Notes

NOTE ON SOURCES The main source material for this book has been the Foreign Office, Cabinet and Chief of Staff papers, together with some S.O.E. reports and correspondence, now available in the Public Record Office. The bulk of the source references therefore refer to these. I have also made use of the official war histories and the published records of individuals who took part in events, from Churchill and Field-Marshal Lord Wilson to the British Liaison Officers in the field or Yugoslav Partisans such as Milovan Djilas, Svetozar Vukmanovic-Tempo and Vladimir Dedijer; and to try to get a view from the other side I have dipped into official Communist histories of the countries concerned, where these have been available to me. What I have found especially valuable has been the help given to me personally by individuals who were involved in one way or another in South-East Europe during the Second World War. George Taylor and Bickham Sweet-Escott, who held central executive positions in S.O.E. from the days when it was Section D, have been particularly generous in giving me their personal memories, and George Taylor also made available to me papers in his possession, including the Pirie Report on Greece; in the source references these are referred to as 'G.T. papers'; other information given to me by him appears as 'G.T. to E.B.'. I also had invaluable help on Rumania from Ivor Porter, and he appears in the source references as 'I.P.' Professor W. J. M. Mackenzie, the author of the official but unpublished history of the S.O.E., was extremely kind in helping to clear up obscure points and sort out difficulties; he appears in the source references as 'W.J.M.M.'. I should also make particular mention of Dr Laszlo Veress, who was most generous in giving me first-hand information about Hungary and his own experiences, in 1943-4; he appears simply as 'Veress' (not to be confused with General L. Veress de Dalnok, who also very kindly gave me some pointers from his personal memories, and whom I have also quoted). Where other people have given me information from their own personal memories, their names appear in full in the source references. I have mentioned them and thanked them in the foreword. I have to thank the Rt. Hon. Anthony Crossland, M.P., for per• mission to use material from the Dalton Papers, now in the London 270 JVotes School of Economics Library. These I have referred to as 'Dalton Papers'.

CHAPTER I 1 Documents of British Foreign Policy, Third Series v 197. 2 Ibid., p. 1. 3 Ibid., pp. r ff. 4 Ibid., pp. 84·ff. 5 Ibid., p. 183. 6 David Dilkes, The Diaries of Sir Alexander Cadogan 1938-1945, p. 173. 7 DBFP, loc. cit., p. 207. 8 Cadogan Diaries, p. 1 19. 9 Ibid.,p. 117. 10 FO 371/23752 F.P. 36/879 8.5.39· 11 Lord Lloyd, Secretary of State for Colonies, 1940-1. 12 Cadogan Diaries, p. 121. 13 Eden, Facing the Dictators, pp. 513 ff. 14 DBFP Third Series vi 294· 15 FO 371/24885 Note on Hungarian-Rumanian relations in Aug. 1939 22.1.40. 16 FO 371/24984 Hoare letter to Nichols 23.1.40. 17 DBFP, loc. cit., p. 267. 18 DBFP, Joe. cit., p. 437· 19 DBFP Third Series v 197. 20 Cripps was ambassador in Moscow, 194o-2. 21 FO 371/24845 Cripps letter to Collier 16.7.40. 22 PREM 3/374/13A Churchill minute 25.10.44·

CHAPTER 2 1 DBFP Third Series v 107. 2 DBFP Third Series VI 294· 3 CAB 65/1 W.M. (39) 8 8.9.39, W.M. (39) 15 14·9·39· 4 FO 371/29750 Rende! to Eden R 4411/1041/7 27-3-41. 5 CAB 65/1 W.M. (39) 61 26.10.39· 6 FO 371/24950 Bucharest 17 8.1.40, FO 371/24427 O'Malley memoran- dum 12.1.40. 7 FO 371/24991 Hoare despatches II and 25·3·40. 8 FO 371/24887 Hoare despatch 20.3.40. 9 FO 371/24886 Halifax letter to Chatfield 16.2.40 Annex m. 10 FO 371/24887 Athens 175 2.4.40. 11 FO 371/24869 Politika 25-4-40, The Times 30·4·40. 12 FO 371/24889 M.P. (40) 140 29.4·40. 13 Sir Ronald Campbell, P.C., G.C.M.G., C.B., Ambassador in Cairo, 1946-50. FO 371/24890 Belgrade 368 18.6-40. 14 Franc;ois Fonvieille-Alquier, The French and the Phoney War 1939-40, p. 67. 15 CAB 65/1 W.M. (39) 8 8.9.39· Notes 16 CAB 6s/1 W.M. (39) 12 11.9·39· 17 CAB 65/1 W.M. (39) 15 14·9·39· 18 CAB 6s/1 W.M. (39) 21 20.9.39· 19 CAB 65/1 W.M. (39) 23 22.9.39. 20 CAB 65/1 W.M. (39) 39 6.10.39· 21 CAB 65/1 W.M. (39) 95 26.1 1.39. 22 CAB 6s/2 W.M. (39) 107 7.12.39, W.P. (39) 149. 23 CAB 65/1 W.M. (39) 99 30.1 1.39. 24 CAB 65/2 W.M. (39) 107 7.12.39· 25 CAB 65/2 W.M. (39) 115 14.12.39· 26 CAB 6s/2 W.M. (39) 120 20.12.39, W.M. (39) 115 14.12·39· 27 CAB 6s/2 W.M. (39) 123 27.12.39. 28 FO 371/24884 Rome 32 10.1.40. 29 FO 371/24884 Campbell letter to Nichols 1.1.40 R 222/G/54• 30 FO 371/24884 Minute by Lt-Col. C. S. Clarke to H.M. Minister Belgrade I. 1.40. 31 FO 371/24884 Campbell letter to Nichols 1.1.40 R222/G/54· 32 Ibid. Belgrade 4 3·1.40. 33 FO 371/24879 Rende! letter to Halifax 10.2.40. 34 Later Sir George Rendel, K.C.M.G., H.M. Ambassador to Belgium 1947-so. 35 FO 371/29750 Rende! despatch to Eden 27.3-41 R/4411/1041/7. 36 FO 371/24884 monitoring report. 37 FO 371/24884 Note by Military Attache Athens 8.qo. 38 C.O.S. (4o) 186 8.qo. 39 FO 371/24888 Gen. Marshall Cornwall letter to Nichols 6.4-40. 40 FO 371/24885 C.O.S. M.R. (40) 4· 41 FO 371/24888 C.O.S. (4o) 282 (S) 8.4.40. 42 FO 371/24886 Allied Military Committee M.R. (40) 32nd meeting 4·2-40. 43 FO 371/24886 Allied Military Committee M.R. {40) 10 5.2.40. 44 FO 371/24886 Halifax letter to Chatfield 16.2.40 R2173/G/112. 45 FO 371/24887 Halifax memorandum on S. E. Europe W.P. (40) 110 26.3·40. 46 FO 371/24888 Forbes memorandum 28.3.4,0. 47 FO 371/24888 Col. Rozoy letter 3·5·40. 48 FO 371/24888 Allied Military Committee D. F. 110 6-4-40 R4346/G/24. 49 FO 371/24888 C.O.S. draft paper M.R. (J) (40) 6.4-40. 50 FO 371/24889 Extract from War Cabinet Conclusions 105 (40) S. 51 Sir Pierson Dixon, G.C.M.G., C.B., H.M. Ambassador to France, 196o-4. 52 FO 371/24889 Dixon minute 6.5.40, Nicholls minute 13.5·40. 53 FO 371/29782 Angora 670 28.3.41. 54 FO 371/24890 J.P. (40) 216 4.6.40. 55 FO 371/24890 Sofia 276 DIPP 11.6.40, Belgrade 283 DIPP 1.6.40. 56 FO 371/24890 Nicholls minute 15.6.40. 57 FO 371/24890 C.O.S. (4o) 525 3·7-40. 58 FO 371/24890 FO circular telegram 128 5·7·40. Notes

CHAPTER 3 1 CAB 65/1 w.M. (39) 19 18.9.39· 2 CAB 65/1 W.M. (39) 20 19·9·39· 3 CAB 65/1 W.M. (39) 22 21·9·39· 4 CAB 6s/x W.M. (39) 24 23·9·39· 5 CAB 65/1 W.M. (39) 31 29·9·39· 6 CAB 65/1 W.M. (39) 36 4.10.39· 7 CAB 65/1 W.M. (39) 39 6.10.39. 8 CAB 65/1 W.M. (39) 51 18.10.39· 9 Ibid. xo FO 371/24845 Moscow no. I t.1.40. II CAB 65/2 W.M. (39) 107 7.12.39· 12 FO 371/24884 Hoare letter 8.12.39 R/421/1021. 13 Sir Fitzroy Maclean, Bt, later Head of British Mission to Marshal Tito. 14 FO 371/24884 Maclean minute 24.12.39 R/421/100. 15 FO 371/24884 Collier minute 26.12.39. 16 FO 371/24835 Maclean paper 2.2.40 N2736/G. 17 FO 371/24886 Halifax despatch to Knatchbull-Hugessen 14.2.40. 18 FO 371/24887 Knatchbull-Hugessen letter to Nichols 7·3·40. 19 CAB 65 W.M. 76 (40) 27.3-40. 20 FO 371/24887 Cadogan minute 26.3.40. 21 CAB 65 W.M. 76 (4o) 27·3·40. 22 Ibid. 23 FO 371/24888 Meeting of Heads of Missions (South-East Europe) 8+4o R/3367/G/93· 24 FO 371/42845 Moscow 865 13.10.40. 25 Nazi-Soviet Relations, pp. 209-10. 26 FO 371/24844 Moscow 312 DIPP 14.6.40, Moscow 334 DIPP 15.6.40. 27 FO 371/24844 Tass statement. 28 FO 371/24844 Moscow 335 DIPP 17.6.40. 29 FO 371/24844 Maclean minute 19.6.40. 30 FO 371/24844 FO 165 DIPP to Moscow 24.6.40, 166 DIPP to Moscow 25.6·40· 31 Ibid. 32 FO 371/24845 Cripps letter to Collier t6.7.40. 33 FO 371/24845 Nichols minute 6.9.40. 34 FO 371/24845 Cripps despatch to Halifax 16.8.40. 35 FO 371/24845 FO 641 to Moscow 15.10.40. 36 Nazi-Soviet Relations, p. 216. 37 Ibid., p. 167. 38 Ibid., pp. 222-59. 39 FO 371/24845 N 9046/G 8.t1.40. 40 Ibid. 41 Nazi-Soviet Relations, p. 330.

CHAPTER 4 1 FO 371/24886 Knatchbull-Hugessen letter to Halifax 12.2.40 Rx864/56. Notes 2 FO 371/24888 Forbes memorandum 28.3.40. 3 Hugh Dalton, The Fateful Years, p. 296. 4 Dalton Papers, record of meeting held in Foreign Secretary's Room, 1.7·4°· 5 The Times 11.4.40. 6 FO 371/24985 Chatfield letter to Hore-Belisha 5·1.40. 7 FO 371/24985 Hoare letter to Sargent II.1.40. 8 FO 37I/24992 Lockhart letter I 1.5.40, Cadogan minute I2.5-40. 9 FO 37I/24978 Wing Cdr A. H. H. Macdonald to Rendel9.1.40. IO Sir Eric Berthoud, K.C.M.G., associated with the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company and appointed oil expert attached to the British Legation on the outbreak of war. Ambassador to Poland I956-6o. II FO 37I/3000I Berthoud report 2.3.4I R5342/G. I2 See Chapter 2, note I3. I3 FO 37I/24886 Campbell letter to Halifax I2.2.40, Nichols minute 28.2.40 R2I42/5/67. I4 Roskill, Hankey: Man of Secrets, p. 433· I5 W. N. Medlicott, The Economic Blockade I 246. I6 FO 371/24893 E.P. (E.W.) (4o) 3· I7 FO 37I/24887. I8 Later Sir Ronald Cross, Bt, K.C.M.G., K.C.V.O., High Commissioner in Australia, I94I-5. 19 Later Sir Evelyn Shuckburgh, G.C.M.G., C.B., Ambassador to Italy, I966-g. 20 FO 37 I /24893 Cross letter to Simon 1.4.40, Shuckburgh minute I0+40. 2 I Medlicott, p. 264. 22 G.T. to E.B. 23 FO 371/24893 Kahn letter to Lee 4+4o, Lee to Kahn, 5+40. 24 FO 37I/24883 Dunn letter to A. Chester Beatty 5+40. 25 Later Sir Charles Hambro, K.B.E., Chairman, Hambros Bank. 26 Later Sir Frank Nixon of the Export Credits Guarantee Department. 27 Later Sir George Rendel, K.C.M.G., H.M. Ambassador to Belgium, I947-5o. 28 FO 37I/24875 Sofia toFO 20.5.40. 29 FO 371/24893 FO I584 ARFAR to Washington 4.9.40. go FO 37I/24875 Ad Hoc Committee on Balkan Purchases 6.8.40. 3I FO 37I/29778. 32 DBFP Third Series v Iff. 33 FO 37If3oooi Berthoud report 2.3.4I R 5342/G. 34 CAB 65/I W.M. I (39) I6.9·39· 35 CAB 65/2 W.M. (39) 108 8.I2.39· 36 FO 37I/goooi Berthoud report 2.3.4I R5342/G. 37 FO 37I/24968 Hoare letter to Halifax 29.I2.39. 38 FO 37I/24968 Halifax despatch to Hoare 2.1.40. 39 FO 37I/24985 Broad minute I0.1.40. 40 FO 37I/24985 W.M. 22 (4o) 24.1.40, W.M. 28 (4o) 31.J.4o. 41 FO 371/24982 Bucharest 28 Saving 28.3.40. 42 FO 371/24982 Hoare minute 2+40. 43 FO 371/24887 W.M. 70 (40) I6.3.40. 274 Notes 44 FO 371/30001 Berthoud report 17.1.41 R436o. 45 Ibid. 46 Later Sir Maurice Bridgeman, K.B.E., Chairman of B.P., 1g6o--g. 47 G.T. to E.B.; Medlicott, p. 255· 48 CAB 65/1 W.M. 16 (39) 15·9·39· 49 Medlicott, p. 254 .. so Ibid., p. 256. 51 FO 371/23752 Broad letter to Turner 19.12.39· 52 'Goeland' = the French word for sea-gull or sea-mew = Society for Energetic Action by the Ministry of Economic Warfare - a name invented by Maurice Bridgeman. Sweet-Escott to E.B. 53 Medlicott, p. 255· 54 FO 371/29774 Rose minute 7.8.41, FO 371/29775 letter to Perkins 24.10.41. 55 Medlicott, p. 258. 56 FO 371/24992 Bucharest 546 DIPP 21.6-40. 57 FO 371/29975 Hoare letter to Eden 21.2.41 R2g62/2/37. 58 FO 3 7 I 24992 Broad minute 26. I 1.40. 59 Medlicott, p. 258. 6o FO 371/29775 M.E.W. 2124 to Ankara 27·9·41. 61 FO 371/29990 Macrae letter to D. J. Scott 4.1 1.40. 62 B. S.-W to E.B. 63 FO 371/30001 Berthoud report 2.3.41. 64 G.T. to E.B. 65 Roskill, p. 435· 66 Medlicott, p. 255· 67 W. J. M. Mackenzie to E.B. 68 FO 371/24992 FO 70 to Bucharest I8.1.4o, Bucharest 75 26.1.40. 6g FO 371/24888 Notes for meeting of H.M.R.R. from S.E. Europe 10-4-40. 70 FO 371/24888 Forbes report 13·5·40. 71 FO 371/30001 Dixon minute 27.1 1.41. 72 G.T. to E.B. This was presumably rather different from the scheme for 'demolition raids on oil refineries supplying the German Army' mentioned by Christopher Sykes in his Orde Wingate, p. 224, since he seems to be referring to the period after the war started. 73 Sweet-Escott, Baker Street Irregular, p. 22; Dalton Papers, Report from A/D and D/HY on Certain S.0.2 Activities in Yugoslavia 24.6.41; W.J.M.M. to E.B. 74 FO 371/24996 Broad minute 21.6.40. 75 FO 371/23752 Hoare letter to Halifax 20.12.39 and attached report. 76 FO 371/23752 Godfrey letter to Jebb 29.12.39· 77 FO 371/29990 Macrae report 4.11.40. 7s Ibid. 79 G.T. to E.B. So The Times 9-4-40. 81 Ibid. 82 Later Sir Peter Garran, K.C.M.G., Ambassador at The Hague, 1964-'Jo. 83 FO 371/24888 Campbell letter to Cadogan and attached report. Notes 275 84 FO 37I/2443o Belgrade 83 to FO 23.3·40. 85 Later Sir Owen O'Malley, K.C.M.G., Ambassador at Lisbon, I945-7· 86 FO 37I/24888 minutes of meeting of Chiefs of Staff with H.M.R.R. from S.E. Europe I5-4-40. 87 FO 37I/24427 O'Malley despatch to Halifax 23·4·40· 88 FO 37I/2488g Knatchbull-Hugessen to Halifax 27-4·40. 8g Keesing's Contemporary Archives. go FO 37I/24996 Broad minute 21.6.40. 9I C.O.S. (40) 344, I 1.5.40. 92 Dalton Papers, Report from A/D and D/HY 24.6.41. 93 Dalton Papers, Misc. I94I-2 Tel. 3025 A.D. from C.D. 3-4-4I. 94 Ibid., Tel. 3027 C.D. to A.D. 5-4-4I. 95 Sir Eric Berthoud to E.B. g6 FO 37I/3002o Macnab report. 97 FO 37I/24899 W.P. (4o) 200 II.6.4o. g8 Sweet-Escott, Baker Street Irregular, p. 35· 99 FO 37I/29975 Hoare despatch to Eden 21.2.4I R2g6g/2/37. Ioo FO 37I/29975 Hoare despatch to Eden 21.2-41. IOI FO 37I/24993 Hankey letter to Nichols 23.9-40. I02 W.J.M.M. to E.B. I03 FO 37I/2gggo S.0.2 report 'General Situation in Rumania' I8.I2.40. I04 FO 37I/29975 Hoare despatch to Eden I3.2.41. I05 FO 37I/29990 Dixon minute 23.1.40. 106 Ibid. I07 Cadogan Diaries, p. 351. I08 FO 37I/29990 Bucharest I59 25.I.41. 109 FO 37I/2999I FO I7 to Bucharest 28.1.4I. IIO FO 37I/3oooo Bucharest I73 28.1.41. I 11 W.J.M.M. to E.B. I I2 PREM 3 374/I3A Cairo 387 25.2.41. 113 FO 37I/3oooo W.O. 52925 to C.-in-C. M.E. 21.2.41. 114 PREM 3 374/I3A Istanbul unnumbered to Cairo 22.2.4I. I I5 PREM 3 374/I3A Cairo 387 25.2.41. 116 CAB 66 W.M. (4o) 287 27.I1.40. I I7 PREM 3 374/I3A P.M. to C.A.S. 27.I 1.40. I I8 FO 37I /2492I Hardinge letter to Cadogan with enclosure 2.I2.40. 119 FO 37I/2492I Athens I349 I6.I2.4o, A.O.C.-in-Chief M.E. to Air Ministry A. 483 I6.I2-4o. I2o PREM 3 374/205 P.M. Personal Minute M. 446 22.12-40. I2I CAB 66 W.P. (4I) 39 (Revise). I22 PREM 3 374/I3A Cairo 378, 389 25.2-41. I23 PREM 3 374/I3A FO to Cairo, P.M. for S. of S. 27.2-41. I24 FO 37I/29782 Anglo-Greek Conversations Record 2.3.41. 125 FO 37I/29782 Anglo-Greek conversations: meeting at British Legation Athens 4·3-4!. 126 FO 371/30001 Ismay letter to Jebb 9-4-41. I27 Air Chief Marshal Sir Arthur Longmore, G.C.B., D.S.O., A.O.C. in C. M.E. I94Q-I 128 G.T. to E.B. Notes 129 FO 371/30001 Berthoud letter to Kisch 28-4-41. 130 FO 371/30001 Sir M. Stewart letter to Eden 26.5.41; Dixon minute 27.1 1.41· 131 FO 371/25033 report of Shea mission, W.J.M.M. to E.B. 132 Sweet-Escott, pp. 28-9, G.T. to E.B. 133 FO 371/35033 Campbell despatch to Halifax 16.7.40. 134 W.J.M.M. to E.B. 135 FO 371/24888 Meeting of H.M.R.R. in London April 1940. 136 Sir George Rendel, The Sword and the Olive, pp. 175-8 (Rendel calls Dimitrov 'Ivanov' for the sake of discretion). 137 W. S. Bailey to E.B. 138 W.J.M.M. to E.B. 139 Dalton Papers, Report from A/D and DH/Y 24.6-41. 140 FO 371/24892 Record of meeting between FO and S.O.E. 9.12-40. 141 Ibid. 142 FO 371/24892 Broad minute 16.12.40. 143 FO 371/29803 German White Book 6-4-41 R7844/3552/67.

CHAPTER 5 1. FO 371/24866 Grafftey-Smith (later Sir Laurence Grafftey-Smith, K.C.M.G., High Commissioner Karachi, 1947-51), reports Jan.-Apr. 1940. 2 DBFP Third Series VI 437; Hoptner, Yugoslavia in Crisis 1934-1941, pp. 124-7· 3· FO 371/24866 Rome to FO 24.5·40. 4 CAB 65/1 W.M. (39) 39 6.10.39· 5 FO 371/29719 S.0.2 memorandum 25.2.41, FO 371/24866 Capt. Thomas Davies letter to Broad 8-4-40, Ibid., Section D paper 25.8.40. 6 FO 371/25033 Belgrade 308 DIPP 5.6-40. 7 FO 371/24868 Record of meeting at FO 2.7.40. 8 FO 371/24868 Sir Andrew Ryan's report on interview with Zog 3·7-40, Sargent minute 19.7·40. 9 See Julian Amery, Approach March, p. 162, for DjonoviC's role in this. 10 FO 371/24866 Section D paper 25.8.40. 11 FO 371/24866 FO to Cairo 7·9·40. 12 FO 371/24866 Dixon minute 18.9-40. 13 FO 371/24867 Reply to PQ and FO minute thereon 19.6.40. 14 FO 371/24867 Dixon minute 15·9·40· 15 FO 371/29715 W. C. Knight minute 7·7-41. 16 FO 371/24868 Ryan report 8.1 1.40. 17 FO 371/24868 S.O.E. to Istanbul2o.II.40. 18 Later Sir Michael Palairet, K.C.M.G., Ambassador to exiled Greek government, 1942-3. 19 FO 371/24868 Athens to FO 23.1 1.40. 20 FO 371/24868 FO to Athens 26.11.40. 21 FO 371/24868 Athens to FO 29.11.40. 22 Later Sir Pierson Dixon, G.C.M.G., C.B., Ambassador to France, 196o-4. Notes 23 FO 371/24866 Dixon minutes of 28.11.40, 23.1 1.40. 24 FO 371/24867 Meeting held by Sargent 2.12.40. 25 FO 371/24892 Meeting held at FO 9.12.40. 26 FO 371/24867 FO to Athens 8.12.40. 27 FO 371/24868 Athens to FO 9.12.40, I4.I2.40. 28 FO 37I/24867 Belgrade to FO 31.1.41. 29 FO 37I/297I2 Nicholls minute 24.1.40. 30 FO 37I/24868 Belgrade to FO 3.12.40. 3I FO 37I/24866 Belgrade to FO 1.12.40, xo.I2.40. 32 FO 37I/24892 Record of meeting between FO and S.0.2 R886o/5/67. 33 FO 37I/24867 S.O.E. Belgrade to London I8.12.40. 34 FO 371/24868 Athens to FO 18.I2.4o. 35 FO 371/24867 S.O.E. Athens to Belgrade 19.12.40. 36 FO 37I/24867 FO to Athens 20.I2-40. 37 FO 37I/24867 FO to Athens 21.I2-4o. 38 FO 37I/24867 War Office to C.-in-C. Middle East 20.I2.40, Air Ministry to A.O.C. Middle East 2I.I2-40. 39 FO 37I/24867 Athens to FO 21.12.40. 40 Ibid. 4I FO 37I/24867 Dixon minute 26.12.40, Broad letter to Hopkinson 27.12.40. 42 FO 37I/24867 S.O.E. London to S.O.E. Belgrade 27.I2.40. 43 FO 371/24867 Eden minute 28.I2.40. 44 FO 37I/297I9 Broad letter to Hopkinson 28.2.41. 45 Ibid., W. C. Knight minute 8.3.41. 46 Sweet-Escott, p. 64; W.J.M.M. to E.B.

CHAPTER 6 I FO 37I/29750 Rendel despatch to Eden 27·3·4I R44I I/I04/7· 2 FO 37I/2488o Clutton minute 26.I1.41. 3 FO 37I/29750 Rende! despatch 27·3·41. 4 FO 37I/2488I Campbell despatch 1.2-40. 5 FO 37I/25032 Campbell letter to Cadogan I4·5·40, Nichols letter to Campbell 27.5·40. 6 FO 37I/24870 Bowker minute 2.I2.40. 7 FO 37I/2488I Sofia 847 DALLY 23.I1.40. 8 FO 371/24869 Sofia Legation report 26.1.40. 9 FO 37I/2488I Annual Report I939· IO FO 37I/2486g Rende! report on audiences with King Boris 23+40. II FO 371/24878 FO to Sofia 16.7.40. I2 FO 37I/24878 Sofia to FO 19.7·4o. I3 FO 371/24985. 14 CAB 65/1 W.M. (39) 15 14·9·39· 15 FO 371/24878 Sofia 433 11.10.40. 16 FO 37I/24878 Sofia 697 I5.1.40, Sofia 702 16.10.40, Sofia 731, 23.I0.40. I7 FO 37I/2487o FO to Sofia 28.Io-4o, Sofia to FO 29.10.40. I8 FO 371/24891 Moscow 972 7.11.40. 19 FO 371/24872 Bulgarian Communist Party appeal. Notes 20 FO 371/24877 Communist Manifesto (B.C.P.) received by H.M. Lega- tion 8.8.40. 21 FO 371/24877 Sofia to FO 7.8.40. 22 FO 371/24872 Sofia to FO r8.ro.4o. 23 Nazi-Soviet Relations, pp. 244-6; see alsop. 26 above. 24 Ibid., p. 259. 25 FO 371/24880 Sofia 387 21.11.40. 26 FO 371/24880 Sofia to FO 2.12.40. 27 FO 371/30068 Angora 1407 8.6.41. 28 Bulgarska Komunisticheska Partia, Istoria (Moscow, 1960), pp. 351-2. 27 The Times 11.12.40. 30 FO 371/24880 draft telegram initialled Halifax 1.12.40. 31 FO 371/24870 Sofia to FO 3.12.40. 32 FO 371/24880 Sargent minute 28.11.40. 33 FO 371/24870 Sofia to FO 27.11.40. 34 CAB 65/17 W.M. (41) 3 7·1-41. 35 FO 371/29777 Moscow 68 25.1.41. 36 FO 371/29777 Eden despatch to Cripps 29.1.41 R700/II3/67. 37 FO 371/29777 Moscow 151 20.2.41. 38 FO 371/29750 Rendel despatch to Eden 27.3.41 R44n/ro41/7. 39 FO 371/248777 Sargent minute 12.2.41. 40 FO 371/29747 Sofia 386 3·3-4·1· 41 FO 371/29750 Rendel despatch to Eden 27·3·41 R44II/1041/7. 42 FO 371/29748 Sofia 406 5·3·41. 43 FO 371/29764 Record of meeting held at G.H.Q. M.E. 31.3.41.

CHAPTER 7 1 FO 371/22428 Makins minute 7.1 1.40. 2 FO 371/24431 Draft annual report enclosed in Chancery letter to FO I1.6.40. 3 FO 371/24427 Sargent minute 22.2.40. 4 FO 371/24426 O'Malley letter to Strang 5·1.40. 5 FO 371/24431 Draft annual report n.6.4o. 6 FO 371/24427 Sargent minute 22.2.40. 7 FO 371/24431 draft annual report 11.6.40. 8 FO 371/24426 O'Malley letter to Strang 5·1.40. 9 FO 371/24427 O'Malley memorandum 12.1.40, FO 371/24429 Budapest 51 14.2.40. ro FO 371/24425 Makins letter to Leith-Ross 19+40. II FO 371/24427 Note by Hungarian Minister 9.2.40, Sargent minute 22.2.40. 12 FO 371/24426 Budapest 62 20.2.40. 13 FO 371/24427 O'Malley despatch to Halifax 1.3.40. 14 FO 371/24427 O'Malley despatch to Halifax 9·3·40. 15 FO 371/24427 O'Malley despatch to Halifax 26+40. 16 FO 371/24427 Sargent and Cadogan minutes 9·5·40, FO 122 to Buda• pest 10.5.40. 17 FO 371/24984 Budapest 291 12.7·40. Notes 279 18 FO 371/24890 Budapest 279 8.7·40· 19 FO 371/24890 FO 203 to Budapest I I.7.40. 20 FO 371/24985 FO 287 to Budapest 30.8.40. FO 371/22428 Hungary and Rumania Contact Meeting 9·9-40. 21 FO 371/22428 Budapest 323 7.8.40. 22 FO 371/24985. 23 FO 371/22428 Budapest 444 9.10.40. 24 FO 371/22428 M.A. Budapest to War Office I I 14 cipher I5.10.40. 25 Later Lord Strang; Permanent Under-Secretary FO, 1949-53. 26 FO 371/22928 FO 363 to Budapest 23.10.40. 27 FO 371/22428 Budapest 465 19.10.40. 28 FO 371/24429 Budapest 31 I 29.7·40. 29 FO 371/22428 Budapest 323 7.8.40. 30 Nazi-Soviet Relations, pp. 180, 187, 252. 31 FO 371/24931 Moscow 1027 23.II.40. 32 FO 371/24431 Budapest 531 2I.I1.40, FO 433 to Budapest 2.12.40. 33 FO 371/22428 Budapest 565 8.12.40. 34 FO 371/24426 FO 235 to Budapest 7·12·40· 35 FO 371/22428 Budapest 594 22.12.40. 36 FO 371/24430 Budapest 547 23.12.40. 37 FO 371/24430 M.A. Budapest to W.O. 04400 cipher 7.12.40. 38 FO 371/22428 Budapest 565 8.12.40. 39 FO 371/25034 Belgrade IOOI 26.1 1.40, 1024 30.1 1.40. 40 FO 371/309660 O'Malley letter to Zimmem 26.1.43. 41 FO 371/26602 Budapest 51 23.1.41. 42 FO 371/26602 Budapest 53 26.1.41. 43 FO 371 26602 FO 79 to Budapest I 1.2.41. 44 Ibid. 45 FO 371/26602 M.A. Budapest to War Office 08924 cipher 24.3·41. 46 FO 371/26602 Budapest 208 3+41. 47 Ibid. 48 Szinai and Szucs, Confidential Papers of Admiral Horthy, p. 175. 49 FO 371/26602 Budapest 221 6.4.41. 50 FO 371/26630 D.O. to Dominions P.M.s 188 7+40. 51 Later Sir Frank Roberts, G.C.M.G., G.C.V.O., Ambassador at Bonn, 1965-8. 52 FO 371/26602 Roberts minute 7·7·41. 53 FO 371/29779 Belgrade 381 10.3.4I. 54 See e.g. Dalton Papers, Dalton minute to Leeper, 26+41.

CHAPTER 8

I FO 371/24991 Hoare despatches to Halifax 26.1.40, 8.2.40. 2 FO 371/24888 Hoare letter to Nichols I6.5.40. 3 FO 371/29975 Hoare despatch to Eden 21.2.41 R4962/2/37. 4 FO 371/24958 Bucharest 623 1.7·40, M.A. Bucharest 282/R/40 8.8.40. 5 Philip Broad, C.M.G., later Political Adviser at A.F.H.Q. Italy. 6 FO 371/24968 Broad minute 27.6.40. 7 Later Lord Butler, K.G., C.H. Notes 8 FO 37I/24968 Butler minute 28.6.40. 9 See p. 26 above. IO FO 37I/24968 Bucharest 662 7·7·40. I I Professor Hugh Seton-Watson of the School of Slavonic and East Euro• pean Studies. I2 Later Lord Hankey, K.C.M.G., K.C.V.O., U.K. delegate to O.E.E.C., o.E.C.D., I96o-5. I3 FO 37I/24992 Hankey despatch to Halifax R7352/475/37 22.7.40 (enclosing Seton-Watson report), 37I/24993 Bucharest 79I 26.7.40. I4 FO 37I/24992 Hankey despatch to Halifax 22.7.40, Bucharest 86o 7.8.40. 15 FO 37I/24984 FO 7I2 to Bucharest 6.8.40. I6 FO 37I/24992 Seton-Watson minute 5.8.4o, Bucharest 88 9.8.40. I7 FO 371/24992 Seton-Watson memorandum n.8.40. I8 FO 37I/24992 report by British Consul Cluj 3.8.40. I9 FO 37I/24985 Budapest 380 3I.8.4o, Bucharest I03I 30.8.40. 20 E.g. FO 37I/24968 Rose and Nichols minutes 3·9·40, Bucharest I002 27.8.40. 2I Nazi-Soviet Relations, p. I78-8I. 22 FO 37I/24968 Bucharest I045 3·9·40. 23 Ibid., Bucharest I052 3·9·40. 24 FO 37I/29975 Hoare despatch to Eden 21.2.4I R4962/2/37. 25 FO 37I/24992 M.A. Bucharest to W.O. 00232 cipher 6.9.40. 26 FO 37I/24992 Bucharest III2 9·9·40· 27 FO 37I/24992 Bucharest II24 11.9·40. 28 FO 37I/24992 Dixon minute I6.9.40. 29 FO 37I/24989 Dixon minute 3.I0.40. 30 FO 37I/24990 Record of meeting 24.I0.40 R8o44jG. 3I FO 37I/29990 Dixon minute II.2.4I. 32 FO 37I/29977 Hoare despatch to Eden RI052/937/G I3.2.41. 33 FO 37I/29976 Record of meeting at FO 20.2.4I RI493/G. 34 FO 37I/2999I Broad letter to Hopkinson 20.4.4I. From then on, V. C. Georgescu, in Bucharest, was largely responsible for keeping W /T contact with S.O.E. Cairo. 35 Sweet-Escott, p. 5 I; A.M.A. Istanbul to C.-in-C. M.E. I/34 7 cypher I 0.5.40.

CHAPTER 9 I FO 37I/24889 Extract from War Cabinet Conclusions 105 (40) S 27.4·40. 2 FO 371/2503I Halifax minute 17·5·40. 3 FO 371/24890 Joint Planning Committee Preliminary Draft J.P. (40)216 2.6.40, pencilled unsigned Sargent minute. 4 FO 371/25033 Belgrade 342 DIPP 12.6.4o. 5 FO 371j2503I Campbell letter to Halifax 6.7.40. 6 FO 371/25031 Campbell despatch to Halifax 27.4·40. 7 FO 371/25037 Moscow 210 II.5.40. 8 FO 371/24800 Rapp, Zagreb, letter to Belgrade Legation 4.6.40. 9 FO 371/25033 Belgrade 457 I5.7-40. 10 FO 371/25033 Belgrade 572 16.8.40. Notes

II FO 371/25033 Belgrade 542 10.8.40. 12 FO 371/25033 FO 310 to Belgrade 1.7-40· 13 FO 371/25033 FO 315 to Belgrade 3·7·40. 14 FO 371/25033 Belgrade 542 10.8.40. 15 FO 371/25033 M.A. Belgrade to W.O. ooJ78 cipher 28.10.40. 16 FO 371/25033 Dixon minute 31.10-fO. 17 FO 371/25034 Letter from King George VI to Prince Paul 15.1 1.40. 18 FO 371/25034 Nichols minute 8.1 1.40, Dixon minute 19.1 1.40. 19 FO 371/25034 M.A. Belgrade to W.O. 00257 cipher 28.1 1.40. 20 FO 371/25031 Belgrade 979 23.11.40. 21 FO 371/25031 P.M.'s Personal Minute no. 340 24.11.40. 22 FO 371/25031 COS (4o) 978, W.P. (4o) 461 24.1 1.40. 23 FO 371/25031 FO 754 to Belgrade 24.11.40. 24 FO 371/25034 Belgrade 1003 DEDIP 26.1 qo. 25 FO 371/25034 Belgrade 995 26.11.40. 26 FO 371/25034 FO 764 to Belgrade 27.11.40. 27 FO 371/25034 Belgrade 1076 8.12.40, Nichols minute 12.12.40. 28 FO 371/25034 Belgrade 1078 9.12.40. 29 FO 371/25034 Dixon minute 13.12.40. 30 See also Hoptner, Yugoslavia in Crisis 1934-1941, pp. 197-8. 31 FO 371/25034 Belgrade 1065 7.12-fO. 32 Macek, In the Struggle for Freedom, p. 207. 33 Later Sir Thomas Rapp, K.B.E., Head of British Middle East Office Cairo 195<>-3· 34 E.g. FO 371/25032 Campbell letter to Halifax 10.2.40. 35 FO 371/30259 Military Attache's report on Yugoslav army 30.12.40. 36 FO 371/25034 M.A. Belgrade to W.O. 0020 cipher 12/11 13.11.40, 00223 13/11 I,PJ.40. 37 FO 371/25034 Belgrade 1010 28.11.40. 38 FO 371/25034 Dixon minute 30.1 1.40. 39 FO 371/25034 N.A. to D.N.I. 1845/21 Nov 22.1 1.40. 40 FO 371/25034 Dixon minute 23.11.40. 41 FO 371/24886 Sargent letter to Campbel126.3.f0. 42 Julian Amery, Approach March, pp. 146-57; Dalton Papers, A.D. and D /HY Report 24.6.41. 43 FO 371/25033 Belgrade 482 25.7·40. 44 Amery, pp. 174-6. 45 Ibid., p. 175. 46 FO 371/25033 Nichols minute 27.7·40. 47 Amery, p. 178. 48 FO 371/25033 Nichols minute 27.7·40. 49 FO 371/25033 FO 383 to Belgrade 3.8.40. so FO 371/25033 Belgrade 761 15.10.40. 51 FO 371/25033 FO 534 to Belgrade 24.10.40. 52 G.T. to E.B. 53 Dalton Diaries 8.1.41. 54 FO 371/3oo89 Belgrade 61 of 12.1.41, 64 and 67 of 13.1 ..p. 55 FO 371/3oo89 P.M. Personal Minute Serial no. M.55/1 14.1.41. 56 FO 371/29777 Eden despatch to Palairet 21.1.41 Rst3/113/67. Notes 57 See e.g. FO 371/39777 Dixon letter to J. G. Stavridi 7.2.41. 58 FO 371/33145 Memo by Field-Marshal Sir John Dill 21.4·41. 59 FO 371/29802 Sargent minute 24.2.41, CAB 66 W.P. (41) 45 1.3-41. 6o CAB 65 (18) 22 (41) 3·3-41. 61 FO 371/29802 Text of message from H.M. to Prince Regent (no date), CAB 66 W.P. (41) 45 I.3.4I. 62 FO 371/29782 Anglo-Greek Conversations Record no. 4 22.2.41. 63 FO 371/33145 Report on Mission of the S. of S. to the Eastern Medi- terrean, Feb-Apr 1941 by P. Dixon 21.4-41. 64 Ibid. 65 FO 371/29779 Belgrade 355 7·3·41. 66 FO 371/29779 Campbell letters to Prince Regent of 2.3.41, 8.3.41; Campbell letters to Cvetkovic of I8.3.41, 20.3.41; Belgrade, 384 10.3-41; Nichols minute I 1.3.41. 67 Wilson, Eight Years Overseas, p. 75· 68 FO 371/29782 Anglo-Greek Conversations. Record of meeting at H.M. Legation Athens 8.3.41. 6g FO 371/30285 Cunningham letter to Eden 8.3.41. 70 FO 371/29780 Belgrade 144 to Cairo 16.3.41. 71 FO 371/29781 Belgrade 442 17.3-41. 72 See FO 371/29780 Athens 274 13·3·41. 73 FO 371/29779 Campbell letters to Cvetkovic 18.3.41, 20.3.41. 74 FO 371/29781 Belgrade 441 16.3.41. 75 FO 371/29779 Belgrade 380 10.3.41. 76 FO 371/29780 Belgrade 429 15·3·41. 77 FO 371/29780 Cairo 588 16.3.41. 78 FO 371/29781 Belgrade 444 17·3·41. 79 Later Sir Terence Shone, K.C.M.G., Deputy Permanent Representative, U.N., 1948. So FO 371/33145 Report on Mission of the S. of S. to the Eastern Medi- terranean by Dixon 21.4.41. 81 Dalton Papers Report from A/D and D/HY 24.6.41. 82 Ibid. 83 Ibid.; FO 371/29779 Belgrade 352 7·3·4!. 84 Ibid.; Ibid., Belgrade 381 I0.3.41. 85 FO 371/2g68o Belgrade 433 r6.3.41. 86 Dalton Papers Report from A/D and D/HY 114.6.41. 87 FO 371/30253 Belgrade to Cairo 22.3.41, P.M. to Cairo (Eden) 835 22.3-41. 88 Gladwyn Jebb, later Lord Gladwyn; at that time detached from the Foreign Office to serve as Chief Executive Officer under Dalton. 8g Dalton Diaries 21.3.41. go FO 371/30253 Belgrade to Cairo 24·3·41. gr Dalton Papers Report from A/D and DjHY 24.6.41. 92 FO 3 7 I/30253 Belgrade to Cairo for Eden 27 ·3·41. 93 FO 371/33490 Campbell (Washington) letter of June 1942. 94 Milovan Djilas, Memoir of a Revolutionary, pp. 367 ff. 95 CAB 65 (18) 32 (41) 27.3·41. g6 FO 371/30255 H.M. Consul General Zagreb q 27.3-41. Notes 97 King Peter of Yugoslavia, A King's Heritage, p. 82. 98 FO 371/29782 Athens 502 24.3·41. 99 FO 371/29782 Cairo 728 25·3·41. 100 FO 371/29782 Athens 514 26.3.41, FO 407 and 409 to Belgrade 27-3·41. 101 FO 371/30243 Sargent minute 25·3·41. 102 King Peter, A King's Heritage, loc. cit. 103 FO 371/30255 Athens 589 1.4.41. 104 FO 371/30255 Belgrade 298 to S. of S. Athens 4-4-41. 105 FO 371/30255 Athens 673 9·4·41. 106 FO 371/30255 Dixon minute 13.10.41 on conversation with Tsouderos. 107 FO 371/30255 Belgrade 298 4-4-41, Eden minute II.7.41. 108 FO 371/30255 Extract from letter of I8.8.41 to Duke of Kent from Prince Paul of Yugoslavia R10412/G. 109 FO 371/30255 Dixon minute II.12.41, Sargent minute 12.12.41. IIO See Dalton Papers, Dalton minute to Leeper 26-4-41; Dalton Diaries 18-4-41.

CHAPTER 10 I FO 371/24909 Palairet despatch to Halifax 20.2.40 enclosing memo• randum by military attache 19.2.40. 2 FO 371/24909 Sargent minute 15·3·41. 3 FO 371/24892 Record of meeting between FO and S.0.2 9.12-40 R886o/5/67. 4 FO 371/24919 Nichols letter to Hollins I6.I0.40. 5 PREM 3 374/13A Dill to P.M. 23.1 1.40. 6 FO 371/24921 H.Q. R.A.F. to Air Ministry A.483 16.12.40. 7 FO 371/24921 Athens 1357 x8.12.40. 8 FO 371/24921 Athens 1419 24.12.40. 9 FO 37I/24921 Nichols minute 27.12.40. 10 FO 371/29776 Angora 73 II.I.4I. II FO 371/29778 Air Attache Athens to Air Ministry II03 19/2 19.2-41. I2 FO 371/29789 Palairet memorandum enclosed in letter to Eden 13.2.41. 13 FO 371/29782 Anglo-Greek Conversations Record no. I Appendix v(i) 22.2.41. I4 FO 371/29778 FO to H.M.R.R. in various capitals 28.2.40. 15 FO 37I/29779 FO 852 to Cairo for S. of S. Athens 8.3.41. I6 FO 371/29779 reports communicated to FO by Greek Counsellor I 1.3·41, 17 Documents of German Foreign Policy Series D ~. pp. JOI8 ff. 18 FO 371/29777 Angora 200 27.1.40. 19 FO 371/30I25 Text (French) of Hitler's letter to Ini.inii 28.2-41. 20 FO 371/29803 German White Book 6-4-41. For different assessment Hitler's intentions see Martin van Creveld, Hitler's Strategy 1940-1 The Balkan Clue, pp. 88-91. 21 FO 371/29770 M.A. Athens to W.O. to cipher 5·1.41. 22 FO 371/24892 R. A. Butler minute s.12.40. 23 FO 37I/249I9 Athens 916 1.10.40. 24 Cf. CAB 66 W.P. (4o) 431 Chiefs of Staff report 8.to.4o. Notes 25 FO 371/24926 Athens 966 18.10.40. 26 FO 371/24926 Istanbul go 14.10.40. 27 FO 371/24926 COS {40) 255 2I.xo.4o. 28 FO 371/24919 FO 777 {R) and 774 {R) 28.ro.4o. 29 FO 371/24919 FO 782 to Athens 20.10.40. 30 FO 371/24919 British Military Mission Athens no. 2.1 I .40. 31 CAB 65/13 W.M. {4) 282 4.1 1.40. 32 FO 371/24921 Hardinge letter to Cadogan 2.12.40 enclosing letter from George II to George VI 17. I 1.40. 33 FO 371/24892 Amery letter to Halifax 14.12.40, Belgrade 1074 8.12.40. 34 FO 371/29778 Cairo 345 20.2.41; FO 371/29782 Donovan report 20.2.41. 35 Sir Eric Berthoud to E.B. 36 FO 371/29776 Eden minute to P.M. RfugJG 6.1.41. 37 Wilson, Eight Years Overseas, p. 69. 38 FO 371/29777 Eden despatch to Palairet R513/II3/67 21.1.41. 39 CAB 65/17 W.M. {41) 10.2.41. 40 FO 371/33145 F.M. Sir John Dill memorandum on the Decision to send British Forces to Greece in 1941, 21.4.41. 41 CAB 66/15 W.P. {41) 40 24.2.41 and attached telegram from W.O. to C.-in-C. M.E. 51265 12.2.41. 42 W.O. 193 964 X/K 284. Despatch of a Force to Greece. Points put to the P.M. by D.M.O. & P. r6.2.41. 43 CAB 66 W.P. {41) 38 24.2.41 Personal and Secret telegram from P.M. to Mr Eden 467, Cairo 358 S. of S. to P.M. no 14 21.2.41. 44 CAB 66/15 W.P. {41) 39 {Revised) 24.2.41. 45 FO 371/29782 Anglo-Greek Conversations Record 22.2.41. 46 FO 371/29782 Anglo-Greek Conversations in Athens 27.2.41. 47 FO 371(29782 Anglo-Greek Conversations in Athens 2-4·3·41. 48 Ibid. 49 FO 37I(29782 Former Naval Person to President Washington 9·3·41. 50 FO 37I(29782 Record of meeting at Athens 28.3.41. 51 FO 371(30I24 Nichols minute 2g.g.4r. 52 CAB 65/2 W.M. {39) 115 14.I2.gg. 53 CAB 65/18 W.M. (41) 33 gr.g.4I Tel. to U.K. H.C. in Australia 162 30·3·41. 54 FO 371(30226 Cairo I231 5·5·41. 55 FO 37 I (29779 Belgrade 394 I 1.3.41. 56 FO 37I/3o225 Air Attache Belgrade to Air Ministry Y.204 3-4-41. 57 FO 37I/29782 Anglo-Yugoslav Discussions 3L3-4I-L4-4I. 58 FO 37I(29782 Anglo-Greek-Yugoslav Discussion at Florina 3-4-41. 59 Wilson, p. 7 1. 6o FO 371/30269 Campbell Vmjacka Banja to FO IJ.4.41. 61 FO 371(30269 Churchill to Campbell Vmjacka Banja I3·4·4I. 62 FO 37I(30226, Shone, Cairo, letter to Nichols 25·5·41 enclosing account by Stojan Gavrilovic of his personal experience 6-16-4-41 R6394(297/92, CAB 65/18 W.M. (41) 44 28-4-41. 63 CAB 66 W.P. (41) 77 26-4-41. 64 CAB 65(18 W.M. 4-5 {41) 1.5-41. Notes

CHAPTER 11 I CAB 65/Ig W.M. (4I) 93 I5·9·4I. 2 CAB 65/Ig W.M. (4I) 94 18.9.41. 3 FO 37I/29655 Moscow 25 and 26 HECTIC I8.I2.41. 4 History of the Second World War, IV: Michael Howard, Grand Strategy, p. 599· 5 FO 37I/32876 W. N. Ewer's memorandum 27.2A2, FO minutes thereon. 6 Howard, loc cit., pp. 6oo-I, C.O.S. (42) go (0) Annex 1 I4.8.42. 7 Howard, pp. 6I7-20, Paper by P.M. for Casablanca Conference I7.I1.42. 8 Howard, pp. 6o2-I2, C.O.S. (42) 466 (0) FINAL 31.I2.42. 9 Howard, pp. 6I4-I6, Memorandum by the Joint Chiefs of Staff C.O.S. I35 26.12.42. 10 Howard, p. 62I, Memorandum by Combined Chiefs of Staff, C.O.S. 155/1 19·1.43· 11 Howard, p. 624, C.O.S. 170/2 23.1.43. 12 FO 371/37579 C.O.S. (43) 44 11.2.43. 13 G.T. papers, Keble to Eddie 26.2.43; Auty and Clogg, ed., British Policy towards Wartime Resistance in Yugoslavia and Greece, p. 121. 14 See e.g. FO 371/37584 Howard minute 23-4-43· I5 Howard, pp. 643-7, C.O.S. 234 I7·5·43· 16 Howard, pp. 66o-4, C.O.S. 242-6 25·5·43· I 7 Auty and Clogg, ed., p. 26. I8 Churchill, Second World War, v: Closing the Ring, p. 4IO. I9 CAB 66/40 W.P. (43) 353 31.7.43· 20 PREM 3 66/2 H. L. Ismay minute 4.I0-43. 21 PREM 3 66/4 Hollis minute to P.M. I2.I0.43· 22 PREM 3 66/4 Hollis minute to P.M. I6.10.43. 23 History of the Second World War, v: J. Ehrman, Grand Strategy, p. 554, C.O.S. meeting Ig.I0.43· 24 Ehrman, pp. 554 ff., P.M.'s paper 'Future Operations in Eur. and Med. Theatre' 20. I 1.43. 25 FO 37I/3703I Proceedings of Foreign Ministers Conference I9-30.I0.43 N/6921/5412/G. 26 FO 371/37031 Record of Proceedings of the Foreign Ministers Confer- ence 5th meeting 23.10.43. 27 PREM 3 3Ioj13 President to P.M. T.I6gg/3 22.I0.43. 28 FO 37I/29782 Former Naval Person to President, Washington 9·3·41. 29 W.J.M.M. to E.B. 30 PREM 3 3IO/I3 P.M. to President T. 1705/3 no. 470 23.10.43. 31 FO 37I/37162 Washington 5802 24.I2.43, PREM 3 79/1 Eden minute to P.M. P.M./44/6o I0.2.44. 32 Churchill, v 305. 33 PREM 3 79/1 MEDCOS 44 26.2.44. 34 Ibid. 35 PREM 3 79/I C.O.S. (44) (65) (0) 28.2.44. 36 PREM 3 79/3 Sargent minute 7.10.44, Moscow 3026 17.10.44. 37 See e.g. FO 37I /37185 Cairo 1957 25.8.43. 38 FO 371/43646 Glutton minute 25·5·44· Notes 39 FO 371/43646 Sargent letter to Knatchbull-Hugessen 2.6.44. 40 FO 371/39253 B.A.F. to A.F.H.Q. 14.8.44. 41 Churchill, loc. cit., pp. 356 ff. 42 Auty and Clogg, ed., p. 125. 43 'Trotsky' Davies, Illyrian Adventure, pp. 77-8. 44 See FO 371/43588 Cadogan minute 11.3·44• FO 371/43992 Sargent letter to Hollis 21.2.44· 45 FO 371/43993· 46 FO 3 7 r /4355 r Earle letter to Sargent 8.6.44. 47 FO 371/43555 c.o.s. (44) I87 (0) 8.6.44. 48 FO 371/43636 P.M.'s Personal Minutes M.487/4 and 498/4 4·5·44· 49 Churchill, vr 53· 5o Ibid., p. 56. 51 Ibid., p. 57· 52 Ibid., pp. ro8--9. 53 Ibid., pp. 133-7. 54 Howard, The Mediterranean Strategy in the Second World War, pp. 6,')-6. 55 Churchill, vr, 304. s6 Grand Strategy, IV, v; Howard, The Mediterranean Strategy in the Second World War, passim.

CHAPTER 12 I FO 37I/30I25- text. 2 FO 37If3ous FO memorandum 23·4·41. 3 FO 37I/30I25 Angora 1226 r8.5.41. 4 FO 371/30125 Angora 1242 20.5.41. 5 FO 371f33311 Knatchbull-Hugessen despatch to Eden 5·3·42· 6 FO 37I/333II Knatchbull-Hugessen despatch to Eden 5·3·42. 7 FO 371/33311 Angora 219 28.1.42, Eden minute 2.2.42. 8 CAB 65/19 W.M. (41) 67 9·7-41, Moscow 655 27.6.4I. 9 FO 37I/2978o FO to H.M.R.R. in various capitals 14·3·41. ro CAB 66/19 W.P. (41) 248 26.10.41. 11 CAB 66/19 W.P. (41) 272 FO 78 to Kuibyshev 4.1 1.41. 12 CAB 66/19 W.P. (41) 272 FO 136 to Kuibyshev 12.1 1.41. 13 CAB 66/19 W.P. (41) 272 FO 139 to Kuibyshev 13.11.41. 14 CAB 66j2o W.P. (41) 287 25.11.4r, FO r88 to Kuibyshev 2I.II.4I. IS FO 371/32874 W.P. (42) 8 5·1.42 Record of Interview between Foreign Secretary and Stalin 16.I2-41. 16 FO 37If32874 W.P. (42) 8 5.1.42 Record of Meeting between Foreign Secretary and Stalin 17.12.41. 17 CAB 66/20 W.P. (41) 288 29.11.41. 18 FO 371/32874 390 TAUT to P.M. s.r.42. 19 FO 371f32874 HUSH-MOST SECRET GREY 261 8.1.41. 20 FO 371/32876 Dominions Office to Dominions P.M.s 18.3.42. 2I FO 371/32875 FO 932 to Washington 10.2.42, W.P (42) 48 28.1.42. 22 FO 37I/32879 Dixon memorandum 30.3.42. 23 Ibid. Notes 24 Ibid. 25 FO 371/32880 N2182/G meeting held 21.4.42. 26 E.g. FO 371/33133 FO 287 to Cairo 17.1.42. 27 FO 371/33•33· 28 FO 371/33133 Rendelletter to Eden 1.1.42. 29 FO 371/33142 Rende! letter to Eden 3.1.42, Rendel despatch to Eden I 1.1.42. 30 FO 371/33133 Sargent minute 11.1.42. 31 FO 371/33133 R472/43/67. 32 FO 371/33133 Rendelletter to Howard 28.1.42. 33 FO 371/33133 Dixon minute 20.1.42, Eden despatch to Palairet R979/43/67 10.2.42. 34 FO 371/32879 FO draft telegram to Kuibyshev 16.4.42. 35 FO 371/32880 Cadogan minute 23-4-42, Eden minute 24-4-42. 36 FO 371/32882 Record of Second Meeting with Soviet delegation 21.5.42 N2go2jG. 37 FO 371/32881 FO 3339 to Washington 25·5·42. 38 FO 371/32881 Sargent minute 26.5.42. 39 FO 371/32881 Cadogan minute 26.5.42. 40 FO 371/33134 Sargent paper 1.6.42. 41 FO 371/32882 Record of Seventh Meeting with Soviet delegation g.6.42 Nf3ooo/G. 42 FO 371/36955 Warner minute 9·7·43· 43 FO 371/32918 G. M. Wilson minute 23·9·42. 44 FO 371/33154 Sargent minute 8.1.43· 45 Later Sir Douglas Howard, K.C.M.G., M.C., Minister at Holy See, 1954-7· 46 Later Sir Christopher Warner, K.C.M.G., Ambassador at Brussels, 1951-s. 47 FO 371/33154 Howard minute 1.1.43, Warner minute 2.1.43, Sargent minute 11.1.43· 48 Later Lord Inverchapel, G.C.M.G., Ambassador at Washington, 1946-8. 49 FO 371/37179 FO 426 to Angora 23·3·43· 50 FO 371/37179 Brief for Eden 8.3.43· 51 FO 371/37179 Clutton minute 19·3·43· 52 FO 371/37179 Knatchbull-Hugessen letter to Sargent 7.6.43· 53 FO 371/37179 Angora 67 Saving 20.6-43· 54 FO 371/34449 Molotov letter 7.6.43· 55 CAB 66/38 W.P. (43) 292 1.7-43· 56 FO 371/36956 Eden despatch to Clark Kerr 31.8.43 N4977/66jG. 57 Ibid. 58 FO 371/36955 FO 1019 to Moscow 2.8.43. 59 Later Lord Harvey, G.C.M.G., G.C.V.O., C.B., Ambassador to France, 1948-54· 6o FO 371/36956 Harvey minute •5·9·43, Eden minute 15·9·43· 61 Dalton Papers, Notes of a Conversation with Maisky 14·9·43· 62 FO 371/36957 Min. of State Cairo 2239 30·9·43· 63 FO 371/37162 Moscow 56 SPACE 22.10.43, PREM 73/79/1 Moscow 108 SPACE 29.10.43· Notes 64 FO 37I/376I4 Moscow to FO 3I.I0.43· 65 FO 37I/3703I Record of proceedings of Foreign Ministers' Conference I9.I0.43, 30.I0.43 N692I/5412/G. 66 FO 37I/37031 Warner minute 20.I0.43· 67 FO 37I/37162 FO 1753 to Angora 21.12.43• 68 FO 371/37476 Anglo-Turkish Conversations in Cairo Nov 1943 R12407/55/G. 69 PREM 3 66/4 C.O.S. (43) 626 (0) I4.10.43· 70 FO 371/43999 FO 1309 to Moscow 30+44· 7I FO 371/43999 FO I31o to Moscow 30+44· 72 F0/43999 FO I3II to Moscow 30+44• FO I464 to Moscow I5·5·44• Minutes of 29th meeting of FO-S.O.E. committee 9·5·44· 73 FO 371/44000 Churchill minute serial no. M.5134 7·5·44· 74 A number of Soviet missions were dropped by S.O.E. to France, Bel• gium, Holland, Austria and Germany between 1942 and 1944. The Foreign Office did not know about the first parties but reached agreement with S.O.E. (intended to safeguard the exiled governments) in December I942. There were many complaints from the Russians over delays in sending in Soviet parties - though such delays were common with British missions, too. W.J.M.M. to E.B., G.T. to E.B. 75 FO 371/44000 Selborne letter to Eden 19·5·44· 76 FO 37 I/44000 note by Eden on Rose minute 25·5·44· 77 FO 37I/43636 P.M.'s Personal Minute M.498/4 4·5·44· 78 FO 37I/44000 Eden despatch to Clark Kerr R72I4/9/G 5·5·44· 79 FO 371/43636 FO 1560 to Moscow 25·5·44· 8o FO 371/43636 W.P. (44) 304 7.6.44· 8I FO 37I/43636 Extract from War Cabinet Conclusions I3.6.44. 82 FO 371/43636 Stalin to P.M. serial no. T 1453/4. 83 FO 371/43636 Washington 4028 25·7·44· 84 Djilas, Conversations with Stalin, pp. 7o-1. 85 FO 371 I 43772 Cadogan minute 1.8.44, Eden minute 3.8.44. 86 FO 371/43772 C.O.S. (44) 257 (0) 3.8.44, Ismay minute to P.M. 3.8.44. 87 FO 371/43772 FO 2529 to Moscow 15.8.44. 88 FO 371/43551 AMSSO to A.H.F.Q. Italy GUARD CLASP 58 15.8.44. 89 FO 371/43772 Moscow 2206 21.8.44. 90 Woodhouse, Apple of Discord, p. I99· 9I FO 371/43772 Bari 478 23.8.44. 92 PREM 3 79/1 OCTAGON to AMSSO GUNFIRE 247 17·9·44· 93 PREM 3 79/I AMSSO to OCTAGON CORDITE 365 I9·9·44· 94 PREM 3 79/2 Eden minute to P.M. P.M./44/645 6.Io.44. 95 FO 371/43772 Southern Dept memorandum 5.I0.44 R7903/9/G. 96 PREM 3 7913 Moscow 2769 10.10.44. 97 Churchill, V'l I98. 98 Ibid., p. 202. 99 Ibid., p. 203. 100 PREM 3 79/3 Moscow 2774 HEARTY no. 2 II.10.44. IOI PREM 3 7913 FO 3560 to Moscow I I.I0.44. 102 PREM 3 7913 Moscow 30I3 17.I0.44. I03 Churchill, VI 432. Notes 104 FO 37II44292 FO 989 to Bari 3·I2.4.f., FO 4555 to Moscow 3.12.4-4-o Belgrade 75 2J.I2.4.f.. 105 FO 37II44363 C.O.S. (44) 382 28.11.44, FO 37II44292 Dew minute 23.I2·44· I06 Churchill, VI 388. 107 Churchill, VI 250. 108 FO 37II43697 FO 10307 to Washington 6.12.44. 109 FO 371l43698 Athens 593 13.12.4.f.. IIO FO 371l43698 Washington 6688 15.12·44- I II FO 37 I I 43772 Athens 560 I J. I 2.44. 112 FO 371l43772 Athens 292 21.11.44. 113 FO 371l43699 Salonika 34 to FO 23.12.44. II4 FO 371l43699 FO 4735 to Moscow I6.12.44. I 15 Churchill, VI 432.

CHAPTER 13 I For Chiefs of Staffs' views, see C.O.S. (40) 39, W.P. (40) I68 25·5·40, c.o.s. (40) 883 4·9-40. 2 Churchill minute of Mar I943 quoted in Howard minute of 23-4-43, FO 37II37584. 3 PREM 3 510l7 C.O.S. (43) 336 (0) 23.6.43. 4 FO 371/3022I Jebb letter to Howard 2.12.41. 5 PREM 3 510/7 C.O.S. (43) 336 (0) 23.6.43. 6 G.T. to E.B. 7 FO 37II43992 Cadogan minute 7·2·44· 8 FO 37 I I 44000 Eden minute 29·5·44· 9 Dalton Papers, Dalton letter to Hankey 3.6.40, paper on meeting held in Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs' office 1.7.41. Io W.J.M.M. to E.B. I I Dalton Papers, Diary 27·3·41. I 2 General Sir Hastings Ismay (later Lord Ismay), then P.M.'s Chief Staff Officer. I3 Dalton Papers, Ismay letter to Dalton 28.3.4I. I4 G.T. papers, D.H.Z. letter to A.D. 28.3.41. I5 Dalton Papers, Diary, 8.5.4I. 16 Dalton Papers, Diary 9·7·41. I 7 Dalton Papers, Diary I 1. 7.4I, A.D. report 24.6.41. IS Dalton Papers, Selborne letter to Dalton 21.5-42. I9 Dalton Papers, Dalton minute 5.I 1.41. 20 FO 37II37586 Maclagan report of 21.5·43, which gives evidence of this. 2I Sweet-Escott to E.B. 22 E.g. FO 371l33443, Sargent minute I2.11.42, FO 371l33134 Sargent paper 1.6-42 R3793l 43l67. 23 See F. W. Deakin, The Embattled Mountain, p. 127. 24 Amery, Approach March, p. 179; G.T. to E.B.; Glen to E.B. 25 FO 371l29789 Palairet letter to Secretary of State 13.2-41. 26 FO 37II43699 King George II letter to Churchill 14.I2.44, sent by Churchill to Roosevelt T2359l4 no. 852 14.12·44· Notes 27 FO 371/29789 Palairet to Eden 13.2.41. 28 FO 371/33164 Cairo ug g.1.42. 29 FO 371/33164 Cavendish-Bentinck minute 9·3·42, H. Caccia minute 30·3·42. 30 FO 371/33164 Warner minute 10.3.42. 31 FO 371/33164 Tsouderos letter to Eden 3·3·42. 32 Pirie Report (G.T. papers). 33 Ibid. 34 Ibid. 35 Ibid. 36 Ibid. 37 FO 371/33187 Dixon letter to Warner 31.8.42. 38 Pirie Report. 39 Brigadier Edmund Myers, C.B.E., D.S.O. 40 The Hon. C. M. Woodhouse, D.S.O., O.B.E., later Commander of the Allied Military Mission in Greece. 41 G.T. papers, Keble letter to G.H.Q. 5.12.42. 42 FO 371/30226 Palestine 605 to Colonial Office 6.5.41. 43 FO 371/30219 Rose minute 14.8.4I. 44 FO 371/30215 Dixon minute 22.8.41. 45 FO 371/30219 Simovic letter to Churchill 14.8.41. 46 Deakin, p. 207. 4 7 Deakin, p. 126. 48 CAB 65 (19) W.M. (41) 91 8.9.41. 49 Deakin, pp. 127-8. 50 E.g. FO 371/33470 Eden to Selborne 26.9.42, Selborne to Eden 24.9.42, Eden to Selborne 2.10.42, FO 371/33471 Rendelminute 29.9.42. 51 FO 371/33469 Rendelletter to Howard I7·9·42. 52 FO 371/33469 Brief for Rendel21.8.42. 53 Vladimir Dedijer, With Tito through the War, p. 40. 54 FO 371/44244 Stevenson letter to Eden 30.12.43. 55 PREM 3 510/4 C.O.S. 22o6A to Cs. in C.M.E. 15.10.41. 56 CAB 65 (19) W.M. (41) 107 30.10.41. 57 FO 371/30220 Dixon minute 29.10.41. 58 Dalton Papers, Diary 4.1 1.41. 59 FO 371/30220 FO minute 28.10.41. 6o PREM 3 5 10/ I Extract from letter from Minister of Economic War- fare to P.M. 11.12.41. 61 W.J.M.M. to E.B. 62 FO 371/30220 Simovic letter to Eden 13.II.4I Rg873/162/g2. 63 Hoptner, p. 186. 64 FO 371/30220 Simovic letter 13.II.41. 65 Deakin, p. 142. 66 FO 371/30220 Cadogan letter to Simovic 18.11.41. 67 FO 371/30220 FO 155 to Kuibyshev I6.11.4I. 68 FO 371/30221 Simovic letter to Eden 26.11.41 R10199/G. 6g FO 371/30221 FO 233 to Kuibyshev 29.11.41. 70 CAB 65 (19) W.M. (41) 120 27.11.41. 71 CAB 6s {1g) W.M. (41) 122 1.12.41. Notes 291 72 PREM 3 5IO/I C.O.S. (42) I39 26.2.42; FO 37I/33465 Rose minute 8.2.42. 73 CAB 65 (25) W.M. (42) 4 12.1.42; Rendel, The Sword and the Olive, p. 2I3. 74 FO 37I/302I5 P.W.E. directive I4.II.4I. 75 FO 37I/302I5 P.W.E. directive rg.I2.41. 76 FO 371/33I35A FO I04I to Cairo 4+42, FO I3o6 to Cairo 8.5.42, FO I402 to Cairo 22.5.42. 77 FO 37I/33456 Krek to Lockhart 24.2.42. 78 Later Sir Douglas Howard K.C.M.G., M.C., Minister at Holy See, I 954-7. 79 FO 37I/33I34 Howard letter to Toynbee I3+42. So FO 37I/33473 Boughey letter to Dew 27.I1.42, enclosing telegram from Hudson of 15.1 1.42. 8I FO 37I/33470 Rendelletter to Jovanovic IO.I0.42. 82 FO 37I/33472 Boughey to Southern Department. 83 W.J.M.M. to E.B. 84 FO 37I/37578 Eden minute 3·1.43· 85 W.J.M.M. to E.B. 86 FO 37I/3758o Moscow 97 22.2.43, FO 125 to Moscow 24.2.43. 87 FO 37I/37582 Sargent letter to Hambro 24·3·43· 88 FO 37I/37583 Clark Kerr letter to Sargent 3·4·43· 89 FO 371/37584 Howard minute 23+43· go Ibid., Eden minute 30·4·43· 9I W.J.M.M. to E.B. 92 CAB 65 (4.0) W.M. (43) I72 20.I2-43· 93 G.T. papers, Keble to Eddie 26.2.43. 94 'Trotsky' Davies, Illyrian Adventure, p. 42. 95 Later Lord Casey; Minister of State M.E. and member of War Cabinet, 1942-3· 96 PREM 3 66/2 Mideast to Air Ministry N.O.S./90 3.10.43· 97 Ibid., Churchill minute 4.10.43· 98 Ibid., Ismay minute to P.M. 4.I0.43, Churchill initials 6.10.43· 99 Ibid., Eden minute to P.M. P.M./43/297 9.10.43, Churchill minute I7.I0.43· roo Ibid., Cairo I9I7 13.I0.43· ror PREM 3 66/4 Report by Joint Intelligence Sub-Committee I4·7-43· I02 Ibid., C.O.S. (43) 626 (0) I4.I0.43. I03 Ibid. I04 Svetozar Vukmanovic-Tempo, Revolucija koja Tece, pp. 347-52. I 05 Vladimir Dedijer, Jugoslovensko-Albanski Odnosi 1939-1948, pp. I 27-8. Io6 Davies, p. 79· See also Histoire du Parti Travail d'Albanie, p. I93· I07 FO 37I/43646 W.P. (44) 304 7.6.44. Io8 For useful summary see FO 37I/436g9 FO I0577 to Washington I5.I2.44. 109 FO 37I/43697 P.M.'s Personal Minute Serial no. M.n6I/4 28.I 1.44. I ro Report by SACMED to C.C.S., Greece 1944-45 (H.M.S.O., I949). I I r See exchanges between Churchill and Eden, Dec I943-Feb I944, FO 37I I 44243-7. II2 CAB 66 (48) W.P. (44) I7+44· Maclean letter to P.M. r8.3·44· Notes 113 FO 37II43S87 Last letter to Rose 14·3·# I I4 Djilas, Conversations with Stalin, pp. 7o-2. us FO 37II44292 MEDCOS 208 7·II·44· 1 I 6 FO 3 7 I 44291 Howard to Earle 9.1 1.44. II7 See King Peter II, A King's Heritage, p. 2S2·

CHAPTER 14 I Denis Laskey, C.M.G., Ambassador to Austria I972-. 2 FO 37II43S64 Laskey minute I6.II.44. 3 FO 37II43S66 Dew minute 3.8.44. 4 FO 3 7 I 43SS I Aghnides letter to Eden 2 I.8.44. s FO 37II297IS Dixon minute 8.7.4I. 6 FO 37II33I07 Eden despatch to Cripps R332I332IG I3.1.42. 7 FO 37II33II3 Dixon minute 30.3.42 R212SI2I2SI9o. 8 FO 37II33II2 Dixon letter to Glenconner Io.6.42. 9 Ibid., Glenconner letter to Dixon 4.6.42. IO FO 37II33IIO Sargent minute 11.7.42, Eden minute 12.7.42. I I Dedijer, Jugoslovensko-Albanski Odnosi I939-194B, pp. IS-20. I2 Ibid., p. s8. See also Histoire du Parti du Travail d'Albanie, pp. 91 ff., p. 23S· I3 FO 371/331 I6 Istanbul toM. of I. SI9 EMPAX 3.8.42. I4 FO 37II33I 16 Message from Yugoslav P.M. to Gen. Mihajlovic R5899IG 3·9·42· IS Dedijer, pp. 87-g. Histoire du Parti du Travail, pp. 129 ff. 16 FO 37II33I07 Sargent minute I8.11.42. I7 FO 37II33I07 Extract from War Cabinet Conclusions 164 (42) 3.12.42. I8 FO 371l33108 Aghnides to Eden 14.12.42. 19 FO 371l33108 Min. of State Cairo 2218 I8.12.42. 20 FO 371/33108 Dixon minute 12.12.42, Sargent minute 14.12.12. 21 FO 37I/33I08 Kuibyshev I586 Ig.12.42. 22 FO 37I/33I07 D.O. to Dominion governments D. no. 543 I4.I2.44. 23 G.T. papers, Keble to Eddie 26.2.43. 24 Lt-Col. Neil McLean, D.S.O., M.P. for Inverness 1954-64. 25 FO 37II37I44 Boughey letter to Laskey 30·5·43· 26 FO 371l37144 Pearson letter to Nichols 14.I0.43· 27 FO 37II37I44 Boughey to Laskey 30·S·44• Pearson to Dixon 16.7·44· 28 F037II37138 Harrison minute 6.7.43,HarrisontoA. G. Brotman 15·7·43· 29 Dedijer, pp. 9I-3; Vukmanovic-Tempo, pp. 366-7. Histoire du Parti du Travail, pp. I 73-g, 236. 30 FO 37II37I44 Pearson to Dixon 18.8.43· 31 FO 371l37144 Pearson to Howard 2.10.43, weekly progress report no. 6o by S.O.E., Pearson to Nichols I4.I0.43· 32 FO 371 l37144 Extract from Provisional minutes of FO-S.O.E. Com- mittee I9.10.43 R10626IG. 33 PREM 3 66l2 C.O.S. (43) 626 (0) I4.10.43· 34 'Trotsky' Davies, Illyrian Adventure, p. 54· 35 Davies, p. 81. 36 Davies, pp. 7g-8o. Notes 293 37 Davies, pp. 84, 171 sS Davies, pp. go-I. 39 FO 371137145 Boxshall to Howard 20.11.43· 40 FO 371l37145 S.O.E. Sitrep 19.11.43· 41 FO 371l37145 Min. of State Cairo 282 13.12.43· 42 FO 371/37145 Boxshallletter to Dew 27.12-43· 43 Davies, p. 147. 44 FO 371l43550 Force 133 weekly review I7.2.44, FO 371l43563 Talbot Rice to Howard 8.2.44, FO 371l43566 Bari 416 to Caserta 7.11.44. 45 FO 371l43555 C.O.S. (44) 49 (0) 3.6-44· 46 FO 371 I 43563 Talbot Rice to Howard 8.2.44. 47 FO 371 I 43550 Talbot Rice to Howard 24-4-44· 48 FO 371l43550 Boxshall to Howard 14·3·44· 49 FO 371l43563 Bari 133 to Algiers 10.6.44. 50 FO 371l43551 Talbot Rice to Dew g.6.44 and enclosures. 51 FO 371l43563 Broad to Macmillan 28.6.44. 52 FO 371l43563 MEDCOS 130 16.6.44. 53 FO 371l43563 C.O.S. (44) 20 (0) 22.6.44. 54 FO 371l43550 Rose minute 15+44· 55 FO 371l43563 Dew minute 28.6.44. 56 FO 371l43563 Laskey minute 27.6.44. 57 FO 371l43563 Broad to Macmillan 17·7·44· 58 FO 371l43551 Bari 2oo to Algiers 28.6.44, FO 371l43566 Oakley Hill to Laskey 24.7 ·44· 59 FO 371l43551 Bari 257 to Algiers 7·7·44· 6o Dedijer, p. 132. 61 FO 371l43551 Bari 300 to Algiers 18.7.44· 62 FO 371/43551 P.M.'s Personal Minute M.882l4 19·7·44· 63 Ibid., Eden minute P.M./41./551 23·7·44· 64 FO 371l43551 Bari 7 to Caserta 13·7·44· 65 Amery, Approach March, p. 403. 66 FO 371l43563 Minutes of 21st meeting of Political Committee Caserta g.8.44. 67 FO 371143551 Bari 48 2.8.44. 68 FO 371l43551 Bari So to Casserta 12.8.44, A.M.S.S.O. to A.F.H.Q. Italy GUARD CLASP 58 15.8·44, Dixon (Rome) letter to Dew 28.8.44. See p. 142 above. 6g FO 371l43552 Bari 138, 139 to Caserta 26.8.44. 70 FO 371l43552 Bari 177 to Caserta 2.g.44. 71 FO 371l43563 S.O.E. Bari telegram 8.9.44· 72 FO 371l43564 Broad despatch to Macmillan 13.10.44. 73 FO 371l43566 Bari 216 to Caserta 14·9·44· 74 FO 371l43566 Bari 215 to Caserta 14·9·44· 75 Amery, Approach March, pp. 378-83. 76 FO 371l43566 Bari 304 to Caserta I0.10.44. 77 FO 371 I 43566 Rome 758 31.10.44. 78 FO 371 I 43566 Bari 416 to Caserta 7.1 1.44. 79 FO 371l43564 Bari 359 to Caserta 24.10.44. So FO 371l43556 Palmer letter to Eden 3.12.44. 294 Notes 8I Ibid., Eden letter to Palmer 25.I2.44. 82 FO 37I/43564 Caserta I84 to Bari I9.I2.44. 83 W.J.M.M. to E.B.

CHAPTER 15 I FO 37I/24872 Rendelletter to FO 10.7.40. 2 FO 371/24880 Sofia to FO I3.12.40. 3 FO 37I/2488o Rendel letter to Halifax 5·1.40, F. D. W. Brown minute I7.I.40. 4 FO 37I/24877 B.C.P. Manifesto on the Macedonian Question. 5 FO 37I/29785 Sofia Chancery letter to Belgrade Chancery g.I2.40. 6 FO 37I/29785 Campbell despatch to Halifax RI45/I45/67 6.1.41. 7 Ibid. 8 Vukmanovic-Tempo, p. I38. 9 Vukmanovic-Tempo, pp. 308-g 4I8. IO Elisabeth Barker, Macedonia, Its Place in Balkan Power Politics, p. 88. II FO 37I/32879 Dixon memorandum 30.3.42. I2 FO 37I/33I34 Sargent paper 1.6-42 R3793/43/67. I3 Vukmanovic-Tempo, p. 294· 14 Ibid., p. 436. I5 Ibid. I6 Ibid., pp. 3I5-320. I7 Ibid., pp. 363-7. I8 Ibid., PP· 356-6r. I9 Ibid., p. 3I7. 20 FO 37I/43579 Last to Rose 29.2.44, enclosing Report by B.L.O. on Yugoslav-Bulgarian border. 2I Vukmanovic-Tempo, pp. 358-g. 22 Ibid., p. 347· 23 Ibid., pp. 353-5· 24 Ibid., p. 360. 25 Palmer and King, Jugoslau Communism and the Macedonian Question, p. 96. But see also Histoire du Parti du Travail d'Albanie, p. 236. 26 Ibid., p. 99· 27 Dino Kiosev, Borbite na Makedonskija Narod za Osuobozhdenie (Sofia, I95o), p. 149· 28 Vukmanovic-Tempo, pp. 359-61; Palmer and King, p. 99· 29 Vukmanovic-Tempo, pp. 349-52. 30 Ibid., p. 352. 3I Ibid., pp. 374-5· 32 Woodhouse to E.B. 23.8.74· 33 'Trotsky' Davies, pp. 229-30. 34 FO 37I/43556 Pink minute 21.12.44• 35 W.J.M.M. to E.B. 36 Maclean to E.B. 28.8.74. 37 Sir John Henniker-Major, K.C.M.G., Director of British Council, 1968-72. 38 Henniker-Major to E.B. (Aug 1974). Notes 295 39 For this reason they are treated here rather than in Chapter 17 below, q.v. 40 FO 371/37613 Yugoslav Sitrep week ending 13.10.43· 41 Ibid. 42 FO 371/37613 Last letter to Rose 22.10.43· 43 FO 371/37618 Yugoslav Sitrep week ending g.12.43· 44 FO 371/37616 Yugoslav Sitrep week ending 19.1 1.43· 45 FO 371/37618 Appreciation regarding the Military Situation in Serbia so as to determine what in the Future should be our Military Policy 19.1 1.43. 46 FO 371/37619 Last to Rose 20.12.43, enclosing Yugoslav Sitrep for Week ending 17.12-43· 47 FO 371/43579 Last to Rose 29.2.44. 48 Vukmanovic-Tempo, pp. 397--9· 49 FO 371/43579 Steel to Howard 24.2.44, enclosing two papers on Bul- garian resistance. so Vukmanovic-Tempo, p. 399· 51 Sweet-Escott, p. 305, W.J.M.M. to E.B. 52 Sweet-Escott, p. 211, W.J.M.M. to E.B. 53 W.J.M.M. to E.B. 54 Vukmanovic-Tempo, pp. 353-5. 55 Ibid., pp. 35g-61. 56 Ibid., pp. 378-8o. 57 Ibid., pp. g88--9. 58 For detailed documentation of Slav Macedonian complaints against E.A.M.jE.L.A.S. see Egejska Makedonija vo N.O.B. 1944-1945 (Skopje, 1971). 59 Vukmanovic-Tempo, pp. 426--8. 6o Hristo Andonovski, Vistinata na Egejska Makedonija, pp. 122-3. 6I Ibid., p. 122. 62 B. Cvetkoski, A. Apostolov, F. Gligorov, Istoria za IV Klas Gimnazija, pp. 227-8. 63 FO 371/43639 Captain P. H. Evans report 1.12-44, sent by Athens Embassy to FO 12.12-44· 64 FO 371/43579 Last to Rose 29.2.44, enclosing report by B.L.O. on Yugoslav-Bulgarian frontier. 65 FO 381/435 79 Steel to Howard 24.2.44. 66 PREM 3 66/8 Churchill Minute Serial no. M. 495/5 to FO 4·5·44· 67 Ibid., Churchill Minute Serial no. 502/4 5·5·44· 68 Ibid., Eden Minute PM/44/336 12.5.44· 6g PREM 3 79/2 Eden minute to P.M. PM/44/585 10.8.44. 70 Ibid.,[?] J.M.M.letter to Lawford 18.8.44. 71 FO 371/43649 Houstoun-Boswall despatch to Eden 10.11.44· 72 Ibid., Bari 1042 16.11.44. 73 Vangia Ca!lule, From Recognition to Repudiation (Skopje, 1972), pp. 39-40. 74 Vukmanovic-Tempo, pp. 420 ff. 75 FO 371/43649 Eden note on Bari 473 to Caserta 23.11.44. 76 FO 371/43649, Maclean Belgrade 21 10.12.44· 77 FO 371/44395 Bari 1059 19.11.44. No'tes 78 FO 37I/44395 Bari 442 to Caserta I3.11.44. 79 Ibid., Dominions Office to Dominion P.M.s 27.I 1.44. So FO 3 7I/ 44395 FO 882 to Bari I 7. I 1.44. 8 I I bid., FO 43 I 6 to Moscow I 7. I 1.44. 82 Ibid., Bari I059 19.1 1.44. 83 FO 37I/43649 FO I37 to Sofia 2I.II.44. 84 FO 37I/43649 Sofia I4I 22.I 1.44. 85 PREM 3 66/8 W.P. (44) 707 5.I2.44· 86 PREM 3 66/8 Extract from W.M. (44) I64 11.I2.44. 87 FO 37I/43649 Athens 427 2.12.44• 88 Ibid., Bari to Caserta I3.12.44. 8g Ibid., Maclean Belgrade 54 I6.I2.44· go Ibid., Belgrade 21 10.I2.44. 91 Ibid., FO 4886 to Moscow, Io823 to Washington 27.I2.44. 92 PREM 3 66/8 A.M.S.S.O. to ARGONAUT FLEECE 89 2.2.45. 93 Ibid., A.M.S.S.O. to ARGONAUT FLEECE 2I2 6.2.45. 94 Ibid., Extract from Protocol of Crimea Conference I 1.2.45· 95 Barker, Macedonia, pp. Ioo-I, quoting Pijade article in Borba 6.3.49 and Rankovic speech 19.1.49·

CHAPTER 16 I Dedijer, Tito Speaks, p. 235· 2 See e.g. FO 371/30965 P.W.E. Directive 3, 9·5·42. 3 FO 37I/34507 P.R.B. Stockholm, Hungary no. 67 6.8.43. 4 FO 37I/34507 Stockholm 1027 I2.I2.43· 5 FO 371/34505 FO 66 Saving to Lisbon I3.2·43· 6 FO 37I/34504 Cadogan minute 11.2.43. 7 Ibid., I2.2.43· 8 FO 37I/34447 Roberts minute 26.2-43. 9 Ibid., Howard minute 24.2.43· IO Ibid., Eden despatch to Washington and Moscow 10.3.44 C2652/I55/G. II FO 37I/34449 Molotov letter to Mr A. C. Kerr 7.6.43· I2 FO 371/34495 Roberts minute 16.6.43· 13 FO 37I/34450 P.M.'s minute to F.S. I4.8-43· 14 FO 371/34449 FO 1274 to Moscow 6.9.43· IS FO 371/34451 WELFARE 639 7·9·43· 16 FO 371/34452 Moscow conference record, item 13 CI3324/I55/G. I7 FO 371/34453 Eden minute 2.1.44. 18 FO 371/43992 Calthorpe letter to Howard (Feb 1944). 19 FO 37I/44004 Washington I97 Saving 24·7·44· 20 FO 37I/39252 A. W. Noble minute I6.2.44. 2I Ibid., Cavendish-Bentinck minute 31.1.44· 22 FO 37I/39252 Allen minute 18.2.44, Cadogan minute 21.2.44. 23 FO 371/43588 Rose minute 8.3·44· 24 Later Sir Christopher Steel, G.C.M.G., M.V.O., H.M. ambassador at Bonn, 1957-63. 25 FO 371/43588 Cairo 417 4·3·44· 26 PREM 3 79/I Eden minute to P.M. 3·3·44· Notes ~97 27 PREM g 27 I I MEDCOS 6I 4·3-44· 28 Victor Cavendish-Bentinck, C.M.G., Ambassador to Poland I945-7· 29 FO g7I/4g588 Cavendish-Bentinck minute IO.g.# go Ibid., Cadogan minute I I.g.# gi Ibid., Sargent minute 22.g-4,4, Cadogan minute 2g.g.44. g2 FO g7I/4g995 Algiers 58 to Cairo 26.g.44, FO 875 to Moscow 27.g.44· gg FO g7I/44oog Clutton minute I2·7·44·

CHAPTER 17 I W.J.M.M. to E.B. 2 FO g7I/ggi24 Howard minute I8.2-4,2. g G.T. papers, record of meeting held by A/D on Bulgarian affairs 2g.I2.42· 4 G.T. papers, Sitrep no. I on Yugoslavia 28.I1.42; FO g7If3g47g Rendel to Dixon g.12.42. 5 FO g7I/g7579 Pearson to Howard 2.2.4g. 6 FO g7I/gg47g Rendel to Dixon g.12.42. 7 Bulgarska Komunisticheska Partia, Istoria (Moscow, I96o), pp. g57--g. 8 Ibid., p. g6I. 9 Ibid., p. g6I. IO Ibid., pp. g62-3. II Ibid., p. g64. I2 Ibid. Ig Ibid., p. g66. I4 FO g7If3gii9 P.W.E. Directive I-7.8.42. I5 W.J.M.M. to E.B. I6 FO g7I/ggi I9 Dixon minutes of 2g.7.42 and g1.8.42. I7 Ibid., Sargent letter to Hollis II.12.42. I8 FO g71/33II9 FO minutes 2.12.42, 2g.I2.42 R8411/G. I9 FO 371/37I55 Rose and Howard minutes of 29.1.43. 20 Ibid., Matsankiev paper 12.1.4g. 21 Ibid., Matsankiev paper, 4·5·43· 22 Ibid., Howard to Pearson 17·5·43· 2g Ibid., Boughey to Howard 16.6.43. 24 FO 371/37I5g Howard to Boughey 21.6.43· 25 Ibid., Sargent note I 1.9·43, Rose minute 13·9-43· 26 FO g7I/37I5g FO Draft Brief on Bulgaria 27.9·4g. 27 PREM 3 79/1 C.O.S. (43) 6g8 (0) I9.I0.4g, Air Ministry OZ3572 to Britman Washington 20.10.43· 28 Ibid., AGWAR to ETOUSA FAN 256 24.10.43· 29 Ibid., Moscow 85 SPACE 24.10.43· go Ibid., Moscow Io8 SPACE 29.10.4g. g1 FO 371/g7I5g Molotov minute 27.10.4g. g2 Ibid., Rose minute IO.I1.4g, Howard minute 17.11.4g. g3 FO 371/g7161 Rose minute 1.12.43· 34 FO 371/37I62 Nichols minute 23.11.43· 35 FO 371/37I62 Air Ministry GRAND 254 to Mideast 26.I 1.43. 36 FO 371/37162 Minutes written at Teheran on GRAND 254· No,tes 37 Ibid., Glutton minute 16.12.43· 38 FO 371/37162 FO 1753 to Angora 21.12.43· 39 FO 371/37162 FROZEN 460 P.M. to F.S. 11.12-43· 40 F0371/37157 Moscow 1641 29.12.43. 41 PREM 3 79/I FROZEN 283 29.12.43, FROZEN 992 30.12.43, FROZEN 1195 9.1.44. 42 PREM 3 17/1 H.Q. M.A.A.F. ADVANCED A.119 10.1.44· 43 FO 371/37162 Pearson to Nichols 7.11.43 R1 1675/G. 44 PREM 3 79/1 President to P.M. 463 9·2-44· 45 Ibid. 46 Ibid., Eden minute to P.M. P.M./44/60 10.2.44. 47 Ibid., Resident Minister Algiers 230 9.2.44, A.F.H.Q. 49441 to Air Ministry 9.2.44, FO 381/43587 Jadwin to Donovan 7.2.44. 48 Ibid., Eden minute P.M./44/60 10.2.44. 49 FO 371/43587 President to P.M. 465 12.2-44· 50 FO 371/43587 Moscow 475 21.2-44, PREM 3 79/1 President to P.M. 482 26.2-44· 51 FO 371/43587 FO 1664 to Washington 25.2.44. 52 PREM 3 79/1 C.O.S. (W) I 190 4·3-44· 53 Ibid., Cairo 461 9·3·44· 54 FO 371/43588 Howard minute 10.3.44· 55 Ibid., written on telegram by Churchill. 56 PREM 3 79/1 Cairo 349 24.2.44. 57 FO 371/43588 FO 298 to Cairo 1.3.44· 58 Ibid., FO 531 to Moscow 25.2.44. 59 PREM 3 79/1 Eden minute to P.M. P.M./44/117 3·3·44• Churchill minute N 227/4 4·3·44· 6o FO 371/43588 FO 953 to Moscow 31.3.44· 61 FO 371/43589 Angora 790 to FO 23·5·44· 62 FO 371/43289 Broad letters to Macmillan 23·5·44• 25·5·44· 63 Bulgarska Komunisticheska Partia, Istoria, p. 370. 64 FO 371/43589 Broad letter to Macmillan 3.6.44. 65 Ibid., Provisional Minutes of goth FO-S.O.E. meeting 1g.6.44. 66 PREM 3 79/2 W.P. (44) 475 27.8.44, C.O.S. (44) 287 (0) 25.8.44, Eden minute P.M./44/598 30.8.44. 67 FO 371/43597 FO 7663 to Washington 29.8.44, PREM 3 79/2 memo• randum on Bulgarian armistice 6. 10.44. 68 Later Sir John Sterndale-Bennett, K.C.M.G., Head of British M.E. office, Cairo, 1953-5· 69 FO 371/43590 British Embassy aide memoire to U.S. State Dept. 20.8.44. 70 FO 371/43597 Moscow 2225 24.8.44. 71 PREM 3 79/2 W.P. (44) 475 27.8.44. 72 Ibid., W.M. (44) I I I 28.8.44· 73 FO 371/43590 Moscow 2259 26.8.44. 74 FO 371/43579 Cairo 2032 go.8.44. 75 PREM 3 79/3 Minister Resident Cairo no. 5 CITIZEN 3·9·44· 76 FO 371/43579 Angora 1509 6.g.44. 77 Ibid., Howard minute 7·9·44· Notes 299 87 Bulgarska Komunisticheska Partia, Istoria, p. 382. 79 FO 37I/4358I Last letter to McDermott 27·9·44· 8o PREM 3 79/2 Eden minute to P.M. P.M./44/645 6.Io.44. 8I PREM 3 79/4 FO 3585 to Moscow I2.I0.44, FO 3650 to Moscow I4.I0.44.

CHAPTER 18 I FO 37I/2999I Report on situation in Rumania 9.8.4I, FO 37I/44002 Masterson report 5.6.44· 2 FO 37I/44002 Masterson report 5.6.44. 3 FO 37I/33256 Glenconner to Dixon 20.3.42, W.J.M.M. to E.B. 4 See e.g. FO 37I/33257 Pearson to Dixon 3.12.42. 5 See e.g. FO 37I/33259 P.W.E. Directive I4-21.3.42. 6 FO 37I/29995 Reuter, Vichy 7.I2.4I. 7 FO 37I/37386 Draft Brief for S. of S. (Oct I943). 8 FO 37I/33252 Lisbon 5 Saving 5·1.42. 9 FO 37I/33256 Glenconner to Dixon 7·1.42, Dixon to Glenconner I6.1.42. IO FO 37I/3326I Dixon minute 22.1.42 FO 406 to Cairo 22.1.42. II FO 37I/3326I FO I674 to Washington I4·3·42· I2 FO 37I/33256 Aide Memoire 5.6.42. I3 FO 37I/3326I Eden letter to Maisk.y 29-4-42. I4 FO 37I/33256 Aide Memoire 5.6.42. IS Ibid. I6 FO 37I/33257 Lisbon 23 Saving 4·7·42. I7 Ibid., Eden minute 12.7.42. I8 FO 371/33257 Pearson to Dixon 23.9.42 and IO.I0.42. I9 FO 37I/33257 Dixon minute 21.10.42, G. M. Wilson minute 22.10.42. 20 FO 371/33257 Pearson to Dixon 28.11.42. 2I Ibid., Pearson to Dixon 3.12.42. 22 FO 37I/33262 Southern Dept. letter to Washington Chancery 3·1.43· 23 FO 37I/37386 Boxshall to Rose I4.2·43· 24 FO 37I/37386 Rose to Boxshall 20.2.43. 25 FO 371/37386 Draft Brief for S. of S. on Rumanian Peace Feelers 28.9·43· 26 FO 371/37386 Howard minute II.8.43· 27 FO 37I/37386 Angora 728 13-4-43, Sargent minute 20.4.43· 28 F.O.R.D. memorandum on Axis-Controlled Europe. Rumanian Peace Moves 10.8.43· 29 FO 37I/37386 Angora I448 9.8.43· 30 FO 371/37386 FO 1109 to Moscow 15·7·43• Moscow 796 23.8.43, FO I236 to Angora 27.8.43· 3I FO 371/37386 Boxshall to Rose 20.10.43, Draft Brief for S. or S. 28.9·43· 32 Ibid., Howard minute 6.10.43· 33 Ibid., Angora 1786 2.10.43. 34 Ibid., Pearson to Nichols IS.I0.43· 35 Ibid., Pearson to Nichols 13.10.43, enclosing Istanbul tel. I2.10.43. 36 Ibid., Pearson to Nichols 14.10.43· 300 Notes 37 FO 371/37396 Nichols to Pearson r6.I0.43· 38 Ibid., FO Brief on Rumania 6.10.43· 39 FO 371/37031 Warner minute 29.10.43· 40 FO 371/37031 Record of Moscow Conference 7th meeting 25.10-43· 41 Later lvor Porter, C.M.G., O.B.E., H.M. Ambassador to Senegal, Guinea, Mali and Mauritania, 1971-3. 42 I.P. to E.B., W.J.M.M. to E.B. 43 FO 371/44000 Talbot Rice to Howard 9·5·44· 44 Ibid. See also FO 371/37387 Nichols minute II.I1.43, FO 371/37387 Moscow 1362 19.1 1.43· 45 FO 371/37387 Pearson letter to Howard 19.11.43, Howard to Pearson 22.1 1.43· 46 FO 371/37398 Pearson to Howard 19.1 1.43· 47 FO 371/37387 FO 1981 to Moscow 20.11.43· 48 Later Sir Victor Mallet, G.C.M.G., C.V.O., Ambassador at Rome, 1947-53· 49 FO 371/37387 Stockholm 1010 6.12.43· 50 FO 371/37388 Stockholm 194 Saving 28.12-43· 51 Ibid., Boxshall to Rose 3·1.44. 52 I.P. to E.B. 53 Ibid. 54 FO 371/44000 Talbot Rice to Howard 9·5·44• Eden minute P.M./44/341 14·5·44· 55 FO 371/43992 Steel to Nichols 28.12.43· 56 Ibid., Cairo 18 4·1.44, Rose minute 7·1.44, FO 371/44000 Eden minute P.M./44/341 14·5·44· 57 FO 371/43992 FO 266 to Moscow. 58 FO 371/43999 Eden minute P.M./44/301, FO 371/43992 Clark Kerr letter to C.D. 6.2.44. 59 FO 371/43992 Clark Kerr letter to C.D. 6.2.44. 6o FO 371/43992 Boxshall to Howard 22.1.44. 61 Ibid., Boxshallletters to FO of 18.1.44 and 27.1.44 and enclosed reports. 62 Ibid., Cairo 185 of 30.1.44 FO 188 to Cairo g.2.44. 63 Ibid., C.O.S. (44) 59 (0) 24.2.44, FO 371/43993 W.C.O. to Clutton 2.3-44· 64 FO 371/43993 FO 756 to Moscow 18.3.44· 65 FO 371/43993 Cairo 614 17.3-44· 66 FO 371/43994 Moscow 790 23·3·44· 67 Ibid., Cairo 566 22.3.44· 68 Ibid. 6g W.J.M.M. to E.B. 70 FO 371/43999 Molotov letters to Clark Kerr 25·3·44• 27·3·44· 71 FO 371/43984 Millard to Colville 2.4.44, FO 1067 to Cairo 2·4·44· 72 PREM 3 374/13A Eden minute P.M./44/148 13·3·44· 73 PREM 3 374/13A W.M. (44) 47 Confidential Annex 11.4·44· 74 FO 371/43999 Boxshall to Rose 5·5·44· 75 Ibid., Extracts from messages Molotov to Churchill 22.4.44, Churchill to Molotov 23+44· 76 FO 371/43999 Cairo 1036 22.4-44. Notes 301 77 FO 37I/43999 Moscow I072 26-4-44, Boxshall to Sargent 29-4-44, Cairo JJ08 29-4-44· 78 Ibid., FO I3IO to Moscow 30-4-44. 79 Churchill, The Second World War, VI 388. So FO 37I/43999 Churchill draft message 1.5·44· 81 Ibid., Eden minute P.M./44/301 1.5.44• FO 1328 to Moscow 2·5·44· 82 FO 37I/44002 Cadogan minute 2g.6.44 Eden minute 1.7·44· 83 FO 37I/4400I P.M.'s Personal Minute no. M 647/4 28.5.44· 84 CAB 65 (46) W.M. (44) 63 I 1.5.44· 85 FO 37I/44ooo Eden minute P.M./44/34I 14-5·44· 86 FO 371/37387 Moscow I362 I g. I 1.43 FO 37I/43992 Rose minute 6.I.44. 87 CAB 65/46 W.M. (4I) 63 II.5·44· 88 Ion Gheorghe, Rumiiniens Weg zum Satelliten-Staat, p. 431. See also Ghita lonescu, Communism in Rumania, pp. 74-5. 89 FO 37I/44ooo Cairo I334 26.5.44. go Ibid., Rose minute 28.5.44. 9I FO 37I/43999 Moscow 1142 2.5.44. 92 FO 37I/44ooo Eden despatch to Clark Kerr R72I4/g/G 5·5·44· 93 FO 37I/4400I Clark Kerr letter to Molotov 19·5·44· 94 FO 37I/4400I Clark Kerr letter to Molotov 29·5·44· 95 FO 37I/44ooo Sargent minute 28.5.44. 96 FO 371/44002 Reed minute I9.6.44. 97 FO 37I/44ooo Selborne letter to Eden I9·5·44· g8 I.P. to E.B., W.J.M.M. to E.B. 99 FO 37I/44o02 Boxshall to Dew, Reed minute 5·7·44· Ioo FO 37I/44000 Cairo I333 26.5.44. Ioi FO 37I/44ooo Cairo I34I 26.5.44. I02 FO 37I/44ooo FO I8g6 to Cairo 2.6.44. 103 FO 37I/44ooo Cairo I341 26.5.44. I04 Anescu, Bantea, Cupp, Participation of the Romanian Army in the Anti-Hitlerite War, p. I55· 105 FO 37I/44002 Steel to Dew 24.6.44. Io6 FO 37I/4400I Boxshall to Reed I2.6.44. I07 FO 37I/44oo1 I4.6.44. 108 FO 37I/44oo2 Cairo I542 27.6.44. I09 Ibid. 110 FO 37I/44005 Boxshall to Reed g.8.44. 111 E.g. FO 37I/44004 Moscow 2049 5.8.44. 112 FO 37I/44003 Cairo I6I4 8.7.44. I I3 Gheorghe, pp. 398-g. 114 FO 37I/44005 Angora I372 21.8.44. 115 FO 37I /44004 Boxshall to Reed 5.8.44. 116 FO 37I/44oo5 Cairo I947 23.8.44. I I7 Ibid., Cairo 67 to Caserta 24.8.44. 118 I.P. to E.B. 119 Ibid. I20 Transcript of tape recording in possession of I.P. 12I FO 371/44005 Boxshall to Reed 27.8.44, I.P. to E.B. Nates 122 Seep. 228 above. I 23 J.P. to E.B. I24 FO 37I/44005 Moscow 2234 24.8.44. I25 FO 37I/44005 Moscow 2235 25.8.44. I26 PREM 3 374/I3A Cairo to Caserta 25.8.44. 127 Ibid., A.F.H.Q. to ETOUSA AGWAR NAF 766 27.8.44. I28 Ibid., C.A.S. to P.M. 31.8.44 I29 Ibid., Hollis to P.M. 2.9.44. I30 Ibid., A.M.S.S.O. to J.S.M. Washington 4·9·44· I3I FO 371/44006 F.O. 3IJO to Cairo 4·9·44· I32 Ibid., FO 732 to Caserta 6.9.44. 133 Ibid., Howard minute 29.8.44. I34 PREM 3 374/13A P.M.'s Personal Minute M.1070/4. 135 Ibid., Bucharest 247 1.12.44. 136 Ibid., Eden minute P.M./44/754 9.12.44. 137 Ibid., Hollis minute 18.1.45· 138 Ibid., P.M.'s Personal Minute no. M.1207/4 11.12.44· 139 Ibid., Draft tel. to H.M. Ambassador Moscow, initialled W.S.C. 23.2·45·

CHAPTER 19 I FO 371/39624 Broad despatch for Macmillan I7·9·44· 2 General L. Veress de Dalnok to E.B. 3 FO 371/30966 O'Malley to Sir Alfred Zimmern 26.1.43. 4 Later Sir Frank Roberts, G.C.M.G., G.C.V.O., H.M. Ambassador in Bonn, I 963-8. 5 Dr C. A. Macartney, Professor of International Relations, Edinburgh, 1951-7. 6 FO 371/30965 Ripka letter to Nichols 1.7.42, R. Murray minute 25.7·42. 7 FO 371/30965 Draft Plan for Hungary 3.2.42. 8 FO 371/30965 Lockhart minute 3.8.42. 9 FO 371/34505 Roberts minute 5.6.43· 10 FO 371/34502 P.R.B. Stockholm Hungary no. 12 8.2.43. II FO 371/34496 P.R.B. Stockholm Hungary no. 18 9·3·43· 12 C. A. Macartney, October the Fifteenth, n 141; FO 371/34495 Chan- cery Washington to Central Department 19·3·43· 13 Macartney, p. 48. I4 FO 37I/s4497 P.R.B. Stockholm Hungary no. 47 18.5.43. 15 FO 371/34447 Eden despatch to Washington and Moscow 10.3.43· 16 FO 371/34447 FO 223 to Moscow 13·3·43· I7 FO 371/34448 Angora Chancery to Central Department 20.3.43· 18 FO 371/34497 P.R.B. Stockholm Hungary no. 44 13·5·44· 19 FO 371/34497 P.R.B. Stockholm Hungary no. 42 6.5.44. 20 Ibid., P.R.B. Stockholm no. 43 9·5-43· 2 I General L. Veress to E. B. 22 FO 371/34505 W.P. (43) 240 12.6.43. 23 FO 371/34497 P.R.B. Stockholm Hungary no. 44 13·5·44· 24 FO 371/34505 W.P. (43) 240 12.6.43· Notes 25 Ibid. 26 FO 371/34495 Bi:ihm letter 27-5-43· 27 FO 371/34495 FO 657 to Moscow 4.6.43· 28 FO 371/34449 Molotov letter 7.6.43· 29 Ibid. 30 FO 371/34506 Moscow 1084 8.10.43· 31 Ibid., Moscow 1262 7.12.43· 32 FO 371/34499 Roberts minute 12.12.43· 33 FO 371/39264 Broad letter 15·7·44 and enclosed report. 34 Ibid. 35 FO 371/34451 Cadogan letter to Sir R. Campbell Lisbon 6.10.43· 36 Veress to E.B., FO 371/39264 Broad letter and enclosure 15·7·44· 37 FO 371/34450 WELFARE 261 20.8.43, CONCRETE 507 23.8.43· 38 FO 371/34450 Moscow 855 1.9.43· 39 FO 371/34495 Moscow 905 7·9·43· 40 FO 371/34451 Roberts minute 7·9·43· 41 FO 371/34451 WELFARE 666 8.9.43· 42 Ibid., FO 1295 to Moscow 9·9-43· 43 From the available official papers it is not clear whether it was Knatchbull-Hugessen or Stemdale-Bennett who presented the British reply, but Veress hiniself is quite clear that it was Knatchbull-Hugessen, whom he subsequently met again in London [E.B.]. 44 FO 371/34451 CONCRETE 78r 7·9·43 WELFARE 66 8.9.43 CONCRETE 8os 9·9·43· 45 Ibid., Perkins letter to Roberts 10.9.43 enclosing telegram from Y.P. to Cadogan. 46 Ibid., Washington 4144 15·9-43· 47 Ibid., Moscow g82 20.9.43· 48 VeresstoE.B. 49 FO 371/34451 Perkins to Roberts 30·9·43· 50 FO 371/34452 Perkins to Roberts 27.10.43· 51 FO 371/34452 Threlfall to Roberts 23.11.43· 52 Ibid., Wheeler Bennett minute 1.10.43· 53 FO 371/34452 Perkins to Roberts 27.10-43, enclosing Veress letter, g.10.43· 54 FO 371/34452 Perkins to Roberts 29.10.43· 55 Macartney, p. r8s; FO 371/34499 Stockholm 894 25.10.43· 56 FO 371/34452 Roberts minute 30.10.43. 57 Ibid., Moscow Foreign Ministers' Conference Item 13C 13324/rss/G. 58 Later Sir Geoffrey Harrison, K.C.M.G., Ambassador at Moscow, rg6s-8. 59 FO 371/34452 Harrison minute to Strang 27.10.43· 6o Ibid., Harrison minute 13.1 1.43· 61 Ibid., Roberts minute 16.1 1.43, Eden minute 20.1 1.43. 62 FO 371/34453 Threlfall to Roberts 26.1 1.43· 63 Ibid., Threlfall to Roberts 2.12.43. 64 Ibid. 65 FO 371/39264 Broad letter 15.7-44 and enclosed report. 66 FO 371/39251 Roberts minute 26.12.43. Notes 67 Ibid., Allen minute 23.12.43· 68 Ibid., Roberts minute 26.12.43, Eden minute 28.12.43· 6g W.J.M.M. to E.B., Basil Davidson, Partisan Picture, passim. 70 FO 371/39251 Threlfall to Roberts 31.12.43· 71 FO 371/39264 Broad letter 15·7·44· 72 Ibid. 73 FO 371/39264 P.R.B. Stockholm Hungary no. 55·2·7·44· 74 FO 371/39252 Threlfall to Roberts 3·3·44• Miklos Szinai and Laszlo Szucs, The Confidential Papers of Admiral Horthy, pp. 267-g. 75 FO 371/39252 Roberts minute 15.2.44. 76 Ibid., Threlfall to Roberts x8.2.H, 3·3·H· 77 Ibid., Roberts minute 4·3·H· 78 Ibid., Harvey letter to C.O.S. 13·3·44· 79 Ibid., C.O.S. (H) 252 (0) 15·3·44· So Szinai and Szucs, p. 285. 81 Szinai and Szucs, p. 408. 82 FO 371/39264 Broad letter 15·7·44 and enclosed report. 83 FO 371/3H98 A. W. G. Randell minute 14.10.43, Allen minute 28.10.43· 84 FO 371/39252 FO minute 16.2.H· 85 Szinai and Szucs, p. 296. 86 PREM 3 226/3 Millard letter to Martin with enclosure 14.6.45 87 Macartney, pp. 306-7, FO 371/39253 Madrid 1290 30.8.44. 88 Veress to E.B. 8g FO 371/39264 Broad letter 15·7·44· go Ibid., Allen minute 29·7·44· 91 Veress to E.B. 92 FO 371/39264 Allen minute 29·7·H· 93 FO 371/39254 Makins to Roberts and enclosure 25·9·H• record of con- versation with S.A.C. Caserta 23·9·H· 94 PREM 3 226/2Moscow 2706 6.1o.H. 95 Ibid., Millard to Martin and enclosure 14.6.45· g6 FO 371/39264 Berne 3610 2.8.H. 97 PREM 3 226/2 Millard to Martin and enclosure 14.6.45· 98 FO 371/39264 Bari 295 to Algiers 17·7·44· 99 W.J.M.M. to E.B. 1oo Sweet-Escott, pp. 203-4, W.J.M.M. to E.B. 101 W.J.M.M. to E.B. 102 FO 371/39051 Draft Cabinet paper by S. of S. 7·7·44 W.P. (H) 436 9·8·# 103 FO 371/39264 Madrid 1142 27·7·H· 104 Ibid., Roberts minute I .8.H. 105 FO 371/39264 Harvey minute 2.8.44, Eden minute 6.8.44. 106 FO 371/39253 Perkins to Roberts 2·9·44· 107 FO 371/39254 Makins to Roberts 25·9·H· 108 See e.g. Macartney, p. 404· 109 FO 371/39253 Berne 4094 2g.8.44. 110 Ibid., Eden minute 30.8.44, FO 2002 to Moscow 1.9.44, FO 525 to Bari 9·9·44· Notes

I I I PREM 3 226/2 W.P. (44) 499 4·9-44· I I2 PREM 3 226/2 Caserta 393 23·9·44- 113 FO 37I/39254 Hood minute 25.9.44, FO 3I72 to Moscow, 8453 to Washington 24·9·44· I I4 Ibid., Washington 5232 25·9·44· 115 Ibid., Moscow 2639 2.I0.44. I I6 Ibid., Roberts minute 5.I0.44. 117 PREM 3 226/2 Moscow 2705 6.10.44. II 8 FO 3 7 I/39254 Moscow I 63 CITIZEN I 1. I 0.44. II9 PREM 3 226/2 FO 3434 to Moscow 7.I0.44- I20 Ibid., Moscow I65 CITIZEN 11.I0.44. I2I FO 37I/43590 S.O.E. Istanbul23.8.44. I22 General Veress to E.B. I23 For a detailed and fascinating account of the events of this day, see Macartney, pp. 39I-443· I24 PREM 3 226/3 Millard letter to Martin and enclosure I4.6·45· 125 FO 37I/39267 Soviet Monitor IO.I 1.44. I26 Ibid., Moscow 3393 I4.I1.44. I27 Ibid., Roberts minute I6.1 1.44. I28 Ibid., Memorandum from Soviet Ambassador 21.12.44. I29 Ibid., FO I416 to Madrid 31.I2.44.

CHAPTER 20 I Auty and Clogg, ed., British Policy Towards Wartime Resistance in Yugoslavia and Greece, p. 144. 2 W.J.M.M. to E.B. Select Bibliography

GENERAL Auty, Phyllis, and Richard Clogg (eds), British Policy towards Wartime Resistance in Tugoslavia and Greece (Macmillan, 1975). Churchill, Winston S., The Second World War, vols III, v, VI (Cassell, 1948--54)· Dalton, Hugh, The Fateful Tears (Frederick Muller, 1957). Dalton Papers (held by the Library of the London School of Econo• mics). Dilkes, David, The Diaries of Sir Alexander Cadogan 1938-1945 (Cassell, 1971). Documents of German Foreign Policy, Series D, vol. XI (H.M.S.O., 1956-). Eden, Anthony (Earl of Avon), Memoirs: The Reckoning (Cassell, 1965). History of the Second World War: Sir Llewellyn Woodward, British Foreign Policy in the Second World War, vols 11 and III (H.M.S.O., 197 I). --, Howard, Michael, Grand Strategy, vol. IV (H.M.S.O., 1972). --, Ehrman, John, Grand Strategy, vol. v (H.M.S.O., 1956). --, Medlicott, W. N., The Economic Blockade (H.M.S.O., 1952). Howard, Michael, The Mediterranean Strategy in the Second World War (Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1968). Nazi-Soviet Relations (Washington: Department of State, 1948). Seton-Watson, Hugh, The East European Revolution (Methuen, 1955, rev. ed., 1957). Sweet-Escott, Bickham, Baker Street Irregular (Methuen, 1965). Van Creveld, Martin, Hitler's Strategy 194o-1941- The Balkan Clue (Cambridge University Press, 1973).

ALBANIA Amery, Julian, Approach March (Hutchinson, I973)· --, Sons of the Eagle (Macmillan, I948). Davies, 'Trotsky', Illyrian Adventure (Bodley Head, 1952). Dedijer, Vladimir, Jugoslovensko-Albanski Odnosi (1939-1948) (Belgrade: Borba, I 949). Histoire du Parti du Travail d'Albanie (Tirana: Institut des Etudes Marxistes-Leninistes, I 97I ). Vukmanovic-Tempo, Svetozar, Revolucija koja Tece-Memoari (Belgrade: Kommunist, 1971). Select Bibliography

BULGARIA Bulgarska Komunisticheska Partia, 1 storia Bulgarskoi K omunistich• eskoi Partii (Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe lzdatelstvo Politicheskoi Literatury, 1960) [Russian translation of Bulgarian edition of 1959]. Kiosev, Dino G., Borbite na Makedonskija Narod za Osvobozhdenie (Sofia: Narodna Prosveta, 1950). Rende~ Sir George, The Sword and the Olive (John Murray, I957).

GREECE Hamson, Denys, We fell among Greeks (Cape, 1946). Kousoulas, D. George, Revolution and Defeat, the Story of the Greek Communist Party (Oxford University Press, 1965). Leeper, Sir Reginald, When Greek meets Greek (Chatto & Windus, 1950). McNeill, William H., The Greek Dilemma (Gollancz, 1947). Myers, E. C. W., Greek Entanglement (Rupert Hart-Davis, 1955). Woodhouse, C. M., Apple of Discord (Hutchinson, 1948).

HUNGARY

Macartney, C. A., October Fifteenth, vols I and 11 (Edinburgh, 1961). Szinai, Miklos, and Laszlo Srucs (prepared by), The Confidential Papers of Admiral Horthy (Budapest: Corvina Press, 1965).

MACEDONIA Andonovki, Hristo, Vistinata za Egejska Makedonia (Skopje: Misla, 1971). Arhiv na Makedonja, Dokument za Uchestvoto na Makedonskiot Narod od Egejskiot Del na Makedonja vo Antifashistichkata Vojna 1941-1945 Godina (Skopje, 1971). Barker, Elisabeth, Macedonia - its Place in Balkan Power Politics (Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1950). Ca.Sule, Vangia (ed.), From Recognition to Repudiation [Bulgarian Attitudes on the Macedonian Question] (Skopje: Kultura, 1972). Kiosev, Dino G., Borbite na Makedonskija Narod za Osvobozhdenie (Sofia: Narodna Prosveta, 1950). Kofos, Evangelos, Nationalism and Communism in Macedonia (Salonika: Institute for Balkan Studies, I 964). Palmer, Stephen E., Jr, and Robert R. King, Tugoslav Communism and the Macedonian Question (Archon Books, 1971). Vukmanovic-Tempo, Svetozar, Revolucija koja Tece-Memoari (Bel• grade: Kommunist, 1974). Mitrev, Dimitar, La Macedoine Pirine (Skopje: Kultura, 1962).

RUMANIA Anescu, Col. Vasile, Col. Eugen Bantea and Col. Ion Cup§a, Partici- Select Bibliography 309 pation of the Romanian Army in the Anti-Hitlerite War (Bucharest: Military Publishing House, 1966). Gheorghe, Ion, Rumiiniens Weg zum Satelliten-Staat (Heidelberg: Kurt Vowinckel Verlag, 1952). lonescu, Ghita, Communism in Rumania 1944-1962 (Oxford Univer• sity Press, 1964).

YUGOSLAVIA Auty, Phyllis, Tito (Longman, 1970). Clissold, Stephen, Whirlwind (Cresset Press, 1949). Davidson, Basil, Partisan Picture (Bedford Books, 1946). Deakin, F. W., The Embattled Mountain (Oxford University Press, 1971). Dedijer, Vladimir, Tito Speaks (Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1953). --,With Tito through the War (Alexander Hamilton, 1951). Djilas, Milovan, Conversations with Stalin (Rupert Hart-Davis, 1962). --, Memoir of a Revolutionary (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1973). Hoptner, J. B., Tugoslavia in Crisis, 1934-1941 (Columbia University Press, 1962). Macek, Vladko, In the Struggle for Freedom (New York: Robert Spellman and Sons, 1957). Maclean, Fitzroy, Eastern Approaches (Cape, 1949). --,Disputed Barricade (Cape, 1957). Pavlowitch, Stevan K., Tugoslavia (Benn, 1971). Peter II, King, A King's Heritage (Cassell, 1955). Pribitchevitch, Svetozar, La Dictature du Roi Alexandre (Pierre Bossuet, 1933). Roberts, Walter R., Tito, Mihailovic and the Allies 1941-1945 (Rutgers University Press, 1973). Rootham, Jasper, Miss Fire (Chatto, 1946). Vukmanovic-Tempo, Svetozar, Revolucija koja Tele-Memoari (Bel• grade: Kommunist, 1971). Index

Adriatic, 78, 8I, 8g, I04, 116-I7, 75-6, 210, 223-4. 227, 229-34. I23-4. I3I 236-7, 239-41, 263 Aegean, 8, 59, 8g, g8, 115, I2o, I3I Antonescu, Mihai, I I, 223, 225-7, Aegean Macedonia, 200 229, 23I, 234, 24o-I Albania: invaded by Italy, 7, 47; and Apis-Dimitrijevic, 86 Italian collapse, I77; Greek and Apostolski, Mihajlo, rgg, 202 Yugoslav claims on, 8, 47, 50, Igi, Archangel, 112 I73-6; French urge attack on, Ig; Armstrong, Brig. C.D., I65 claim onKosovo-Metohija,47, I78; Arnold, Gen. A. C., 227 Britain and revolt in (Ig4o), 47-54; Athens, 5o-2, 88, 94. 97-8, IOI--g, independence of, 49-5I, I2g, I74- 157, 168-g, 183, rgo I?6; and Soviet Union, I2g, I74-6; Atlantic Charter, rgo, 206 r8I-2; Soviet mission in, I42, I8I• Au~it, Max, 223, 238 I82; poverty, 55; possible Yugoslav Austria, 6-7, go, 43, 64, 67; Soviet attack (I940), 85, 8g-go, 93, gg, missions in, 288; Austro-Hungarian Iog-s; Greek campaign in, I02; empire, 82, 85-6 resistance forces, I 11, ll3-I4, 116, AVNOJ, see Yugoslavia I2I-g, Ig8, I42, I48, I65, I?3, Avon, Earl of, see Eden, Anthony I75-84, I88-gi; British civil affairs officers for, I 2I; Communists, I 2I, Backa, 8 I42, I73> I75> I83-4> 204, 266; Badoglio, Marshal Pietro, 25 I strategic deception, I22-3; British Bagrianov,lvan, 219, 22I post-war hopes, I4I; British land• Bailey, Col. W. S. (Bill), H, 97, I5r, ings expected, I65; F.N.C. (Nat• 162, 212, 214 ional Liberation Front), I73, I7g• Bajcsi-Zsilinszky, Endre, 258 I8o, I8g; L.N.C. (National Libera• Bajraktar, Col. Muharrem, I75, I77-8 tion Movement), I75-82; mon• Baku, 23-4 archy issue, see Zog, King; and Balabanov, Ivan, 217-18, 220 Yugoslav resistance forces, I 76-8, Balaton, Lake, 26o 18o-1, 188-g1; and Greek resis• Balgaranov, Bojan, I88-g, rgo, I94 tance, 176, I8o-1, I83; and U.S., Balkans, 3, 8, 25, 93; social structure, 175-6, 182-3; Balli Kombetar g, 267; 'set alight', rg; 1941 cam• (B.K.), 165, I7?-g, 1go; 'Legality', paign, 87-g, g~, g6-ro8, 111, I26; 17g-8o; Hoxha government, I82-3; Balkan pact, bloc, I 1-14, 25, 55-6, and Germany, 178-82 62; and Soviet Union, 50, 82-3, Alexander, Field-Marshal Lord 129, r68; 'Balkan front', 101, I04, {Harold), u6, uS, 124, 16I, 172 II2-I3, 115-17, 12I; German ten• Alexander, King of Yugoslavia, acity in, I I I; Communisation of, 185 123, 142, 266; confederations, Aliakmon line, 103, 105 spheres of influence, Igo-I, 135-6, Allatini mines, 45, 193 Ig8, I4o, I4I-6, I68, I 70, I87; Amery, Rt. Hon. Julian, H, 85-6, British post-war aims, I4I; and IOI, I54. I79 I8I-3 U.S., 14I; British troops for, r6.'), Amery, Rt. Hon. Leo, 101 204; resistance policy in, I64-8, Andrassy, Ct. Mihaly, 256 184; Communist federation, r8g; Animals, Operation, 164 'Balkan staff', rgo-1 Antonescu, Marshal Ion, ro, 4o-1, Baltic States, 5, g, 24, 129-30 Index Baranyi, Lip6t, 245 203; British subversion, 44, effort Barcza, G. de, 63, 67-g to influence (I939-4I), 55-61, Bardossy, Laszl6, 245-6 effort to detach from Germany, Bari, 181-2,200,258 205, 208, 2Io-21; and Yugoslavia, Beatty, Chester, 31 88, II9, I85-6, I88-g5; and Beck, Col. Joseph, 4 Greece, 98, I43, I95, 222; and Belgium, Soviet missions in, 288 Germany, 4I, 57-61, 66, 88, 100, Belgrade, 37, 44, 49, 52-3, 56, 68, 79, I02, 2I5, 22o-1; tries to withdraw 86-8, 106, 125, 158; 1941 coup, from war I 11, 114, 126, I37, 211, 85-6, 91-5, Ioi, Io4-5, I5I-3 2I7, 22o-I; and U.S., 119, 2I7-18, Bend, Eduard, 64, I36, 245, 248 222; and Mediterranean Com• Ben Gurion, David, 36 mand, I 20; British troops for, 204; Berat, 182-g Soviet army in, I24, 143-4, I47, Berchtesgaden, 59, 66 221; resistance movement, I38, Berlin, 58-g, 66, 237 I88-g5, 2I2, 2I8-I9j Fatherland Berthoud, Sir Eric, 29,33-4, 4I, 43, Front (O.F.), 14I, I43, I93, 2I3- 273 2I4, 22Ij post-war position, I41, Bessarabia, 9, 24-5, 64, 72-5, 77, 143, 22I-2; armistice and control, I30, 205, 224. 231-2 I43-4. 22o-2; percentage agree• Bethlen, Ct. Istvan, 68-g, 244, 248, ment, I44-5; and Macedonian 25I problem, I86-8, I95-6, I98-2o3; Bi~aku, I79 and 'Balkan Staff', I9o-I; bomb• Bicanic, Rudolf, 79 ing of, 2og-Io, 2 15-I9; and O.S.S., Bircanin, llya, see Trifunovic-Bircanin 2I7-I8 Bitolj, 200 Burgas, 59, I 29 Black Hand, So Burr, Capt. Malcolm, 44 Black Sea, 23, 32, 59, I04, 117, I27, Butler, R. A. (Lord), 72, 76, 99, 279 I32 Bogomolov, Alexander, I32, I34 Cadogan, Sir Alexander, 4, 6, 29, 41, Bohm, Vilmos, 24 7-8, 250 67, I32-3, I5o-I, 199, 205-6, 209, Boris, King of Bulgaria, 7, 10, 44, 2I6 55-g, 6I, 66, s5, 2I2, 2I4-x5 Cairo, 76, 87, 92-3, I36, 138-g, I43, Bosnia, 157 149. I54. I56-7, 159· I62, I64-6, Bosphorus, 26 I69, I76, I78, I93, 198, 209, 216- Boughey, Col. Peter, 26o 2I7, 22o-I, 224, 23o-2, 234-7,239, Boulogne, I 29 260 Bozhilov, Dobre, 2I9 Campbell, Sir Ronald 1., 12, x6, 39, Brandt, Willy, 250 5 x, 56, 68, 79-94, Io6-7, 270 Bra~v, 75 Canellopoulos, Panayiotis, 155-6, Bulgaria: Britain's economic neglect, I76 7; economic warfare, 3o-I; fron• Carol, King of Rumania, Io, 33-4. tiers, 7-8, II-I3, 55, 57-9, 65, 98, 7I-3, 75 I85-6, 2I5; Communists, Io, 55, Carr, Prof. E. H., I34 58-g, I85-7, I93, 2x 3-I5, 22I-2; Casablanca, I I3, 2I7 Agrarians, 44, 56, 85, I87, I93, Caserta, I8I, 26I 2I2-I5, 22I-2j Military League/ Casey, R. G. (Lord), 165-6 Zveno, 44, I93, 2I2-I5, 2I9; and Caucasus oilfields, 22 Balkan bloc, 11-12, IOI; and Cavendish-Bentinck, Victor, 2IO, 297 Salonika front, I 6; and Soviet Cecil of Chelwood, Lord, 5 I Union, 26-7, 55-6, 58-6I, 126, Chamberlain, Neville, 3-4, 7-8, I 3- I37-9. 141, I43. 204-6, 213-I7, 15, 2Q-I, 3I-2, 57 2Ig-2o; (war declaration), 22I-2; Chatfield, Lord, 12, I5, 29 aircraft from Germany, 29; and Chiefs of Staff: and Salonika front, Turkey, 27, 59, 135, I43, 2I6-I7; I4, I6-19; and Balkan staff talks, Danube shipping, 39; union with I8; on embroiling Germany and Yugoslavia, 56, 85, I84, I87, _198- Russia, 19; on attacking Soviet oil, 312 Index 22-3; on Rumanian oil, ~o, 43; on Daladier, Edouard, 13-14. 23 Albanian revolt (I94o-I), 52; Al• Dalmatia, 78, 83, 116-17 banian resistance, I I5- I 6, I 23, Dalton, Hugh, 30, 32, 39, 41, 70, I78, I8o; landing in Albania, 123; 86-7, 91-2, 95. 136, 151-2, 156, on aid to Yugoslavia, 8I; Yugo• 158, 26g-70 slav coup, 86; Yugoslav resistance, Damaskinos, Archbishop of Athens, I59, I66; on Greece, 97, Ioo, I02- 170 I03, I07, I66; on Turkey, Ioo, Danube, 34-9, 43, 81, I 16, 151-2, 159 113; on Balkan front, 112-I3; on Dardanelles, see Straits resistance forces, I I4-I5, I I7, I I9; Davidson, Basil, 44, 256 on Dalmatian bridgeheads, I49; on Davies, Major Mostyn, 189, 193-5, bombing satellites, 209, 2I5-I6; on 198, 215, 218 Soviet divisions in Rumania, 242; Deakin, Sir William, viii on Hungarian surrender group, Deane, Gen. John R., 118 252, 255 De Chastelain, A. Gardyne, 40, 77, China, I83 228-3o, 232-7, 24o-1 Churchill, Rt. Hon. Winston S., 9- Dedijer, Vladimir, 158, 269 IO, I3-I5, I7, I9, 23, 25, 32, 39, Demidoff, Prince, 94 4I-2, 49, 57, 65, SI, 87, 9I-4, 97, Denmark, 129 IOo-4, I06, II I-I4, 116-25, 128, Despard, Capt. Max, 37, 84 I30, I39-4I, I43-6, I48, I5o-I, Dill, Field-Marshal Sir John (Chief I53-4. I58-g, I62, I65-6, I68-72, of Imperial General Staff 1940), I8I, I84, I98, 234-5, 242, 252, 87,97 262, 269 Dimitrov, Dr. G. M., 44, 56, 212, Ciano, Galeazzo, I5, 63 221-2 Cincar-Markovic, Alexander, 8I, gi Dimitrov, Georgi, 58, 185, 187, 191, Clarke, Col. C. S., So, 83, 27I 194-5,200,213,217 Clark-Kerr, Sir Archibald (Lord Dishni,.a, Imer, I 77 Inverchapel), I34-5, I42, I44, I46, Dixon, Sir Pierson, 18, 50, 53, 76, So, 207, 226, 23o-I, 235-6, 250, 264, 82, 84, 95· 131, 174> 271 287 Djevdjelija, 193, 197 Cluj (Kolozsvar), 74-5 Djilas, Milovan, 141, 171, 20o-1, 269 Codreanu, Comeliu, 7 I, 76 Djonovic, Jovan, 48, 85, 154, 158, Collier, Sir Laurence, 22 175 Comintem, sS, I 75. I 85-6 Dobruja, 7-8, I 1-12, 57-8, 65 Craiova agreement, 57 Dodecanese, 115, 129 Crete, I o8, I 54 Donovan, Gen. William, 83, 101, Crepanu, Alexander, 227, 230, 239 119, 217 Cripps, Rt. Hon. Sir Stafford, g, 24- Dragoicheva, Tsola, 200 27,6o,87, 128-g, 175 Dunkirk, 129 Cma Trava, 194 Durazzo, 92, 115 Croatia/Croats, 8, 17, 6g, 70, 78, 82-4, 87, 89, 94. 105, 131, 154. E.A.M., see Greece 161, 170, I95, 258 Eckhardt, Tibor, 67-8, 244-5, 248 Cross, Sir Ronald, 3 I, 273 Economic warfare, 13, 28-46; Minis- Csaky, Istvan, 63-4, 67-8 try of, 28, so-l, 150, 152 Cubrilovic, Branko, go Eden, Anthony (Earl of Avon), 41-2, Cunningham, Admiral Sir Andrew, 89 51, 53, 6o, 87-95, 98, 101-5, III- Cvetkovic, Dragi8a, go-1 112, 118, 123, 127-45, 15o-64, Cyprus, 131 15o-64, 166-74, 176, 181, 183, Czechoslovakia, 3, 7, 9, 64; and post• 199-203, 206-8, 211, 214-16, 218- war confederations, 13o-2, 260; 220, 222, 225, 227-8, 230, 232, and Soviet Union, 136-7; and 235-7. 241-3, 245· 247-8, 250, Hungary, 245-6, 248, 26o-1 252-6, 26o-1, 262-3 E.D.E.S., see Greece Daily Teletraph, 249 Egypt, Ig, 23, 101 Index Eisenhower, Gen. Dwight, 253 Gellert, A., 24 7 E.L.A.S., see Greece George II, King of Greece, Io, 42-3, Elbasan, I 75 94, g6-8, 100, 103, 145, I49, I52, Elliott, Air Vice-Marshal Robert, I8I I54-6, I65, 168-70, I89""""9I Enos-Midia line, 59, I 26 George VI, King, g, 42, 56-7, 63, Epirus, Northern, 8 78-So, Ioo, 259-6o, 263 European Advisory Commission, 232, Georgescu, V. C., 28o 262 Georgiev,Kimon,2I9, 22I Evans, Capt. P. H., Ig8 Germany, threat to S. E. Europe, g- Evmaios, see Tsimas, Andreas 5, I I-Ig, 25; economic penetra• tion, 6-7, 28-30; as revisionist Fatherland Front (O.F.),see Bulgaria power, 7-8, 55, 64-5, g8; and Filov, Boris, 56, 58--9, 6I, g8 Salonika front, I6-I7, Ig; F.O. on Finland: Soviet attack, 22; Britain embroiling with Russia, Ig-20, declares war, I28; Soviet claims, 26-7, 64, 85, 126; I939 pact with I2g-go, I32 Soviet Union, 2o-I; and Turkey, Fiume (Rijeka), 8, 69-70 2o-I, I26-7; and Soviet oil, 23-4; Florina, 105, Ig8 and Soviet territorial demands, 24; Forbes, Wing Gdr. Lord, J7-I8 and Soviet Union, 58-60, 66, 82, Force I33, see Special Operations I I I, I 26-7; and British economic Executive warfare, 31-7, 4o-5; and Iron Foreign Office, 8-Io, I2, I4, Ig, 22, Gates plan, g8; and Greece, 42-3, 24, 26, 28, go, 36-7, 39, 4I, 43-5, 45, 97-105, I6g; and Bulgaria, 4I, 49-53, 57, 59-6o, 64-5, 67-8, 7o-3, 55-6, 58-6I, 102, III, I26, 2I5, 75-6, 78-82, 84-8, g2-4, g6-8, I I I, 22o-I; and Hungary, 62-70, III, II5-I6, I2o-I, I26, I3I-2, I34-6, 244-6, 248--9, 25I-2, 254. 256-60, I43· I46, I49. I5o-2, I54-7. I59- 263-4; and Rumania, 63, 7I-6, I6g, I65-6, I7I, I73, I75, I77, I79, 86, IOI, III, I22-3, 223-4, 232, I84-5, I87, I92, Ig8, 20I-g, 206, 239-4I; and Yugoslavia, 67, 6g, 2I4-I5, 220, 225, 227-8, 235. 24I, 79-82, 85, 87--96, Io4, I6I; and 250, 259 Axis satellites, I I I; and Allied France, guarantees Rumania, Greece, Mediterranean strategy, I I I-25; 3-5; and S. E. Europe, 6-7; and defeat of, I 25-6 Turkey, 5, 2o-I; and frontier re• Gheorghe, Ion, 239 vision, 7--9; and Salonika front, I I, Ghinishi, Mustafa, 49 Ig-Ig, 78; and Balkan staff talks, Gibson, George, 249-50 I5-I6, I8; fall of (I940), Ig, 24, Giurgiu, 38--9 32-6, 48, 72, 79, I48; and Soviet• Gladwyn, Lord (Gladwyn Jebb), 92, Finnish war, 22; favours attacking I49. 282 Soviet oil, 22-4; Danube fleet, Glen, Sir Alexander, viii, 52, I54 34-5; and Rumanian oil, 35-7; Glenconner, Lord (Christopher), 32, and Soviet Union, I35-6; Soviet I74 missions in, 288 Godfrey, Vice-Admiral John H., 37, Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Aus• I 55 tria,86 Goeland Company, 34-5, 274 Free Yugoslavia radio, Ig6, I6I Gorgospotamos, II2, I57, I62 Frey, Dr. A., 247 Gorizia, 88 Grafftey-Smith, Sir Laurence, 47-8, Gafencu, Grigore, 7-8, I 1-12, 33, 276 38---9. 7I-2 Grand, Col. Laurence, 30, 34, 37 Gaitskell, Hugh, 28 Greece: British guarantee, s-6, 8, I I; Gani Bey, see Kryeziu economic neglect, 6; economic Garran, Sir Peter, 38, 274 warfare, 32, 4 I; shipping for Gaulle, Gen. Charles de, 24I Britain, 45; frontier claims, 6, 8, Gavrilovic, Milan, 56, 79, 85, 87, 47, 49, go-g, g8, 129, 131, 173-4, 104, 131, t 54, 185, 187 I76, I85; Communists, ro, 142, Index I46, I55-6, I63-4> I66, I6g, I84, Harvey, Lord (Oliver), I36, 287 204, 266; and Balkan Entente, I I• Helen, Queen of Rumania, Io, 226 I2; and Salonika front, I4-I8; Henderson, Sir Nevile, 28 staff talks with France, I5-I6, I8; Henniker-Major, Sir John, 192, 2Ig, aircraft from Germany, 29; Ru• 294 manian oil, 4 I-3; Italian attack, Heywood, Major-Gen. T. G., 52 42, 49, 53, 58, 60, 97-IOO; and Hill, Brig. George, 234 Germany, 42, 65, 97-Io3; and Hitler, Adolf, 3-11, xg, 26-7, 30, 33, Albania, 6, 8, 47, 49-53, g8, I73- 45, ss-6o, 6z, 64, 6g, 70, 73, 83, 174, 176, I8o-x; and Bulgaria, 58- 87-8, go-x, 94, g6-g, Io4-5, Io8, 59, 88, 195, 222; and Soviet III, I2I, 126-30, I38, I49, 2I3, Union, 56, 59, 129, I31, I39, I42, 2I5, 230, 232, 239, 244. 248-g, 144, I46; percentage agreement, 256-7, 26o, 263, 266-7 14o-1, I43-4, 146, x6g, 170, 236- Hoare, Sir Reginald, 8, 22, 29, 35, 242; and Yugoslavia, 79-80, 87-g, 37,40-I, 7I-3, 75-7 93· g8-g, 102-5, I07, I3I, x66-8, Hohenzollerns, g8 I88-gz; and British military aid Holland, Soviet missions in, 288 (I94o), 87, 100-4; and Balkan Horthy, Ilona, 261 campaign (I941), 88-g, 93, g6- Horthy, Istvan, 246 I08, I26, I54; Metaxas regime, Horthy, Miklos, Regent of Hungary, 96-7; and Turkey, g8-g, I02-4, Io, 63, 65-70, 244, 246, 248-g, I29, I35; resistance forces, E.A.M., 253, 258-62 E.L.A.S., E.D.E.S, III-17, IIg, Horthy, Miklos (son of Regent), 26I I37-9. I42, 148-g, I53. I55-7. Howard, Sir Douglas, I34, I61, 287 163-8; British return to, III, 211, Howard, Prof. Michael, 124 125, 267; determination to hold, Howie, Col. C. T., 259, 26I 142, 144, 146; strategic deception, Hoxha, Enver, I22, I75, I77, I79, Operation Animals, I22; P.E.E.A., 182-3, x8g-gx political crisis, Government of Hristo Botev radio, 136, 213 National Unity, I23, 139, 142, Hudson, Col. D. T. (Bill), 43, 158-g, x68-7o; Middle East mutiny, I39; 161 problem of monarchy, 154-7, I66, Hull, Cordell, 1 I8, I4I, 228 I68-g; civil war, I46, x68-7o, I83, Hungary: British economic relations 202, 242, 266; and U.S., 146; and with, 7, 30, 32, 38; frontier revi• Italian collapse, I65; and post-war sion, 7-8, I 1, 13, 62-6, 68-70, confederations, 131-2, I35; Nat• 73-4, 129, 205, 207, 225, 239. 245. tiona! Bands agreement, 167; 250, 260, 262, 267; social structure, Plaka agreement, I68; and 'Bal• 3, g, 70, 249; and Britain (I 939- kan staff', 19o-I; and Bulgaria, I94I), 62-70, relations broken, 70, 58-g, 88, 195; and Macedonian war declared, 128, (1941-5), 204- problem, xg6-202 zog, 211, 244-65; hopes of British Gusev, Fyodor, 140, 142, 236 airborne force, I g, I 2I; question of British troops for, I2I, 125, 204; Habsburgs, 62, 244-5; Otto, 253 S.O.E. missions to, I39, 255-7, Halifax, Lord (Edward), 4, 7-8, 1 I• z6o; Danube shipping, 38-9; IS, 17-18, 20-I, 23-4, 26, 34> 47- British propaganda, 44, zos-6, 48, ss, 57, 62-3, 6s, 68, 78, 86, 246-7; and Soviet Union, 59, 64, IOO, 151 66, 70, I2I, 125, 144· 147, 204, Hambro, Sir Charles, 32, 273 244, 248-so, 252-7, 26I-5; per• Hanau, Julius, 37, 43, 44 centage agreement, spheres of in• Hankey, Lord (Maurice), 28, 30, 33, fluence, I44-5, 257, 260, 265; and 40, ISI Germany, 63-70, 81, 2II, 244-6, Hankey, Lord (Robin), 73 248-g, 251-2, 254, 256, occupa• Harington, Maj. John, 195 tion by, 14I, 257-6o, 263-4, pro• Harris-Burland, William, 34 German feeling in army, 244, 254; Harrison, Sir Geoffrey, 255, 303 and Italy, 63; and Rumania, 62-7, Index 73-5, I 24, I 29, 205, 224, 226, 245, Killai, c., 24S 250, 25S, 26I-2; Communists, Kallay, Miklos, 246, 249, 251, 245-5, Peace Party, 66, I39, 244, 24S, 25S 250 26I, 265; Smallholders, 67, Karolyi, Ct. Gyula, 245, 24 7 24S; Social Democrats, 247-5I, Kassa (Kosice), 244 26o; Peasant Party, 24S; and U.S., Kavalla, 84, Sg, 103 67; Anglo-American presence de• Kazan Gorge, 37 sired, 204, 247, 249, 262; pro• Kazanlik, I 94 Western moves by, 6S, I I I, I I4, Keble, Brig. C. M., I57, I62, 164, I76 116-I7, I39, 206-g, 211, 244-5, Kennedy, Gen. J. M., I02 24S; Surrender Group, 25I-g; Kent, Duchess of (Princess Marina), Horthy's attempted coup, 26o-5; So and Yugoslavia, 67-70, 93, 245, Kent, Duke of (Prince George), 94 249, 255-S; Jews in, 24S, 25S, 26o; Kenya, 94 and Ljubljana Gap plan, I24; and Keresztes-Fischer, Ferencz, 249, 25 I, Czechoslovakia, 245-6, 24S, 26o-I 253· 25S Kesselring, Field-Marshal Albert, I24 Inonii, Ismet, President of Turkey, Kethly, Anna, 26o 9S-g, I26-7 Kioseivanov, Georgi, 56 Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Knatchbull-Hugessen, Sir Hughe, Organisation (I.M.R.O.), IS5-6 H.M. Ambassador in Turkey in Inverchapel, Lord, see Clark-Kerr Second World War, I2I, I27, 220, Iron Gates, 37--9, 43 253· 303 Iron Guard, see Rumania Knezevic, Radoje, 93 Ironside, Gen. Sir Edmund, 36 Kndevic, Maj. :livan, 93, ISS Ismay, Gen. Sir Hastings (Lord), Kokosi, Col. 4S ISI, 2S9 Kolarov, Vasil, 1S5 Istanbul, 34, 4I, 44, 49-50, 53, 6I, Kolisevski, Lazar, I95, Igg 76, 119, 15S-g, 174-5, I93, 212, Kollontay, Alexandra, 229, 236, 239 217, 225, 227, 24I, 24S, 25I, 253- Kolozsvar, see Cluj 254, 257 Konitsa, Mehmet Bey, 53 !stria, S7, 124, 129 Konstantinovic, Mihajlo, go Italy: Mediterranean threat, 3, 14; Koryzis, Alexandros, I02 and frontier revision, I I, S7-8, Kosic, Gen. Peter, So, S3 129; and Salonika front, I4-IS, Kosice, see Kassa 19; and Albania, 4, 47-S, 52, Ss, Kosovo-Metohija, 47, I7S, ISS SS-go, I77; neutrality, 5, 14-I5; Kossuth radio, I36 ambitions in S. E. Europe, 25; and Kostov, Traicho, 20o-I Greece, 42, 49, 53, sS, So, 97--9; Kotor, I07 and Hungary, 63; and Yugoslavia, Kovacs, Imre, 248 7S-So, S3, S7-go, I04-5, I29; Kozomaric, Gradimir, 44 enters war, 79; effects of collapse, Kryeziu, Gani Bey, 4S, 52-3, IS2 113-14, 116-17, 135, I77; invasion Kun, Bela, 66, 245 of, 1I4-15; campaign in, 1I7-1S, Kupi, Abas, I75, I77-82 I24-5; possible Communisation, Kuyumdjiski affair, 217-IS, 220 123 Labinot, I 77 Jadwin mission, 217-1S Lakatos, Gen. Geza, 26I Jajce, ISo, 19S Laskey, Denis, I 73, 292 Jankovic, Gen. Miloje, 105 Lebanon, I 69 Jewish Agency, 36, 25S Leeper, Sir Reginald, 202 Jewish Board of Deputies, I77 L~bon, 224-5,227,253-4 Jovanovic, Slobodan, 158, t6o Little Entente, 6 Ljotic, Dimitrije, ISS Kadar, Col., 252 Ljubljana Gap plan, I20, I23-4, 138 Kajmakcalan, 197 Lloyd, Lord (George), 6, 270 Index L.N.C., see Albania Mihov, Nikola, 2I4 Lockhart, Sir Robert Bruce, 245-7 Mikl6s, Gen. Bela, 26g, 265 Longmore, Air Vice-Marshal Sir Military Intelligence, go, I5I Arthur, 4g, 275 Minshall, H. G., g7-8 Lupe~u,Magda, I0,7I Mirkovic, Gen. Bora, 92--3, 107 Molotov, Vyacheslav, 2o-6, 5~, 66, Macartney, Dr. C. A., 246-7, go2 79, 118, I26-8, I32-4, Ig6-g, 142, Macdonald, Group Capt. A. H. H., I4S-6, I50, I7I, 20g, 206-8, 211, 92,27g 216, 227-8, 2g2-7, 24I-2, 250, McDowell, Col. Robert, I I9 252-5, 262, 264-5 Macedonia, 8, 44, 55, I54-5, I84- Momchilov, Nikola, 214 2og; Anti-Fa~st Assembly, I9~ Monastir (Bitolj) Gap, 9g Macek, Vladko, 8g, 89 Montenegro, I57-8 Macfarland, Col., 2 I 8 Montreux convention, 26, 127 Mackenzie, Prof. W. J. M., viii, 26g Moscow, I94g conference, Ig7-8, Maclean, Brig. Sir Fitzroy, Bt., 22-g, 216,227,229, 254; I944 conference, 25, I65, I7I, I92, 200, 202, 272 I44-7 McLean, Lt.-Col. Neil, I76-7, I79, Moshanov, Stoicho, 22o-I I8I-g Mostyn Davies, see Davies, Maj. Macmillan, Rt. Hon. Harold, I46 Mostyn Macnab, Lt.-Col. E. A. C., 275 MugoSa., Dusan, I75 Macpherson, Maj. Ian, I95 Murak6z, 257 Macrae, Russell, g5, g7 Muraviev, Konstantin, 221 MacVeagh, Lincoln, I46 Mussolini, Benito, g-5, 8, 11, I4-I5, Madrid, 26I 6g, So, 1I6, 226, 25I Ma~y, Ivan, 6o, I28, Ig2-7, I59, Myers, Brig. Edward C. W., 157, I6I, I74. 176, 2I4, 225 164-5· I9I, 290 Makarov, Col., 262 Mallet, Sir Victor, 229, goo Naday, Gen. H., 252, 26I-2 Malta, I58 Nagy, Gen. V., 252 Maniadakis, Constantin, 96 Namier, Prof. Lewis, 258 Maniu, luliu, 12, 4o-I, 62, 7I, 7g-7, Narodna Odbrana, 45, 85-6, 91-2, I I.f., Ig9, 22g-gg, 2g5--g, 24I-g I54. I57 Marshall, Gen. George C., I 24 Naval Intelligence, go, g5, g7 Mason, Michael Henry, g7 Nedic, Gen. Milan, I59, I6I Masterson, Col. E. C., 2g I Nelson, Sir Frank, 41 Matsankiev, Dimitri, 44, 2I2, 2I4-I5 Neubacher, Hermann, gg Mediterranean, g, 8, I9, 78, 99, I02, Neuilly Treaty, 7 II2, II4-I5, I17-18, 12g-5, Igi, New York Times, 25I Igs-6, 149, 164 New Zealand, I04 Medlicott, W. N., gi Nicholls, Col. Arthur, I 79 Menemenjoglu, Numan, 56, 1g8 Nicholls, Sir John, 18-19, 86 Metaxas, Gen. Ioannis, 12, so, 52-g, Nichols, Sir Philip, 82, 97 96-7,99-IOI, 154. I98 NikSic, I07 M.I.(R), go, gs-6, 4g, 47 Nincic, Momcilo, 39, 93-4, 104, 187 M.I.6, see Secret Intelligence Service Nis, 2I9 M.I.9, 2g6-7 Nixon, Sir Frank, 32, 273 Michael, King of Rumania, I4I-g, N.K.V.D., see Soviet Union 220, 22g, 226, 2gg, 2g7-41, 24g, 26I North Mrican operation (I942), 112- Middle East, g, Ig, IS, g6, 52, 65, 113, I56-7 9g, IOO, 102, 108, 12I, 156-7, I65 Norway, I29 Mihajlovic, Gen. Dragoljub, 19, Novi Sad, 246 113-14, II9, 12I, 131, I33-4, I37, Novikov, Nikolai V., 230, 232, 237 148-so, 154, 157-68, 170, 175, 177, 17g-8o, I84, 191, 193-4, 2I2, Oakley Hill, Capt. Dagvall, 54 214,228 'Odysseus', 155 Index O.F., see Bulgaria, Fatherland Front P.W.E., see Political Warfare Execu• Office of Strategic Services (O.S.S.), tive see U.S. O'Malley, Sir Owen, 38-9, 44, 62-70, Quadrant conference, 1 16 275 Quebec, III, 116, 124, I37, 143 Ossipov, Gen., 234 Overlord, 116, 12o-1, 125, 209-11, Rabotnichescko Delo, 198 238 Rakosi, Matyas, 66 Rapp, Sir Terence, 83, 281 Palairet, Sir Michael, 5o-3, 94, g6-8, Red Star, 198 100, 154. 276 Rende!, Sir George, 11, 32, 44, 55- Palmer, Col. Alan, 181, 193 61, 185, 2I2, 27I, 276 Pal6czy-Horvath, Gyorgy, 251 Re~ita steel works, 238 Pangal, M., 227 Reuter, 248 Papagos, Gen. Alexandros, 16, 43, Reynaud, Paul, 23 93, 99, 103-5 Ribbentrop, Joachim, 24, 68, 72, 8I, Papandreou, George, 142, 144, 146, 230 169-70, 200 Rijeka, see Fiume Papen, Franz von, 93, 207 Rila, I94 Paul, Prince Regent of Yugoslavia, Ripka, Hubert, 246 8, 10, 16, 38---9, 47-8, 51-2, 56, Roberts, Sir Frank, 70, 207, 245, 68, 7o, 78-98, 103-5, 107, 159 247-8, 250, 252, 255-7. 26I-2, Paul, Princess (Olga), 8o 264, 279 Pavlov, Asen, 212 Romania Libera radio, 136 Pees, 26o Roosevelt, President Franklin D., 83, Perisic, Maj. Miloslav, 88-9 93, I 03, I I2, II 6-20, I 24, I 29-30, Permet, 180 I4I Persia, 112 Rothermere, Lord, 245-6 PeSic, Gen. Petar, 82 Royal Air Force, 42-3, 52-4, IOI, Petain, Marshal Philippe, I8 I07, I2I, I48, 209-IO Peter, King of Yugoslavia, 10, 81, Rumania: British guarantee 3-5, 7-8, 83-5, go, 94-5, 106-7, 131-2, 145, I I, I3, 56, 63, 7I-2; and Britain, 149, 152-3, 157, 164, 17o-2, 180 6, g, 7o-7, 204-9, 223-43; air• Petkov, Nikola, 212-13 borne force plans, I7-I9, 2I2, 238; Petsamo, 1 r 2 British forces for?, I38, I42-3, 204, Peyer, Karoly, 248, 260 208, 227, 234, 238; and frontier Peza, 175, r83 changes, 7-9, I I-I3, 24-5, 57, 62, Peza, Myslim, 175 64-6, 72-5, 77, 2o5, 207, 224- 5, Pirie, Ian, 156, 269 23I-2, 239, 267; and Salonika Pirin Macedonia, rgg-201 front, I4-I5, Ig; and Balkan bloc, Pius XII, Pope, 226 I I-I4, 25, 62; oil for Germany, Plastiras, Gen. Nikolaos, 97 29-30, 32-43, 45, 6o, II5; and Ploe~ti, 40, 1 15 Danube shipping, 38-9; and Ger• Plovdiv, 59, 194 many, 58, 65, 67, 71-7, 8I, 86, Poland, and British guarantees, 3-5; 91, 101, 122-3, 223-4, 232, 239, and Soviet claims, g, 29, 33, I 23, 241; and Soviet Union, 5, 5g-6o, 129, 2Ig; and Hungary, 63; and 64, 72-3, 75, 124, 129-32, 137. post-war confederations, 13o-2 14o-2, 204, 224-43; percentage Political Warfare Executive (P.W.E.), agreement, 14o-1, 143, 236, 242; x6o-x, 246 Red Army in, 141-2, 147; and Popov, Col. Gregory, 142-6 Hungary, 62-7, 73-5, 129, 205, Popovic, Miladin, 175 224, 226, 239, 258, 261; Com• Porter, Ivor, 228, 241, 269, 300 munists, 10, 72, 139, 141, 23o-1, Prague, 2 238, 242; National Peasant Party, Pravda, 2I7, 230 12, 4o-2, 62, 71, 73. 75-6, 238; 'Prometheus II', 155-6 Iron Guard, 10, 4o-r, 71-3, 75-6; Index Liberals, 73, 223, 238; Social S.0.2, see Special Operations Execu• Democrats, 238; National Demo• tive cratic Bloc, 238-g; and U.S., ng, Sobolev, A., 59-6I, I4:3, ISs, I87 227-8, 234:, 238, 24-I; Autonomous Sofia, II, I6, 4:4:, 59, I8S, Igi, I93- mission, I39-4:0, 229-30, 234:-7; I95, Igg, 209, 2I3, 2IS-I6, 2I8, anti-German moves, I39, 207-8, 22I 2ID-II, 224:-32, 236-4.-I; bombing South of France landings, n6, I20, of, 209, 233; and Italy, 226; and I23-4: Greece, 236, 24:2; King's coup, South Slav union, see Bulgaria, union I4:I-3, 220, 238-4-I, 26I; armistice with Yugoslavia and control, I4:3-4:, 232-3, 239, Soviet Union: British guarantees to 24-I-3 E. Europe, 3, s; and frontier Russell, Capt. David, 228, 24-I changes, 8, I3, 26, 64:, 72-3, 7S, 77, Russia, see Soviet Union I28-3I, 2o5, 207, 224:, 23I-2, 239, Ruthenia, Sub-Carpathian, 7 250, 262; I939 treaty with Ger• many, 8-g; I94:2 treaty with Salonika, 8, 4:3, 4:8, so, 78, 8I, Britain, g, II2, I28, I32, I36, 22s; 84:, 8g, g8-g, I03, IS7, I97-8; and S. E. European Communists, front, II, I3-I9, 24:, 78-g, 87, IOI IO, S5, s8-g, I33, I36, I39, 250; Sarafis, Gen. Stefanos, I6g, Igi, Ig6 and Salonika front, I6; F.O. on Sarajoglu, Siikrii, 2o-2, s6 'embroiling' with Germany, Ig- Sargent, Sir Orme, 6o, 62-3, 78, 93, 20, 26-7, 64:, 85, I26, I28-3I; and 9s-6, ISI, I33- 4, I4:I, Iso, I74-s, Britain, 2o-7, II I, I20-47, 204-s, I87,202,206,2ID-II,2IS,226,237 22o-2, 24-I-3, 264:-7; and Turkey, Schulenberg, Ct. F. S., 27 2D-2, 25-7, I20, I26-7, I2g, I37- Schultz Fleet, 34 I38, 2I6-I7; attacks Finland, 22; Schuschnigg, Kurt von, 64: and Balkan bloc, 24-5; and Ger• Scobie, Gen. Ronald, I 6g many, 26-7, 58-60, 66, I I I, I26-7; Serbia/Serbs, 70, 78-g, 82-6, 8g, and Yugoslavia, 6I, 79, 8I-2, I04:, gi-3, I38, ISI, IS4:, IS7, IS9, I64:, I2g, I33, I39, I4:4:, ISg-6I, I63, I87, I95, 200, 219 I7I; and Hungary, 64, 66, I28, Seredi, Cardinal, 248 I39, I4:4:, I4:7, 204:-8, 2IO-II, 232, Seton-Watson, Prof. Hugh, 73-4, 280 239, 24:4:, 24:7-8, 24:9-so, 2s2-7, Seton-Watson, Prof. R. W., 267 26I-s; and Rumania, 64:, 72-3, 7S, Seymour, Maj., I82 I24:, I28, I39, I4:0, I4:6-7, 204:-7, Sharett, Moshe, see Shertok 2II, 223-4:3; and U.S., n6, n8, Sharlo-Shartorov, Metodije, I86-7 I20, I24:, I26-7, I2g, I37-8; and Shea, Gen. Sir John, 4:3 second front, II2; and Autonomous Shell Oil, 33 mission, I23, 229-30, 234:-7; and Shertok, Moshe, 36 strategic deception, I2I-3; and Shone, Sir Terence, go, 282 post-war confederations, I3o-7; Shuckburgh, Sir (C.) Evelyn, 3I, 273 and Czechoslovakia, I36-7; and Siantos, George, I8g-go, I97 Bulgaria, I39, I4:6-7, 204, 206, Sicily, I I4:-I6, I 22 2I3-I7, 2I9-2I; and resistance Sigray, Ct. A. H., 248 forces, I39, I48, I59-63; and Sikorski, Gen. Wladyslaw, I32, I4:I Greece, I39, I4:2, I4:4:, I46, I68, Simon, Sir John, 6, 3 I 242; percentage agreement, I4o-7, Simovic, Gen. Dusan, 83, 92-4:, I04:- I6g-7o, 236, 24:2; N.K.V.D. (Peo• I07, I3I, I53, I57, I59, I60 ple's Commissariat for Internal Skoplje/Skopje, 93, I86, I93 Affairs), IS9, I63, 228-g, 234, 236, Slovakia, 7, 105, 258, 260 288; and Albania, I 75-6, I 78, Slovenia/Slovenes, 4:3, 82, I3I, IS4:, I8I-2; missions in W.Europe, 288; I6I and Axis satellites, 204:-I I Smiley, Maj. David, I79, I8I-2 Special Operations Executive S.N.O.F. (Slav People's Liberation (S.O.E.), 30, 3S, 39-4-I, 4:4:-s, 4:g• Front), I98, 200 S4:, s6, 76-7, 79, ss-7, go-s, 97, Index IOI, I07, I I4, I I6-20, 139-40, Transylvania, 7, 62-6, 71, 73-5, I29, I42, I48-52, 154-67, I 74-80, I84, 205, 207, 225, 239· 250, 260, 267 I86-7, 193-4. 2I2, 214-IS, 2I7, Treasury, 28, 3o-I, 40, I92 2I9, 22I, 223-3I, 233-7, 248, 25I, Trepca mines, 42 253-7, 259-60, 267 Trianon treaty, 7, 65, 6g, 267 Spitchkine affair, 229, 236 Trident conference, II5-I7 Split, I57 Trieste, 88, I24-5, I38, I45, I72 Stainov, Petko, 20I, 2I9 Trifunovic-Bircanin, Ilva, 85-6, IS4, Stalin, s, 8-Io, 2Q-2, 24-7, s8, I04, I 57 III-I2, II8, I2Q-I, I24-3I, I33, Tripartite Pact, sg-6I, 66-7, 76, 8I- I36-g, 14I, I44-6, I69, I7I-2, 82, 88--gi, 93, I04 I74, I9I, 203-5, 2I6-I7, 2I9, 223- Tm, I94 224, 236, 242, 259, 262-3, 265-6 Truman, President Harry S., I72 Stalingrad, 205 Tsaribrod, 8 Stamboliski, Alexander, 55 Tsimas, Andreas (Evmaios), I56, State Department, I I9 I9o-I, I96, 202 Steel, Sir Christopher, 209-1 I, 237-8, Tsouderos, Emanuel, I32, ISS-6 296 T.U.C. (Trades Union Congress), Stemdale-Bennett, Sir John, 220, 249 298, 303 Tupanjanin, Milos, 84-5, 9o-1, 154 Stettinius, Edward, 203 Turceanu, M., 228, 241 Stirbey, Prince Barbu, 23o-2, 235-6, Turkey: strategic importance, 3; 2 39 treaty with, arms from, Britain, Stockholm, 229, 236, 253-4 19-22, 100; and British guarantees Straits, the, I9, 2I, 23, 25-6, I26-7, to Rumania and Greece, 4-5; 129-30, I38 British economic neglect, economic Strang, Lord (William), 65 warfare, 6, 32, 35; and Balkan Strategic deception, I I4-I5, I 2I-3, bloc, II-I2, 25, s6; and Soviet 2IO, 238 Union, 2o-2, 23, 25-7, I20, 126-7, Subasic, Dr. Ivan, I7o-I 129, I37-8, 2I6-I7i and Bulgaria, Sweet-Escott, Bickham, viii, 269 27, 56, 59, I29, I35, I38, 2I6-I7j Szakasits, Arpad, 248 and Balkan campaign (1941), 27, Szalasi, Ferencz, 264 98--g, I02-4; and Greece, 98--g, Szegedy-Maszak, Aladar, 247, 25I, I02-4; and entry into war, I07, 258 II2-I7, I20, I34, I37-8; and post• Szentgyorgy, Prof. Albert, 248, 252 war confederations, I35i and Szombathelyi, Gen. Ferencz, 252, Rumania, I35, 138; and Hungary, 256, 258, 260, 263 135 Sztojay, Dome, 258, 26I Ullein-Reviczky, Antal, 248, 253 Taylor, George, 34-6, so, 87, 9I, United Kingdom Commercial Cor• 154. 26g poration (U.K.C.C.), 31-2 Teheran, III, 12o-4, I38, 2I6-I7 United States, 67, 69, 103; war Teleki, Ct. Pal, 7, 39, 64, 69, 245 strategy, I r r-25, differences with Terpeshev, Gen. Dobri, I99, 20I Britain, 1I8-2o, I23-5, 146; and Theodorescu, Col., 227 Soviet Union, I28--g, 132, I34, Thompson, Capt. Frank, I94-5 14o-r, 145; and frontiers, 129, 132; Tilea, Virgil, 4, 33, 76 and post-war confederations, 134; Times, The, 59, I34, 252 and Albania, I75-6; bombing of Tirana, 48, I75, I82 satellites, 209-10, 217, 219; and Tito, Marshal Josip Broz, 10, I9, Bulgaria, 217-I8, 220, 222; and n 3-I4, I I7, II9, 123-5, I33, I37, Rumania, 227-8, 234, 238, 241; I39, I4I, I44-s, I63, I6S, I67-8, Office of Strategic Services I7o-2, I79, I8o-4, I86, 188, Igo-2, (O.S.S.), u8-rg, 146, 2I7-I8, Ig8-204, 213, 255, 257-8, 268 234-5, 241; and Hungary, 244, 248, Toynbee, Prof. Arnold, I61 252-3; and Greece, I46 320 Index Vansittart, Sir Robert (Lord), 36 British sabotage, subversion, 43-5; Vardar, 93, 200 Iron Gates plan, 37--9; and fron• Varga, Bela, 248 tiers,8, 47, 5o-I, S7-8, I2g, I85-6; Varna, 59 clash over Trieste, 125, 172; Com• Velchev, Col. Damian, 44, 93, 212- munists, IO, 93, I31, I34, I49, 157, 213, 219 159-6I, 164, 166-7, IS4, ISS, 266; Veloukhiotis, Ares, 15~7, 18g--g2, and Balkan bloc, 11-12, 25; and 196 Salonika front, 15-17, 19, 87, 8g, Venizelos, Eleftherios/Venizelists, 94, 105; withdrawal through Salonika, 96-7, 155-6, 163, 169 84, 89; staff talks with France, 15- Venizelos, Sophocles, 97 16, I8; and Albania, projected Veress, Dr. Laszl6, 251--g, 26g, 303 attack on, Ig, S5, Sg--go, 93, gg, Veress, Gen. Lajos de Dalnok, 263, 103-5, revolt in (1940), 47-51, and 26g,303 resistance forces, 175, 177-8, ISo• Versailles treaty, 7, 65 ISI, 18S--g, 191; Serb-Croat prob• Victor Emmanuel III, King of Italy, lem, 7S, S2-4; and Soviet Union, 226 5S--g, 61, 7g, SI-2, Io4, I2I, 125, Vienna, 61, 91, 120, 124-5, 138 129, I3I, 133. 137. 139. 141, 144, Vienna Award (1940), 65-6, 74-5, 171, treaty with, 27, 104, I33; 205, 250 Belgrade coup, 85-6, 91-5, 101. Vi~oianu, Constantin, 236--g 104-5, 152-3, 226; union with Vlahov, Dimitar, 200 Bulgaria, 56, 85, IS4, IS7-8, I9S- Voronezh, 24 7 203; and Germany, 67--g, 79-S3, Voros, Gen. Janos, 263-5 85, 87--g6, 99, Io3, 105-6, 26S; Vukmanovic-Tempo, Svetozar, 167, and Hungary, 67--g, 93, 245, 255, I 77, 186, 188--g3, 195-8, 269 256-8, 26o; and Italy, 78-SI, S3, Vyshinski, Andrei, 58, 6o, 132, 144, 86--go, I04; neutrality policy, 79- 250, 262 So, S9, g6; and Balkan campaign, So, S7--g, 93, gS--g, Ioi-s, Io7-8; War Cabinet, 5, I I-I5, 18, 20-3, 26, and Greece, I3I, 166-S, 1S8--g2, 33-5, 40, 47, 55, 57, 6o, 78, see also Balkan campaign above; 88, 93, IOO, 102, I04, 124, 128--g, and Bulgaria, 56, S5, !05, I S5-6, 135, I4I, 145, I49> 159, 175, 20I, I 88--g5; resistance forces, II I-17, 236 I Ig, I34> 137-41, 14-B--54. I57-6S, Warner, Sir Christopher, 134, 2S7 170-2, 1?6-SI, 184, 1SS--g5, 26S; W avell, Sir Archibald, Commander• British civil affairs officers for, 12 I; in-Chief Middle East (1939-40), Ljubljana Gap plan, 124-5; 87, IOI-2 spheres of influence, percentage Weizmann, Chaim, 36 agreement, 131, I4I, 143-6, 163, Weygand, Gen. Maxime, 13-18, 23- 172; and post-war confederations, 24, 2S 131-2, I35; exiled government', Wheeler, Lt.-Col. T. N. S., 1So I49, I54. 157-8, 164, I66, Subasic Wilson, Gen. Sir Henry Maitland government 170-1; monarchy, (Lord), 94, 105, I 19, 120, 123, 169, 165-6, 17o-2; Macedonian policy, I7I, I7g-So, 2Io, 220, 232, 241, 195-203; and 'Balkan staff', Igo- 26g 191; AVNOJ (Anti-Fascist Nat• Wingate, Orde, 36 ional Liberation Council of Yugo• Woodhouse, Col. the Hon. Christo• slavia), 195 pher M., 142, 157, 165, 192, 266, 290 Zagreb, 83 Zeri i Populit, 175 . Yalta, 125, 203 Zervas, Col. Napoleon, 156-7, 168- Yugoslavia: and Britain (1939-41), g, 16g, 17g-8o, 192 30-4, 37, 78--g6, gg, 101-8; British Zog, King/Zogists, 47-52, 54, 173-5, failure to supply arms, 29, 79, So; I77-80