Argument and Change in World Politics: Ethics, Decolonization, and Humanitarian Intervention Neta C

Cambridge University Press 052180244X - Argument and Change in World Politics: Ethics, Decolonization, and Humanitarian Intervention Neta C. Crawford Index More information

Index

Abelson, Robert, 48 Movement for the Popular Liberation Abingdon, Earl of, 198 of Angola (MPLA) 373, 374 abolition movement, 160–161, 162, 168, National Front for the Liberation 176–184, 389 of Angola (FNLA), 373–374 Aborigines Protection Society, 183, 202, People’s Armed Forces for the 240–241, 243, 325 Liberation of Angola (FAPLA), 376 accountability, 105, 246–247, 266 South African invasions of, 372–379 Act to Prohibit the Importation of Slaves Union for the Total Independence of (1807), 188 Angola (UNITA), 373, 374, 375–376 Adas, Michael, 390n Anstey, Roger, 165n, 181 Adderly, Charles, 360 anti-colonial movements, 179, 293, 295, Adedeji, Adebayo, 137 304–306, 325, 345–347, 387–390 Africa, 205–221 anti-colonial resistance, 139–140, 142–143, decolonization, 436–439 202, 216–218, 251, 271, 293, 320–321, in 1880, 206 323, 345, 350, 355, 387 in 1914, 219 Anti-Slavery and Aborigines’ Protection Africa Squadron, 166, 184 Society, 241, 252–254, 258, 262n, 277, African Association, 202, 241–242 287–288 African National Congress, 331 Anti-Slavery Reporter and Aborigines’ agent, 2, 343 Friend, 241 Aix-la-Chapelle treaty (1818) 185 Anti-Slavery Society, 176, 178, 240, 357 Alexander VI, Pope, 140, 141, 145, Antislaving Act (1818), 188 155 Apel, Karl-Otto, 411 Algeria, 320, 325, 328, 356 apprenticeship, 161, 183, 191 Alker, Hayward, 12n, 20, 28n, 40n, 85n, Aquinas, Thomas, 143 119n Archimbaud, L´eon,25 All Colonial People’s Conference argument (1945), 304 deﬁned, 14 Alvarez, Sonia, 61 formal analysis of, 16, 119–120 American Colonization Society, 183 informal analyis of, 16, 119–125 analogy, 5n, 18, 21–22, 26, 79, 99, 102, 114, purpose of, 29–30 196, 198–199 scope of, 31–32 Anderson, John, 298 Aristotle Angola, 220, 320, 328, 351, 363, 367–368, on argument, 15–16, 27, 120n 369, 371, 380, 381 on slavery, 142, 151, 171 Cuban assistance to, 374, 375, 376–377, Armed Forces Movement, 329 380 Aron, Raymond, 325, 354n, 361–362 Cuban withdrawal from, 381 associative reasoning, 5n, 17, 197

457

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 052180244X - Argument and Change in World Politics: Ethics, Decolonization, and Humanitarian Intervention Neta C. Crawford Index More information

458 Index

Atlantic Charter (1941), 296–298, 395 Bull, Hedley, 63, 67, 345–346 Atlee, Clement, 308 Bülow, von, 230–231 Australia, 251, 321 Burma, 321 Axelrod, Robert, 93, 94, 132 Burundi, 339 Azikiwe, Nnamdi, 296 Bustamante, Alexander, 321 Buxton, Charles, 110, 253–254 “balance sheet” memorandum, 352–353 Buxton, Thomas Fowell, 186n, 240, 248 Balfour, Arthur, 252, 253n Buxton, Travers, 253 Banda, Hastings, 304 Bandung Conference (1955), 306, 317 Caledon Proclamation (1809), 193 Barlow, Arthur, 276 Camus, Albert, 325 Bebel, August, 233 Canada, 161, 321 Beer, George, 254 capabilities, 103–104, 389–390, 392, 394 behavioral norms, 86, 91–93 Carr, Edward Hallett, 83, 93, 403, 405 Beitz, Charles, 415, 418, 420, 425 Cartier, Raymond, 325 Belgian Congo, 205, 242–245, 207, 339 Casement, Roger, 244 belief, 6, 9–10, 37–57, 81 Cassese, Antonio, 69–70, 106, 311, 398, 406, change of, 53–55, 75–76 422–423 foundations of, 43–45, 404 Castlereagh, Lord, 181 mass and elite, 55–57 casuistry, 120n belief systems, 49–53, 69–70, 72, 81 Cawthra, Gavin, 374 contingent beliefs, 51–52, 71 Central African Republic, 339 core beliefs, 71, 121 Cerrato, Alonzo Lópezde, 150, 151, role beliefs, 51–52, 72 155, 156 Benedict, Ruth, 58, 59 Chamberlain, Joseph, 190, 242 Benezet, Anthony, 172, 174, 176, 177, Chamberlain, Muriel E., 264, 286, 322, 195, 247 347–348 Berat, Lynn, 143, 246n change, 1, 75, 80, 103–104, 435 Berlin West Africa Conference (1884–85), Charles V, 148–149, 151n, 152 201n, 202, 207–210, 212, 213, 215, 249, Chomsky, Noam, 403 263, 268n Churchill, Winston, 277, 295, 296–298, Betanzos, Domingo de, 149, 150 310, 395 Betts, R.F., 344–345 civilization, 208, 247 Bismarck, Otto, 207, 208, 221, 222 Clark, Grover, 360–361 Blum, Douglas, 51 Clarkson, Thomas, 177, 178, 247 Blyden Edward, 217–218, 301 Clemenceau, Georges, 258 Boas, Franz, 307, 308 Cobb, Roger, 70, 75n Boer War, 245–246, 435 Cobb, T.R.R., 171–172 Bol´ıvar, Simón,187, 355 coercion, 15, 31, 130, 417, 420 Bolland, O. Nigel, 156–157 Cohen, Joshua, 83–85, 127 Bondelswartz (or Bondelswarts), 229 coherence, 44, 52, 79, 110–113, 408 rebellion (1922), 276–281 Coker, Christopher, 375n Bonn, M.J., 349, 360 colonial conscripts, 250–251, 294, 350–351n Booth, Ken, 61, 403–404, 424 Colonial Development Act (1929), 295 bootstrapping, 106, 392 Colonial Development and Welfare Act Botha, P.W., 376 (1940), 295, 298 Botswana, 331, 369 colonialism Boulding, Elise, 62 causes of, 136, 360n Brazzaville French Africa Conference defined 131–132, 135–137 (1944), 300, 323 economic arguments about, 325, Brazzaville Protocol (1988), 381 350–355, 356–357, 358–363 British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, Columbus, Christopher, 140, 144 183–184 Commission on International Justice and Brussels General Act (1890), 211, 263 Goodwill, 194–195 see also Conference of Brussels Committee of Twenty-Four, 318n Bryan, William Jennings, 238 Commonwealth, 322

Index 459

communicative action, 411–412, 313, delegitimation, 101, 102–103 414, 425 democratization, 386–387, 394 compensation for emancipation, 170 denormalization, 100, 101, 102 Conference of Brussels (1889–90), 211, 212, Der Derian, James, 28 216, 242 Dernberg, Bernhard, 234, 235 Congo Reform Association, 202, 244–245, Diagne, Blaise, 250, 258, 323 325 Diaz, Bartholemew, 205 Congo reform movement, 242–245 discourse ethics, 410–425 Congress of Verona (1822), 185 capacity, 416, 418, 435 Congress of Vienna (1815), 184–185 competence, 412, 415–416, 418 Conservative Party, 322 critique of, 413–419 content, 27–28, 71, 81, 85, 113, 122, 343 hard cases and, 423–425 see also meaning humanitarian intervention and, 425–434 Convention People’s Party, 345 non-democracies and, 421, 423, 424–425 Coombes, Annie, 241 pre-discourse, 414 Cooper, Frederick, 239, 284, 322–323, 343 rights entailed, 412, 418, 434–435 Corfield, F.D., 291 urgency, 413–414 Cortez, Hernando, 144–145, 146n Dolben’s Act (1788), 161 Corwin, Arthur, 185 Domenach, Jean-Marie, 328 Council of Fourteen, 152–156 Doty, Roxanne Lynn, 20, 65, 70, 123, 131 Council of the Indies, 148, 150, 151n, 152 Douglass, Frederick, 179 Council on African Affairs (CAA), Doyle, Michael, 347 304–306, 331 Drescher, Seymour, 169–170, 191 counterfactuals, 385–387 Du Bois, W.E.B., 185n, 242, 249, 258, 304, courts of mixed commission, 185–186 306, 395 Covenant of League of Nations, 260–263, Duffy, Gavan, 119–120, 121 266 Duignan, Peter, 192, 200n, 246, 349 Article 1, 262–263 Dumbarton Oaks Conference (1944), 309 Article 22, 261–262, 273–274 Article 23, 262 East Timor, 3, 320, 324–325, 341–342 Cranborne, Lord, 294, 297, 310 Eden, Lynn, 66 Crocker, Chester, 381 Edwards, Trevor, 378 Crummell, Alexander, 217 effective occupation, 208–210 Cuba, 186, 237 Elbourne, Elizabeth, 192, 195–196 culture, 6, 57–78 Elder, Charles, 70, 75n defined, 69, 64–68 Elster, Jon, 41n framing, 72–73 Eltis, David, 166, 167, 170 global, 67–68, Emancipation Act (1833), 161, 182 in international relations theory, 59–64 emotions, 25–27, 36, 38, 78, 98, 104, 115, as lifeworld, 68–71 241, 388, 391, 408, 416, 432, 433, 435 Curtin, Philip, 186–187 empathy, 102, 118, 195, 198, 204, 388, 408, Curzon, Lord, 251 409–410, 415, 418, 422, 424, 427, 429 encomienda, 144, 150, 151, 152, 155, 156, Dagnino, Evalina, 61 191 Dallmayr, Fred, 69n epistemic communities, 24, 36, 66, 68, 71 Davis, Lance, 352 Equiano, Olauda, 179 De Gaulle, Charles, 300 Escobar, Arturo, 61, 71 Declaration on Granting of Independence ethic of care, 417, 419, 429–430, 433, 435 to Colonial Territories and Peoples ethical argument (UNGA Resoution 1514), 317 defined, 6–7, 14, 24, 41, 82 Programme of Action for the Full disingenuous uses, 98, 100, 125–126, Implementation of, 319 255, 267 decolonization, 320–325 emotion and, 26, 115, 117–118, 409 defined, 8n, 136–138 failed, 234–235 deconstruction, 101–103 practical argument and, 100n Delaire, Romeo, 399 process of, 85, 109, 122–123

460 Index

ethical argument (continued) Gerig, Benjamin, 347–348n receptivity to, 112–117, 408–409 Ghana, 321, 324, 354 tests for, 123–124, 394–397 Gibbon, Edward, 349 ethical explanation, 119–124, 126–127, 129 Girault, Arthur, 323 objections to, 124–130 Gladstone, William, 203 role of ethics, 83–85, 403–406 Goering, Heinrich, 222 Ethiopia, 336, 337, 339 Gompers, Samuel, 239 Evangelista, Mathew, 5n Government of India Act (1935), 286 exhaustion thesis, 349–350, 354–356 Gramsci, Antonio, 398 Granville, Lord, 202, 222 falsifiability, 129 Grigg, Edward, 288 fear, 30–31 groupthink, 74–75 Federking, Brian, 119–120, 121 Guam, 237 Ferdinand, King of Spain, 146 Guinea-Bissau, 320, 328 Ferry, Jules, 214, 358 Ficht, Johan, 72 Haacke, J ürgen, 419 Fieldhouse, D.K., 346n, 347, 351, 357 Haas, Ernst, 400 Fiévez,Leon, 201 Haas, Peter, 66 Finnemore, Martha, 35, 43n, 80, 87, 97, Habermas, J ürgen, 29, 33n, 34n, 69, 404, 102–104, 107n 407, 410–413, 414–416, 418–420 Flax, Jane, 415 habit, 44, 58, 88, 92, 93, 102, 109, 111, 394 Florini, Ann, 94 Habré,Hissene, 430 Folliet, Joseph, 248 Haddad, Deborah, 20 forced labor, 159, 190–197, 220–221, Haddon, Alfred, 307 283–284, 301 Hale, James, 272, 287 arguments for, 192–193 Hall, H. Duncan, 268n, 272 reform, 193–197, 264–265 Hargreaves, J.D., 349–350 see also encomienda and repartimiento Harris, Raymond, 175 Foucault, Michel, 43, 47n, 54, 99n, 131, Hastings, Warren, 161n 201–202 Herbst, Major, 275, 277, 278–279 Fourth Committee, United Nations, Herder, Johann, G., 71–72 334, 335 Herero, 222–223, 226–227, 229 Fox, Richard, 68, 73, 76 Heyrick, Elizabeth, 159, 178 Foyle, Douglas, 41n, 56 Hitler, Adolf, 307 framing, 19–22, 35, 99, 102, 122, 266, 265, Hobbes, Thomas, 12–13, 83 267, 333, 341 Hobson, J.A., 252, 359–360 Fran¸cois,Curt von, 224, 225–226 Hofmeyr, Gisbert, 276, 279 Franke, Thomas, 317n Holmes, Robert, 399 Frankel, Philip, 368 Holsti, Ole, 45 French Equatorial Africa, 301n, 323 Homer-Dixon, Thomas, 19, 119n French Indochina, 232, 328 Horne, Lena, 305 French West Africa, 301n, 323, 350n Horton, John Africanus, 217–218 Freud, Sigmund, 60 Howard, Michael, 346n, 347 Hull, Cordell, 309–310 Gallagher, John, 203, 214, 291 human rights, 388, 402, 403, 405, 406–407, Galtung, Johann, 62 408–410, 426, 427, 430 Gandhi, Mahatma, 285 humanitarian intervention, 114, 392, Gann, L.H., 192, 200n, 246, 349 399–403, 425–434 Gardenfors, Peter, 44, 54 proposed convention on, 431–434 Gelpi, Christopher, 87, 93–94 humanitarianism genocide, 339, 339, 399, 414, 426, 427–428, aggressive, 201–202, 203, 235, 237, 285 429, 431, 432 reformist, 190, 202, 203, 235, 239–246, Genocide Convention (1948), 427–428, 431 393 George, Alexander, 46–47 humanization, 388, 390, 409–410 George, Lloyd, 256 Huntington, Samuel, 60, 62–63, 420

Index 461

Hunton, Alpheus, 305, 306n, 331 Joint Declaration on Colonial Policy Hurley, Susan, 405–406 (1943), 298 Husserl, Edmund, 69 Jones, A. Creech, 322 Huttenback, Robert, 352 Jones, Dorothy, 68, 246 Huxley, Julian, 307 Jonson, Albert, 18, 121 hypocrisy, 98, 100, 102, 110, 115, 128, 302 Judd, Dennis, 355 justification, 12, 125–126, 128, 298, 310, 411 ideal speech, 29, 36, 411, 412, 420 ideas, 49–50, 81, 344, 345 Kant, Immanuel, 407 identity argument, 5, 6, 14, 24–26, 194–195, Karapin, Roger, 19, 119n 343 Kariko, Daniel, 228, 229 identity beliefs, 25, 42–43 Katzenstein, Peter, 39n, 63–64, 112 political identity, 114 Keck, Margaret, 104, 109n India, 251, 285–286, 322, 331, 334 Keeley, James, 416 Indian National Congress, 331, 345 Kennedy, John F., 121 indirect rule, 220–221 Kenya, 339 Indonesia, 325, 329, 341 Kenyatta, Jomo, 304 innovation, 74–76 Keohane, Robert, 86n, 93 institutionalization, 28–29, 91 Khong, Yuen Foong, 18, 22 of normative belief, 99, 101, 105–109 Kier, Elizabeth, 58, 61, 65, 66, 73, 129–130 of anti-slavery, 184–188 Klein, Martin, 171, 196, 199 of colonial reform, 268, 286 Klotz, Audie, 87 of anti-colonial beliefs, 316, 391–392 Kratochwil, Friedrich, 40, 86, 107n Instrument of Obedience and Vasalage Kuhn, Thomas, 47n, 52n, 100n (1573), 155 Kuwait, 3 instrumental argument see practical argument Labour Party (British), 252, 296, 322, instrumental beliefs, 28, 41–42 361, 386 Inter Caetera (1493), 140–141 Lacoste, Robert, 359 interests, 49–50, 80, 81, 83, 91, 94–95, 103, Laffey, Mark, 49–50, 113 108, 115, 118, 124, 125, 396–397, 403, Lakatos, Imre, 129n 404, 408–409, 426, 427 Lamine Guéyelaw, 301 International Court of Justice, 330, 335, Las Casas, Bartoloméde, 8, 151–158, 247 336–337, 338–339 Lasswell, Harold, 11 International Covenant on Civil and Lausanne, Institute of International Law Political Rights (1966), 318 (1888), 210, 211, 212 International Labor Organization (ILO), Laws of Burgos (1512), 145–146 266, 267, 275, 284 League Against Imperialism, 325 interpretation, 128–129 League of Nations, 249–250, 251n, intuitionism, 406–408, 416 265–266, 309, 333n Iraq, 3, 262, 263, 282n, 283, 295 Assembly of, 266, 277 Isabella, Queen of Spain, 146, 247 Council of, 265–266, 281 see also Mandate system Jackson, Robert, 95, 140, 390–391, 392 learning, 53–55, 72 Jacobson, Harold, 294, 315, 316 legitimacy and legitimation, 33–35, 79, 99, Jaja of Opoba, 215, 240 102, 246, 246, 341, 424–425 Jamaica, 321–322, 354 legitimation crisis, 34–35, 292n James, William, 307n Leites, Nathan, 47n Janis, Irving, 74–75 Lenin, V.I., 257, 296 Jennings, Lawrence, 170 Leopold, King of Belgium, 207, 242–245, Jepperson, Ronald, 63–64, 112 343 Jervis, Robert, 46, 72, 104 Lesotho, 369 Johnson, Alistair Iain, 62 Leutwein, Theodore, 224–226, 229, 233 Johnson, James, 217–218 LeVeen, Phillip, 187 Johnson, Paul, 392–393 Lev´ı-Strauss,Claude, 308

462 Index

Levy, Jack, 21–22, 55 Mercer, Jon, 385n Lewy, Guenter, 114 meta-argument, 19–23, 35, 40, 73, 78, 101, Léygues, Georges, 201 102, 116, 122, 180, 341 Leys, Colin, 382 metaphor, 5n, 18, 73 Liberia, 205, 336, 337 metonym, 5n, 18 Liberman, Peter, 357 Midgley, Claire, 178 lifeworld, 68–71, 73, 117, 414–415, 419 Miers, Susanne, 190n Linklater, Andrew, 406, 419 Miller, William Lee, 11 Linlithgow, Lord, 295 Monroe Doctrine, 256 Livinston, David, 208 Montesinos, Antonio, 145, 151 Lloyd, Christopher, 164, 165, 186 Montesquieu, 172–173 Logan, Rayford, 304 Montezuma, 146n logic, 17, 27, 102, 113, 388, 412 Moon, J. Donald, 410 Loi Cadre (1956), 324 moral interests, 103 London Missionary Society, 193 Morel, E.D., 243–244, 249, 252 López de Salecedo, Diego, 147 Morgenthau, Hans, 12–13, 93, 426 Luard, Evan, 37, 39, 63, 80–81 Morocco, 320 Lüderitz, Adolf, 207, 222 Morris, Abraham, 276 Lugard, Frederick, 267, 284–285, Morris, Thomas, 189 348, 359 Morrison, Herbert, 297 Luis, Wm. Roger, 260, 262, 288n Mozambique, 220, 320, 328, 351–352, Lukes, Stephen, 405 367–368, 371 Luow, Eric, 333 Mozambiquan National Resistance Lusaka Manifesto, 339 (Renamo), 369 Lynch, Hollis, 305n Mueller, John, 96, 97 Mugabe, Robert, 400 MacDonald, Malcolm, 295, 386 myths, 58, 73 MacLean, John, 49 MacLeish, Archibald, 305 Nadelmann, Ethan, 95–96, 97, 138, Macmillan, Harold, 345–346n, 390, 391n, 394 352–353 Nama, 222–236 Madagascar, 323, 324 Namibia Malan, D.F., 378 elections, 381–382 Malet, Sir Edward, 201, 208–209 ethical arguments and, 382–385 Mandate system, League of Nations, 8, United Nations assistance, 400–401, 260–290, 312, 333n see also South West Africa effects of, 282–286 Nardin, Terry, 122 agreements, 264–265 National Association for the supervision process, 267 Advancement of Colored People territories of, 263 (NAACP), 303–306 forced labor, 271 nationalism, 71–72, 345 Mandelbaum, Michael, 132 natural law tradition, 143 Manley, Michael, 251n Nazi Manley, Norman, 251n, 321 colonial policy, 385–386 Mansfield, Lord, 160–161 racial theories, 307–308 Marable, Manning, 260 neocolonialism, 137, 353, 397–398, Marshall Plan, 306 400 materialism, 43, 76–79, 84, 344 New Laws of the Indies for Good Mauritania, 320 Treatment and Preservation of the Mauritius, 161, 182 Indians (1542), 149–150, 152 Maxwell, Kenneth, 351–352 New Zealand, 251, 321 McKinley, William, 237, 238 Nkrumah, Kwame, 304, 321 Mead, Margaret, 58, 60, 62 Non-Self-Governing Territories, meaning-content, 27–28, 73, 113, 414 Declaration on, 284, 314 Mefford, Dwain, 21 Noothout, Johann, 232 Melian dialogue, 139, 225n normalize, 99

Index 463

normative belief, 20, 40–41, 85 practical reason, 11–12, 15, 16 distinguished from behavioral norms, pragmatic reforms, 104, 127–128, 189, 86–98 196, 397 meta-normative 90 Price, Richard, 89 types, 89–90 principles, 422–423, 432 scope, 90, 93 pro-colonial lobbies, 213–214 normativity, 92, 110 procedural turn, 410, 421–422, 435 norms, 40–41 process, 1–2, 9–10, 14n, 27, 109, 122 see also behavioral norms profitability Nyerere, Julius, 3 of colonialism, 3, 4, 105, 190n, 200, 347–348, 351–354, 356–357 Obichere, Boniface, 215 of forced labor, 197–198 operational code, 46–47 of slavery, 167–171, 197–198 Ordinances about the Good Treatment of slave trade, 164–165, 167, 180–181 of the Indians (1526), 148 public opinion, 322, 325, 328–329, 384, 389 Organization of African Unity, 319–320n Puerto Rico, 237, 341 organizational culture, 66 Pye, Lucien, 60–61 Ormsby-Gore, W., 267, 284 Ort´ız, Tomáz,148 Quakers, 176–177, 178 Oviedo, Gonzalo Fernándezde, 146–147, Quevedo, Juan de, 148 148–149, 151, 153, 154 racism, 212, 260, 306–309, 330 Pagden, Anthony, 151 Ranger, Terrence, 217 Paine, Tom, 173 rational account of role of norms, 93–95 Palau, 340 rational actor theory, 85–85, 117, 125, 129, Palmerston, Lord, 168–169 170–171, 396 Pan-African Conferences, 242, 255, rationality, 4, 12–13, 37–39, 43, 44, 78, 79, 257–260, 302, 303, 304 81, 83, 117, 353, 417–418 Pan-Africanism, 218, 251n, 301–306 Raymond, Gregory, 87, 89 Paris Peace Conference, 252, 255, 259–260 reason, 10, 12, 15, 18–19, 28, 73, 78–79, Payne, Rodger, 21 117–118, 416, 433 Paz, Matias de, 145 receptivity, 112–117 Perham, Margery, 346 reconstruction, 103 Permanent Court of International Justice, reformist discourse, 250 266n Rehobeth rebellion, 281n Permanent Mandates Commission (PMC), Reiter, Dan, 6, 47, 72 8, 250, 265–273, 274–275, 277–282, 312, religious arguments 314, 315, 333n, 391 about colonialism, 138, 140–141, 142, questionnaires of, 269–272, 335 145, 146, 149, 362 persuasion, 4, 6, 14–16, 22, 30–33, 118 about slavery, 174–175, 180, 198, 199 persuasiveness, 7, 26, 32–33, 36–37, 53, 78, repartimiento, 155–156, 191 79, 85, 111, 112–117 representation, 19–23, 99 Philippines, US occupation of, 237–239 see also framing philosophical beliefs, 30–40 Republic of Congo, 324 plebiscite, 320, 324–325, 326–327, 340–341, Requirement, The (1513), 146–147, 155, 246 425 resilience of beliefs and behavioral norms, Pleven, René,300 109–111 political opportunity structures, 105, 204, Resolution 2621, UNGA (1970), 319 290, 292 Revision of the General Act of February polygenism, 212–213 26, 1885 and of the General Act and Portugal, 141, 328–329, 351–352, 354, Declaration of Brussels of July 2, 1890, 356, 367 Convention on (1919), 263 positive law tradition, 140 Rhodes, Cecil, 360 practical argument, 5, 6, 14, 23, 343 Rhodesia, 318, 321, 371 practical inference, 24, 27 Rio de Oro, 220, 320 see also syllogism see also Western Sahara

464 Index

Risse, Thomas, 12n, 419 Sikkink, Kathryn, 43n, 91, 97, 102, 103, 104, Robeson, Paul, 304, 305, 306 107n, 109n Robinson, Fiona, 430 Silvan, Donald, 20 Robinson, Ronald, 203, 214, 291 Simon Commission, 286 Rohrbach, Paul, 227–228, 233, 248 Simon, Herbert, 38 role, 42–43, 52, 82, 111 Simon, Pierre-Henri, 328 Romulo, Carlos, 306 Sine, Babacar, 430 Roosevelt, Franklin, D., 296–297, 300, slave revolts, 168 303 slavery, 162–190 Roosevelt, Theodore, 213, 236–237, 238n anti-slavery arguments, 172–175, Root, Elihu, 238 179–180, 181, 182 Rorty, Richard, 44, 406–407, 416, 417–418 economics of, 161–171 Rosen, Stephen Peter, 61 injustice of, 84 Ross, Marc Howard, 92 Native American Indian, 147–150, 155, Round Table, 257 157, 163 Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 173 pro-slavery arguments, 171–172, Ruis, Francisco, 148 175–176, 180–181 Rusk, Dean, 121 Smith, Adam, 168, 173, 189, 358 Russell, Richard, 42 Smith, Anthony, 71 Russett, Bruce, 62 Smith, Steve, 45 Ruventlow, Graf, 233 Smuts, Jan, 257, 274, 276–277, 330, 331, Rwanda, 339 333, 340 Ruanda-Urundi, 363, 313 Snow, Alpheaus Henry, 254n Snyder, Jack, 126, 129n, 349n Saar, 324n social Darwinism, 212–213, 227–228, 248, Sahlins, Marshall, 77–78 203, 306–309 Sampson, Martin, 66 social movements, 5, 29, 37, 57, 76, 116n, San Mart´ın,Joséde, 187, 355 393 sanctions, 20, 41, 92, 104, 106, 110, 123, Solow, Barbara, 159 125, 138, 293, 318, 319, 396, 412, 422, Somalia, 339 424, 425, 431, 433–434 South Africa, 245–246, 251, 321 against South Africa, 363–364, 369, anti-war movement in, 383–384 370–372, 375, 379, 380, 382, 396 arguments regarding South West Sarraut, Albert, 289–290, 358 Africa’s status, 330–334 Sartre, Jean Paul, 325 Armscor, 372, 373 Saul, John, 382 casualties in Angola and South West schema theory, 48, 53 Africa, 365–367, 376 Schlieffen, Graff, 229, 230 Committee on South West Africa War scientific arguments, 5–6, 14, 24 Resistance, 383 Scott, Michael, 331, 334, 335 End Conscription Campaign, 383 Scramble for Africa, 215 invasion of Angola, 372–379 Select Committee on Aborigines, 240 South African Defence Force (SADF) self-determination, 261, 263, 296–297, 315, 363, 365, 366–367, 369–371, 373–379, 322, 337–338, 362, 387, 388, 393, 395, 382, 383–384 398, 403, 405, 406, 422 total strategy, 368–370 post-World War I, 250–252, 256 see also South West Africa United Nations debates on, 315–316 South West Africa, 8, 207, 221–236, 329–340 Sep úlveda,Juan Ginésde, 8, 151, 152–153 Contact Group, 380 Shapiro, Michael, 70, 430 Constructive Engagement, 380 Sharpe, Granville, 174, 175, 183n Democratic Turnhalle Alliance (DTA), Sherman, William, 147, 150n, 157 380, 382 Shute, Stephen, 405–406 Development of Self-Government for sideways reasoning, see associative Native Nations in South West Africa reasoning Act (1968), 337–338 Sierra Leone, 183n, 186, 205, 217 disputed status, 330–334, 338–339

Index 465

economic value of, 363–367 Tannenwald, Nina, 89 German extermination policy, 230 Tanzania, 339 as Mandate, 273–282 Tarrow, Sydney, 116n mineral wealth of, 339, 364 Taylor, A.J.P., 291 Namibianization, 365 Taylor, Charles, 128 People’s Liberation Army of Namibia Temperly, Howard, 166n (PLAN), 366, 367 Temporary Slavery Commission, 196 Security Council Resolution 435, Tetlock, Philip, 51n 380, 401 Théodoli,Alberto, 266, 279–280 South West African Affairs Act Thiers, Adolphe, 170 (1949), 334 32 Battalion, 367, 374, 378 South West Africa National Union, Thompson, Janice, 40n 336, 337 Thorson, Stuart, 20 South West African People’s Thucydides, 83, 139 Organization (SWAPO), 330, 336, 337, Tibet, 3n, 341–342 340, 363, 364, 366, 372, 375, 377, 378, Togo, 262, 324 381, 383, 401 Togoland, 324 South West Africa Territorial Force topoi, 23, 109, 121, 125, 141, 341 (SWATF), 364, 365, 367, 376–377, topos, 68 379 Toulmin, Stephen, 16n, 18, 121 United Nations Council for South West Touré,Samori, 216 Africa, 337 treaties of protection, 215, 222–224, 247, United Nations Special Committee on, 264n 317n, 336 Treaty of Tordesillas (1494), 141 United Nations Committee on, 335–336 Treaty of Utrecht (1713), 163 United Nations Trusteeship Council Treaty of Washington (1862), 189 and, 333–334 Tronto, Joan, 429 Spain, 141, 161, 355, 356 Trotha, see von Trotha Special Committee on Colonialism, UN, Truman, Harry, 331 317–318n Truman Doctrine, 306 Special Committee on the Situation with Trusteeship Council, United Nations, Regard to the Implementation on the 312–314, 333–334 Granting of Independence to Colonial questionnaire, 312 Countries, 318 Trusteeship system, United Nations, 284, Stalin, Joseph, 296 293, 309 Stanley, Henry Morton, 207 territories of, 312, 313 Stanley, Oliver, 298–299 Truth, Sojourner, 179 Starn, Orin, 68, 73, 76 Tucker, Seth, 119–120, 121 Stephen, James, 175 Tunisia, 320, 325 Strachey, John, 361 Turley, David, 174n strategic action, 412, 413, 425 Turner, Nat, 179 structure, 2, 80, 115 Turner, Scott, 67 Sublimus Deus (1537), 149 Sudan, 339 Uganda, 339 Sukarno, Achmed, 306 unanticipated effects, 104–105, 189n, 190, Sumner, William G., 110–111 196, 202, 204, 265, 285, 288, 397, 398, suppression of slave trade, 166–167, 402 184–187, 188–189 UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Swaziland, 369 Scientific and Cultural Organization), syllogism, 5n, 16–17, 27–28 308–309 Sylvan, Donald, 20 Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI), 318 table for argument, 116–117, 125 United Nations (UN), 293–294 Taft, Robert, 238 Committee on Information, 315, 318n tamemes, 144, 149–150 San Francisco conference on, 310

466 Index

United Nations Charter, 310, 311, 314, Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842), 395, 425 189 Chapter XI, 284, 333 Weingast, Barry, 39 Chapter XII, 311 Weldes, Jutta, 49–50, 113 United Nations Transition Assistance Wendt, Alexander, 1, 63, 64, 112, 114n Group (UNTAG), 380, 401 Western Sahara, 220, 341 Universal Declaration of Human Rights White, Walter, 303 (1948), 314n, 317, 403 Wilberforce, William, 174n, 177, 180, 181, 247–248 Vasquez, John, 56n, 62 Williams, Eric, 165–166 Vattel, E., 143–144 Williams, George Washington, 242–243 Verba, Sydney, 38, 60 Wilson, Heather, 315–316 Vertzberger, Yacoov, 22, 48, 60, 64, 67, 70, Wilson, Woodrow, 238n, 249, 254, 255, 71, 73 256–257, 260–261, 395 Victoria, Queen of England, 242 Witboi, Hendrik, 222–226, 231, 233 Vietnam, 320, 325, 356 Woolman, John, 176, 177, 247 Vitoria, Francisco de, 143, 149, 156, World War I, 250–251, 323, 324n, 350n 218, 247 World War II, 294–301, 350n, 386 Von Eschen, Penny, 303, 306n, 331–332 Wright, Georg Henrik von, 90 Von Trotha, Lothar, 229–231, 343, 356 Wright, Quincy, 131, 247–248, 264, Vorster, B.J., 338–339 288, 348 Wright, Ronald, 58 Walker, R.B.J., 60 Walker, Stephen, 45–46 Xuma, A.B., 331 Wallace, Henry, 305, 306 Walton, Douglas, 17, 28n Yalta (1945), 310 Walton, E.H., 280 Yergan, Max, 305 Waltz, Kenneth, 13 Young, Iris Marion, 411, 416 Walzer, Michael, 82, 98, 100, 102, 249 Watson, Adam, 63 Zambia, 339 Weber, Max, 38, 47n, 55 Zimbabwe, 369, 371