PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ŠIBENIK 12th–15th SEPTEMBER 2013 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ŠIBENIK 12th–15th SEPTEMBER 2013 IMPRESSUM

NAKLADNIK / PUBLISHER Odsjek za arheologiju Filozofskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu / Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb

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NASLOVNICA / FRONT COVER Nadgrobna ara Kvinta Rutilija Ticijana i Kvinta Rutilija Prokula / Funerary altar of Q. Rutilius Titianus and Q. Rutilius Proculus, Muzej grada Šibenika / Šibenik City Museum Urna vojničkog tribuna / The urn of a military tribune, Muzej grada Šibenika / Šibenik City Museum

STRAŽNJA KORICA / BACK COVER Titul Aplina Bardurija, Pladomenovog sina / Titulus of Aplis Bardurius, son of Pladomenus Muzej grada Šibenika / Šibenik City Museum

FOTOGRAF / PHOTOGRAPHER Tomislav Šmider PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ŠIBENIK 12th–15th SEPTEMBER 2013

Department of Archaeology Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb

Zagreb 2017. Duje Rendić-Miočević sadržaj / contents

Dino Demicheli PREDGOVOR / FOREWORD 8

Radoslav Katičić DUJE RENDIĆ-MIOČEVIĆ I ILIRSKA ANTROPONIMIJA 13 Nenad Cambj DUJE RENDIĆ-MIOČEVIĆ I KNJIŽEVNI KRUG SPLIT 19 Ivan Mirnik OUR PROFESSOR DUJE RENDIĆ-MIOČEVIĆ 29 Marin Zaninović ZAŠTO RIDER? 37 Aleksandra Faber URBANE ZNAČAJKE U LOKACIJI I RASTERU ARHITEKTURE ANTIČKOG RIDERA 49 (DANILO KOD ŠIBENIKA) Vera Bitrakova-Grozdanova DASSARETES ET LYCHNIDIENS – NOUVELLES SOURCES ÉPIGRAPHIQUES ET NUMISMATIQUES 69 Maja Miše THE HELLENISTIC WARE FROM THE INDIGENOUS NECROPOLIS AT GRADINA IN DRAGIŠIĆ 83 NEAR ŠIBENIK, CROATIA Dinko Radić, Igor Borzić EXCAVATION OF THE NECROPOLIS OF THE KOPILA HILLFORT NEAR BLATO 105 ON THE ISLAND OF KORČULA – PRELIMINARY REPORT Toni Brajković, Željko Krnčević, Emil Podrug HISTORIJAT ARHEOLOŠKIH ISTRAŽIVANJA U DANILU 121 Marija Buzov LA DOCUMENTAZIONE ARCHEOLOGICA DEGLI SCAVI A DANILO CONSERVATA 135 PRESSO L’ISTITUTO DI ARCHEOLOGIA DI ZAGABRIA - LE RICERCHE DI DUJE RENDIĆ-MIOČEVIĆ, GIÀ MEMBRO DELL’ACCADEMIA CROATA DI SCIENZE, LETTERE ED ARTI Marco Hubert Campigotto THE PSEPHISMA OF LUMBARDA: A NEW READING OF FRAGMENT N 157 Kornelija A. Giunio A CAPTAIN FROM NICOMEDIA ON A GREEK INSCRIPTION FROM ZADAR 165 sadržaj / contents

Marjeta Šašel Kos THE STATII OF RISINIUM 171 Bojan Lazinica, Dražen Maršić FOLLOWING THE TRAIL OF THE NEW LIBURNIAN CIPPUS FROM RAB. ARBA - NEW PRODUCTION CENTER OF LIBURNIAN CIPPI 187 Hrvoje Manenica TWO SUNDIALS FROM NARONA 201 Nikola Cesarik, Ivo Glavaš COHORTES I ET II MILLIARIA DELMATARUM 209 Tomasz Dziurdzik THE RELATION OF LATE ROMAN EQUITES DALMATAE TO DALMATIA 223 Manfred Hainzmann NAVALE,-IS: SCHIFFSHEILIGTUM ODER INKUBATIONSHALLE? ÜBERLEGUNGEN ZUR ANTIKEN BAUTERMINOLOGIE 235 Mirjana Sanader, Dino Demicheli the EARLY CHRISTIAN SERVICE OF OSTIARIUS ON AN UNPUBLISHED SARCOPHAGUS WITH THE INSCRIPTIONS FROM ŠUPLJA CRKVA SITE IN SOLIN (SALONA) 253 Lorenzo Calvelli, Francesca Crema, Franco Luciani The Nani Museum: Greek and Latin Inscriptions from Greece and Dalmatia 265 Ante Rendić-Miočević OPAŽANJA O NEKOLIKO NEOBJAVLJENIH ILI NEDOVOLJNO POZNATIH SILVANOVIH KULTNIH SLIKA 291 Ivan Basić DALMATIAE, DALMATIARUM: A STUDY IN HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE ADRIATIC (IN THE LIGHT OF THE NEW INSCRIPTION FROM CORDOBA) 309 Danijel Dzino Sculptor Maximinus and his images of the goddess Diana and the girl Lupa from the Dalmatian hinterland 335 Ljubica Perinić SILVANUS’ ATTRIBUTE FROM THE TRILJ MONUMENT 345 Toni Brajković RELIEF DEPICTIONS AND MOTIFS ON RIDER TOMBSTONES 357 sadržaj / contents

Jovan J. Martinović MVNICIPIVM S( ) E/OVVERO MVNICIPIVM R( ) 373 Robert Matijašić ROMANISATION OF THE HISTRI IN THE EARLY ROMAN PERIOD 379 Inga Vilogorac Brčić THE TAUROBOLIUM AND CRIOBOLIUM IN DALMATIA 391 Phyllis Culham THE DEEP ROOTS OF ROMAN COUNTERINSURGENCY IN ILLYRICUM 6-9 C.E. 401 Ivan Radman-Livaja THE ISSUE OF PEREGRINE POLYONYMY ON SISCIA LEAD TAGS 413 Maja Zeman ROMAN ARCHITECTURAL COMPLEX AT STARI ŠEMATORIJ IN DANILO (RIDER) – THE ISSUE OF FUNCTION 425 Alenka Miškec Monetary circulation in Istria in Antiquity: the first and second centuries AD 449 Tomislav Bilić PRE-IMPERIAL COINAGE FROM SISAK 457 Iva Kaić Roman intaglios with inscriptions from the Archaeological Museum in Zagreb 479 Alexander Minchev UNUSUAL EARLY CHRISTIAN MARBLE CROSS-SHAPED RELIQUARY FROM THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM OF VARNA 487 Branka Migotti ROMAN SARCOPHAGI OF NORTHERN CROATIA FEATURING PECULIAR ICONOGRAPHIES 499 Jakov Vučić STONEMASON WORKSHOPS IN THE ROMAN PROVINCE OF DALMATIA DURING LATE ANTIQUITY 515 Bajram Doka ILLYRIAN LANGUAGES IN ALBANIAN DIALECTS 533 illyrica antiqua ii • In honorem Duje Rendić-Miočević 209

Nikola Cesarik, Ivo Glavaš COHORTES I ET II MILLIARIA DELMATARUM1

Original scientific paper Nikola Cesarik UDC 904(497.4/.6):355.1(398) University of Zadar DOI 10.17234/IllyricaAntiqua.2.16 Department of archaeology Obala kralja Petra Krešimira IV. 2 HR-23000 Zadar [email protected]

Ivo Glavaš Ministry of culture Conservation department in Šibenik Stube Jurja Ćulinovića 1/3 HR-21000 Šibenik [email protected]

Authors are discussing the subject of two Dalmatian milliary cohorts (Cohortes I et II milliaria Delmatarum) raised during the reign of Marcus Aurelius. The main topics are the reason and exact date of their establishment; their early movements; as well as the permanent forts and deployments of smaller detachments across the borders of Roman Dalmatia. Keywords: Cohors I milliaria Delmatarum, Cohors II milliaria Delmatarum, vice tertiae, praetentura Italiae et Alpium, Čačak, Doboj, Parthian expedition.

INTRODUCTION Contrary1 to the period of 1st century AD – when a large handled by Cichorius (1894: col. 281), Alföldy (1962: number of military units occupied the province of Dal- 268-269 = 1987: 251-252), Wilkes (1969: 473), and most matia – in the first half of 2nd century AD the military recently by Spaul (2000: 312-314) who gave some hasty garrison of Dalmatian governor mainly consisted of conclusions, especially regarding the question of Cohors three auxiliary units.2 Such a situation continued until II milliaria Delmatarum. the reign of Marcus Aurelius, when two new auxiliary During the last few decades, a considerable amount of units (Cohortes I et II milliaria Delmatarum) were raised new inscriptions has been published recording these two from the Dalmatian inhabitants (Betz 1939: 63; Alföldy cohorts from the northeastern part of Roman Dalmatia 1962: 287-288 = 1987: 275; Wilkes 1969: 141; Zaninović (eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina and western Serbia: 2010: 26-29). The history of these two units was briefly Vasić 1986; Petrović 1993; Dušanić 2003; Ferjančić et al. 2008; 2009; Loma 2009) and one from southern France 1 We dedicate this paper in the memory of our late colleague Radoslav Dodig, a great erudite and a well-known researcher of Roman army (Bérard 1995), which potentiate the re-discussion of the in Dalmatia. subject. The most recent, and so far the most compre- 2 Cohors VIII voluntariorum civium Romanorum, cohors I Belgarum and hensive summary regarding these two cohorts has been cohors III Alpinorum. There are also some indicators of the presence of done by Loma (2010: 116-126, 273-283). The whole cor- st a detachment of legion VIII Augusta in Dalmatia at the end of 1 and pus of epigraphic material is given in the appendices. the begging of 2nd century AD, cf. Cesarik 2016. 210 In honorem Duje Rendić-Miočević • illyrica antiqua ii

The main questions that will be the focus of this paper hort for the second time which is to be equated with are: the post of praefectus alae). After this post, Annaeius has the right to say that he had tribus militiis perfunctus al- 1. The Exact Date of the Establishment of the Cohorts though he never held the “real” militia tertia (i.e. the 2. The Early Deployment prefecture of a quingenary ala). 3. Disposition within the Province of Dalmatia and Per- This extraordinary promotion system of equestrian of- manent Forts ficers is very rare in the epigraphic material, and has 4. Possible Participation of Unit(s) in the Parthian to be linked either with the need caused by the war, or War(s) of Septimius Severus with the situations in which there were no vacancies for 5. The Role and Disposal of Smaller Detachments the posts of higher militia (whether secunda or tertia), so the commanders could advance by holding their current posts (Bérard 1995: 350; Demougin 2000: 132-133). The 1. THE ESTABLISHMENT system had been established roughly during the reign of Marcus Aurelius, and was continued to the 3rd century (Demougin 2000: 133). Cohortes I et II milliaria Delmatarum are first recorded on two distance slabs witnessing the building activity In the view of the establishment of two cohortes milli- in 169/170 AD, while reinforcing part of the northern arae Delmatarum, the term vice tertia(e) on the Salona walls of Salona (App. I. 1, Fig. 1; II. 1, Fig. 2).3 The indi- inscription is of special importance, because it gives a rect evidence of their existence can be found in Historia clue of the exact year in which they were raised. L. An- Augusta which tells us that emperor Marcus Aurelius naeius Servillianus, most probably held the tribunate of latrones etiam Dalmatiae atque Dardaniae milites fecit cohors II milliaria Delmatarum for the 2nd time when the (HA, Marc. XXI, 7; cf. Birley 1993: 159-160). Although inscription was placed on the walls of Salona. Having the first epigraphic record of these cohorts is dated in that in mind, if we calculate an average length of the 169/170 AD, the precise date of their establishment term of office in every post in the tres militiae equstres must have been a bit earlier. The Salona inscription of in the 2nd century AD – which is estimated to be ap- cohors II milliaria Delmatarum bears a trace that sug- proximately 3 to 4 years (Birley 1961: 137-138; Devi- gests an earlier establishment of these two cohorts: jver 1989: 79; 1992: 213) – we come to the conclusion that these cohorts were probably founded at least 3 or 4 Imp(eratore) Caes(are) M(arco) Au/rel(io) Antonino / years before the date on the Salona inscriptions (if not Aug(usto) pont(ifice) max(imo) tr(ibunicia) / pot(estate) one or two years more). So the latest possible date is the XXIIII co(n)s(ule) III p(atre) p(atriae) / coh(ors) II |(milli- year 166/167 AD. aria) Del(matarum) ped(es) DCCC / in his turris I sub cura / L(uci) Annaei Serviliani trib(uni) / vice tertia(e).4 According to literary and epigraphic sources (HA, Marc. 21, 8; Dio LV 24.4, Oros. 7.15.6; CIL VI 1377 = 31640 The crucial fact is the expression vice tertia(e) in the last = 41142 + pp. 3141, 3805, 4948 = ILS 1098; AE 1956: line of the inscription. As shown by French scholars 123; cf. Ritterling 1924-1925: col. 1300; Kovács 2009: (Bérard 1995: 349-351; Demougin 2000: 132-133), the 204-205), emperor Marcus Aurelius raised two new le- expression designates the fact that L. Annaeius Servil- gions in AD 165/166 (legiones II et III Italica), of which lianus, while holding the post of a tribune of cohors II the earliest epigraphic record is to be found in the same milliaria Delmatarum – which by all means represents year and in the same activity as that of two Dalmatian the militia secunda in the well-known cursus of the cohorts (CIL III 1980 = 8570; Fig. 3). It has commonly equestrian officers (tres militiae equestres; cf. Devijver been thought that these two legions were raised because 1989; 1992) – is actually holding the post of militia ter- of the Quadian-Marcomann crisis and that they were tia. That means that L. Annaeius Servilianus is holding rd initially deployed to the line of praetentura Italiae et Al- his 3 post in the tres militiae equestres system in the pium (Ritterling 1924-1925: col. 1469, 1533). At some same post which actually represents the militia secunda point – a need for the fortification of Dalmatia’s capital (i.e. he is holding the post of a tribune of a milliary co- caused the reemployment of detachments of Italian le- 3 They can be dated between 10th of December 169 and 9th of gions to Salona, where they participated with the newly December 170 because of Marcus’ 24th tribunicia potestas, cf. Kienast established Dalmatian cohorts in the essential construc- 2004: 139. tion of new city walls. We believe that there should not 4 The reading of this inscription is slightly different from the one in be any formidable obstacle to the conclusion that the CIL III 6374 = 8655, because the last word tertia should be restituted date of the establishment of two cohortes milliariae Del- in genitive case (tertiae), as it will be justified in the discussion below. illyrica antiqua ii • In honorem Duje Rendić-Miočević 211

matarum should be linked to the time of the formation modus; or Septimius Severus and Caracalla. Such an in- of two legiones Italicae. terpretation is backed up by the fact that the first letter in the 2nd line of the inscription is surely a G, and that The recruitment of Dalmatian cohorts was surely not an all the words in the whole inscription are continuing in ad hoc occurrence. It was more likely an act of a widely the lines below. Consequently we can use as a tool the organized course that happened in the break of precari- fact that the absence of praenomen is a characteristic of ous events for the Imperium Romanum. The fact that the the late Principate (Alföldy 1969: 27), but this can only assertion from Historia Augusta regarding the recruit- be used as a guideline, not as a clear rule.5 Of course, if ment of Dalmatian latrones in the army is dated in the the altar was dedicated Spei Augustae, we can only say year 169 AD (Birley 2012: 24), does not disprove our that the terminus post quem is the death of Lucius Verus. conclusion. On the contrary, it is hard to believe that the ad hoc units assembled only of bandits would be of any Regardless of this problem, this does not mean that significant efficiency. It is more likely that these two there are no possibilities in explaining the presence of units were at some point reinforced with latrones – who cohors I milliaria Delmatarum in the area of Tergeste. To were needed to be put in order and construction work answer that, we must go back to the previous discussion was a very good means for that cause. in which the reason and time of the foundation of two cohortes milliariae Delmatarum were both linked with the raising of two legiones Italicae. Despite all the disa- greement regarding the exact date of the Quadian-Mar- 2. THE EARLY DEPLOYMENT comann intrusions in northern Italy, which – depend- ing on different varieties of scholars – is dated to the During the period of building the walls of Salona, the period from 166 to 174 AD (Kovács 2009: 181 ff.) – we cohorts must have been placed near the Dalmatian capi- believe that the Fons Timavi inscription allows us to as- tal, but the real questions are: where they were before sume that cohortes I et II milliaria Delmatarum were also and where they went after? The main problem regard- initially placed in the area of praetentura Italiae et Alpi- ing these questions is the fact that the next datable in- um. Another argument for that premise may have been scriptions cannot be found until the end of Marcus Au- found in the separation of northwestern part of Dalma- relius’ reign and during the reign of Commodus. tia in the newly established provincia Liburnia with L. Artorius Castus as a procurator centenarius iure gladii Nevertheless, the clue for answering these questions at the head. If the hypothesis of Miletić is to be true – may have been found on the altar (App. I. 2) which that the separation of Liburnia from Dalmatia should (Caius?) Sacconius Varro – a tribune of cohors I mil- be linked with the Quadian-Marcomann crisis and the liaria Delmatarum – dedicated Spei Augg(ustorum) or formation of praetentura Italiae et Alpium (Miletić 2014: Spei Aug(ustae) in the Fons Timavi near Tergeste. The 122-126) – than a procurator with the ius gladii should question that arises is what was the tribune of I milliaria have had some military units at his disposal. Although Delmatarum doing in the area of Tergeste? The ques- all of this is very speculative and cannot be supported tion could be rephrased and asked: what was the whole by any hard evidence, we must ask ourselves could it cohort doing there, because it is evident that the act- be that these units were vexillationes legionum II Piae et ing commander was present there with his cohort. The III Concordiae and cohortes I et II milliaria Delmatarum? Fons Timavi inscription is hard evidence that the major- ity of Varro’s unit accompanied him while performing The fact that L. Artorius Castus was only a procurator an official duty in the area of Tergeste. This builds up means that he could not have had at his disposition the a next important question: can we be more precise with whole legion, but the force of legionary vexillationes and the dating of the altar? That, of course, depends upon two milliary cohorts would be more than sufficient. two different readings of Fons Timavi inscription, i.e. This assumption could explain the presence of such an whether the altar was dedicated Spei Augg(ustorum) by army in the nearby city of Salona and could also give a Sacconius Varro or Spei Aug(ustae) by C(aius) Sacconius clue about the presence of cohors I milliaria Delmatarum Varro? in the area of Tergeste. If the presence of this unit in

The inscription is surely from the Antonine or Severan 5 Very good example are the inscriptions from Salona, where the name period, and if it was dedicated Spei Augg(ustorum), then of the tribune of cohors I milliaria Delmatarum is given without the it could be dated to the periods of joint rule of Marcus praenomen (Grannius Fortunatus) and the name of the tribune of co- Aurelius and Lucius Verus; Marcus Aurelius and Com- hors II milliaria Delmatarum is given in the classical tria nomina form (L. Annaeius Servilianus). 212 In honorem Duje Rendić-Miočević • illyrica antiqua ii

that area can be linked to the formation of praetentura shifted by need from one place to the other during the Italiae et Alpium, then we would not be far away from Marcomannic wars is possibly shown on the inscription the conclusion that (Caius?) Sacconius Varro was one of from Salona which commemorates a centurion of I mil- the first tribunes of cohors I milliaria Delmatarum, who liaria Delmatarum who died at Sirmium (App. I. 7). was either succeeded by Grannius Fortunatus (tribune Most recent prosopographical analysis made by Loma in 169/170 AD), or was Fortunatus’ successor.6 (2010) on Ti. Claudius Gallus brought us a conclusion This could all be the truth, but our suggestion is clouded that both cohortes milliariae Delmatarum were placed in by many obstacles that is related inasmuch as with the the northeastern part of Roman Dalmatia during the main reason for the organization of two Italian legions last years of Marcus Aurelius and at the beginning of (and forming of praetentura Italiae et Alpium), as it is the sole reign of Commodus. An inscription found at with the variety of proposals for the exact date of the modern day Čačak in western Serbia (App. II. 2) men- Quadian-Marcomann invasion of northern Italy. Ac- tioning Ti. Claudius Gallus – a tribune of cohors II mil- cording to the current view, the attack on northern Italy liaria Delmatarum, whom Svetlana Loma identified with was more likely happened in the years after the death the Septimius Severus’ senator known on the later in- of Lucius Verus, i.e. a few years after the establishment scriptions from Lambaesis (AE 1957: 123; 1987: 1067), of the mentioned units and praetentura Italiae et Alpium Băile Herculane (CIL III 1564; IDR III/1: 57) and Vois- (Kovács 2009: 181-199). On the other hand, the founda- lova (IDR III/1: 271) – is hard evidence that II milli- tion of new legions is thought rather to be connected aria Delmatarum came to the vicinity of Čačak – a place with the earlier loss of two legions in the East (IX His- where the majority of the inscriptions of that cohort pana and XXII Deiotariana) or with Marcus Aurelius’ were found (App. II. 3-8) – approximately at the end of plan for the campaign against Germanic tribes (Kovács the reign of Marcus Aurelius. 2012: 82). The summary of proposed reasons and facts On the other hand, an emperor who suffered a damnatio for the establishment of these two legions is best given memoriae on the altar from Užice (App. I. 3) – which C. by Kovács (2009: 204-208), and from his point of view Iulius Rufus, a tribune of cohors I milliaria Delmatarum legio II and legio III Italica were most likely raised be- dedicated Iovi Optimo Maximo Partino – has shown to be cause: “even before the end of the Parthian war Mar- none other than Commodus, which declares that both cus felt that a new German war was being mounted; the of these cohorts were placed at the northeastern bor- reason (if there was one apart from defence) from the ders of Dalmatia immediately after the Marcommanic Roman point of view is still not precisely clear. The ini- wars. Reason for that is evident. After the Quadian- tiative, however, belonged to the enemy.” (Kovács 2009: Marcomman crisis had ended, neither of Dalmatian 208). cohorts were needed for their primary task, so they re- We can conclude, therefore, that legiones II et III Italica, turned to their original province to serve at the military and with them cohortes I et II milliaria Delmatarum were garrison of Dalmatia’s governor. In the area of Čačak not raised because of the attacks of Quadi and Mar- there was a station of beneficiarii consularis which was comanni on northern Italy, but rather because of the probably placed there prior to the arrival of II milliaria defensive politics against the northern threat (cf. HA, Delmatarum (Ferjančić et al. 2008: 15-16). Beneficiarii Marc. XII, 13), which eventually turned into an offen- consularis are also attested in the area of Skelani (muni- sive campaign (cf. HA, Marc. XXI). cipium Malvesiatium; cf. Bojanovski 1988: 363, No. 17- 27) which is not far from Užice. The presence of Dalma- tian cohorts is witnessed in Skelani by two centurions of I milliaria Delmatarum (App. I. 5-6), and one from the 3. TRANSFER TO DALMATIA’S BORDERS nearby Bajina Bašta (App. I. 4). The fact that all the inscriptions are mentioning cen- It is quite certain that neither of these cohorts had turions clearly suggests that smaller detachments were built a permanent fort until the end of the Quadian- placed there for controlling an important road cross- Marcomann crisis. They probably used temporary or ing which lead to Domavia – the main district of silver marching camps when and where was needed – such as mines in Dalmatia (argentariae Delmaticae). The area of the camps that were located to the north of the Dan- Čačak had exactly the same strategic reason for deploy- ube (Fischer 2012: 39). The clue that these cohorts were ment of military units, because it lay on an important 6 Of course, he could be Fortunatus’ predecessor only if the dedica- road crossing which connected the valley of river Ve- tion was Spei Augg(ustorum). The notion that he was his successor is lika Morava with the area of argentariae Delmaticae, and plausible regardless of the reading of the inscription. the valley of Velika Morava with the mining districts illyrica antiqua ii • In honorem Duje Rendić-Miočević 213

of Rudnik and Kosmaj (Ferjančić et al. 2008: 18). It is deity or emperor together with the active commander. evident that during the reign of Marcus Aurelius both That evidently proves that the castellum in Doboj was at Dalmatian cohorts came to northeastern Dalmatia to se- some point garrisoned by a milliary cohort. cure the mining districts, which must be connected with The second inscription is even more fragmented (Patsch the reforms that happened in time of his reign, when 1899: 254-256, Nr. 1, fig. 74; CIL III 12758 = 14618). It the mining districts of Pannonia and Dalmatia were consists of two parts, of which the first probably con- placed directly under the control of the imperial fiscus tains the name of Septimius Severus, and the second with the procurator metallorum Pannonicorum et Dalma- the unknown milliary cohort. Both Alföldy (1962: 294, ticorum at the head (cf. Dušanić 1977: 86-87; 2004: 254, cat. no. 12, 9 = 1987: 287, cat. no. 12, 9) and Wilkes n. 37; Škegro 1998: 55-58). (1969: 473) thought that the inscription refers to cohors Cohors II milliaria Delmatarum surely had a permanent I milliaria Delmatarum. Such a conclusion was well es- fort in the area of Čačak, which, although not yet lo- tablished – even if there was no clear evidence – because cated, is proven not only by the inscriptions of the co- castellum at Doboj was clearly built in the 2nd century hort’s tribunes (App. II. 2, 4-6) – one of whom held the AD and it had to be connected with one of the milliary office in AD 253 (App. II. 6; cf. Dušanić 2003), which cohorts stationed in Dalmatia. Because II milliaria Del- proves that the cohort stayed in Čačak for at least 70 to matarum garrisoned castellum at Čačak, the cohort in 80 years – but also by the stamped bricks (App. II. 8). Doboj was connected with I milliaria Delmatarum. The question of the fort of I milliaria Delmatarum is still That the premise of Alföldy and Wilkes was right and an issue of debate. The fort at Doboj had been suggest- that I milliaria Delmatarum garrisoned castellum at ed, but cohort’s presence was clouded by the fact that Doboj is shown by the recently published altar (Šačić neither of the few inscriptions found in Doboj record- 2014: 160-162, sl. 6-7; App. I. 13). Since the reading by ed its name (cf. Čremošnik 1984: 39). However, there Šačić is rather clumsy, it is necessary to make a full revi- is firm evidence that the fort at Doboj was garrisoned sion. Although the inscription is partially damaged (Fig. by the milliary cohort. Such a conclusion comes from 4), it is clear that the altar was dedicated Iovi Optimo two inscriptions, which – although fragmented – cer- Maximo. The second line consists of the letters RRO – tainly mentioned a milliary cohort which was stationed probably parts of the name Varro, and in the third line at Doboj. From the first one (Patsch 1899: 256-257, Nr. there are letters ITI followed by the punctum distinguens 2, fig. 75; CIL III 12759 = 14619), only four lines of the which suggest that the third line refers to the filiation inscription survived: – [T]iti or more possibly [Tr]iti [f(ilius)].8 The fourth line ] / [---]o trib(uno) / [c]oh(ortis) eius[d]em / [p]raef(ecto) consists of the letters OH in ligature, followed by graph- coh(ortis) I Fl(aviae) / [Hi]spano[r]um.7 eme I and half of the letter M, which should be read [c] oh(ortis) I M[il(liariae)]. In the fifth line there are letters The Inscription clearly records a cursus of an equestrian X IVS, which are a part of the dedication formula [e]x officer in the inverted form. In the first place comes the ius(su). The last line consists of the letter L in the left militia secunda – the tribunate of milliary cohort and in margin followed by punctum distinguens in the center the second the militia prima – prefecture of the quin- which is part of a formula l(ibens) [p(osuit)]. Unfortu- genary cohort (I Flavia Hispanorum). The fact that there nately, Varro’s rank in the unit is not preserved. is a construction tribunus cohortis eiusdem, undoubtedly suggests that the missing part of the inscription hides a The reading is: name of a milliary cohort which was commanded by this I(ovi) O(ptimo) M(aximo) / [V]arr[o] / [Tr]iti [f(ilius)] officer. This inscription is similar to the distance slab / [--- c]oh(ortis) I m[il(iariae)] / [e]x ius(su) / l(ibens) from Salona with the record of cohors I milliaria Delma- [p(osuit)]. tarum, where the name of the officer who supervised It is therefore evident that the majority of the cohort the construction of the walls of Salona is placed after left the area of Užice at some point, and garrisoned cas- the name of the cohort which undertook the construc- tellum at Doboj, from where smaller detachments were tion: trib(uni) coh(ortis) eiusd(em). Similar to that, the deployed to the northeastern part of Dalmatia, com- inscription from Doboj undoubtedly mentioned a mil- manded by centurions. liary cohort in the nominative case – which completed 8 some kind of building activity or made a dedication to a Cf. AE 1983, 823 where the dedication to Silvanus Silvestris was made by Varro Titi (filius?). The reading [Tr]iti [f(ilius)] is more likely 7 The letters I and B in the first line of the inscription were most prob- due to the fact that the name Tritus is well documented amongst the ably carved in the ligature, but because the inscription broke approxi- Delmatae, cf. CIL III 3058, 3058, 9873, 13277, 15055; ILJug 183, 189, mately at the half of the line, the letter “I” is not fully visible. 192, 193, 197, 206, 791, 2956. 214 In honorem Duje Rendić-Miočević • illyrica antiqua ii

4. THE PARTHIAN EXPEDITION war of Vespasian and Titus where one man is decorated ab Imperatore Vespasiano et Imperatore Tito (ILS 9200), According to the honorary inscription found at Aime second ab Imperatore Vespasiano Augusto (CIL XI 390- in southern France (App. I. 12), erected to T. Flavius 391), and third ab divo Tito (AE 1952: 153). (Fabius?) Geminus – a tribune of cohors I milliaria Del- That clearly demonstrates that there were no rules in matarum – we come to know about the possible cohort’s naming the imperatores who gave dona to the soldiers, participation in one of the Parthian wars of Septimius and that one could say that he was decorated only by Severus. Altough Bérard (1995: 351) speculated that co- the actual commander who lead the campaign (like Ti- hors I Thracum equitata could be a unit which Geminus berius in bellum Batonianum or Titus in bellum Iudai- commanded in the Parthian war, we believe that it is cum), the actual emperor (e.g. Vespasian), or both the more likely that he was decorated as a tribune of cohors emperor and his rightful imperator who fought the war I milliaria Delmatarum. Geminus’ career is given in the under joint auspices with the emperor (Augustus and direct form – after the militia prima (prefect of cohors I Tiberius, or Vespasian and Titus; cf. Maxfield 1981: Thracum equitata) came militia secunda (tribune of co- 115-118). Hence we can conclude that the testimony of hors I milliaria Delmatarum) and militia tertia (tribunus Caracalla’s name on Geminus’ inscription was optional, cohortis eiusdem vice tertiae) followed by the information and that it would not be strange to only state the name of Geminus’ decorations in expeditio Partica. Although of Septimius Severus who actually took the campaign the decorations were often separated from the context against the Parthians. in which they were received and sometimes it is impos- sible to discern in which position they were awarded What has caught our attention in this instance, is the (Maxfiled 1981: 49), we believe that he was decorated as confirmation of the attendance of a centurion of cohors a tribunus cohortis milliariae Delmatarum vice tertiae, i.e. VIII voluntariorum civium Romanorum in Čačak, exactly as a tribune of the same cohort for the 2nd time, which in AD 197 (ILJug 1485; Ferjančić et al. 2008: 54-55, No. is to be equated with the militia tertia. Our assumption 10). The testimony of a centurion proposes a suggestion is also based on the fact that this unusual pattern of that a smaller detachment of that unit had been de- promotion of equestrian officers is connected inter alia ployed to the vicinity of Čačak. Serbian authors argued with wartime situations – as mentioned earlier. that a detachment of cohors VIII voluntariorum c. R. was sent to Čačak to participate in the building of fortifica- Both Bérard (1995: 351) and Loma (2010: 280) pro- tions of the auxiliary castellum or to reinforce the pro- posed that a war mentioned on Geminus’ inscriptions is vincial border (Ferjančić et al. 2008: 17). Svetlana Loma more likely to have been the First Parthian war, rather (2010: 284) – on the other hand – was on the right path than the Second. They concluded that – if Geminus was in inferring that a detachment of that unit was sent in decorated for the Second Parthian expedition – the in- Čačak due to the absence of Cohors I milliaria Delma- scription would record that he was decorated by Septi- tarum from the province. We must add that it is highly mius Severus and Caracalla, because Severus celebrated possible that a detachment of VIII voluntariorum c. R. the Parthian triumph together with his oldest son who was sent to Čačak because of the possible absence of II had recently become his joint ruler. Since the inscrip- milliaria Delmatarum, which may also have participated tion only mentions Septimius Severus, Bérard (1995: in one of the civil wars of Septimius Severus. 351) and Loma (2010: 280) thought he most likely par- ticipated in the First Parthian war. In this case we must make a connection between the fact that I milliaria Delmatarum certainly participated However, the absence of Caracalla’s name cannot be in one of the Parthian wars of Septimius Severus and used as a certain fact that Geminus did not participate assumption that vexillatio cohortis VIII voluntariorum in the Second Parthian expedition, due to the fact there civium Romanorum was present at Čačak due to the pos- is no clear pattern in mentioning both imperatores when sible absence of II milliaria Delmatarum from its fort in pointing out given decorations. For instance, on the AD 197. The first Parthian war was waged in the year inscription which commemorates M. Vergilius Gallus – 194/195 AD, and the Second in 197/198 AD (cf. Birley primus pilus of legion XI – it is said that he was deco- 1999: 108-134), so could it be that II milliaria Delmatar- rated ab divo Augusto et Tiberio Caesare (CIL X 4862). On um also participated in one of Severus’s Parthian cam- the other hand, on the monument of C. Poppidius Cle- paigns? We believe that this is very likely, because when mens – soldier of the same legion – it is said that he was Severus’ came to power and started to deal with other decorated (undoubtedly for the same event) ab Tiberio pretenders to the throne – which actually went into two Caesare (AE 2002, 386). It is the same with the Judean illyrica antiqua ii • In honorem Duje Rendić-Miočević 215

Parthian expeditions – it was unlikely that one of the The history of these two units is less known during the Dalmatian cohorts swore allegiance to Severus and the 3rd century, and the only data about them is found on other did not. It is more possible that both of these units honorary inscription from Salona (App. I. 10) which came down on the side of Septimius Severus to partici- was erected to C. Iulius Avitus Alexianus, on which a pate in wars he fought with Pescenius Niger and Clo- tribune of one of the Dalmatian milliary cohorts with dius Albinus, after which Severus undertook Parthian the title Antoniniana may have been recorded; and on expeditions. the altar from Čačak (App. II. 6) which was erected Iovi Optimo Maximo pro salute Imperatoris Aemili Aemiliani Augusti totiusque domus divinae by cohors II milliaria nova Delmatarum equitata Aemiliana together with its 5. DISPOSAL OF SMALLER DETACHMENTS tribune Q. Sextilius Marinus. It must be noted that the reading of the first inscrip- The inscriptions of cohortes I et II miliaria Delmatarum tion from Salona is doubtful, and that the tribune re- have been found in the wider territory of the province corded on it could have commanded either of the Dal- (Fig. 5). Apart from two distance slabs from Salona, all matian cohorts, although earlier authors ascribed this the inscriptions are votive or funeral, and all of them inscription to the tribune of I milliaria Delmatarum (cf. – apart from two (App. I. 9; II. 10) – records active sol- Alföldy 1962: 293, cat. no. 12, 3 = 1987: 286: cat. no. diers, which indicates that smaller detachments of these 12, 3; Wilkes 1969: 473). The inscription from Čačak re- cohorts were scattered across strategic points in the veals the full name of II milliaria Delmatarum which was province of Dalmatia. We already said that the detach- cohors II milliaria nova Delmatarum equitata (Dušanić ments of I milliaria Delmatarum were deployed in the 2003). The information that II milliaria Delmatarum was area of Skelani and Bajina Bašta, which played a crucial cohors equitata is already shown on the earlier altar from role in controlling the connection with silver mines at Čačak (App. II. 3), which T. Statius Crisipinus – decurio Domavia. equitum of II milliaria Delmatarum – dedicated Dianae It is interesting that all the inscriptions from Skelani Augustae. We must note that in the reading of Holder and Bajina Bašta are witnessing centurions (App. I. 4-6), (2000: 214-215) – who revised an earlier correction of who were certainly at the head of smaller detachments Domaszewski (1890: 132, n. 16) – the name of the unit sent from their permanent fort in Doboj. One of them should be corrected to cohor(tis) II mil(liariae) – which (App. I. 5) surely held his office at the end of 2nd or in the was also noted by Loma (2010: 275, No. 6) – because the 3rd century AD, since he had a legitimate wife – which name of two Dalmatian cohorts is often abbreviated only was a privilege not given to soldiers until the reign of to coh(ors) I or II mil(liaria) (cf. App. I. 4-9, 11, 13; App. Septimius Severus (Campbell 1978; Birley 1969: 63-64). II. 8-10). So far it has not been confirmed that cohors I Centurions of I milliaria Delmatarum are also attested to milliaria Delmatarum was also equitata, but according to at Klis near Salona (App. I. 8) and Kadina glavica (App. the fact that these two were twin units – raised at the I. 11, Fig. 6). Klis played an important role in controlling same time – such a possibility is highly evident. the gateway of all the roads which lead from Dalmatia’s We have no information about these units after the year capital (Bojanovski 1974: 52), and Kadina Glavica was 253 AD, and because they are not mentioned in Notitia st probably established as an auxiliary fort from the 1 Dignitatum, our further knowledge about their history century AD (Glavaš 2011: 63-69). is quite unclear. The fact that both of these units were On the other hand, a centurion of II milliaria Delma- given honorary titles by ruling emperors during the 3rd tarum was present at Komini near Pljevlja (Municipium century – of whom one ruled only a few months – suit- S…; App. II. 9) in today’s Montenegro. Since he com- ably reflects the spirit of the time of military anarchy, memorated his wife, he had definitely been deployed in when the loyalty of soldiers meant fortune for one and the area of Pljevlja – another important mining district failure of other pretenders to the throne. in Dalmatia (cf. Bojanovski 1988: 210-213) – after Sep- timius Severus had permitted the soldiers to be legally married. 216 In honorem Duje Rendić-Miočević • illyrica antiqua ii

APPENDIX I INSCRIPTIONS OF COHORS I MILLIARIA DELMATARUM

1. Salona: CIL III 1979; ILS 2616. 8. Klis near Salona: CIL III 14700. Imp(eratore) Caes(are) M(arco) Aur(elio) Anto/ D(is) M(anibus) / Surus Vic/toris mil(es) / coh(ortis) I nino Aug(usto) pont(ifice) max(imo) trib(unicia) / mil(liariae) / Aurel(iae) Teren/tiae hospi/tae ann(orum) pot(estate) XXIIII p(atre) p(atriae) coh(ors) I |(milliaria) XXXVII be/ne merenti po/sui(t) titulum. Del(matarum) / sub cur(a) Grani Fortunati / trib(uni) coh(ortis) eiusd(em) muri p(edes) / DCCC in his turr(is) 9. Salona: CIL III 8731; ILJug 2313. una. D(is) M(anibus) // M(arco) Aur(elio) Varroni / vet(erano) coh(ortis) I |(milliariae) / Aur(elius) Victorinus / et Iulia(!) 2. Fons Timavi: CIL V 707; EDCS-04200799. fili(i) / h(eredes) p(osuerunt). Spei Aug/g(ustorum) Saccon/ius Varr/o trib(uno) co/ h(ortis) I mil(l)ia/riae Del/mataru/m v(otum) s(olvit).9 10. Salona: ILJug 2076. C(aio) Iulio [Avito Ale]/xiano [praef(ecto) coh(ortis) 3. Užice: CIL III 8353; Loma 2010: 277, No. 12. Ulp(iae)] / Petraeo[r(um) trib(uno) leg(ionis) vel coh(ortis) I(ovi) O(ptimo) M(aximo) Partino / C(aius) Iul(ius) Rufus ---] / praef(ecto) eq(uitum) [al(ae) --- proc(uratori)] / ad / trib(unus) coh(ortis) I mil(liariae) / Delm(atarum) pro anno[nam Augg(ustorum) Ostiis] / c(larissimo) v(iro) sal(ute) / [[Imp(eratoris) M(arci) Aur(eli) Co]]/[[mmod]] prae[t(ori) sodali Titiali] / leg(ato) leg(ionis) III[I Fl(aviae) i l(ibens) p(osuit). leg(ato) pr(o) pr(aetore) pro]/vinciae [Raetiae co(n)s(uli) co]/miti Impp(eratorum) [Severi et Anto]/nini in B[ritannia 4. Bajina Bašta: AE 1989: 612; Loma 2010: 277-288, No. 13. praef(ecto)] / aliment(orum) [comiti Imp(eratoris)] / [Si]lvano / [---] / L(ucius) Titi[us ---]/nus 7(centurio) Antonin[i in Mesopotamia?] / praef(ecto) ali[ment(orum) coh(ortis) [I] / mil(liariae) l(ibens) p(osuit). II leg(ato) pr(o) pr(aetore)] / provin[ciae Dalmatiae] / procon[suli prov(inciae) Asiae?] / praesidi [clementissi- 5. Skelani: Patsch 1909: 157, 23; ILJug 1543; Loma mo?] / M(arcus) Aurel[ius ---] / trib(unus) coh(ortis) [I 2010: 278, No. 14. mil(liariae) Delmatar(um)?] / Anto[ninianae]. D(is) M(anibus) / C(aio) Serg(io) Iu/[li]ano 7(centurio- ni) / [co]h(ortis) I mil(liariae) / [vix(it) an(nis)] XXVII / 11. Kadina Glavica: CIL III 9829. He[ren?]nia / Vera con/[iu]gi p(ientissimo) p(osuit). [Pro sal(ute)?] / d(omini)] n(ostri) Sep[t(imi) Severi] / et Genio l[oci] / Val(erius) Menophil[us] / 7(centurio) 6. Skelani: Ferjančić et al. 2009: 246-247, No. 3; AE coh(ortis) I mil(liariae) cum suis. 2009, 1009. I(ovi) O(ptimo) M(aximo) / M(arcus) Luccius / Valens 12. Aime: Bérard 1995; AE 1995: 1021; Loma 2010: 279, 7(centurio) coh(ortis) / I mil(liariae) cum M(arco) / Luccio No. 16. Fron/tone filio / l(ibens) m(erito) p(osuit). T(ito) Flavio Fabi[a vel o] / Gemino / equo publ(ico) praef(ecto) coh(ortis) / primae Thracum equi/tatae 7. Salona: CIL III 2006; ILS 7528. tribun(o) cohor(tis) p[ri]/mae Dalmatarum |(milliari- T(ito) Aureli(o) / Apollo/nio fra/tri eius / 7(centurioni) ae) trib(uno) / eiusd(em) cohor(tis) vice ter[ti]ae / donis coh(ortis) I |(milliariae) / def(uncto) Sirmi / ann(orum) militarib(us) donato / ab Imp(eratore) Severo Aug(usto) XXXIII / Aur(elius) Aqu/ila pater / infeliciss/imus vivu/s in expe/ditione Parthic(a) proc(uratori) ad / census ac- fecit et // Aureli(!) / Elavi(!) neg/otiantis(!) / natione / ceptandos in / provincia Belgica / proc(uratori) Alpium Suri(!) / defunc/to ann/orum LV / Sirmi / et [Au]r(elio) Atrectiana/rum et vallis Poeninae / curatori rei p(ublicae) Luciano def(uncto) an[n(orum) ---] / amico eor(um) August[a]nor(um) / Praetorianorum F(oro) Cl(audienses) mer[enti]. C(eutrones).

9 Other reading can be found on UEL, Nr. 13917: Spei Aug(ustae) / 13. Makljenovac near Doboj: Šačić 2014: 162, sl. 6-7. G(aius) Saccon/ius Varr/o trib(unus) co/h(ortis) I mil(l)ia/riae Del/ mataru/m v(otum) s(olvit). I(ovi) O(ptimo) M(aximo) / [V]arr[o] / [Tr]iti [f(ilius)] / [--- c]oh(ortis) I m[il(iariae)] / [e]x ius(su) / l(ibens) [p(osuit)]. illyrica antiqua ii • In honorem Duje Rendić-Miočević 217

APPENDIX II INSCRIPTIONS OF COHORS II MILLIARIA DELMATARUM

1. Salona: CIL III 6374 = 8655; ILS 2617; Loma 2010: 7. Čačak: Loma 2009: 192-194; Loma 2010: 275, No. 7. 273, No. 1. [---]O vel Q[---] / [---]ALB[---] / [Colle]giati c[urat(ores)] / Imp(eratore) Caes(are) M(arco) Au/rel(io) Antonino / [co]hortis eiusde[m d(edicaverunt) vel p(osuerunt)]. Aug(usto) pont(ifice) max(imo) tr(ibunicia) / pot(estate) XXIIII co(n)s(ule) III p(atre) p(atriae) / coh(ors) II |(milli- 8. Čačak: Vasić 1986: 28, sl. 8; Ferjančić et al. 2008: 99, aria) Del(matarum) ped(es) DCCC / in his turris I sub cura No. 44. / L(uci) Annaei Serviliani trib(uni) / vice tertia(e). Coh(ortis) II m(illiariae).

2. Čačak: Vasić 1986: 26, No. 2; Ferjančić et al. 2008: 47- 9. Komini near Pljevlja: ILJug 612; Loma 2010: 276, No. 9. 48, No. 5; Loma 2010: 273-274, No. 2; AE 2010, 1154. [D(is)] M(anibus) s(acrum) / Raoniae Au/tumnae Iovi / O(ptimo) M(aximo) / Tib(erius) Cl(audius) Gallus / q(uae) v(ixit) / a(nnos) XL Scard(onitanae) / Asidonius trib(unus) / coh(ortis) II / Aur(eliae) Del(matarum). / Vitellianu/s 7(centurio) c(o)h(ortis) II mil(liariae) / c(oniugi) c(arissimae) p(osuit). 3. Čačak: CIL III 6320 = 8335; Domaszewski 1890: 132, n. 16; ILJug 1484; Holder 2000: 214-215; Ferjančić et al. 10. Dubrave near Stolac: ILJug 1907. 2008: 46, No. 4; Loma 2010: 275, No. 6. D(is) M(anibus) s(acrum) / C(aio) Fresio / Valentino / Dianae / Aug(ustae) / T(itus) Statius / Crisipinus / veter(ano) ex 7(centurione) / coh(ortis) II mil(liariae). dec(urio) eq(uitum) / cohor(tis) II mil(liariae).

4. Čačak: ILJug 1483; Ferjančić et al. 2008: 57-58, No. 12. Serapi et Isidi / Cn(aeus) Pomp(eius) / Politianus / trib(unus) coh(ortis) II / [mil(liariae) Del(matarum)].

5. Čačak: Petrović 1993: 21, sl. 4; Ferjančić et al. 2008: 56, No. 11. Marti / Militari / Сn(aeus) Pomp(eius) / [Polittianus / trib(unus) coh(ortis) II / mil(liariae) Del(matarum)].

6. Čačak: Vasić 1986: 23, No. 1, sl. 1; Dušanić 2003: 254; Ferjančić et al. 2008: 49-50, No. 6. I(ovi) O(ptimo) M(aximo) / pro sal(ute) Imp(eratoris) [[Ae]]/[mili Aemilia]]/[[ni]] Aug(usti) totiusque / domus divinae / coh(ors) II mil(liaria) nova / Del(matarum) eq(uitata) [[Aemilia]]/[[na]] cum Q(uinto) Sex/tilio Mari- no / trib(uno) et Asinio / Maximo co(n)s(ulari). 218 In honorem Duje Rendić-Miočević • illyrica antiqua ii

Fig. 1. Distance slab recording cohors I milliaria Delmatarum from Salona (Archaeological museum Split, inv. no. A-1712; photo: T. Seser).

Fig. 2. Distance slab recording cohors II milliaria Delmatarum from Salona (photo: T. Seser).

Fig. 3. Distance slab recording vexillationes legionum II Piae et III Concordiae from Salona (photo: T. Seser). illyrica antiqua ii • In honorem Duje Rendić-Miočević 219

Fig. 6. Inscription from Kadina Glavica (Archaeological museum Split, inv. no. A-345; photo: T. Seser).

Fig. 4. The altar from Makljenovac near Doboj (Regional Museum of Doboj; photo A. Jašarević).

Fig. 5. Distribution of inscriptions of two cohortes milliariae Delmatarum (source: Google Earth Pro). 220 In honorem Duje Rendić-Miočević • illyrica antiqua ii

SAŽETAK partskih ekspedicija Septimija Severa, no postoji i ne- koliko indicija da je i II. kohorta također sudjelovala u Cohortes I et II milliaria Delmatarum njima. Autori raspravljaju o dvije delmatske milijarne kohorte Razlog razmještaja delmatskih postrojbi uklopljen je u (cohortes I et II milliaria Delmatarum) osnovane u doba širi splet povijesnih događaja koji su se dogodili u doba Marka Aurelija. Obje se postrojbe prvi put spominju na Marka Aurelija, kada su panonski i dalmatinski rudnič- dva epigrafska spomenika iz Salone datirana u godinu ki distrikti stavljeni pod izravnu kontrolu carskog fiska 169./170., koja svjedoče o njihovom sudjelovanju pri- na čelu s prokuratorom (procurator metallorum Panno- likom gradnje zidina glavnog grada rimske Dalmacije. nicorum et Dalmaticorum). Takav slijed događaja stvorio Podizanje ovih postrojbi povezano je s osnivanjem dvije je potrebu za postavljanje vojnih postrojbi na ključna italske legije (legiones I et II Italica) 165./166. godine. sjecišta pravaca koji su vodili u važne rudničke distrik- Takav zaključak temelji se na činjenici da je L. Annaeius te. Obje su kohorte slale manja odjeljenja na različita Servilianus – tribun II. delmatske kohorte koji je nadgle- strateška mjesta diljem provincije kojima su zapovijeda- dao izgradnju jednog dijela salonitanskih zidina – obna- li centurioni, od kojih su dvojica svoju dužnost sigurno šao položaj tribuna po drugi put koji je bio izjednačen s obnašala krajem 2. ili u 3. stoljeću, budući da su imali položajem prefekta ale (praefectus alae) i koji je zapravo privilegij valjanog braka koji je vojnicima omogućen tek predstavljao treću miliciju (militia tertia) u slijedu duž- od vremena Septimija Severa. nosti tog viteškog časnika. Tijekom 2. stoljeća, rok služ- Ključne riječi: Cohors I milliaria Delmatarum, Cohors II be u sustavu viteških milicija (tres militae equestres) tra- milliaria Delmatarum, vice tertiae, praetentura Italiae et jao je otprilike 3 do 4 godine na svakom položaju, stoga Alpium, Čačak, Doboj, Partska ekspedicija. dolazimo do zaključka da je Annaeius već obnašao polo- žaj tribuna II. delmatske milijarne kohorte barem 3 ili 4 godine prije nego što je dovršena gradnja salonitanskih zidina. Imajući to na umu, najkasniji mogući datum po- dizanja delmatskih kohorti bila bi godina 166./167. ABBREVIATIONS Budući da se prve epigrafske potvrde italskih legija – osnovanih radi nadolazeće kvadsko-markomanske AE – L’Année épigraphique, Paris. krize – pronalazi iste godine pri identičnoj aktivnosti CIL – Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, Berlin. kao i dvije delmatske kohorte (njihova odjeljenja tako- đer sudjeluju u gradnji zidova Salone), autori povezuju EDCS – Epigraphische Datenbank Clauss-Slaby (http:// osnivanje delmatskih milijarnih kohorti s osnivanjem www.manfredclauss.de/gb/index.html). italskih legija. Također ukazuju na mogućnost da su IDR – Inscriptiones Daciae Romanae, București. obje prvotno bile smještene na području praetenturae ILJug – Anna et Jaro Šašel, Inscriptiones latinae quae Italiae et Alpium, budući da je posvjedočena prisutnost in Iugoslavia inter annos MCMXL et MCMLX repertae I. delmatske milijarne kohorte u mjestu Fons Timavi et editae sunt (Situla 5, Ljubljana 1963); Inscriptiones kraj današnjeg Trsta (Tergeste), gdje je tribun te kohorte latinae quae in Iugoslavia inter annos MCMLX et MCM- podigao žrtvenik Spei Augg(ustorum) ili Spei Aug(ustae). LXX repertae et editae sunt (Situla 19, Ljubljana 1978); Postoji indicija da je žrtvenik postavljen u doba zajed- Inscriptiones latinae quae in Iugoslavia inter annos MC- ničke vladavine Marka Aurelija i Lucija Vera, no takav je MII et MCMXL repertae et editae sunt (Situla 25, Lju- zaključak poprilično spekulativan te zamagljen moguć- bljana 1986). nošću dva različita čitanja, ali i činjenicom da je svakako ILS – Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae, H. Dessau (ed.), moguće i kasnije datiranje (primjerice u doba zajednič- Berlin. ke vladavine Marka Aurelija i Komoda ili pak Septimija Severa i Karakale). PWRE – Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Alter- Autori raspravljaju o kretanju postrojbi u zadnjim godi- tumswissenschaft. nama vladavine Marka Aurelija, kada se obje postrojbe UEL – Ubi Erat Lupa (http://www.ubi-erat-lupa.org/ premještaju na sjeveroistok rimske Dalmacije. Tako- simplesearch.php). đer raspravljaju o stalnim logorima koji su locirani oko WMBH - Wissenschaftliche Mitteilungen aus Bosnien današnjeg Čačka u zapadnoj Srbiji (cohors II milliaria und der Hercegowina. Delmatarum), te kod današnjeg Doboja u Bosni i Her- ZPE – Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik. cegovini (cohors I milliaria Delmatarum). Prva delmat- ska milijarna kohorta sigurno je sudjelovala u jednoj od illyrica antiqua ii • In honorem Duje Rendić-Miočević 221

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