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Trials of the War Criminals
TRIALS OF THE WAR CRIMINALS General Considerations The Fascist regime that ruled Romania between September 14, 1940, and August 23, 1944, was brought to justice in Bucharest in May 1946, and after a short trial, its principal leaders—Ion and Mihai Antonescu and two of their closest assistants—were executed, while others were sentenced to life imprisonment or long terms of detention. At that time, the trial’s verdicts seemed inevitable, as they indeed do today, derived inexorably from the defendants’ decisions and actions. The People’s Tribunals functioned for a short time only. They were disbanded on June 28, 1946,1 although some of the sentences were not pronounced until sometime later. Some 2,700 cases of suspected war criminals were examined by a commission formed of “public prosecutors,”2 but only in about half of the examined cases did the commission find sufficient evidence to prosecute, and only 668 were sentenced, many in absentia.3 There were two tribunals, one in Bucharest and one in Cluj. It is worth mentioning that the Bucharest tribunal sentenced only 187 people.4 The rest were sentenced by the tribunal in Cluj. One must also note that, in general, harsher sentences were pronounced by the Cluj tribunal (set up on June 22, 1 Marcel-Dumitru Ciucă, “Introducere” in Procesul maresalului Antonescu (Bucharest: Saeculum and Europa Nova, 1995-98), vol. 1: p. 33. 2 The public prosecutors were named by communist Minister of Justice Lucret iu Pătrăşcanu and most, if not all of them were loyal party members, some of whom were also Jews. -
Report Submitted by the Romanian Authorities on Measures
Committee of the Parties to the Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings CP(2017)32 Report submitted by the Romanian authorities on measures taken to comply with Committee of the Parties Recommendation CP(2016)11 on the implementation of the Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings Second evaluation round Received on 3 November 2017 Ce document n’est disponible qu’en anglais et roumain. Secretariat of the Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings 2 CP(2017)32 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ Romanian Report regarding the accomplishment of the Recommendation CP(2016)11 on the implementation of the Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings ABBREVIATIONS ANITP National Agency against Trafficking in Persons BCCO Brigade for Countering Organized Crime C.P/C.p Criminal Code C.P.P/C.p.p Criminal Procedure Code DCCO Directorate for Countering Organized Crime DGASPC Directorate General for Social Assistance and Child Protection DIICOT Directorate for the Investigation of Organized Crime and Terrorism IGI Inspectorate General for Immigration IGJR Inspectorate General of the Romanian Gendarmerie IGPF Inspectorate General for Boarder Police IM Labour Inspection ISOP Institute for Education MAI Ministry of Internal Affairs MMJS Ministry of Labour and Social Justice MNIR National Mechanism for Identification and Referral MP Public Ministry OUG Government -
British Clandestine Activities in Romania During the Second World
British Clandestine Activities in Romania during the Second World War This page intentionally left blank British Clandestine Activities in Romania during the Second World War Dennis Deletant Visiting ‘Ion Ra¸tiu’ Professor of Romanian Studies, Georgetown University, USA © Dennis Deletant 2016 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2016 978–1–137–57451–0 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2016 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. -
Port Popular Şi Uniformă a Statului Într-Un Portret De Nuntă Din Anii 1950-1952
Port popular şi uniformă a statului într-un portret de nuntă din anii 1950-1952 Nicolae Adrian ALEXE* Between 2nd July and 4th August 2013, ASTRA National Museum was the host ofthe temporary exhibition cal/ed "Mărginimea Sibiului", which was created in collaboration with Mr. Laurent Chrzanovski, PhD. One ofthe exhibits was a weddingportrait (drawing after a photo), created in Sibiu Sourroundings or in Loamneş (in Sibiu county), representing a militsiyaman holding the rank of sergeant (a non-commisioned officer) ofmilitsiya (Romanian police during the communist regime), in his uniform, along with his bride, who was wearing a traditional folk costume, which portrait is the topic of the article. Jt analyses the significance of the two costumes, it's describing the bride's traditional romanian costume and the costum of the militsiyaman, analysing all the details of the uniform. With its help, the photo can be placed between 23th October 1950 and 23thAugust 1952. The article is thefirst paper in the uniform area, because the description ofthe romanian militsiya uniform wasn 't the topic for a scientific paper until now. Alsa, the article is a challenge for starting new research topics in Open A ir MuseumASTRA. Keywords: wedding, folk costume, uniform, Militsiya, sergeant Cuvinte cheie: nuntă , costum popular, uniformă, miliţie, sergent În perioada 2 iulie - 4 august 2013, Complexul Naţional Muzeal ASTRA a găzduit în Casa Hermes din Piaţa Mică expoziţia temporară „Mărginimea Sibiului'', realizată în colaborare cu dl. dr. Laurent Chrzanovski. Unul dintre exponate a fost un portret (desen efectuat după o fotografie) de nuntă, realizat în Mărginimea Sibiului sau în Loamneş (judeţul Sibiu), datând de la mijlocului secolului trecut, reprezentând un mire - miliţian cu proaspăta nevastă, în costum popular ( fig.1 ), portret ce constituie subiectul prezentului articol. -
Journal of Anglo-Turkish Relations, Volume 2, Number 1, January 2021 Boşcan, Liliana Elena
Journal of Anglo-Turkish Relations, Volume 2, Number 1, January 2021 Boşcan, Liliana Elena. “Activity of the Special Operation Executive in Romania via Turkey, 1943 – 1944”, Journal of Anglo-Turkish Relations, Vol. 2, No. 1, (January 2021), pp. 11-23. Activity of the Special Operation Executive in Romania via Turkey, 1943 - 1944 Liliana Elena Boșcan1 Abstract The Anschluss of March 1938 marks the point at which Hitler’s designs for Europe became clearer to Britain and greater prominence was given to considerations about Romania. Between 1938 and 1941 Britain’s only weapon against German ambitions in countries which fell into Hitler’s orbit were military subversive operations — the destruction of the oilfields and the interdiction of supply routes by the Danube and the rail network — but S.O.E. ((Special Operation Executive) failed. Between 1941 and 1944, the S.O.E. (Special Operation Executive) activity was centred on the revival of wireless contacts with Iuliu Maniu, head of the National Peasant Party, aimed at persuading through him Marshal Ion Antonescu to abandon the Axis and the provision of a channel of communication of armistice terms by the Allies (Autonomous Mission, December 1943). The S.O.E. has taken steps to create a reliable communication channel between S.O.E. residents in Istanbul and Bucharest. A network was made through Turkey legations or through emissaries sent to Istanbul, Ankara and Cairo, or by radio broadcast and by agents launched with parachute. Keywords: S.O.E., Romanian-Turkish Relations, Oil, Balkans, World War II 1. Introduction In April 1938, Admiral Sir Hugh Sinclair, the Head of the British Secret Intelligence Service (S.I.S. -
Illicit Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts, Components and Ammunition To, from and Across the European Union
Illicit Trafficking in Firearms, their Parts, Components and Ammunition to, from and across the European Union REGIONAL ANALYSIS REPORT 1 UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME Vienna Illicit Trafficking in Firearms, their Parts, Components and Ammunition to, from and across the European Union UNITED NATIONS Vienna, 2020 UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME Vienna Illicit Trafficking in Firearms, their Parts, Components and Ammunition to, from and across the European Union REGIONAL ANALYSIS REPORT UNITED NATIONS Vienna, 2020 © United Nations, 2020. All rights reserved, worldwide. This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copy- right holder, provided acknowledgment of the source is made. UNODC would appreciate receiving a copy of any written output that uses this publication as a source at [email protected]. DISCLAIMERS This report was not formally edited. The contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of UNODC, nor do they imply any endorsement. Information on uniform resource locators and links to Internet sites contained in the present publication are provided for the convenience of the reader and are correct at the time of issuance. The United Nations takes no responsibility for the continued accuracy of that information or for the content of any external website. This document was produced with the financial support of the European Union. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect -
Justice and Home Affairs Background
February 2006 JUSTICE AND HOME AFFAIRS BACKGROUND As stated in the 2005 Comprehensive Monitoring Report, “Romania has taken significant steps to address some of the issues within the political criteria which were highlighted in the 2004 report as requiring further improvements, such as the reform and independence of the judiciary. (…) The fight against corruption should receive high priority. Efforts should focus on the effective enforcement of anti-corruption legislation and on preventive measures, fighting high-level corruption and corruption within law enforcement bodies”. Justice system In March 2005 the new Government adopted an ambitious revised Strategy and Action Plan 2005-2007 to reform the justice system. These documents represent a significant step forward in the plans to create an independent, professional and effective justice system and now need to be internalised by the relevant actors. The Action Plan is being implemented according to schedule, with comprehensive monitoring mechanisms consisting of an inter-institutional commission co-ordinated by the Ministry of Justice and a series of working groups within the Superior Council of the Magistracy. The full and effective implementation of the Action Plan should continue without delay. The availability of financial and human resources and comprehensive training as well as accurate and standardised management statistics will largely determine the success of this operation. Following consultation with stakeholders a revision of the so-called three-law package on justice reform (Laws on the Superior Council of the Magistracy, on the Organisation of the Judiciary and on the Statute of Magistrates) was submitted by the Government to Parliament in June 2005 and adopted after a vote of confidence. -
Criminal Background Check Procedures
Shaping the future of international education New Edition Criminal Background Check Procedures CIS in collaboration with other agencies has formed an International Task Force on Child Protection chaired by CIS Executive Director, Jane Larsson, in order to apply our collective resources, expertise, and partnerships to help international school communities address child protection challenges. Member Organisations of the Task Force: • Council of International Schools • Council of British International Schools • Academy of International School Heads • U.S. Department of State, Office of Overseas Schools • Association for the Advancement of International Education • International Schools Services • ECIS CIS is the leader in requiring police background check documentation for Educator and Leadership Candidates as part of the overall effort to ensure effective screening. Please obtain a current police background check from your current country of employment/residence as well as appropriate documentation from any previous country/countries in which you have worked. It is ultimately a school’s responsibility to ensure that they have appropriate police background documentation for their Educators and CIS is committed to supporting them in this endeavour. It is important to demonstrate a willingness and effort to meet the requirement and obtain all of the paperwork that is realistically possible. This document is the result of extensive research into governmental, law enforcement and embassy websites. We have tried to ensure where possible that the information has been obtained from official channels and to provide links to these sources. CIS requests your help in maintaining an accurate and useful resource; if you find any information to be incorrect or out of date, please contact us at: [email protected]. -
Turkey's Role in Romanian's Diplomatic Struggle (1St Of
Tarih Okulu Dergisi (TOD) Journal of History School (JOHS) Eylül 2013 September 2013 Yıl 6, Sayı XV, ss. 355-384. Year 6, Issue XV, pp. 355-384. DOI No: http://dx.doi.org/10.14225/Joh305 TURKEY’S ROLE IN ROMANIAN’S DIPLOMATIC STRUGGLE (1ST OF FEBRUARY 1943 - 23RD OF AUGUST 1944) Liliana Boscan ALTIN Ömer METİN Abstract The present study aimed to to focus on the intense diplomatic activity developed by Romania in efforts to negotiate an armistice with the Allies especially between September 1943 and August 1944. Romania which was joined into the Axis Countries upon executing an agreement with Germany would have felt the Soviet threat on its borders upon defeat of Germany in Stalingrad front. On the other hand, although Turkey had saved its neutral position from the beginning of the war, it had tried to support Romania, its ally in the Balkan Pact, in a political dimension in case the risk of Soviet expansion across the Balkans. As Turkey did not desire Romania to be partitioned, it played an active role in regard to making a fare cease-fire agreement between Romanian Government and the Allies. Starting the spring of 1943, the Romanian diplomacy, including here Ion Antonescu Marshal, the King and the opposition parties, engaging in consistent separate peace negotiations with the United Kingdom using the mediation of Turkey. The paper is based on unpublished documents found in the Romanian diplomatic and national archives. Key Words : Turkey, Romania, Second World War, Diplomacy. Romanya’nın Diplomasi Mücadelesinde Türkiye’nin Rolü (1 Şubat 1943 – 23 Ağustos 1944) Dr., The Romanian Association for Middle East Studies. -
Internal Security Fund – Police European
INTERNAL SECURITY FUND – POLICE EUROPEAN MULTIDISCIPLINARY PLATFORM AGAINST CRIMINAL THREATS (EMPACT) GRANTS AWARDED IN 2016 Call for Proposals EMPACT/01/OAP.2016 Total Co-beneficiaries (name Associate partners eligible OAP and Applicant and (name and country EC grant EC grant costs Project Number in English Country Project title country code) code) (in EUR) (%) (in EUR) Criminal Intelligence AEI - Agency for Service (AT); Rapid Facilitated Illegal European EMPACT Illegal Response and Special Police Integration and AT 1 Immigration Immigration 2 Service (HU); Hellenic Police 506,290 95 532,937 Economic EMPACT/01/OAP.2016/FII/01 Headquarters / Border Development Protection Division (EL) CIVIPOL Conseil, Border Police Directorate Société de (FR); International Police Facilitated Illegal Conseil Cooperation Service ; et de service FR TERMINUS 2 Immigration International Centre against 443,078 95 463,398 du EMPACT/02/OAP.2016/FII/02 Terrorism and Organised Ministère de Crime - CITCO (ES) l’Intérieur Federal Ministry of Interior (AT); Federal Police (BE); National Police (CY); Trafficking in Human The National EMPACT THB OAP General Inspectorate of the National Crime Agency Police of The NL 3 Beings 2016 Romanian Police (RO); (UK) 240,000 95 252,631 Netherlands EMPACT/01/OAP.2016/THB/01 International Centre against Terrorism and Organised Crime - CITCO (ES) International FIIAPP - La Fundación Centre against Internacional y Counterfeit Goods Terrorism and OAP 2016 Counterfeit para Iberoamérica de 4 ES 240,481 95 253,137 EMPACT/01/OAP.2016/CG/01 -
LAW No. 218 from 23
LAW no. 218 from 23rd of April, 2002 regarding the organizing and functioning of Romanian Police ISSUER: The Parliament PUBLISHED IN: Official Journal no.305 from 9thof May, 2002 The Romanian Parliament adopts the present law. Chapter 1 - General disposals Art.1 The Romanian Police is part of the Ministry of Interior and is the state specialized institution, which carries on attributions regarding the fundamental rights and freedoms of person, the private and public property, crimes prevention and discovering, public order and safety observance, according to the law. Art.2 The activity of the Romanian Police represents public specialized service and serves the interest of the person, of the community, as well as public institutions’ assistance, exclusively on the law’s base and application. Art.3 For fulfilling its missions, The Romanian Police cooperates with other state’s institutions and collaborates with non-governmental associations and organizations and, also, with natural and legal persons, in keeping with the law’s limits. Art.4 (1) The Romanian Police is organized according to territorial-administrative division of the country. (2) The Romanian Police can be also organized according to the specific of same national economy sectors – railway, aerial and naval transports – or of same economic and social objectives, depending on their importance and number. (3) The police units are established by order of the Ministry of Interior. Chapter 2 - Organizing and functioning Section 1 – Organizational structure Art.5 The Romanian Police has the following organizational structure: a) The General Inspectorate of the Romanian Police; b) Territorial units under the authority of the General Inspectorate of the Romanian Police, The General Police Directorate of Bucharest and the counties’ police inspectorates; c) Educational institutions which provide a continue training for the personnel; d) Other units indispensable for the achievement of police specific attributions, established by law. -
CHG Library Book List
CHG Library Book List (Belgium), M. r. d. a. e. d. h. (1967). Galerie de l'Asie antérieure et de l'Iran anciens [des] Musées royaux d'art et d'histoire, Bruxelles, Musées royaux d'art et dʹhistoire, Parc du Cinquantenaire, 1967. Galerie de l'Asie antérieure et de l'Iran anciens [des] Musées royaux d'art et d'histoire by Musées royaux d'art et d'histoire (Belgium) (1967) (Director), T. P. F. H. (1968). The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin: Volume XXVI, Number 5. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art (January, 1968). The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin: Volume XXVI, Number 5 by Thomas P.F. Hoving (1968) (Director), T. P. F. H. (1973). The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin: Volume XXXI, Number 3. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art (Ed.), A. B. S. (2002). Persephone. U.S.A/ Cambridge, President and Fellows of Harvard College Puritan Press, Inc. (Ed.), A. D. (2005). From Byzantium to Modern Greece: Hellenic Art in Adversity, 1453-1830. /Benaki Museum. Athens, Alexander S. Onassis Public Benefit Foundation. (Ed.), B. B. R. (2000). Christian VIII: The National Museum: Antiquities, Coins, Medals. Copenhagen, The National Museum of Denmark. (Ed.), J. I. (1999). Interviews with Ali Pacha of Joanina; in the autumn of 1812; with some particulars of Epirus, and the Albanians of the present day (Peter Oluf Brondsted). Athens, The Danish Institute at Athens. (Ed.), K. D. (1988). Antalya Museum. İstanbul, T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı Döner Sermaye İşletmeleri Merkez Müdürlüğü/ Ankara. (ed.), M. N. B. (Ocak- Nisan 2010). "Arkeoloji ve sanat. (Journal of Archaeology and Art): Ölümünün 100.Yıldönümünde Osman Hamdi Bey ve Kazıları." Arkeoloji Ve Sanat 133.