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SVEUČILIŠTE U ZAGREBU FILOZOFSKI FAKULTET Odsjek Za SVEUČILIŠTE U ZAGREBU FILOZOFSKI FAKULTET Odsjek za arheologiju Ivana Lučića 3 Krešimir Grbavac Centurioni u rimskoj provinciji Dalmaciji Magistarski rad Mentor: dr. sc. Dino Demicheli, docent Zagreb, 2017. Zahvale Ovom prilikom zahvalio bih se mentoru dr. sc. Dinu Demicheliju na ukazanom povjerenju i pomoći u obradi ove opširne teme. Njegovo vodstvo puno mi je pomoglo u izradi ovog rada. Također se zahvaljujem svojoj obitelji na nepresušnom strpljenju i podršci, prijateljima i prijateljicama, kolegama i kolegicama koji su uvijek bili tu kada je trebalo saslušati koliko je još centuriona ostalo do kraja. 1 Sadržaj 1. Uvod ....................................................................................................................................... 4 2. Centurioni u Rimskoj vojsci ................................................................................................... 6 2.1. Karijera i dužnosti centuriona ......................................................................................... 9 2.2. Primus pilus ................................................................................................................... 13 2.3. Oprema centuriona ........................................................................................................ 16 3. Prisutnost rimske vojske u rimskoj provinciji Dalmaciji .................................................... 21 3.1. Prva faza osvajanja Ilirika ............................................................................................. 21 3.2. Druga faza osvajanja Ilirika ........................................................................................... 23 3.2.1. Cezarovo djelovanje u Iliriku ................................................................................... 24 3.2.2. Oktavijanovo djelovanje u Iliriku ............................................................................. 25 3.3. Treća faza osvajanja Ilirika............................................................................................ 26 3.4. Četvrta faza osvajanja Ilirika ......................................................................................... 29 3.5. Vojne jedinice u provinciji Dalmaciji ........................................................................... 30 3.6. Legijski logori Burnum i Tilurium ................................................................................ 32 4. Katalog spomenika centuriona u rimskoj provinciji Dalmaciji ............................................ 35 5. Rasprava ............................................................................................................................. 137 5.1 Podjela centuriona po vrsti službe ............................................................................... 137 5.1.1. Legijski centurioni ................................................................................................. 137 5.1.2. Spomenici centuriona pomoćnih postrojbi ............................................................. 143 5.1.3. Centurioni koji su služili u mornarici, pretorijanskoj gardi ili kao vigili ............... 146 5.1.4. Centurioni bez imena postrojbe u kojoj su služili .................................................. 147 5.2. Podjela spomenika prema namjeni ............................................................................. 148 5.2.1. Nadgrobni spomenici .............................................................................................. 149 5.2.2. Votivni spomenici .................................................................................................. 150 5.2.3. Međašni spomenici ................................................................................................. 151 5.2.4. Počasni spomenici. ................................................................................................. 153 5.2.5. Građevinski natpisi centuriona ............................................................................... 154 5.2.6. Ostali natpisi centuriona ......................................................................................... 155 5.3. Analiza natpisa centuriona........................................................................................... 155 5.3.1. Praenomen .............................................................................................................. 155 2 5.3.2. Nomen gentile ......................................................................................................... 156 5.3.3. Filijacija .................................................................................................................. 171 5.3.4. Cognomen ............................................................................................................... 173 5.3.5. Tribus ...................................................................................................................... 183 5.3.6. Domus ..................................................................................................................... 184 5.3.7. Služba ..................................................................................................................... 186 5.3.8. Godine života i službe centuriona .......................................................................... 195 5.3.9. Epigrafski dokazi o centurionskim obiteljima u Dalmaciji .................................... 198 5.4. Centurionski spomenici po mjestu nalaza ................................................................... 200 5.4.1. Centurionski spomenici u Republici Hrvatskoj ...................................................... 201 5.4.2. Spomenici na teritoriju Bosne i Hercegovine ......................................................... 205 5.4.3. Spomenici centuriona u republikama Srbiji, Crnoj Gori i Albaniji ........................ 206 6. Zaključak ............................................................................................................................ 208 7. Popis slika i tablica ............................................................................................................. 211 8. Popis kratica ....................................................................................................................... 222 9. Popis izvora ........................................................................................................................ 223 10. Popis literature .................................................................................................................. 224 11. Sažetak i ključne riječi (Abstract and key words) ............................................................ 245 3 1. Uvod Povijest djelovanja rimske vojske na području Dalmacije započinje još od 3. st. pr. Kr. Povijesni izvori pomogli su nam pratiti rimsko osvajanje i utjecaj na područje koje će kasnije postati provincija tog istog carstva. Vojne intervencije u Dalmaciji traju do početka 1. st. po. Kr., a tada se u Dalmaciji pojavljuje većina centurionskih spomena. Legije su ostale čuvati mir u novonastaloj provinciji, a njihovim odlaskom u Dalmaciji ostaju pomoćne postrojbe. Centurioni su zauzimali značajan udio među spomenicima koje je sa sobom ostavila rimska vojska tijekom svog boravka u Dalmaciji. U složenom sustavu rimske vojske centurioni su igrali posebnu ulogu. Kao časnici koji su bili iznad legionara u rangu koji su zauzimali, centurioni su upravljali ključnim dijelom u složenom sustavu rimske legije. Njihova je zadaća bila upravljati i prenositi zapovijedi na 80 vojnika koji su činili jednu jedinicu – centuriju. Centurioni su zapovijedali tom najmanjom cjelinom unutar legije, a njihova sposobnost prenositi zapovijedi na tom području utjecala je na pravilno funkcioniranje cijele legije. Centurioni su bili ti koji su morali održati disciplinu unutar svoje centurije, izvršiti zapovijedi i djelovati na način koji je kasnije postao prepoznatljiv kao rimski, disciplinirani i uvježbani način ratovanja. Legionarima je položaj centuriona zasigurno bio primamljiv, pošto su se tijekom svoje službe i sami mogli uzdići na tu razinu. U slučaju da im je to pošlo za rukom, centurionska služba ih je mogla dovesti ne samo do bogate vojne mirovine, nego i do stjecanja novog društvenog staleža – viteškog, plemićkog staleža unutar Rimskog carstva. Centurioni koji su preko pokroviteljstva dolazili izravno na centurionsku poziciju, imali su jasan cilj pred sobom, dolazak na primipilsku poziciju, onu glavnog centuriona u cijeloj rimskoj legiji. Mogućnosti koje je donosio taj položaj zasigurno su bile primamljive odsluženom primipilu. Takvi slučajevi su na određenim natpisima u ovom radu i potvrđeni. Nerijetko su sami prokuratori provincija u kojima su se nalazile rimske legije izravno postavljali svoje ljude na pozicije centuriona1, računajući na važnost centurionske pozicije, koja, iako po rangu ne spada u vrh rimske legije, potencijalno može igrati ključnu ulogu unutar cijelog sustava. 1 E. Birley, Promotions and transfers in the Roman army II: The centurionate. U: E. Birley, The Roman army: Papers 1929-1986. Amsterdam 1988, str. 207-209. Dalje u tekstu Birley 1988. 4 Centurionima su stoga često dodjeljivane zadaće koje se ne tiču djelovanja pri samoj legiji. Oni su mogli voditi građevinske radove poput obnove zidina, hramova, teatara, izgradnje cesta; obavljati ulogu suca u sporovima naroda koje su Rimljani susreli u osvojenim područjima, a mogli su služiti i kao agenti koji prenose poruke između uprave provincije i samog Rimskog cara. Spomenici takvih centuriona u značajnom su broju
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