Copyright by Andrew Paul Howard 2009 Making Change Happen: The Adaptation and Transformation of Ovid’s Metamorphoses in Longus’ Daphnis and Chloe by Andrew Paul Howard, B.A. Report Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts The University of Texas at Austin May 2009 Making Change Happen: The Adaptation and Transformation of Ovid’s Metamorphoses in Longus’ Daphnis and Chloe Approved by Supervising Committee Supervisor: _______________________________ Karl GalinsKy _______________________________ Lawrence Kim Dedication In memoria patris, qui legebat omnia quae scripsi Abstract Making Change Happen: The Adaptation and Transformation of Ovid’s Metamorphoses in Longus’ Daphnis and Chloe Andrew Paul Howard (MA) The University of Texas at Austin, 2009 Supervisor: Karl GalinsKy This paper aims to explore the connections and parallels between Longus’ Daphnis and Chloe and Ovid’s Metamorphoses. The conclusions reached should provide fertile ground for further studies in the intertextual play between novels and Latin poetry. To reach these conclusions, there will be a multi‐pronged approach at analyzing the questions and implications raised by the potential connections. First Longus’ novel will be situated within a context of GreeK literature under the Roman Empire that consciously utilized Vergilian poetry. Having done that, I will turn to the similar methods that each author uses to play with genre and the visual worlds in his worK, a process that shows that Longus was using Ovid as a definite model/Kindred spirit for his novel’s v approach to these topics. Following that, there will be an extended examination of specific episodes in Daphnis and Chloe through which Longus reveals his Knowledge of Ovid’s Metamorphoses. Finally, this paper will attempt to situate the arguments and conclusions that are made in the context of the current debates over the readership of the novel to present a strong case for bilingualism in the ancient world. vi Table of Contents The Interrelationship Between Latin and GreeK Literature ...................................4 The Adaptations of Genre...………………………………………………………….……………………13 The Question of Metamorphosis…………………………………………….………………………….21 Episodic Connections…………………………………………………………….…………….……………..25 Writing for a Visual World………………………………………………………………………………….42 Readership……………………………….………………………………………………………………………..59 Concluding Thoughts………………………………………………………………………………………….67 Bibliography.......................................................................................................70 Vita ....................................................................................................................77 vii While I was going through the indices of the two most recent English‐language worKs on Longus’ Daphnis and Chloe, I was mildly surprised to find no references to Ovid in either.1 Using Richard Hunter’s A Study of Daphnis and Chloe as an example, from the Latin corpus in lieu of a Ovidian reference, Hunter cites Silius Italicus and Lucian’s influences on the development of this particular GreeK novel.2 The non‐inclusion of Ovid is more than a little surprising, since Ovid’s worKs—primarily the Metamorphoses—map on rather well to Longus’ pastoral novel, which owes a debt to the imagery and thematics of the Metamorphoses. However, it should be stated at the outset that this paper does not aim to offer a total reconsideration of the sources and influences on Daphnis and Chloe. It has been well‐established that Longus draws heavily from Homer and Theocritus in addition to his fellow novelists and this assertion should not and will not be challenged.3 However, the Latin influence—particularly Ovid’s influence—has been largely ignored.4 This paper aims to explore the connections and parallels between Longus’ Daphnis and Chloe and Ovid’s Metamorphoses. This is not an exhaustive survey of the connections between poet and novelist, but the conclusions reached should provide fertile ground for further studies in the intertextual play between novels and Latin 1 Bruce D. MacQueen, Myth, Rhetoric, and Fiction: A Reading of Longus’ Daphnis and Chloe (Lincoln: 1990). Richard L. Hunter, A Study of Daphnis and Chloe (Cambridge: 1988). 2 Hunter, 30‐31. Hunter also references Catullus, Horace, Plautus and Vergil, but the omission of Ovidian connections while including Silius Italicus is more than a little unusual. 3 Hunter, 59. 1 poetry. To reach these conclusions, there will be a multi‐pronged approach at analyzing the questions and implications raised by the potential connections. This paper will first utilize two pieces of rather recent literature that provide an excellent re‐thinKing of the connections between two GreeK novelists (Longus and Chariton) and Vergilian source material.5 These parallel studies will provide a starting point for the argument that there was a tradition of cross‐linguistic fertilization between authors of different genres in different languages. This review will by no means be exhaustive; rather, it is meant to give a sampling of what other scholars have deemed to be significant answers to these pressing questions. Having looKed at other studies of a similar type to establish that the claims that Longus used Ovid should not be dismissed as spurious, I will turn to the intersections between Ovid’s Metamorphoses and Longus’ Daphnis and Chloe. Genre figures prominently in this discussion; both worKs play with the hard‐and‐fast traditional assessments of genre with a result that each falls into categories that bear resemblances to what they purport themselves to be, but in actuality exist almost sui generis. Moving past genre, I will also discuss how Longus manipulates the Ovidian metamorphosis trope. While metamorphosis is by no means a feature confined to Ovid, as we shall see, 4 Excepting Hubbard’s 2005 article that explored the connections between Vergil’s bucolic poetry and Longus. 5 Generally until recent decades, the cross‐linguistic literary transactions were ignored by scholars. Fortunately, in recent years, the trend seems to be moving in the other direction. 2 the metamorphoses contained within Daphnis and Chloe are, in fact, quite Ovidian in nature. Following that, the focus will shift to specific scenes and themes in which Longus recalls and echoes Ovid—particularly the Dorcon episode, the internal myths and the LyKaneion episode. Through an examination of these specific scenes, I intend to show that Longus consciously made use of Ovidian elements in a fashion that would be more or less apparent to his readers. The final point of coincidence between the worKs can be seen in each author’s use of art. Throughout the Metamorphoses and Daphnis and Chloe, the reader is constantly confronted with artistic imagery. I argue that Longus views Ovid as something of a Kindred spirit with the use of artistic language and maKes use of the Ovidian suffusion of art in literature to layer his own text in the colors and imagery of the narrative wall‐painting. Finally, I will move the Longus‐Ovid argument into one of the issues plaguing the ancient novel—readership. If Longus were maKing use of Ovid, it would follow that at least some portion of his audience would also be familiar with the Latin poet, a point with some bearing on the discussion of bilingualism in the ancient world. 3 The Intertextual relationship between Latin and Greek Literature The traditional view of the interrelationship (or lacK thereof) between GreeK and Latin authors has largely remained set in stone in the two centuries following Gibbon’s remarK that “there is not, I believe, from Dionysius to Libanius, a single GreeK critic who mentions Virgil or Horace. They seem ignorant that the Romans had any good writers.”6 While Gibbon’s point is valid insofar that there are no GreeK critics who discuss Latin poetry, he ignores the possibility that a GreeK would be reading Latin poets and incorporating their ideas into his own worK. It has only been in the last decade or so that scholars have really begun to worK on breaKing down the assumptions of GreeK hostility or ignorance of Latin literature that stems from the linguistic divide between GreeK and Latin to more fully consider the relationship between Longus and Chariton to Vergil.7 Turning first to Longus, the dominant view regarding his sources is that he drew heavily from the GreeK bucolic tradition. Valley first laid out the groundworK for a heavily Theocritean model of influence and from there on, the prevailing opinion is that Longus worKed from the Theocritan tradition.8 Until recently, the possibility of Latin 6 Gibbon, vol I, 38 n. 43. 7 There are other connections between Principate GreeK writers and Latin authors that have fostered numerous arguments of connection that are not all that pertinent to this argument. In particular, the connection between GreeK and Latin epigrammists has been examined by Williams in sufficient detail and the closeness between the stories of LuKe‐Acts and the Aeneid. For more on the latter topic, I refer you to Palmer Bonz’s 2000 booK on the topic and Shea’s 2005 article for thorough arguments for the influence of Vergil (as well as GreeK pagan literature) on the development of the “plot” of LuKe‐Acts. 8 Valley, 79‐104. Also, Bernd Effe, “Longos. Zur FunKtiongeschichte der BuKoliK in der römischen Kaiserzeit,” Hermes 110 (1982), 68‐84) (English translation in Swain (ed.) 1999, 189‐209, esp. 192‐193); Lia Raffaella Cresci,