DOCSLIB.ORG

Apuntes Usc Apuntes

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Apuntes Usc Apuntes APUNTES USC www.apuntesusc.es UNIT 1: CELTS AND ROMANS 1. Prehistoric Britain. Before the celts. 1.1. Ages. Stone Age Paleolithic (before the end of Ice Ages) Mesolithic (8000BC-3500BC) Neolithic (3500BC-2400BC) Bronze Age (2400BC-750BC) Iron Age (750BC…) 1.2. Neolithic (main characteristics) -The discovery of agriculture and farming. -the construction of megalithic monuments made of big stones. Usually used as tombs: Cairns: Stones piled up (piles of stones) Earthen barrows: “West Kennet Long Barrow”, a mound of earth with: 5 different chambers, human remains and objects. Passage graves where can be found: stones put forming a line or stones put in circles (henges), most famous/ typical ones in the Isles. “New Grange” (henge), a mound of earth with: a kidney shape, surrounded by 97 kerbstones (some of them decorated), an inner passage, a cruciform chamber and human remains. There are different theories about the construction of these henges: 1. Places of worship. 2. Astronomical observatories. 3. Sacred sites where important people were buried. “Stonehenge” (henge). This monument is surrounded by mystery, the stones weren’t originally from that area, they were probably brought from Wales to Salisbury, in Wiltshire, England. 1.3. Bronze Age (main characteristics) Bronze (a new alloy made of tin and copper) began to be used. Warfare began to be important and the first hillforts were built. 2. The iron age (the age of celts). CELTIC BRITAIN. 2.1. Where are the celts from? APUNTES USC www.apuntesusc.es APUNTES USC www.apuntesusc.es Their origin is not clear. It is believed they were from somewhere in the East along the rivers Danube and Rhine. They spread through Europe (specifically through “the area of Celtic influence”). 2.2. Main features. Celts weren’t a unified nation. They had a hierarchical society. They spoke different Celtic languages but they were able to understand each other. They celebrated religious rituals most of the times led by the Druids. They had rich artistic manifestations: music and oral literary tradition (Celts couldn’t read or write). There are 2 periods of Celtic expansion: -Hallstatt (750BC-400BC): Known for the use of long swords. -La Téne (400BC-50BC): Famous for the use of circles and swirling lines as decorations. 2.3. Warrior people? There’s a popular belief that says that Celts were warrior people: Archeological remains (weapons) were found. Descriptions of Celtic people written by Greek historians (who called them “Keltoi”) and Roman historians (who called them “Celtae”). In general, Celts were described as fierce warriors. 1. They often covered their bodies with tattoos made of a blue liquid extracted from a plant called woad. 2. They fought naked. 3. They went shouting and running into the battle. 4. They used a long trumpet with an animal head on top to fight called “Carnyx”. 5. They bleached their hair using lime water. 2.4. Celts in the British Isles? There’s no evidence of Celtic migrants but Celtic languages were spoken by the 6th Century in the British Isles. To explain this, there are different theories: 1. A migratory movement and invasion: they invaded the British Isles and settled there. 2. Exportation of Celtic culture and languages: good/strong commercial relationship between the Celts and the British that help Celtic culture (including their language) spread through the British Isles. 2.5. Celtic languages spoken in the British Isles. Goidelic (spoken by the first wave of Celtic migration “Q-Celts” Spoken in Ireland: Irish, Isle of Man: Manx and Scotland: Scottish Gaelic. Brythonic (spoken by the second wave of Celtic migration “P-Celts”. Spoken in: Wales (Welsh), Cornwall (Cornish) and Brittany (Breton). 2.6. The names of Celtic Britain. APUNTES USC www.apuntesusc.es APUNTES USC www.apuntesusc.es Ierne for Ireland. (Latin Hibernia) Albion for Great Britain. (Latin Albionum) “Albion” comes from the Celtic word “Alp” meaning “high”. But the Romans mistook the name and thought it came from the Latin word “album (which means white) because one of the first things they saw when they invaded Britain were “the White Cliffs of Dover”. The names that Celts had given to the British Isles were discovered by Pythias (a Greek geographer) after a voyage to North-western Europe. 2.7. How was life in Celtic Britain? Celts were organized in small tribes/clans led by a chieftain. Women had a more active role than in Rome: they could be warriors and chieftains. There were bards or storytellers who learned stories and transmitted them orally (oral literary tradition). There were craft workers or artisans who worked with metals for the making of weapons. There were also slaves. They lived in: -Hillforts: settlements on top of the hills for defensive reasons. Ex: “Maiden Castle” -Crannogs: fortified islands built in rivers, lakes. Ex: “The Crannog of Loch Tay”. -Broches: towers made of stones. “The Broch of Mousa”. -Farms and small villages: They used 2-oxen ploughs and they cultivated wheat (for bread), barley (for beer), flax (to make clothes), small beans and vetch. They also had animals (pigs, sheeps, cows, chickens, dogs (used to hunt). Religious rituals: Celts were very religious. They believed in gods and spirits which were related with natural elements: water, oak and mistletoe were sacred objects for them. Celts believed these creatours should be honoured and worshipped because they could be dangerous. For that reason they made offerings to them. In the Celtic Communities, the priests were the Druids, an educated class of society. Women could be Druidesses. They had special powers: they could see the future. Trade: Trade was also an important activity for them. There was an exchange of tin, metal and clay objects between the British Isles and the Continent. Some places of the coast like Dorset became international ports and trading areas. 3. ROMAN BRITAIN. 3.1. The Roman invasion of Britain. In 55BC, Britain was invaded by Julius Caesar. He was the first on calling that land Britannia and the people who lived there Britons. (1st invasion-no permanent occupation of the land) But the permanent occupation started in 43 AD when Claudius (Emperor of Rome) sent Aulus Plautius and an army of 40000 men with the intention of invading Britannia. (2nd invasion- permanent occupation of the land). It took them 40 years to conquer the region and they stayed there for around 400 years. APUNTES USC www.apuntesusc.es APUNTES USC www.apuntesusc.es 3.2. Areas that were never completely romanized: the Highlands and the Moorlands. The highlands in the North (Scoland) and the Moorlands in the West (Wales) were never completely romanized. They were harsh landscapes and agriculturally poor so they remained as frontier areas with military garrisons. WALES: In Wales, there was a strong resistance of Celtic tribes against Romans. They had to built defensive works at Chester and Caerwent. SCOTLAND: In Scotland, the battle of Mons Grapius took place in 84AD. It was won by the Romans led by Agricola against Calgacus. This victory was very important because it allowed the Romans to move further North. They arrived at Caledonia (Roman name to refer to the new conquered Northern territory; nowadays Scotland. But Caledonians (inhabitants of Caledonia) shown a strong resistance and the Romans built major defensive constructions to resist them: Hadrian’s Wall: built in 122 AD. It is a long wall between The Tyne and the Solway built by Emperor Hadrian. It was used as a frontier to divide Rome from the Barbarians (those living in the North). Antonine’s Wall: built in 142 AD. It’s a long wall between the Firth of Forth and Clyde. It was used as a temporary Northern frontier to protect the Southern tribes from the wild Caledonians. But Caledonian’s guerrilla fighting forced the Romans to retreat to Hadrian’s Wall. 3.3.Resistance in Britannia: Caractacus and Boudicca. There were two Celtic Briton kings (Celtic Kings of the Britons). Caractacus was the son of Cunobelinus King (Roman -friendly King) and the King of Catuvellauni tribe after his father’s death. When Cunobelinus died, his sons: Caractacus and Togodumnus started attacking other tribes (like for example Atrebates) who was Roman- friendly. The King of Atrebates asked Emperor Claudius for help. Romans attacked and Togodumnus died (beginning of the Roman Invasion in 43AD). After Togodumnus’s death, the Romans invaded Camulodunum (Colchester), Caractacus escaped West and then North where he led guerrilla fighting with the support of the Ordovices and the Silures but he was defeated. Caractacus took refuge with the Brigantes but he was betrayed by Queen Cartimandua (an ally of the Romans) who handed Caractacus to them. Finally, Caractacus was sent to Rome but he saved his life thanks to a powerful speech with the condition he would not return to Britannia. Boudicca was the wife of Prasatagus’s King and the Queen of the Iceni after her husband’s death. The Iceni were Roman-friendly (they were friendly to the Romans) but after Prasatagus’s death, they began making strong demands (they wanted the possessions of the King that belonged to his family). There was a serious confrontation: Roman soldiers whipped Boudicca and rapped her daughters. The Iceni led by Boudicca started a revolt against Romans with the support of Trinovantes. They advanced to the Roman Towns of Camulodunum (Colchester), Londinium (London) and Verulanium (St. Albans) sacked them and set them fire. APUNTES USC www.apuntesusc.es APUNTES USC www.apuntesusc.es She was defeated in an open battle which took place in 61AD. Nobody knows what happened to her and her daughters because they disappeared. The legend says that they poisoned themselves. 4. ROMAN Britain.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Leggiera, Alle Ca D’Oro Per Aumentare Il Suo Pre- Di P.Svetonio Con La Xllli
    Gruppo Archeologico SIAC INFORMATICA SRL centro commerciale Ingrosso Sett. A1/10 33170 Pordenone (PN) Polcenigo Tel. 0434 572922 Fax 0434 570285 Bollettino, ANNO VII, gennaio 2010, N. 7 www.siacinformatica.com [email protected] aucinius, Paucinico, Pulcinici, ecc., diversi nomi la costante raccolta in superficie di tutto quello che può per indicare un luogo, un abitato, un villaggio che suscitare interesse storico-archeologico. Pnel corso dei secoli si è modificato per diventare Concludo ringraziando i soci, gli sponsor per questo Polcenigo. La domanda che da molti anni mi faccio è bollettino e tutti i simpatizzanti del Gr.A.Po. come veniva chiamato il nostro paese prima dell’av- vento dei Romani? Sicuramente rimarrà senza risposta Il Presidente Oscar Riet visto che non ci sono documenti, però non c’è ombra di dubbio che il posto era frequentato fin dalla preistoria. Il palù del Livenza, la necropoli di San FLoriano ed ora anche l’ipotesi del castelliere sulla sommità del colle di San Floriano mi fanno pensare ad una grande comunità di genti che nel trascorrere dei secoli se non millenni si era stanziata e sviluppata proprio in questi luoghi, dove ogni giorno i soci del Gr.A.Po. raccolgono in superfi- cie tracce tangibili che testimoniano la vita quotidiana dei nostri antenati. Selci e ceramica del neolitico, pezzi di vasi dell’età del bronzo, schegge di vario materiale dell’età del ferro, per non parlare della romanità, del Il GR.A.Po al lavoro sul “CIASTELAT” periodo alto e basso medioevo, dell’avvento della Re- pubblica di Venezia, del Rinascimento, ecc.
    [Show full text]
  • Caratacus Errata
    Caratacus Module Errata & Clarifications February, 2008 Components Counters There are 60 counters provided with the module. Corrections and additions to the counters include: •• The Briton MI should be BI instead •• Togudumnus counter is missing. Use any TC from Caesar/Gaul substituting the following ratings: Order/Line Range is 4/7; Initiative is 4; Charisma is 2 •• Cnaeus Sentius (commander of the Batavians) should have the following ratings: Command Range is 3; Initiative is 3; Line Command is 1; Charisma is 1; Strategy is 6. He is not a Cavalry commander, but the leader of the Batavians. The Briton army contains the following units: •• 2 Overall Commanders (Caratacus and Togodumnus) •• 3 Subordinate commanders (Taximagulus, Cingetorix, and Segovax chiefs of the Trinovantes, Atrebates and Cantii, respectively) •• 30 LI with 30 CH •• 20 BI (the MI counters) •• 4 LC Not all of the counters included in the module are used in the battles. There are 8 extra Briton BI (masquerading as MI, to be sure). Please use only 20 of these (you could always use the extras to alter play balance. Better more than too few). There is an extra Briton LI and CH, although including them is not exactly going to alter the game to any great extent. The extra CH counters are used for the extra Brit LI, which always used chariots to get around town. Since the original publication of the module, GMT has added 40 counters. This set includes: •• 20 Briton BI to replace the 20 Briton MI from the original counter set •• Togodumnus •• Cn. Sentius (ignore the Cav designation on the counter) •• 4 Batavian MI and 2 Batavian LI •• 12 Testudo/Harass & Disperse Markers Applicable Errata for Caesar: Conquest of Gaul Ignore this section when using the Caesar: Conquest of Gaul 2nd Edition rules.
    [Show full text]
  • Storiografi Della Britannia Medievale: Tematiche Storiche E Letterarie
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by AMS Tesi di Dottorato Università degli Studi di Bologna Dipartimento di Filologia Classica e Medioevale _______________________________________________________________ DOTTORATO DI RICERCA IN FILOLOGIA GRECA E LATINA Ciclo XXI Settore scientifico disciplinare: L-FIL-LET/04 STORIOGRAFI DELLA BRITANNIA MEDIEVALE: TEMATICHE STORICHE E LETTERARIE Tesi presentata da Alberto Zama Coordinatore del Dottorato Relatore Chiar.mo Prof. Chiar.mo Prof. Renzo Tosi Marco Scaffai Anni Accademici 2005-2006, 2006-2007, 2007-2008 PREMESSA Lo studioso che decida di analizzare un testo storiografico, di qualsiasi natura esso sia, ha la possibilità di farlo sotto molteplici punti di vista. Sotto questo aspetto, la storiografia è un genere poliedrico, caleidoscopico, che si presta ad indagini e fruizioni diverse. Si può in primo luogo trattare un testo storiografico come semplice fonte per un periodo storico: in tal caso, fondamentale sarà cercare di capire quali informazioni siano degne di fede e storicamente corrette. Si può invece analizzare il testo sotto l’aspetto letterario e filologico, valutandone aspetti di tradizione testuale e stilistici. Si può da ultimo scegliere di “far parlare” il testo, cercando di carpire dalle sue pieghe, dalla sua littera , il pensiero dell’autore, le sue convinzioni, la sua cultura, i suoi rapporti con le fonti e l’opinione che egli aveva del periodo storico che descriveva. Si tratta di un aspetto sottilmente ma significativamente diverso dal primo, in quanto non è in gioco la ricostruzione della storia del periodo, ma l’ idea che di quel periodo aveva lo storico in questione, giusta o sbagliata che fosse.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction: the Legend of King Arthur
    Department of History University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire “HIC FACET ARTHURUS, REX QUONDAM, REXQUE FUTURUS” THE ANALYSIS OF ORIGINAL MEDIEVAL SOURCES IN THE SEARCH FOR THE HISTORICAL KING ARTHUR Final Paper History 489: Research Seminar Professor Thomas Miller Cooperating Professor: Professor Matthew Waters By Erin Pevan November 21, 2006 1 Copyright for this work is owned by the author. This digital version is published by McIntyre Library, University of Wisconsin – Eau Claire with the consent of the author. 2 Department of History University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire Abstract of: “HIC FACET ARTHURUS, REX QUONDAM, REXQUE FUTURUS” THE ANALYSIS OF ORIGINAL MEDIEVAL SOURCES IN THE SEARCH FOR THE HISTORICAL KING ARTHUR Final Paper History 489: Research Seminar Professor Thomas Miller Cooperating Professor: Matthew Waters By Erin Pevan November 21, 2006 The stories of Arthurian literary tradition have provided our modern age with gripping tales of chivalry, adventure, and betrayal. King Arthur remains a hero of legend in the annals of the British Isles. However, one question remains: did King Arthur actually exist? Early medieval historical sources provide clues that have identified various figures that may have been the template for King Arthur. Such candidates such as the second century Roman general Lucius Artorius Castus, the fifth century Breton leader Riothamus, and the sixth century British leader Ambrosius Aurelianus hold high esteem as possible candidates for the historical King Arthur. Through the analysis of original sources and authors such as the Easter Annals, Nennius, Bede, Gildas, and the Annales Cambriae, parallels can be established which connect these historical figures to aspects of the Arthur of literary tradition.
    [Show full text]
  • 'J.E. Lloyd and His Intellectual Legacy: the Roman Conquest and Its Consequences Reconsidered' : Emyr W. Williams
    J.E. Lloyd and his intellectual legacy: the Roman conquest and its consequences reconsidered,1 by E.W. Williams In an earlier article,2 the adequacy of J.E.Lloyd’s analysis of the territories ascribed to the pre-Roman tribes of Wales was considered. It was concluded that his concept of pre- Roman tribal boundaries contained major flaws. A significantly different map of those tribal territories was then presented. Lloyd’s analysis of the course and consequences of the Roman conquest of Wales was also revisited. He viewed Wales as having been conquered but remaining largely as a militarised zone throughout the Roman period. From the 1920s, Lloyd's analysis was taken up and elaborated by Welsh archaeology, then at an early stage of its development. It led to Nash-Williams’s concept of Wales as ‘a great defensive quadrilateral’ centred on the legionary fortresses at Chester and Caerleon. During recent decades whilst Nash-Williams’s perspective has been abandoned by Welsh archaeology, it has been absorbed in an elaborated form into the narrative of Welsh history. As a consequence, whilst Welsh history still sustains a version of Lloyd’s original thesis, the archaeological community is moving in the opposite direction. Present day archaeology regards the subjugation of Wales as having been completed by 78 A.D., with the conquest laying the foundations for a subsequent process of assimilation of the native population into Roman society. By the middle of the 2nd century A.D., that development provided the basis for a major demilitarisation of Wales. My aim in this article is to cast further light on the course of the Roman conquest of Wales and the subsequent process of assimilating the native population into Roman civil society.
    [Show full text]
  • 273 KING ARTHUR of the ROMANS: LUCIUS ARTORIUS CASTUS and the SARMATIANS in BRITAIN J O H N M a T T H E W S the Earliest Docum
    KING ARTHUR OF THE ROMANS: LUCIUS ARTORIUS CASTUS AND THE SARMATIANS IN BRITAIN J o h n M a t t h e w s UDK:94(37)Artorius Castus, L. 821.111-34 Izvorni znanstveni rad John Matthews Oxford (FIOS, BCM Hallowquest London U radu se iznose moguće veze između života rimskog vojnika iz 2. st., Lucija Artorija Kasta, i kasnijih, srednjovjekovnih legendi oko polu- mitskog kralja Artura. Autor pretpostavlja da se zahvaljujući natpisu otkrivenom u blizini Splita (Podstrana), može izgraditi čvrsta teza da je Kast bio najstariji povijesni lik za koji se može dokaza- ti da je utjecao na razvitak kasnijih legendi u Bri- taniji. Sačuvane su priče o sarmatskim ratnicima koji su u Britaniju došli kao dio rimskih legija, a kojima je zapovijedao sam Kast; naime sarmatske i keltske priče stapaju se međusobno u razdoblju nakon Kastovog života. The earliest documents that record the deeds of the British hero Arthur show that he was not perceived as a king but as a soldier, bearing the Latin title dux (duke); a charismatic leader who fought ‘alongside the leaders of the British’. Just such a man is a career-officer of the legions named Lucius Artorius Castus, who lived and fought in Britain in the 2nd century AD – almost 300 years earlier than the more usually accepted dates for Arthur. ‘Arthur’ is the generally accepted form today, but in reality this name has a far longer history and a variety of spellings. It can be proven with reasonable certainty that ‘Artorius’ either derives from the British name Arthur or is the Latin original of that name.
    [Show full text]
  • Durham E-Theses
    Durham E-Theses A study of the client kings in the early Roman period Everatt, J. D. How to cite: Everatt, J. D. (1972) A study of the client kings in the early Roman period, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/10140/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk .UNIVERSITY OF DURHAM Department of Classics .A STUDY OF THE CLIENT KINSS IN THE EARLY ROMAN EMPIRE J_. D. EVERATT M.A. Thesis, 1972. M.A. Thesis Abstract. J. D. Everatt, B.A. Hatfield College. A Study of the Client Kings in the early Roman Empire When the city-state of Rome began to exert her influence throughout the Mediterranean, the ruling classes developed friendships and alliances with the rulers of the various kingdoms with whom contact was made.
    [Show full text]
  • Togodumnus ?= Togidubnus This Name (Or Names) Has Been Much Discussed, for Example Here
    Togodumnus ?= Togidubnus This name (or names) has been much discussed, for example here. During the Roman conquest of Britain, according to Cassius Dio 60,20: ‘Plautius, accordingly, had a deal of trouble in searching them out; but when at last he did find them, he first defeated Caratacus and then Togodumnus, the sons of Cynobellinus, who was dead. (The Britons were not free and independent, but were divided into groups under various kings.) After the flight of these kings he gained by capitulation a part of the Bodunni, who were ruled by a tribe of the Catuellani; and leaving a garrison there, he advanced farther and came to a river.’ [Ὁ οὖν Πλαύτιος πολλὰ μὲν πράγματα ἀναζητῶν σφας ἔσχεν, ἐπεὶ δὲ εὗρέ ποτε (ἦσαν δὲ οὐκ αὐτόνομοι ἀλλ'ἄλλοι ἄλλοις βασιλεῦσι προστεταγμένοι), πρῶτον μὲν Καράτακον ἔπειτα Τογόδουμνον, Κυνοβελλίνου παῖδας, ἐνίκησεν· αὐτὸς γὰρ ἐτεθνήκει. Φυγόντων δὲ ἐκείνων προσεποιήσατο ὁμολογίᾳ μέρος τι τῶν Βοδούννων, ὧν ἐπῆρχον Κατουελλανοὶ ὄντες, κἀνταῦθα φρουρὰν καταλιπὼν πρόσω ᾔει.] The beginning of the next section is usually translated as ‘Shortly afterwards Togodumnus perished, but the Britons, so far from yielding, united all the more firmly to avenge his death. [Διά τε οὖν τοῦτο, καὶ ὅτι καὶ τοῦ Τογοδούμνου φθαρέντος οἱ Βρεττανοὶ οὐχ ὅσον ἐνέδοσαν, ἀλλὰ καὶ μᾶλλον πρὸς τὴν τιμωρίαν αὐτοῦ ἐπισυνέστησαν] These texts are unambiguous in stating that Τογοδουμνος was one of two sons of the late king Κυνοβελλινος, but to claim that he died (and how) may be over-interpretation. See below. In recounting the history of Roman Britain, Tacitus wrote (in Agricola 14): ‘Aulus Plautius was the first governor of consular rank, and Ostorius Scapula the next.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Rights, Social Welfare, and Greek Philosophy Legitimate
    Global Journal of HUMAN-SOCIAL SCIENCE: H Interdisciplinary Volume 15 Issue 8 Version 1.0 Year 2015 Type: Double Blind Peer Reviewed International Research Journal Publisher: Global Journals Inc. (USA) Online ISSN: 2249-460x & Print ISSN: 0975-587X Human Rights, Social Welfare, and Greek Philosophy Legitimate Reasons for the Invasion of Britain by Claudius By Tomoyo Takahashi University of California, United States Abstract- In 43 AD, the fourth emperor of Imperial Rome, Tiberius Claudius Drusus, organized his military and invaded Britain. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the legitimate reasons for The Invasion of Britain led by Claudius. Before the invasion, his had an unfortunate life. He was physically distorted, so no one gave him an official position. However, one day, something unimaginable happened. He found himself selected by the Praetorian Guard to be the new emperor of Roma. Many scholars generally agree Claudius was eager to overcome his physical disabilities and low expectations to secure his position as new Emperor in Rome by military success in Britain. Although his personal motivation was understandable, it was not sufficient enough for Imperial Rome to legitimize the invasion of Britain. It is important to separate personal reasons and official reasons. Keywords: (1) roman, (2) britain, (3) claudius, (4) roman emperor, (5) colonies, (6) slavery, (7) colchester, (8) veterans, (9) legitimacy. GJHSS-H Classification: FOR Code: 180114 HumanRightsSocialWelfareandGreekPhilosophyLegitimateReasonsfortheInvasionofBritainbyClaudius Strictly as per the compliance and regulations of: © 2015. Tomoyo Takahashi. This is a research/review paper, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution- Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), permitting all non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
    [Show full text]
  • The Campaign of Aulus Plautius
    Archaeological Journal ISSN: 0066-5983 (Print) 2373-2288 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/raij20 The Campaign of Aulus Plautius Edwin Guest LL.D. To cite this article: Edwin Guest LL.D. (1866) The Campaign of Aulus Plautius, Archaeological Journal, 23:1, 159-180, DOI: 10.1080/00665983.1866.10851344 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00665983.1866.10851344 Published online: 11 Jul 2014. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 1 View related articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=raij20 Download by: [University of California, San Diego] Date: 29 June 2016, At: 13:17 CAMPAIGN OF AULUS PLAUTIUS. CAMBORITVM Η(ύιιιώτ·ιώ/ι^ ^MV^ODVNVM 7 'GLEVVM; tpZUrn^&ldicstcr ^Aylesbury \VER0LAMl VN! \KSPAlbans fandiim Abinadom >VLL0NIAC£ MoiJafortL iiibiimjioiHiiotif LONDIN WaiiiuraCPwll' Thames ν— ί or,Forest \ή*όmines Teddawto'V VERLVCIO "2 Sum ihpltifonLj' ^XlGiujstoiv iRIWEi Fu.i'ojjibe Wood <Si Gcarg es HilL· '•'ppily Wood ilu'ltf Wood. (mUdJbrcL W Downloaded by [University of California, San Diego] at 13:17 29 June 2016 DorlaJig PORTVSfiVBs J Se-CCARVM PORTVS/LEFOTNIS Winchester FORTIFIED FORD. CowayStates. ^rcijaeoltrstcal Journal. SEPTEMBER, 1866. THE CAMPAIGN OF AULUS PLAUTIUS.1 By EDWIN GUEST, LL.D., Master of Gonvil and Caius College, Cambridge. BEFORE we can discuss with, advantage the campaign of Aulus Plautius in Britain, it will be necessary to settle, or at least endeavour to settle, certain vexed questions which have much troubled our English antiquaries. The first of these relates to the place where Caesar crossed the Thames.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ancient Britons and the Roman Invasions 55BC-61AD
    Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. The Ancient Britons and the Roman Invasions 55BC- 61AD: An Analysis of Tribal Resistance and Response. Carl Meredith Bradley B.A. (Hum). December 2003. A thesis submitted towards the degree of Master of Arts of Massey U Diversity. ABSTRACT. The aim of this thesis is to analyse the response to the Roman invasions of 55BC to 61AD from the tribal groupings of southern Britain. Much has been written of the activities of the Roman commanders and soldiers, but this thesis looks to analyse this period of invasion from the position of the tribes of southern Britain. The opening chapters will provide a descriptive account of the land and people who occupied southern Britain and a survey of tribal response to the Roman invasions. The reasons behind the differing responses to Rome will be offered with an analysis of th~ tribal politics that existed in southern Britain between Caesar's invasions of 55-54BC and the Claudian invasion of 43AD. Three case studies consider the central response to the Roman incursions. The first looks at the resistance offered to Caesar by the British warlord Cassivellaunus. The second case study highlights the initial response to Rome in 43AD by Caratacus and his brother Togodumnus. Following the initial fighting to stop the Roman invasion, Caratacus moved westward to carry on resistance to Rome in Wales.
    [Show full text]
  • Tomory, Zsuzsa a New View of the Arthurian Legends
    A NEW VIEW OF THE ARTHURIAN LEGENDS Susan V. Tomory FOREWORD King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table, the stories of Merlin and Sir Lancelot are all part of the ancient memories of a people who barely emerge from the clouds of time. The first written document about the Round Table came from the works of Wace of Jersey, entitled Roman de Brut, dated 1155 A.D[1] The legend’s origin reaches back into a distant past we arrogantly call pre-history, even though it contains the greater and most decisive part of our human history. Although the legends of King Arthur come from a magical age their message is still relevant to us — all too rational residents of this century — as myth and history unfold in all our lives, just as much as it did at the time of Arthur. The Arthurian legend is intertwined with the very fabric of British thought and became its Holy Grail, in which 1 all quests and dreams, dictated by our higher nature, have come to rest through untold centuries. The traditions of the legend are very actively adhered to even today, as evidenced, for instance, by the caring of the ravens in the hope of Arthur’s return and with him the re-establishment of a new Golden Age. As more knowledge becomes available through research, concerning the origins of the Arthurian legends, the mist of time begins to lift. People, places and events take on a more and more discernible shape. From this new knowledge, new questions arise and new answers have to be found.
    [Show full text]