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Marine Biological Laboratory Woods Hole Massachusetts Ninety-Seventh Report for the Year 1994 One-Hundred and Sixth Year Officers of the Corporation Sheldon J. Segal, Chairman of the Board of Trustees Robert E. Mainer, 1 7ft' Chairman of the Board of Trustees James D. Ebert, President of the Corporation John E. Burris, Director and Chief Executive Officer Robert D. Manz, Treasurer Neil Jacobs, Clerk of the Corporation Contents Report of the Director R 1 Report of the Treasurer R9 Financial Statements ..RIO Report of the Librarian ... R20 Educational Programs Summer Courses ... R23 Short Courses . R26 Summer Research Programs Principal Investigators ... R31 Other Research Personnel R32 Library Readers . R34 Institutions Represented . R35 Year-Round Research Programs R39 Honors R47 Board of Trustees and Committees R53 Laboratory Support Staff . .... R56 Members of the Corporation Life Members . R58 Members R59 Associate Members R70 Certificate of Organization R73 Articles of Amendment R73 Bylaws R73 Report of the Director and Chief Executive Officer In 1994, the Decennial Review Committee, which has In 1994. researchers at the Ecosystems Center met even.' decade since 1924 to 15 comprehensively pioneered the use of a stable isotope of nitrogen ( N) evaluate the Marine Biological Laboratory, examined to follow the pathway of this important element in the full range of Laboratory activities, including undisturbed ecosystems. Senior Scientist Bruce Peterson 5 summer and year-round research and education added ammonium-' N to an Arctic river continuously programs. I am pleased to say that its final report, for three weeks to trace how fast nitrogen moved from prepared under the chairmanship of Malcolm Steinberg the water into algae, then into grazing insects and of Princeton University, was thorough and positive. It eventually into predatory fish. These rates were then affirms that the MBL continues to be a valuable part of used to test a mathematical model of the entire stream biological research in the U.S. and the world. system. Associate Scientist Knute Nadelhoffer used 15 both ammonium-and nitrate- N to study what "The ethos the socioscientific generated by amalgam of happened to the nitrogen added to forests of New knowledge, drive, and free scientific that exchange England from acid rain. Most of the added nitrogen continues to characterize it has served to make the MBL remains in the soil. Scientists from the Ecosystems the most center its kind in the world. This important of Center incorporate results from these and other studies is the a spectacularly successful enterprise product of into ecosystem models of carbon and nitrogen blend historical accidents and sense . unique of good dynamics. One of these models, called the Terrestrial the ultimate scientific hole, watering bringing together Ecosystem Model, is now part of an MIT-centered the most in distinguished minds the biological sciences assessment model that also deals with the " integrated in an environment where interaction is free possible. atmosphere, the oceans, and the global economy. This 1994 Report of the Decennial Review Committee large model is used to address global change issues. Investigators in the Architectural Dynamics in Living Cells Program conduct research at the molecular and Year-Round Scientific Activities cellular level at the interface of anatomy and physiology. They use advanced instrumentation to The Ecosystems Center is one of many scientific image real-time cellular events occurring in living cells. "watering holes" at the Marine Biological Laboratory. The report of the Decennial Review Committee stated The largest of the year-round laboratories, the Center is that "MBL Distinguished Scientist Dr. Shinya Inoue's one of the premier facilities in the world for work has produced a true revolution in the analysis of investigating the functioning of terrestrial and aquatic the living, functioning cell, marrying the best available ecosystems and the effects of human activities on those light-microscopic techniques with the most systems. Research projects currently underway include sophisticated image analysis approaches, utilizing both the study of global change and the carbon balance of video and computer graphics at an exquisite level of Arctic ecosystems, land use change and soil processes in performance." During the summer of 1994. Program the Amazon River Basin, and a study on the effects of investigators collaborated with Rand Fellow Ted land use and the introduction of organic matter to Salmon (University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill) estuarine ecosystems. Some of the estuarine research and Nikon Fellow Andrew Murray (University of was conducted locally in Plum Island Sound north of California. San Francisco). While in Woods Hole. Boston and in Waquoit Bay here on Cape Cod. Salmon and Murray successfully attached Rl R2 Annual Report chromosomes (derived from sperm in the egg extract) to microtubules assembled in frog egg extract, and. for the first time, experimentally got them to go through anaphase movement outside of a living cell. These exciting events were recorded as 4-D sequences in collaboration with Ted Inoue of Universal Imaging Corporation. In the fall of 1 994, the Program also welcomed two visiting investigators from Japan, Dr. Rieko Arimoto of Nikon, Inc., and Dr. Keisuke Suzuki of the Olympus Corporation. The Molecular Evolution Program, directed by Dr. Mitchell Sogin, is another resident laboratory where scientists gather, often over a computer monitor, to share information. The Program has helped to advance the field of molecular evolution by using molecular Senior Scientist Osaiuu Shimomura (photo by Linda Golder/MBL). techniques to calibrate the evolution of organisms and their genes. Using measures of similarity for ribosomal RNAs, investigators measure genetic differences between members of the same species or reconstruct journal Science, and featured subsequently in The New phylogenies for organisms that span the largest York Times and the local press. evolutionary distances. Drs. Sogin, Hinkle, and The Calcium Patterning Program, under the collaborators' studies on the stable co-evolution of direction of Senior Scientist Lionel F. Jaffe and attine ants and their fungi over 50 million years Assistant Scientist Andrew L. Miller, continues to suggests that preservation of biodiversity may require advance the study of the role played by calcium in a maintenance of both members of a symbiotic wide range of fundamental cell processes. The Program partnership. This work was published in 1994 in the uses a group of bioluminescent proteins, aequorins, that emit light when in contact with calcium for their studies. Aequorin, which was first purified by MBL Senior Scientist Osamu Shimomura in the 1960s, is produced in a species of jellyfish. Throughout 1994, Program investigators continued their work with the slime mold Diclyostc/ium, which they use as a simple model for studying the development of multicellular organisms. In a paper just published by the journal Development, Miller and Jaffe and their colleagues documented the cellular calcium patterns throughout the life cycle of the slime mold. This is an important first step to understanding the role that calcium plays in switching on or off various genes within the organism. Collaborations are currently underway with scientists at Massachusetts General Hospital, the University of Pennsylvania, and Cornell University to pursue this research in other animal and plant models. The National Vibrating Probe Facility, directed by Associate Scientist Peter J. S. Smith, develops and makes available techniques for measuring, non- invasively, the movement of ions across cell membranes. In 1994, Facility investigators were successful in their attempts to measure the small steady- state calcium fluxes from isolated neurons in culture. This has opened up new areas of research into the regulation of calcium and second messengers. Two new - in Postdoctoral Research ) \\ociulc Hilary Morrison in the Molecular Evo- probes are currently development at the Facility. The lution laboratory (photo hy Richard Ilimanl). BioKelvin probe is being designed to measure the weak Report of the Director and CEO R3 ion fields that exist around tissue in a gaseous Center will review and study a variety of life science environment. Investigators plan to use this new areas, with special attention on how gravity influences machine in the study of skin. The second instrument biological processes. currently in development is a vibrating oxygen probe, which Facility investigators intend to use in the study of The Marine Resources Center cell respiration. In of 1994. the Boston September University Marine The Marine Resources Center (MRC), now in Program kicked off a celebration of its 25th year-long operation for two years, continues to supply healthy Since it in anniversary. began 1969, BUMP has grown animals for biological and biomedical research and from a small graduate into one of the program strongest education. The seawater system is monitored daily to and in undergraduate graduate programs marine provide readings on temperature, nutrients, and in the In 1994 BUMP enrolled 60 biology country. dissolved gases. A variety of research projects involve and 33 masters and doctoral candidates undergraduates the use of this facility. who studied with 8 teaching and 9 research faculty. The year-round research program at the MBL The clam, Mulinia, is being raised in the MRC's expanded in 1994 with the addition
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