Barbary Wars, 1801-1807
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Symbolism of Commander Isaac Hull's
Presentation Pieces in the Collection of the USS Constitution Museum Silver Urn Presented to Captain Isaac Hull, 1813 Prepared by Caitlin Anderson, 2010 © USS Constitution Museum 2010 What is it? [Silver urn presented to Capt. Isaac Hull. Thomas Fletcher & Sidney Gardiner. Philadelphia, 1813. Private Collection.](1787–1827) Silver; h. 29 1/2 When is it from? © USS Constitution Museum 2010 1813 Physical Characteristics: The urn (known as a vase when it was made)1 is 29.5 inches high, 22 inches wide, and 12 inches deep. It is made entirely of sterling silver. The workmanship exhibits a variety of techniques, including cast, applied, incised, chased, repoussé (hammered from behind), embossed, and engraved decorations.2 Its overall form is that of a Greek ceremonial urn, and it is decorated with various classical motifs, an engraved scene of the battle between the USS Constitution and the HMS Guerriere, and an inscription reading: The Citizens of Philadelphia, at a meeting convened on the 5th of Septr. 1812, voted/ this Urn, to be presented in their name to CAPTAIN ISAAC HULL, Commander of the/ United States Frigate Constitution, as a testimonial of their sense of his distinguished/ gallantry and conduct, in bringing to action, and subduing the British Frigate Guerriere,/ on the 19th day of August 1812, and of the eminent service he has rendered to his/ Country, by achieving, in the first naval conflict of the war, a most signal and decisive/ victory, over a foe that had till then challenged an unrivalled superiority on the/ ocean, and thus establishing the claim of our Navy to the affection and confidence/ of the Nation/ Engraved by W. -
The Chesapeake Affair Nick Mann
58 Western Illinois Historical Review © 2011 Vol. III, Spring 2011 ISSN 2153-1714 Sailors Board Me Now: The Chesapeake Affair Nick Mann In exploring the origins of the War of 1812, many historians view the 1811 Battle of Tippecanoe as the final breaking point in diplomatic relations between the United States and Great Britain. While the clash at Tippecanoe was a serious blow to peace between the two nations, Anglo-American relations had already been ruptured well before the presidency of James Madison. Indian affairs certainly played a role in starting the war, but it was at sea where the core problems lay. I will argue in this essay that rather than the Battle of Tippecanoe, it was the Chesapeake-Leopard Affair of 1807 that set Great Britain and the United States on the path towards war. The affair signified two of the festering issues facing the British and Americans: impressment and neutral rights. Though President Jefferson was able to prevent war in 1807, his administration‟s inept diplomacy widened the existing gap between Britain and America. On both sides of the Atlantic, the inability of leaders such as Secretary of State Madison and the British foreign minister, George Canning to resolve the affair poisoned diplomatic relations for years afterward. To understand the origin of the War of 1812, one must consider how the Chesapeake affair deteriorated Anglo-American relations to a degree that the Battle of Tippecanoe was less important that some have imagined. The clash at Tippecanoe between Governor William Henry Harrison and the forces of the Shawnee Prophet has usually been seen as the direct catalyst for the war in much of the historiography dealing with the War of 1812. -
Congressional Gold Medals: Background, Legislative Process, and Issues for Congress
Congressional Gold Medals: Background, Legislative Process, and Issues for Congress Updated April 8, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45101 Congressional Gold Medals: Background, Legislative Process, and Issues for Congress Summary Senators and Representatives are frequently asked to support or sponsor proposals recognizing historic events and outstanding achievements by individuals or institutions. Among the various forms of recognition that Congress bestows, the Congressional Gold Medal is often considered the most distinguished. Through this venerable tradition—the occasional commissioning of individually struck gold medals in its name—Congress has expressed public gratitude on behalf of the nation for distinguished contributions for more than two centuries. Since 1776, this award, which initially was bestowed on military leaders, has also been given to such diverse individuals as Sir Winston Churchill and Bob Hope, George Washington and Robert Frost, Joe Louis and Mother Teresa of Calcutta. Congressional gold medal legislation generally has a specific format. Once a gold medal is authorized, it follows a specified process for design, minting, and presentation. This process includes consultation and recommendations by the Citizens Coinage Advisory Commission (CCAC) and the U.S. Commission of Fine Arts (CFA), pursuant to any statutory instructions, before the Secretary of the Treasury makes the final decision on a gold medal’s design. Once the medal has been struck, a ceremony will often be scheduled to formally award the medal to the recipient. In recent years, the number of gold medals awarded has increased, and some have expressed interest in examining the gold medal authorization and awarding process. Should Congress want to make such changes, several individual and institutional options might be available. -
March 2009 ICS Ad-8.5X11-Alabama 3/10/09 1:24 PM Page 1
THE OFFICIAL MAGAZINE A L A B A M A OF THE ALABAMA STATE PORT AUTHORITY SEAPORT MarCH 2009 ICS ad-8.5x11-Alabama 3/10/09 1:24 PM Page 1 Alabama Seaport PuBlishED continuOuSly since 1927 • marCh 2009 On The Cover: an aerial view of the progress of the Pinto Island Steel Terminal shot march 2. governor Bob riley and representatives from Thyssenkrupp Steel toured the facility in February. 4 8 Alabama State Port Authority P.O. Box 1588, Mobile, Alabama 36633, USA Contents P: 251.441.7200 • F: 251.441.7216 • asdd.com alabama governor Surveys Progress at new Pinto Island Terminal ........4 James K. Lyons, Director, CEO Larry R. Downs, Secretary-Treasurer/CFO Flanagan Steps up as Interim Port Police Chief .........................................7 EXECutiVE a global Investment in mobile and the Port: PErsonnEl Charles F. Sleeman, Manager P: 251.441.7209 Introducing global Stainless Steel Corporation ............................................8 FinanCial SerVICes hispanic-american association Seeks to Strengthen Community .........10 Larry Downs, Secretary/Treasurer 251.441.7050 Linda K. Paaymans, Vice President 251.441.7036 Port Calls: alabama Coastal Birding Trail ................................................. 12 COmptrOllEr Pete Dranka 251.441.7057 Information TechnOlOgy Stan Hurston, Manager 251.441.7017 at the helm: austal uSa ................................................................................16 human Resources Danny Barnett, Manager 251.441.7004 made in alabama: alabama river Pulp marks 30 years of Operation ......18 Risk -
Few Americans in the 1790S Would Have Predicted That the Subject Of
AMERICAN NAVAL POLICY IN AN AGE OF ATLANTIC WARFARE: A CONSENSUS BROKEN AND REFORGED, 1783-1816 Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Jeffrey J. Seiken, M.A. * * * * * The Ohio State University 2007 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor John Guilmartin, Jr., Advisor Professor Margaret Newell _______________________ Professor Mark Grimsley Advisor History Graduate Program ABSTRACT In the 1780s, there was broad agreement among American revolutionaries like Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton about the need for a strong national navy. This consensus, however, collapsed as a result of the partisan strife of the 1790s. The Federalist Party embraced the strategic rationale laid out by naval boosters in the previous decade, namely that only a powerful, seagoing battle fleet offered a viable means of defending the nation's vulnerable ports and harbors. Federalists also believed a navy was necessary to protect America's burgeoning trade with overseas markets. Republicans did not dispute the desirability of the Federalist goals, but they disagreed sharply with their political opponents about the wisdom of depending on a navy to achieve these ends. In place of a navy, the Republicans with Jefferson and Madison at the lead championed an altogether different prescription for national security and commercial growth: economic coercion. The Federalists won most of the legislative confrontations of the 1790s. But their very success contributed to the party's decisive defeat in the election of 1800 and the abandonment of their plans to create a strong blue water navy. -
A Friendship Under Fire
Volume 3, Issue 6 I A Newsletter for the Supporters of the Hampton Roads Naval Museum A Friendship Under Fire The Confrontation Between Stephen Decatur and James Barron, Part 1 by Joe Mosier n March 22, 1820, two of the Tragically, the meeting could have been former friends. They had first served senior officers of the United avoided except for the manipulations of together in the wardroom of United States OStates Navy met on "the field of two other officers who acted as seconds. in 1798. Their later correspondence honor" at Bladensburg, Maryland. This The meeting between James Barron shows Third Lieutenant Barron acted as duel was the result of a long-standing and Stephen Decatur was in some a mentor to the new midshipman. Their feud based on an insult to a lady and respects not typical. Christopher McKee paths had crossed frequently in the small a naval battle that was not fought. pointed this out in his landmark study of navy of that era. In 1804, Decatur the early U.S. Navy, A Gentlemanly and Honorable Profession. "In spite of the misleading impression created by the Barron-Decatur duel, the practice of dueling was all but entirely confmed to the younger members of the officer corps." At the time of their confrontation, Barron was 51 years old and Decatur 41. By contrast, twelve of eighteen officers killed in duels before 1815 were midshipmen. This trend had worried Decatur, who was himself probably the most experienced in dueling among naval officers of his day. In 1809, while While respected by all in Hampton Roads, the Decatur commanded the frigate United One of the greatest heroes of the U.S. -
•A Maritime History of the United States
The Eagle’s Webbed Feet The Eagle’s Webbed Feet •A Maritime History ofA theMaritime United History ofStates the United States A To Defend a New Country (& Creating a “New” Navy) “Don’t give up the ship” “We have met the enemy and they are ours” Barbary Pirates • State sponsored piracy of long standing • Active piracy • Tribute • After 1783, American vessels were subject to capture • However, Portuguese blockade kept them out of the Atlantic • By 1785, US is routinely paying ransom and tribute to the Barbary States • Treaty with Morocco (1783) • Treaty with Algiers (1785) • 15 years of tribute would follow (up to $1M / year) Resurgence • 1789 – New constitution authorizes a Navy (over significant protests) • No action, no money • In 1793, Portugal ends Gibraltar blockade • Algiers then captures 11 American merchant ships in the Atlantic • Demands ever increasing tribute • Causes Congress to finally act in two ways (Diplomacy & a Navy) • Naval Act of 1794 (Passed by 2 votes) • The “Six Frigates” • Manning (incl. marines) • Strong opposition led to cancellation clause • 1796 – Peace accord with Algiers • President Washington forces the issue on three frigates The Six Frigates • Three 44’s, Two 38’s, and one 36 • Arguably the best frigates in the world at the time • Royal Navy report • Achieved that elusive balance that warships strive for: “To outfight anything it USS Constitution couldn’t outrun” Quasi-War with France • 1789- French Revolution • By 1796 several issues erupt between France and the U.S. • Trade deal with England • Stopped paying our debt owed to the crown (not the republic) • French deployed privateers which seized 316 ships in 1796 alone • 1798 – The X,Y,Z affair • Congress authorizes completion of the other three frigates and the procurement of a small fleet • July 7 1798 – Congress authorized the Navy to attack French warships • Big American advantage – British blockade of French warships. -
John J. Ford, Jr. Collection of Coins, Medals and Currency, Part 5
AUCTION RESULTS* OHN J. FORD, Jr. COLLECTION COINS, MEDALS AND CURRENCY Part V NUMISMATIC AMERICAN HISTORY Early American Coins and Tokens: Voce Populi, Auctori Plebis, Nova Constellatio and Massachusetts Coppers United States Medals: Naval, Historical and Diplomatic Medals OCTOBER 12, 2004 123 West 57th Street • New York, NY PUBLIC AUCTION SALE LOT # PRICE LOT # PRICE LOT # PRICE LOT # PRICE 1 2600.00 60 3000.00 119 975.00 178 17000.00 2 2400.00 61 6750.00 120 5250.00 179 1700.00 3 1300.00 62 1100.00 121 2000.00 180 600.00 4 1700.00 63 425.00 122 13000.00 181 675.00 5 5000.00 64 3000.00 123 950.00 182 525.00 6 1500.00 65 425.00 124 1600.00 183 850.00 7 500.00 66 500.00 125 1300.00 184 525.00 8 1300.00 67 1600.00 126 4750.00 185 425.00 9 400.00 68 6250.00 127 1700.00 186 900.00 10 950.00 69 6250.00 128 950.00 187 1700.00 11 600.00 70 1100.00 129 1200.00 188 325.00 12 450.00 71 4750.00 130 600.00 189 500.00 13 475.00 72 12000.00 131 8500.00 190 850.00 14 100.00 73 5000.00 132 2200.00 191 600.00 15 1200.00 74 2600.00 133 600.00 192 17000.00 16 180.00 75 2200.00 134 2200.00 193 47500.00 17 450.00 76 1200.00 135 3000.00 194 9500.00 18 325.00 77 350.00 136 2000.00 195 6000.00 19 200.00 78 3250.00 137 1600.00 196 14000.00 20 725.00 79 1700.00 138 900.00 197 9500.00 21 850.00 80 5000.00 139 1200.00 198 4750.00 22 2400.00 81 4000.00 140 750.00 199 5500.00 23 675.00 82 35000.00 141 5750.00 200 6500.00 24 2800.00 83 28000.00 142 4500.00 201 6000.00 25 375.00 84 5750.00 143 775.00 202 32500.00 26 2800.00 85 260000.00 144 4250.00 203 5500.00 27 1500.00 -
Barron, Captain James, Proceedings of Court of Inquiry
. 5- .^'^ - ,*r . ' C' \ . •^^ v^^ ^^';^^. ., '^.. ^ 'X ^ .^"^. .0^ ,^^ '«< ^^ v^ N^^.. :,*°'. 'b '/ -^ ^ »^MP?;f^ " "" \ ' « . -0^ - -^ 'o, .-0' s ,0 o. .>^- .^,. v^ix- = ^t;/ ^?. \:jy . .<^ '% '^ \: -^ -r ^^ ^; ^^ ^j. • c^ x^ >^^. ^ V .0 /', * ?, 8 1 V.A_/%!^ .- z ^. .^^'- 1; ^0^ \'3 ^r, ' "^.^ s^:^ « . T> -P . A^ . •I I L Z^/". PRd^CEEDINGS OF A COURT OF ENQUIRY, HELD AT THE NAVr YARD, BROOKLYN, NEW YORK, UPON ®AIP^^H^ ^iiMUS ID^I&IE(S>Sr OF THE UNITED STATES' NAVY, il"'- DE PAST WENT. ." IN MAY, 1821 WASHINGTON CITY: PRINTED BY JACOB GIDEON, JUNIOR. 1822. •^ '-' :.j 3 Zi' \9 ^X >K NAVY DEPARTMENT, March 25th, 1823. The following proceedings are published at the request of Captain Barron ; and this request would have been complied with at any time heretofore, had it been made. They have been withheld from the public for no other reason than an impression that a publica- tion without the consent of Captain Barron, would be improper, until a final decision was made in his case. 4 : TO ALEXANDER MURRAY, Esquire, Captain in the JSTavy of the United States* WHEREAS James Barron, Esquire, Captain in the Navy of the United States, was, by sentence of a Court Martial, bearing date the eighth day of February, in the year of our I^ord one thousand eight hundred and eight, suspended for the term of five years. And whereas it is alleged, that the said James Barron, dur- ing his said suspension, being at Pernambuco, did make to Mr. Lyon, British Consul at that place, certain declarations and representations, respecting the President and government of the United States, highly improper, and unbecoming an officer of the Navy of the United States, as will appear by the accompanying letters ; which have, heretofore, been submitted to the said James Barron for explanation, and copies thereof delivered to him, to wit A. -
Book Reviews the .SU
Naval War College Review Volume 58 Article 10 Number 1 Winter 2005 Book Reviews The .SU . Naval War College Follow this and additional works at: https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review Recommended Citation War College, The .SU . Naval (2005) "Book Reviews," Naval War College Review: Vol. 58 : No. 1 , Article 10. Available at: https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol58/iss1/10 This Book Review is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Naval War College Review by an authorized editor of U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. War College: Book Reviews BOOK REVIEWS THE EXPANSION OF NATO Simon, Jeffrey. Hungary and NATO: Problems in Civil-Military Relations. Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 2003. 131pp. $26.95 Simon, Jeffrey. Poland and NATO: A Study in Civil-Military Relations. Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 2004. 195pp. $28.95 Simon, Jeffrey. NATO and the Czech and Slovak Republics: A Comparative Study in Civil-Military Relations. Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 2004. 307pp. $34.95 The enlargement of the European Union stability and security stem from con- and the consummation of the second structive military-societal relations, so- wave of the North Atlantic Treaty phisticated defense expertise, and well Organization’s expansion in the spring institutionalized democratic of 2004 would tempt one to believe that accountability. the postcommunist transition is com- In each of the three volumes, which ing to a close as a kind of normalcy set- cover Hungary, Poland, and Czechoslo- tles over the region. -
Trophies, Awards Ceremonials Manual
TROPHIES, AWARDS & CEREMONIALS MANUAL PUBLISHED FOR THE 2021 SPRING NATIONAL EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETINGS 1 TROPHIES & AWARDS Presented By The NATIONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE AMERICAN LEGION Prepared By: Internal Affairs Commission National Headquarters, The American Legion Indianapolis, Indiana 2021 EDITION The recipients listed in this manual are for member year 2020. The 2021 recipients will be listed in the 2022 edition. 2 TROPHIES AND AWARDS TABLE OF CONTENTS TROPHIES AND AWARDS POLICIES AND PROCEEDURES 05 THE AMERICAN LEGION DISTINGUISHED SERVICE MEDAL 09 AMERICANISM AWARDS American Legion Baseball Graduate of the Year 13 Bob Feller American Legion Pitching Award 15 Commissioner of Baseball Trophy 17 Dr. Irvin L. “Click” Cowger Memorial R.B.I. Award 19 The Ford C. Frick Trophy 21 Frank N. Belgrano, Jr. Trophy 23 George W. Rulon Baseball Player of the Year 25 The Howard P. Savage, Junior Baseball Trophy 27 Jack Williams Memorial Leadership Award 29 James F. Daniel, Jr. Memorial Sportsmanship Award 33 The American Legion Junior Shooting Sports Trophy 35 The American Legion Baseball Slugger Trophy 39 Ralph T. O’Neil Education Trophy 41 The American Legion Baseball “Big Stick” Award 43 Spafford National Trophy 45 Francis M. Redington Sportsmanship Award 47 Daniel J. O’Connor Americanism Trophy 49 The American Legion and Scouting “Square Knot” Award 51 The American Legion Eagle Scout of the Year 57 The American Legion National Education Award 59 INTERNAL AFFAIRS AWARDS The American Legon Canadian Friendship Award 61 The International Amity -
FORT MILES in WORLD WAR II: the GERMAN U-BOAT THREAT by James D
This is the first in a series of articles about Fort Miles to be posted on the FMHA website. Future articles, posted quarterly, will include subjects such as the sinking of USS Jacob Jones (DD- 130), Fort Miles antisubmarine defenses, the guns of Fort Miles, the establishment of Fort Miles, the sinking of SS John R. Williams, and the U.S. Navy at Fort Miles, among others. Winter 2021 FORT MILES IN WORLD WAR II: THE GERMAN U-BOAT THREAT By James D. Shomper Although Fort Miles never had to fire a shot in combat during World War II, the Battle of the Atlantic was fought not far from its shores. The war was much closer to the U.S. east coast than many realize today. PRELUDE TO WAR At the outset of the war, the U.S. military believed the greatest threat to the Delaware Bay and coast was an attack by an enemy surface fleet. The German Navy (“Kriegsmarine”) had some of the most modern, powerful battleships in the world at the time. America’s industrial might was essential to stopping Nazi Germany in Europe and the Japanese Empire in the Pacific. American industries critical to the war effort such as oil refineries, chemical production and shipbuilding lined the Delaware Bay and River up to Wilmington and Philadelphia. A German attack on the Delaware Bay led by their battleships would strike a severe blow to U.S. industrial production and the delivery of vital war supplies to the U.S. military and our allies in Europe, most notably England and Russia, who were the last impediment to Nazi domination.