Multitrophic Level Interactions
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Multitrophic Level Interactions The multitrophic level approach to ecology addresses the com- plexity of food-webs much more realistically than the tradi- tional focus on simple systems and interactions. Only in the last twenty years have ecologists become interested in the nature of more complex systems, including tritrophic interactions between plants, herbivores, and natural enemies. Plants may directly influence the behavior of their herbivores’ natural enemies, ecological interactions between two species are often indirectly mediated by a third species, landscape structure directly affects local tritrophic interactions, and below-ground food-webs are vital to above-ground organisms. The relative importance of top-down effects (control by predators) and bottom-up effects (control by resources) must also be deter- mined. These interactions are explored in this exciting new volume by expert researchers from a variety of ecological fields. This book provides a much-needed synthesis of multitrophic level interactions and serves as a guide for future research for ecologists of all descriptions. teja tscharntke is Professor of Agroecology at the University of Göttingen, Germany. His research focus is on plant–herbivore–enemy interactions including parasitism, pre- dation and pollination, insect communities and food-webs on a landscape scale, and temperate–tropical comparisons. He is editor-in-chief of Basic and Applied Ecology and a member of the editorial board of Oecologia. bradford a. hawkins is an Associate Professor in the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at the University of California, Irvine. His research focus is on the biology and ecology of insect parasitoids, insect community ecology, food-webs, and energy-diversity theory. He is the author of Pattern and Process in Host–Parasitoid Interactions (1994, ISBN 0 521 46029 8), and editor of Parasitoid Community Ecology (1994) with William Sheenan and Theoretical Approaches to Biological Control (1999, ISBN 0 521 57283 5) with Howard V. Cornell. Multitrophic Level Interactions Edited by Teja Tscharntke Universität Göttingen and Bradford A. Hawkins University of California, Irvine Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge , United Kingdom Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521791106 © Cambridge University Press 2002 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published in print format 2002 isbn-13- 978-0-511-06719-8 eBook (NetLibrary) isbn-10- 0-511-06719-4 eBook (NetLibrary) isbn-13- 978-0-521-79110-6 hardback isbn-10- 0-521-79110-3 hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of s for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this book, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Contents List of contributorsvi 1Multitrophic level interactions:an introduction1 Teja Tscharntke and Bradford A. Hawkins 2Plant genetic variation in tritrophic interactions8 J. Daniel Hare 3 Multitrophic/multispecies mutualistic interactions: the role of non-mutualists in shaping and mediating mutualisms44 Judith L. Bronstein and Pedro Barbosa 4 Tritrophic interactions in tropical versus temperate communities67 Lee A. Dyer and Phyllis D. Coley 5 Endophytic fungi and interactions among host plants, herbivores, and natural enemies89 Stanley H. Faeth and Thomas L. Bultman 6 Multitrophic interactions in space: metacommunity dynamics in fragmented landscapes124 Saskya van Nouhuys and Ilkka Hanski 7 The chemical ecology of plant–caterpillar–parasitoid interactions148 Ted. C. J. Turlings, Sandrine Gouinguené, Thomas Degen, and Maria Elena Fritzsche-Hoballah 8Canopy architecture and multitrophic interactions174 Jérôme Casas and Imen Djemai 9Tritrophic below- and above-ground interactions in succession197 Valerie K. Brown and Alan C. Gange 10Multitrophic interactions in decomposer food-webs223 Stefan Scheu and Heikki Setälä Index265 [v] Contributors Pedro Barbosa Department of Entomology, Plant Science Building, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA Judith L. Bronstein Department of Entomology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA Valerie K. Brown CABI Bioscience Environment, Silwood Park, Ascot, Berks SL7 5PY, UK Thomas L. Bultman Division of Science, Truman State University, Kirksville, MO 63501, USA Jérôme Casas University of Tours, Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l’Insecte, IRBI-CNRS ESA 6035, F-37200, Tours, France Phyllis D. Coley Biology Department, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA Thomas Degen Institute of Zoology, University of Neuchâtel, CH-2007, Neuchâtel, Switzerland Imen Djemai University of Tours, Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l’Insecte, IRBI CNRS ESA 6035, F-37200, Tours, France Lee A. Dyer Biology Department, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA [vi] List of contributors vii Stanley H. Faeth Department of Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA Maria Elena Fritzsche-Hoballah Institute of Zoology, University of Neuchâtel, CH-2007, Neuchâtel, Switzerland Alan C. Gange School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway College, University of London, Egham Hill, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK Sandrine Gouinguené Institute of Zoology, University of Neuchâtel, CH-2007, Neuchâtel, Switzerland Ilkka Hanski Department of Ecology and Systematics, Division of Population Biology, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland J. Daniel Hare Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA Bradford A. Hawkins Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA Stefan Scheu Technische Universität Darmstadt, Fachbereich 10, Biologie, D-64287, Darmstadt, Germany Heikki Setälä Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, FIN-40351, Jyväskylä, Finland Teja Tscharntke Agroecology, University of G¨öttingen, D-37073, Göttingen, Germany Ted C. J. Turlings Institute of Zoology, University of Neuchâtel, CH-2007, Neuchâtel, Switzerland Saskya van Nouhuys Department of Ecology and Systematics, Division of Population Biology, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland teja tscharntke and bradford a. hawkins 1 Multitrophic level interactions: an introduction Terrestrial ecosystems are characterized by a huge diversity of species and a corresponding diversity of interactions between these species, but community ecology has historically been dominated by interactions between two trophic levels; in particular, plant–herbivore and preda- tor–prey interactions. Only more recently have ecologists become inter- ested in the nature of more complex interactions involving three or more trophic levels (e.g., Price et al., 1980; Bernays and Graham, 1988; Barbosa et al., 1990; Hawkins, 1994; Gange and Brown, 1997; Olff et al., 1999; Pace et al., 1999; Dicke, 2000; Schmitz et al., 2000). It has quickly become clear that a multitrophic level approach addresses the complexity of food-webs much more realistically than does the simpler approach. Our reasons for generat- ing this book are to provide an overview of progress that has been made in demonstrating how research on more realistic models of food webs has enriched our understanding of complex biological systems, and to high- light new and particularly exciting avenues of future research in this area. In the past two decades there has been intense interest in tritrophic interactions between plants, herbivores, and natural enemies, driven by the need both to integrate host plant resistance and biological control in the management of arthropod pests and to understand the relative importance of direct and indirect interactions in ecological communities. Many examples document the direct effects of physical, chemical, and nutritional qualities of plants on the attack rate, survival and reproduc- tion of natural enemies. In addition, it is well known that in some cases these same plant qualities have indirect effects on natural enemies by influencing the distribution, abundance, and vulnerability of herbivores. Even so, there is a need to specify conditions where multitrophic interac- tions are important and to determine the habitat characteristics that [1] 2 teja tscharntke and bradford a. hawkins influence the relative importance of top-down effects (control by preda- tors) and bottom-up effects (control by resources). This latter problem remains an important part of community ecology and is answerable only when we utilize multitrophic level thinking. This book provides an overview and current perspectives on the field of multitrophic interactions. The book comprises ten chapters, the topics of which have been selected by the editors to include what we feel repre- sent the most important aspects of multitrophic interactions. We have selected several standard topics that should be included in a book with this theme, but we have also selected newly emerging topics that should receive greater attention in the coming years. Consequently, the book will very much focus on the future rather than on the history