassites in the Fall of Babylon and their position thereafter. §3 Political Interactions between Kassite Babylonia and Assyria, Egypt and Ḫatti during the Amarna Age (pp. 93-111) by Jared L. Miller Miller focuses on political history in the Late Bronze Age, providing a concise introduction to the political interactions between Kassite Babylonia and its neighbours in the Amarna Age. An interesting contribution is Miller’s update of the chronological synchronisms between Babylon, Assyria, Egypt and Ḫatti, resulting in a helpful chart (pp. 105-106). Finally, an enticing scenario is presented, based on a passage in a prayer of Muršili II (KUB 14.4 ii 3’-8’) regarding the Hittite tawannanna, the Babylonian wife of Šuppiluliuma I: here, Miller advocates a different reading than hitherto accepted, suggesting that she was siphoning off wealth from Hattuša to Babylon and discusses its possible political implications. §4 Of Kings, Princesses, and Messengers: Babylonia’s ASSYRIOLOGIE International Relations during the 13th century BC (pp.
    [Show full text]
  • Karduniaš. Babylonia Under the Kassites
    Karduniaš. Babylonia Under the Kassites The Proceedings of the Symposium Held in Munich 30 June to 2 July 2011 Tagungsbericht des Münchner Symposiums 30. Juni bis 2. Juli 2011 edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke Volume 1 Philological and Historical Studies Bereitgestellt von | Universitaetsbibliothek der LMU München Angemeldet | [email protected] Heruntergeladen am | 16.08.17 09:30 ISBN 978-1-5015-1163-9 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-1-5015-0356-6 e-ISBN (ePub) 978-1-5015-0348-1 ISSN 0502-7012 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2017 Walter de Gruyter Inc., Boston/Berlin Typesetting: fidus Publikations-Service GmbH, Nördlingen Printing and binding: Druckerei Hubert & Co. GmbH und Co. KG ♾ Printed on acid-free paper Printed in Germany www.degruyter.com Bereitgestellt von | Universitaetsbibliothek der LMU München Angemeldet | [email protected] Heruntergeladen am | 16.08.17 09:30 Jared L. Miller 3 Political Interactions between Kassite Babylonia and Assyria, Egypt and Ḫatti during the Amarna Age Introduction This paper aims first to provide a concise overview of the political interactions between Kassite Babylonia and the other Great Powers of the Amarna Age, i.e. Egypt, Ḫatti, Mittani and Assyria, a subject which could naturally fill a sizable monograph, or rather, a series of monographs. In an attempt to justify yet another general introduction to the era,1 this paper will also discuss two items to which some minor novel contribution can be made.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethnopolitogenesis of Ancient Egyptian and Mesopotamian Ethnic Groups
    Asian Social Science; Vol. 11, No. 5; 2015 ISSN 1911-2017 E-ISSN 1911-2025 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education Ethnopolitogenesis of Ancient Egyptian and Mesopotamian Ethnic Groups Rubin Gatufovich Saifullin1 1 Kazan Federal University, Russia Correspondence: Rubin Gatufovich Saifullin, Kazan Federal University, Kremlin street, 18, 420008, Kazan, Tatarstan Republic, Russia. E-mail: [email protected] Received: October 6, 2014 Accepted: November 14, 2014 Online Published: February 12, 2015 doi:10.5539/ass.v11n5p158 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v11n5p158 Abstract The main provisions of the biosocial approach to the study of the polity dynamics in its conflict aspect are formulated in this article. Its essence consists in the assertion of the dependence of the polity dynamics on the population quality. The L. N. Gumilev concept, which explores this dependence, is considered, and its short comings are opened in this paper. On the basis of this concept the universal, invariant with respect to ethnic groups, types of polities and eras law - numerical algorithm of ethnopolitogenesis is formulated. Ethnopolitogenesis of Egyptian and ancient Mesopotamian (Sumerians, Babylonians, Assyrians and others) ethnic groups is analyzed in order to verify the numerical algorithm. The conclusion that it developed as a whole in accordance with a numerical algorithm is formulated. Keywords: biosocial approach, the numerical algorithm of ethnopolitogenesis, ethnopolitogenesis of Egyptian and ancient Mesopotamian ethnic groups 1. Introduction The political history of many countries developed in cycles, from prosperity and stability to the crisis and decline, and then to the next prosperity. There are different approaches to the explanation of this recurrence.
    [Show full text]
  • The Hebrew Myths and the Neo Assyrian Empire
    The Hebrew Myths and the Neo-Assyrian Empire. by Benjamín Toro A dissertation submitted to University of Birmingham for the degree of MPhil (B) in Cuneiform Studies. Institute of Archaeology and Antiquity School of Historical Studies University of Birmingham 16 January 2011 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. INFORMATION FOR ABSTRACTING AND INDEXING SERVICES The information on this form will be published. Surname: Toro First names: Benjamin Degree: MPhil (B) in Cuneiform Studies College/Department: Institute of Antiquities and Archaeology. Full title of thesis: The Hebrew Myths and the New Assyrian Empire. Date of submission: 16/01/2011 Date of award of degree (leave blank): Abstract (not to exceed 200 words - any continuation sheets must contain the author's full name and full title of the thesis): This project seeks to study the first expression of Israelite literature which would was elaborated under the shadow of the Neo-Assyrian cultural influence. This occurred approximately between the 9th to 8th centuries BCE, before a transformation triggered off by theological viewpoints held in the southern kingdom of Judah between the 7th to 6th centuries BCE.
    [Show full text]
  • KARUS on the FRONTIERS of the NEO-ASSYRIAN EMPIRE I Shigeo
    KARUS ON THE FRONTIERS OF THE NEO-ASSYRIAN EMPIRE I Shigeo YAMADA * The paper discusses the evidence for the harbors, trading posts, and/or administrative centers called karu in Neo-Assyrian documentary sources, especially those constructed on the frontiers of the Assyrian empire during the ninth to seventh centuries Be. New Assyrian cities on the frontiers were often given names that stress the glory and strength of Assyrian kings and gods. Kar-X, i.e., "Quay of X" (X = a royal/divine name), is one of the main types. Names of this sort, given to cities of administrative significance, were probably chosen to show that the Assyrians were ready to enhance the local economy. An exhaustive examination of the evidence relating to cities named Kar-X and those called karu or bit-kar; on the western frontiers illustrates the advance of Assyrian colonization and trade control, which eventually spread over the entire region of the eastern Mediterranean. The Assyrian kiirus on the frontiers served to secure local trading activities according to agreements between the Assyrian king and local rulers and traders, while representing first and foremost the interest of the former party. The official in charge of the kiiru(s), the rab-kari, appears to have worked as a royal deputy, directly responsible for the revenue of the royal house from two main sources: (1) taxes imposed on merchandise and merchants passing through the trade center(s) under his control, and (2) tribute exacted from countries of vassal status. He thus played a significant role in Assyrian exploitation of economic resources from areas beyond the jurisdiction of the Assyrian provincial government.
    [Show full text]
  • THE KUSHITE ORIGINS of SU~Ier and ELAM by Runoko Rashidi Ancient Sumer, the Biblical Land of Shinar, Modern Lower Mesopotamia, F
    THE KUSHITE ORIGINS OF SU~iER AND ELAM By Runoko Rashidi And Cush begat Nimrod: he began to be a mighty one in the earth. He was a mighty hunter before the Lord: wherefore it is said, even as Nimrod the mighty hunter before the Lord. And the beginning of his kingdom was Babel ••. in the land of Shinar. 1 Ancient Sumer, the biblical land of Shinar, modern lower Mesopotamia, flourished in the third millenium B.C. covering the territorial expanse of the Tigris/Euphrates River Valley. Embracing the shores of the Persian Gulf, Sumer extended north to Akkad, a distance of about 320 miles, thus constituting Southern Babylonia. The appellation Chaldea, frequently applied to the region, appears to have been introduced by the Assyrians in the ninth century B.c.2 The designations Babylon, Babylonia and Chaldea have been used extensively, particularly by nine­ teenth century scholars, in reference to the area now almost exclusively known as Sumer. Sumer appears to be the first major high-culture of western Asia. She bequeathed to her successor states a tradi­ tion of great achievement. Her many contributions to civili­ zation are well known. Brilliant agriculturalists, the Sumerians built very sophisticated canals and reservoirs to irrigate their fields. They possessed both an advanced legal system and a well developed knowledge of medicine and were perhaps the ancient world's greatest astronomers.3 While these salient facts regarding Sumer's obvious cultural genius are well known, the important question of the racial composition of its population is generally glossed over. This apparent cloud concerning race, however, is very thin and there is a substantial body of evidence in support of the position that the civilization of Sumer was the product of Black migrations from Africa's Nile Valley.
    [Show full text]
  • Chronological Tables
    Chronological Tables Table 1 Egyptian Chronologies Dynasty Breasted Meyer CAH Helck Mellaart Bernal 1st 3400 3315 ± 100 3100 2955 3400 3400 2nd 2900 2780 3200 3200 3rd 2980 2895 ± 100 2730 2635 2950 3000 4th 2900 2840 ± 100 2613 2570 2850 2920 5th 2750 2680 ± 100 2494 2450 2725 2800 6th 2625 2540 ± 100 2345 2290 2570 2630 7th 2475 — 2181 2155 2388 2470 8th 2475 — — — 2388 2470 9th 2445 2360 ± 100 2160 — — 2440 10th — — 2130 — — — 11th 2160 2160 2133 2134 2287 2140 12th 2000 2000/1997 1991 1991 2155 1979 13th 1788 1778 1786 ? 1946 1801 14th — — — — — — 15th — — 1674 1655 1791 1750 16th — — 1684 — — — 17th — — — — — — 18th 1580 1580/75 1567 1552 1567 1567 19th 1315 1320 1320 1306 1320 1320 20th 1200 1200 1200 1196/86 1200 1200 Sources: Breasted (1906, I, pp. 40–5); Meyer (1907b, pp. 68 and 178); Cambridge Ancient History (charts at the end of vols I.2B, II.1 and II.2); Helck (1971, chart; 1979, pp. 146–8); Mellaart (1979, pp. 9 and 19). xlix l Chronological Tables Table 2 Mesopotamian and Syrian chronologies Lagash Umma Kish Akkad Assur Mari Ebla 2600 Igris- Kalam 2550 Eblul-li Irkab- Damu Tudia 2500 Iku-Š ar Ar- Ennum Ebrium Eannatum Šuru- Damu Ibbiš–Šipiš– 2450 2400 Lugalzaggizi Sargon (2380–2325) 2350 2300 Naram- Sin (2300–2238) 2250 2200 Šu- Durul (2214–2199) Chronological Tables li Long Chronology Babylon Assur Mari 2000 Erišum I (1997–71) Ikunum 1950 Šarum- kin Puzzur- Aššur II Naram- Sin 1900 Erišum II Šamši- Adad (1869–36) 1850 Hammurabi (1848–1806) Zimri- Lim (1831–18) 1800 Šamšuiluna (1805–1767) Kassites 1750 1700 Ammisaduqa (1701–1683) Šamšuiditana (1681–51) Hittite Conquest followed by Kassite rule 1600 1250 Tukulti- Ninurta I (1244–1208) conquers Babylon 1235.
    [Show full text]
  • Architecture and the City in the Ancient Near East CGS Course / Department of the History of Art/ Fall 2004
    ARTH 224. Architecture and the City in the Ancient Near East CGS Course / Department of the History of Art/ Fall 2004 Instructor : Ömür Harmanşah Depatment of the History of Art University of Pennsylvania Syllabus Class schedule: Wednesdays 5:30 ‐ 8: 30 pm. at Meyerson Hall B6 Office hours: Fridays 10‐12 pm. Jaffe building (by appointment, please e‐mail). E‐mail: [email protected] Blackboard site: https://courseweb.library.upenn.edu/ (Log‐in with your Pennkey) Course web page: http://www.sas.upenn.edu/˜harmansa/arth224.html Course Definition This course is an attempt to provide a selective and analytical survey of the architectural history in the Ancient Near East. Lectures and discussions will particularly focus on the development of urban and architectural traditions in their socio‐cultural and economical context. The extensive geography of the Near Eastern world and the variety of its archaeological landscapes from prehistory into the Hellenistic period will be explored, with particular emphasis on Southern and Northern Mesopotamia, Syria and the Central Anatolian plateau. In the ancient world, unlike the built environments of modernity, monuments were considered as bearers of both textual and pictorial representations. These texts and visual narratives were effective tools in the construction of social identity and historical consciousness among the public. Especially throughout the history of the Near Eastern world, the construction of buildings coincided precisely with the writing of history, a fundamental challange to their makers and their audience alike. This course intends to see the production of architectural space in this light, as a social enterprise, a festive event where the economic and socio‐cultural resources of a society are diverted into a productive undertaking.
    [Show full text]
  • Later Peoples of the Fertile Crescent • Babylonians • Hittites • Kassites • Assyrians • Chaldeans • Phoenicians Babylonians
    Later Peoples of the Fertile Crescent • Babylonians • Hittites • Kassites • Assyrians • Chaldeans • Phoenicians Babylonians • The ancient city of Babylon is near modern day Bagdad in Iraq • Hammurabi is the most famous Babylonian because of his Code • Hammurabi became king in 1792 BCE Hammurabi’s Code • 282 laws that dealt with almost every part of daily life • One of the first known recorded ancient laws • Some laws were based on class or social status Hammurabi’s Code 196. If a man put out the eye of another man, his eye shall be put out. 197. If he breaks another mans bone, his bone shall be broken. 198.If he put out the eye of a freed man, or break the bone of a freed man, he shall pay one gold mina. 199. If he put out the eye of a man’s slave, or break the bone of a man’s slave, he shall pay one-half of it’s value Hittites and Kassites Hittites • Ruled Asia Minor or modern day Turkey • First people to master ironworking for stronger weapons • Masters of the chariot • Conquered Babylon in 1595 BCE • Lost power after the king was assassinated Kassites • took over and ruled Babylon for almost 400 years Assyrians • 1200s BCE conquered Babylon but were overrun shortly thereafter • 300 years later? Revenge • Conquered all of the Fertile Crescent and beyond • Strong, fierce army and iron weapons and chariots • Capital city: Nineveh • Most famous king: Sennacherib • Brutal Empire Chaldeans • Destroyed Nineveh and conquered the Assyrian Empire in 612 BCE • Most famous king: Nebuchadnezzar • Rebuilt Babylon - most beautiful city in the world
    [Show full text]