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Trials of the War Criminals
TRIALS OF THE WAR CRIMINALS General Considerations The Fascist regime that ruled Romania between September 14, 1940, and August 23, 1944, was brought to justice in Bucharest in May 1946, and after a short trial, its principal leaders—Ion and Mihai Antonescu and two of their closest assistants—were executed, while others were sentenced to life imprisonment or long terms of detention. At that time, the trial’s verdicts seemed inevitable, as they indeed do today, derived inexorably from the defendants’ decisions and actions. The People’s Tribunals functioned for a short time only. They were disbanded on June 28, 1946,1 although some of the sentences were not pronounced until sometime later. Some 2,700 cases of suspected war criminals were examined by a commission formed of “public prosecutors,”2 but only in about half of the examined cases did the commission find sufficient evidence to prosecute, and only 668 were sentenced, many in absentia.3 There were two tribunals, one in Bucharest and one in Cluj. It is worth mentioning that the Bucharest tribunal sentenced only 187 people.4 The rest were sentenced by the tribunal in Cluj. One must also note that, in general, harsher sentences were pronounced by the Cluj tribunal (set up on June 22, 1 Marcel-Dumitru Ciucă, “Introducere” in Procesul maresalului Antonescu (Bucharest: Saeculum and Europa Nova, 1995-98), vol. 1: p. 33. 2 The public prosecutors were named by communist Minister of Justice Lucret iu Pătrăşcanu and most, if not all of them were loyal party members, some of whom were also Jews. -
British Clandestine Activities in Romania During the Second World
British Clandestine Activities in Romania during the Second World War This page intentionally left blank British Clandestine Activities in Romania during the Second World War Dennis Deletant Visiting ‘Ion Ra¸tiu’ Professor of Romanian Studies, Georgetown University, USA © Dennis Deletant 2016 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2016 978–1–137–57451–0 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2016 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. -
CV Sorin Radu.Pdf
Curriculum vitae Europass INFORMAŢII PERSONALE Nume RADU Prenume SORIN Adresa instituţiei angajatoare Universitatea „Lucian Blaga” din Sibiu Telefon 0740162905 Fax 0269214468 E-mail [email protected] [email protected] Naţionalitate română Data naşterii 15.09.1971 Locul naşterii Sălişte/Sibiu Domiciliu Mohu, nr. 222, jud. Sibiu Stare civilă Căsătorit, doi copii Locul de muncă / Domeniul Universitatea „Lucian Blaga” din Sibiu ocupaţional Învăţământ superior EXPERIENŢĂ PROFESIONALĂ Iunie 2015 Abilitare – Universitatea „Babeș-Bolyai” din Cluj-Napoca Octombrie 2013 – prezent Prof. univ. dr. Universitatea „Lucian Blaga” din Sibiu. Facultatea de Ştiinţe Socio-Umane, Departamentul de Istorie, Patrimoniu, Teologie Protestantă - Bd-ul. Victoriei, Nr. 5-7, Sibiu, 550024, Tel., fax: +40-(269)21.44.68 Octombrie 2014 - prezent Director al Departamentului de Istorie, Patrimoniu și Teologie Protestantă, Universitatea „Lucian Blaga” din Sibiu. Ianuarie 2014 - prezent Director al Centrului de Cercetare a Patrimoniului și Istoriei Socio-Culturale, Universitatea „Lucian Blaga” din Sibiu. 2006 - 2013 Conf. univ. dr. Universitatea „Lucian Blaga” din Sibiu. Facultatea de Ştiinţe Socio-Umane, Departamentul de Istorie, Patrimoniu, Teologie Protestantă * Cursuri predate Introducere în Istoria României în prima jumătate a secolului al XX-lea; Istoria României în perioada regimului communist; Istoria partidelor și doctrinelor politice din România; Elite și politici de modernizare în România (1859-1945); * Funcţia ocupată Prodecan al Facultăţii de Ştiinţe Socio-Umane, responsabil cu Aprilie 2012 – ianuarie 2013 cercetarea ştiinţifică 1 2008-2011 Decan al Facultăţii de Istorie şi Patrimoniu * Principalele activităţi şi Didactică, cercetare, coordonarea activităţii facultăţii responsabilităţi * Perioada (2004 - 2006) Lector univ. dr. * Numele şi adresa angajatorului Universitatea „Lucian Blaga” din Sibiu. Facultatea de Istorie şi Patrimoniu * Perioada (2000-2003) Asist. -
Chronicle of Cruelties
CHRONICLE OF CRUELTIES ROMANIAN MISTREATMENT OF THE HUNGARIAN MINORITY IN TRANSYLVANIA by Dr. Arpad Kosztin Translated from the Hungarian by Eva Barcza Bessenyey UNEDITED PREPUBLISHING VERSION FOR HOMEPAGE ONLY ORIGINAL TITLE: MAGYARELLENES ROMÁN KEGYETLENKEDÉSEK ERDÉLYBEN ISBN 963 8363 72 X A Publication of the BIRO FAMILY BUDAPEST PLEASE NOTE: THE PAGE NUMBERS WILL BE DIFFERENT IN THE FORTHCOMMING BOOK 2 CONTENTS Contents 3 Ferenc Bartis: About the author 4 Preface 6 I. Introduction 10 II Romanian Atrocities before Horea-Closca 18 III The peasant revolt of Horea-Closca-Crisan 24 IV The freedom fight of 1848-49 32 V Romanian atrocities before and after WW I 43 VI Romanian atrocities during and after WW II-1956 74 VII During and after the 1956 Revolution 109 VIII Countermeasures after 1956 118 IX Romanian atrocities after 1989 133 Epilogue 147 Bibliography 149 Notes 167 3 The accuser shows mercy As strange as it may seem, the author of this indispensable and inevitable book, dr. Arpad Kosztin, does show mercy: he does not accuse, does not point a finger but gives us a work of factual history. And this is important for this painful objectivity gives the measure of the work's credibility. Our author does not have to be introduced to our readers for everyone knows his book on the debunking of the Daco-Roman theory (entitled the Daco-Roman Legend, it was published in English in 1997 by Matthias Corvinus Publishing, in the USA and Canada); on Romania's expansion into Transylvania; as well as his numerours lively and outspoken but profound essays and articles in the daily press. -
Turkey's Role in Romanian's Diplomatic Struggle (1St Of
Tarih Okulu Dergisi (TOD) Journal of History School (JOHS) Eylül 2013 September 2013 Yıl 6, Sayı XV, ss. 355-384. Year 6, Issue XV, pp. 355-384. DOI No: http://dx.doi.org/10.14225/Joh305 TURKEY’S ROLE IN ROMANIAN’S DIPLOMATIC STRUGGLE (1ST OF FEBRUARY 1943 - 23RD OF AUGUST 1944) Liliana Boscan ALTIN Ömer METİN Abstract The present study aimed to to focus on the intense diplomatic activity developed by Romania in efforts to negotiate an armistice with the Allies especially between September 1943 and August 1944. Romania which was joined into the Axis Countries upon executing an agreement with Germany would have felt the Soviet threat on its borders upon defeat of Germany in Stalingrad front. On the other hand, although Turkey had saved its neutral position from the beginning of the war, it had tried to support Romania, its ally in the Balkan Pact, in a political dimension in case the risk of Soviet expansion across the Balkans. As Turkey did not desire Romania to be partitioned, it played an active role in regard to making a fare cease-fire agreement between Romanian Government and the Allies. Starting the spring of 1943, the Romanian diplomacy, including here Ion Antonescu Marshal, the King and the opposition parties, engaging in consistent separate peace negotiations with the United Kingdom using the mediation of Turkey. The paper is based on unpublished documents found in the Romanian diplomatic and national archives. Key Words : Turkey, Romania, Second World War, Diplomacy. Romanya’nın Diplomasi Mücadelesinde Türkiye’nin Rolü (1 Şubat 1943 – 23 Ağustos 1944) Dr., The Romanian Association for Middle East Studies. -
KBO Template
International Conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION Vol. XXVII No 1 2021 COOPERATION PLANS BETWEEN SOE AND NKVD REGARDING THE ROMANIAN AREA DURING JANUARY-MAY 1944 Marian ZIDARU Black Sea House Association, Constanța, Romania [email protected] Abstract: The main S.O.E aim seems to have been the utilization of political circles in an endeavour to overthrow the government and get Romania out of the war or at least to bring about the removal of its array from the Russians front, and to deny the national resources to Germany. The USSR has been constant in its disinclination to play with Maniu or associates itself with British planes until they are convinced that some concrete contribution at their war aim would results. They would however be ready to discuss unconditional surrender with the emissary of the Romanian government, capable of putting it into effect. The evolution of these SOE plans will be presented in this article. Keywords: SOE, NKVD, Romania, Antonescu, Maniu 1. Introduction V. D. representative said that they saw no SOE and NKVD had an operative base in difference between the policies of Romania made up of agents and Antonescu and Maniu and that in fact what collaborators. At a meeting, S.O.E. – the Romanians want to be a guarantee from Foreign Office in February 1941, the Russia that the latter would give to representatives of S.O.E. informed that after Romania a large slab of Russian territory in the departure of the members of the return for a vague promise that a successful Bucharest diplomatic mission, their coup d’état would be brought about. -
Revista De Stiinte Politice Nr.47
UNIVERSITY OF CRAIOVA FACULTY OF LAW AND SOCIAL SCIENCES POLITICAL SCIENCES SPECIALIZATION & CENTER OF POST- COMMUNIST POLITICAL STUDIES (CESPO - CEPOS) REVISTA DE ŞTIINȚE POLITICE. REVUE DES SCIENCES POLITIQUES NO. 47 • 2015 1 UNIVERSITY OF CRAIOVA FACULTY OF LAW AND SOCIAL SCIENCES POLITICAL SCIENCES SPECIALIZATION & CENTER OF POST - COMMUNIST POLITICAL STUDIES (CESPO - CEPOS) Revista de Ştiinţe Politice. Revue des Sciences Politiques No. 47 • 2015 - EDITORIAL BOARD - Editor in chief: ANCA PARMENA OLIMID Deputy editor in chief: CĂTĂLINA MARIA GEORGESCU Managing editor: COSMIN LUCIAN GHERGHE Regular members: IONUȚ ȘERBAN, GEORGE GÎRLEȘTEANU, DANIEL GHIȚĂ, AUREL PIŢURCĂ, CEZAR AVRAM, VLADIMIR OSIAC, MIRON ROMAN, DAN VALERIU VOINEA, MIHAI COSTESCU, MIHAI GHIȚULESCU, MIHAELA BĂRBIERU, MIHAELA CAMELIA ILIE Technical and online assistance: SPERANȚA PREDOI - INTERNATIONAL ADVISO R Y B O A R D - DAN CLAUDIU DĂNIŞOR JONUZ ABDULLAI Professor, University of Craiova, Faculty of Law and Professor , South East European Social Sciences, Romania University, Tetovo, Macedonia (Chairman of the International Advisory Board) SONJA BUNČIČ MIHAI CIMPOI Professor ,University Union, Faculty of President of the Academy of the Republic of Law, Belgrade, Serbia Moldavia, Moldova HARUN ARIKAN YOHANAN MANOR Professor , Cukurova University, Professor, University of Jerusalem, Israel , Adana,Turkey President , Center for Monitoring the Impact of ALI PAJAZITI Peace (CMIP) Professor , South East European JOZE PIRJEVEC University, Tetovo, Macedonia Professor, University -
Robert O. Paxton-The Anatomy of Fascism -Knopf
Paxt_1400040949_8p_all_r1.qxd 1/30/04 4:38 PM Page b also by robert o. paxton French Peasant Fascism Europe in the Twentieth Century Vichy France: Old Guard and New Order, 1940–1944 Parades and Politics at Vichy Vichy France and the Jews (with Michael R. Marrus) Paxt_1400040949_8p_all_r1.qxd 1/30/04 4:38 PM Page i THE ANATOMY OF FASCISM Paxt_1400040949_8p_all_r1.qxd 1/30/04 4:38 PM Page ii Paxt_1400040949_8p_all_r1.qxd 1/30/04 4:38 PM Page iii THE ANATOMY OF FASCISM ROBERT O. PAXTON Alfred A. Knopf New York 2004 Paxt_1400040949_8p_all_r1.qxd 1/30/04 4:38 PM Page iv this is a borzoi book published by alfred a. knopf Copyright © 2004 by Robert O. Paxton All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. Published in the United States by Alfred A. Knopf, a division of Random House, Inc., New York, and simultaneously in Canada by Random House of Canada Limited, Toronto. Distributed by Random House, Inc., New York. www.aaknopf.com Knopf, Borzoi Books, and the colophon are registered trademarks of Random House, Inc. isbn: 1-4000-4094-9 lc: 2004100489 Manufactured in the United States of America First Edition Paxt_1400040949_8p_all_r1.qxd 1/30/04 4:38 PM Page v To Sarah Paxt_1400040949_8p_all_r1.qxd 1/30/04 4:38 PM Page vi Paxt_1400040949_8p_all_r1.qxd 1/30/04 4:38 PM Page vii contents Preface xi chapter 1 Introduction 3 The Invention of Fascism 3 Images of Fascism 9 Strategies 15 Where Do We Go from Here? 20 chapter 2 Creating Fascist Movements 24 The Immediate Background 28 Intellectual, Cultural, and Emotional -
A Physical and Moral Portrait of Balkan Vlachs In
MUZEUL NAŢIONAL Vol. XX 2008 A PHYSICAL AND MORAL PORTRAIT OF BALKAN VLACHS IN HISTORICAL SOURCES (IXth-XIIth CENTURIES) DESPRE PORTRETUL FIZIC ŞI MORAL AL VLAHILOR BALCANICI ÎN SURSELE ISTORICE (SECOLELE IX-XII) Ginel Lazăr, Monica Lazăr Abstract Like any other people, the Balkan Vlachs (Romanians) came into being and defined themselves as an entity during a long and difficult historical process. Ethnoculturally and historically they share similarities but also differences which bring them closer, but also separate them from neighbouring peoples. Balkan Romanians’ physical and moral traits are differently perceived from one observer to another. For Byzantines, „Vlachs“ meant „barbarians“, namely those who didn’t speak, think or live like a Greek. Ever since Vlachs have been first mentioned in historical sources (approx. 850) until the Asanesti rebellion (1185), „the physical and moral portrait of Balkan Vlachs differs with each observer. Latin authors, especially Italians and Dalmatians, depicted them favourably, mainly highlighting their bellicose attributes and their pleasant appearance, sometimes associated to their Roman descent. On the contrary, they are often negatively perceived by their Balkan neighbours. This is not surprising at all: for Byzantines and Southern Slavics, endowed with their own states and cultures, the Vlach is „the other“, a foreigner refusing integration by asserting his own identity and even worse - often trying to establish his own state in an area they claimed“. Key words: „Romanus“, „the other“, transhumance, „kjelatori“, Haemus, Vlachs, Christians. Like any other people, the Balkan Vlachs (Romanians) came into being and defined themselves as an entity during a long and difficult historical process. Ethnoculturally and historically they share similarities but also differences which bring them closer, but also separate them from neighbouring peoples. -
Jurchescu Ioan (N.1921-Caraş-Severin; D.2008-Timișoara) Interviu Realizat De Roxana Onică 4 Iunie 2003, Timişoara
Jurchescu Ioan (n.1921-Caraş-Severin; d.2008-Timișoara) Interviu realizat de Roxana Onică 4 iunie 2003, Timişoara Index tematic : Clasa Regelui (Clasa palatină), Regele Carol al II-lea, Regele Mihai I, Zona grănicerească (Banat), Comunitatea de avere, Caransebeș, educaţie (şcoală, colegi), personalități (interbelice) familie, militar, avocat (avocatură), deportare Bărăgan (Frumuşiţa), comunism ( Canal, securitate, închisoare Sighet, procese politice, Timişoara ( Liceul Loga, Corso, echipa de fotbal Ripensia, cofetăria Violeta, primărie) Mitropolit Nicolae (foto), Principesa Margareta ( foto), Memorial Sighet, AFDB IOAN JURCHESCU Ioan Gheorghe Jurchescu s-a născut la 7 august 1921 în satul Petnic, comuna Iablaniţa, judeţul Caraş-Severin. Tatăl său era învățător, iar mama sa țărancă. A urmat primul an de liceu la Colegiul „Diaconovici Loga“ din Timişoara (1932-1933), apoi a fost selecţionat, în urma unui concurs, pentru a reprezenta Banatul în clasa Maiestății Sale Regele Mihai (clasa palatină). A studiat în cadrul clasei palatine din clasa a II-a până într-a VI-a (1933-1938), când a fost nevoit să o părăsească din motive de „reducere bugetară”, continuându-și studiile la Liceul Militar din Târgu-Mureş. Totuşi, nu a urmat o carieră militară, ci una juridică, deveninind avocat şi stabilindu-se în Timişoara. La 18 iunie 1951, a fost deportat în Bărăgan, la Frumuşiţa, împreună cu familia. A executat , conform mărturiei sale, doar 4 luni şi jumătate de domiciliu obligatoriu, din motivele specificate în interviul de faţă. L-a revăzut de mai multe ori pe Maiestatea Sa Regele după întoarcerea acestuia în România, după cum stă mărturie și una dintre fotografiile realizate la Mitroplia Banatului din Timişoara, aferentă interviului. -
Criza De Succesiune Guvernamentală Din Noiembrie 1937 Şi Poziţia Principalelor Partide Politice
CRIZA DE SUCCESIUNE GUVERNAMENTALĂ DIN NOIEMBRIE 1937 ŞI POZIŢIA PRINCIPALELOR PARTIDE POLITICE Corneliu CIUCANU Evenimentele care au marcat sfârșitul anului – criza de guvern și deznodământul acesteia, campania electorală și alegerile generale din decembrie – se circumscriu evoluţiei social-politice generale ale anilor ’ 1. Relaţiile lui Carol al II-lea cu partidele și personalităţile politice, situaţiile complexe din interiorul partidelor, raportul dintre forţele democratice și cele autoritar-totalitare, sunt aspecte de mare relevanţă în determinarea cauzelor și premiselor crizei democraţiei parlamentare românești, atât de vizibilă la finele anului și începutul anului . O analiză obiectivă a momentului noiembrie-decembrie impune o succintă trecere în revistă a principalelor forţe politice care s-au angrenat hotărât în soluţionarea crizei de guvern și mai apoi în campania electorală2. În climatul politic al anilor ’ s-a remarcat tot mai mult influenţa regelui Carol al II- lea și a camarilei sale. Practicile autoritare/dictatoriale ale regelui au fost încurajate, cultivate de o sumă de politicieni scăpătaţi, de bancheri faliţi și alţi aventurieri ca: Max Auschnitt, Aristide Blank, Puiu Dumitrescu, Gavrilă Marinescu, Ernest Urdăreanu. Carol al II-lea și camarila de la Palat s-au dovedit a fi factori perturbatori și distructivi3 la nivelul vieţii politice românești, din perspectiva normalităţii democratice și constituţionale. Evenimentele derulate la sfârșitul anului , dar mai ales cele care au zguduit România în perioada anilor - , au demonstrat cu prisosinţă rolul nefast jucat de această clică și de un rege pe cât de inteligent, pe atât de imoral și inconștient4. În temeiul prevederilor constituţionale și a practicilor devenite tradiţionale5, regele era factorul determinant în desfășurarea crizei de succesiune guvernamentală ce implica 1 Florea Nedelcu, De la restauraţie la dictatura regală. -
George G. Potra, Nicolae Titulescu. Arhive Pierdute. Dosarul Unei
Recenzii. Note – Reviews, Notes 133 George G. Potra, Nicolae Titulescu. Arhive pierdute. Dosarul unei recuperări, Centrul Cultural “Lucian Blaga” – Sebeş, Fundaţia Culturală “Lucian Blaga” – Sebeş, 2015, 600 p. + 209 ilustraţii The archives are some of the main repositories of information we appeal to as individuals, as a community or people. They represent a form of memory we go to for long term research or for immediate interests. We check almost on a daily basis their role and importance in society. Taking the risk of a reproof for exaggerating, I state that in any historical evocation, in any contemporary evaluation and in any future project, we cannot ignore data and ideas kept in archives as premises of any material or spiritual construction. As an institution, the archives in Romania identify their act of birth 170 years ago. The explanation for this tardive reality is to be found in both objective and subjective factors, which have been rigorously identified and analyzed by the historians of the Romanian archives. I am in a rush to underline that, despite all legal regulations, of the stage corrections, administrative, economic and financial measures to consolidate their structures and functionality, under the sign of organicity and efficiency, the institution of the archives has recorded in Romania serious dysfunctions and grave accidents (during war or calamities). With each of these, the informational content of Romanian archives has been affected. The subsequent efforts – no matter how consistent or well-intended – could only reconstruct and restore in a fragmentary and uncertain manner the segments of local and even national history – economic, ethnic, confessional, cultural a.s.o.