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University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 10-29-2014 Etruscan Trade Networks: Understanding the Significance of Imported Materials at Remote Etruscan Settlements through Trace Element Analysis Using Non-Destructive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry Patrick T. Woodruff University of South Florida, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons Scholar Commons Citation Woodruff, Patrick T., "Etruscan Trade Networks: Understanding the Significance of Imported Materials at Remote Etruscan Settlements through Trace Element Analysis Using Non-Destructive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry" (2014). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5439 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Etruscan Trade Networks: Understanding the Significance of Imported Materials at Remote Etruscan Settlements through Trace Element Analysis Using Non-Destructive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry by Patrick T. Woodruff A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of Anthropology College of Arts and Sciences University of South Florida Major Professor: Robert H. Tykot, Ph.D. Thomas Pluckhahn, Ph.D. E. Christian Wells, Ph.D. Date of Approval: October 29, 2014 Keywords: archaeometry, ancient exchange, ceramics, materiality, Mediterranean archaeology, pXRF Copyright © 2014, Patrick T. Woodruff DEDICATION This research paper is dedicated to my lovely wife and family. Their support, sacrifices, and constant encouragement provided the motivation that kept me focused on completing this research. Without their love and understanding, I would not have the opportunity to fulfill my goals of becoming an archaeologist. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank Dr. Nancy de Grummond, Dr. Jane Whitehead, Dr. Robert Tykot and Randall Stratton in providing the support necessary to conduct this research. Dr. Nancy de Grummond is a professor at Florida State University and the current field director for the Cetamura archaeological field school. Dr. Jane Whitehead is a professor at Valdosta State University in Georgia. She was the site director for the excavations at the La Piana archaeological site. Both Dr. de Grummond and Dr. Whitehead provided access to the Etruscan ceramic artifacts on which this thesis is based. Randall Stratton is the property manager and board member at Tenuta di Spannocchia, an 1100-acre organic agricultural estate in central Tuscany where the ceramics excavated from La Piana have been securely stored for the past 10 years. Dr. Robert Tykot was not only my academic advisor, he also generously provided the equipment necessary to complete this project. TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables ................................................................................................................................. iii List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ iv Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... vii Chapter One: Introduction ...............................................................................................................1 Chapter Two: Historical Background of the Etruscan Civilization ...............................................12 Politics ....................................................................................................................................14 Military ...................................................................................................................................16 Social Status ...........................................................................................................................17 Maritime Trade .......................................................................................................................19 Archaeological Sites ...............................................................................................................24 La Piana .............................................................................................................................24 Cetamura ............................................................................................................................32 Chapter Three: Methodology .........................................................................................................43 XRF and Elemental Analysis .................................................................................................44 XRF in Archaeology...............................................................................................................52 Etruscan Ceramic Studies .......................................................................................................55 Methods Used for this Study ..................................................................................................59 Chapter Four: Analysis of Etruscan Ceramics ...............................................................................62 Construction Materials ...........................................................................................................64 Coarse Ware Materials ...........................................................................................................69 Fine Ware (Plain) ...................................................................................................................72 Fine Ware (Black Gloss) ........................................................................................................74 Fine Ware (Red Gloss) ...........................................................................................................76 Fine Ware (Bucchero and Impasto) .......................................................................................78 Final Analysis .........................................................................................................................80 Chapter Five: Conclusion ..............................................................................................................85 References ......................................................................................................................................93 Appendix A: Compiled Data of Trace Elements .........................................................................100 i Appendix B: Images of Ceramic Artifacts Analyzed ..................................................................105 Construction Materials .........................................................................................................105 Coarse Ware Materials .........................................................................................................119 Fine Ware (Plain) .................................................................................................................132 Fine Ware (Black Gloss) ......................................................................................................142 Fine Ware (Red Gloss) .........................................................................................................149 Fine Ware (Bucchero and Impasto) .....................................................................................154 Appendix C: Permissions .............................................................................................................163 ii LIST OF TABLES Table 1: NAA and XRF Comparison (ppm) of obsidian artifacts in central Mexico ................49 Table 2: Explained variance of the trace elements contained within the construction materials. ......................................................................................................................65 Table 3: Component score coefficient matrix for construction materials ..................................65 Table 4: Similarity matrix containing the 27 samples of construction materials .......................66 Table 5: Explained variance of the trace elements contained within the coarse ware materials .......................................................................................................................70 Table 6: Component score coefficient matrix for coarse ware materials ...................................70 Table 7: Explained variance of the trace elements contained within the fine ware (plain) materials .......................................................................................................................72 Table 8: Component score coefficient matrix for fine ware (plain) materials ...........................72 Table 9: Explained variance of the trace elements contained within the fine ware (black gloss) materials ............................................................................................................74 Table 10: Component score coefficient matrix for fine ware (black gloss) materials .................74 Table 11: Explained variance of the trace elements contained within the fine ware (red gloss) materials ............................................................................................................76
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