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MRG_18899_FC 2/3/07 11:08 Page 1 State 2007 Minorities of theWorld’s State of State of minority minority rights rights group group theWorld’s international theWorld’s international Minorities Minorities 2007 2007 Events of 2006 In 1948, the United Nations General Assembly Now more than ever, world leaders must insist that of 2006 Events adopted the Universal Declaration of Human the rights of minorities and indigenous peoples be Rights, which proclaimed that ‘all human beings are respected. The participation of minorities is essential born free and equal in dignity and rights’. Sadly, for if conflict is to be prevented and lasting peace to be many minorities and indigenous peoples around the built. This second annual edition of the State of the world, this inspirational text – with its emphasis on World’s Minorities looks at the key developments equality and non-discrimination – remains a dream, over 2006 affecting the human rights and security of not a reality. ethnic, religious or linguistic minorities and indigenous peoples. It includes: Ethnic or sectarian tensions are evident in many parts of our globe. In places, they have boiled over into p a preface by the UN’s Independent Expert on bitter violence. The Middle East situation continues Minority Issues to deteriorate – with some minority communities p a unique statistical analysis of Peoples under fearing for their very survival. In Africa, the crisis in Threat 2007 Darfur is deepening, as government-sponsored militia p a special focus on the participation of minorities, continue to carry out massive human rights abuses with analysis from leading academics on electoral against traditional farming communities. In Europe, representation and the European system the spotlight has fallen on Muslim minorities – with p an eye-witness report from Sri Lanka, on the rows flaring over the Danish cartoons and the impact on minorities of the resurgence of conflict Minority Rights Group International wearing of the veil and burqa. p comprehensive, regional sections, outlining the main areas of concern as well as any notable progress. The State of the World’s Minorities is an invaluable reference for policy-makers, academics, journalists and everyone who is interested in the conditions facing ISBN 1 904584 59 4 minorities and indigenous peoples around the world. MRG_18899_FC 2/3/07 11:08 Page 2 MRG_18899:MRG_18899 2/3/07 10:37 Page 1 State of theWorld’s Minorities 2007 MRG_18899:MRG_18899 2/3/07 10:37 Page 2 Acknowledgements Inside cover photo Minority Rights Group International (MRG) Dalit children collect wood in Uttar Pradesh, India. gratefully acknowledges the support of all Ami Vitale/Panos Pictures organizations and individuals who gave financial and other assistance for this publication including the Minority Rights Group International Sigrid Rausing Trust and the European Commission. 54 Commercial Street, London, E1 6LT, United Commissioning Editor: Richard Green Kingdom. Tel +44 (0)20 7422 4200, Fax +44 (0)20 7422 4201, Email [email protected] Minority Rights Group International Website www.minorityrights.org Minority Rights Group International (MRG) is a non-governmental organization (NGO) working to Getting involved secure the rights of ethnic, religious and linguistic MRG relies on the generous support of institutions minorities and indigenous peoples worldwide, and and individuals to further our work. All donations to promote cooperation and understanding between received contribute directly to our projects with communities. Our activities are focused on minorities and indigenous peoples. international advocacy, training, publishing and One valuable way to support us is to subscribe to outreach. We are guided by the needs expressed by our report series. Subscribers receive regular MRG our worldwide partner network of organizations reports and our annual review. We also have over 100 which represent minority and indigenous peoples. titles which can be purchased from our publications MRG works with over 150 organizations in catalogue. In addition, MRG publications are nearly 50 countries. Our governing Council, which available to minority and indigenous peoples’ meets twice a year, has members from 10 different organizations through our library scheme. countries. MRG has consultative status with the MRG’s unique publications provide well-researched, United Nations Economic and Social Council accurate and impartial information on minority and (ECOSOC), and observer status with the African indigenous peoples’ rights worldwide. We offer critical Commission on Human and People’s Rights. MRG analysis and new perspectives on international issues. is registered as a charity and a company limited by Our specialist training materials include essential guarantee under English law. Registered charity no. guides for NGOs and others on international human 282305, limited company no. 1544957. rights instruments, and on accessing international bodies. Many MRG publications have been translated © Minority Rights Group International, March into several languages. 2007. All rights reserved. If you would like to know more about MRG, how to support us and how to work with us, please Material from this publication may be reproduced visit our website www.minorityrights.org, or contact for teaching or for other non-commercial purposes. our London office. No part of it may be reproduced in any form for commercial purposes without the prior express Select MRG publications: permission of the copyright holders. p Assimilation, Exodus, Eradication: Iraq’s minority For further information please contact MRG. A communities since 2003 CIP catalogue record of this publication is available p Preventing Genocide and Mass Killing: from the British Library. The Challenge for the United Nations p Minority Rights in Kosovo under International Rule ISBN 1 904584 59 4 p Electoral Systems and the Protection and Published March 2007 Participation of Minorities Design by Texture +44 (0)20 7739 7123 Printed in the UK This document has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Cover photo Union. The contents of this document A Tamil child living with her family in the damaged are the sole responsibility of Minority Rights Group remains of Jaffna railway station, Sri Lanka, having been International and can under no circumstances be regard- displaced by the civil war. Howard Davies/Exile Images ed as reflecting the position of the European Union. MRG_18899:MRG_18899 2/3/07 10:37 Page 3 State of theWorld’s Minorities 2007 Events of 2006 With a preface by Gay J McDougall, UN Independent Expert on Minority Issues Minority Rights Group International MRG_18899:MRG_18899 2/3/07 10:37 Page 4 6 Preface Gay J McDougall, UN Independent Expert on Minority Issues 9 Peoples under Threat Mark Lattimer 18 News Sri Lanka Flash Point Farah Mihlar 25 Public Participation by Minorities 25 Minority Members of National Legislatures Andrew Reynolds 32 Minority Protection in Europe Kristin Henrard 44 Africa Eric Witte 60 Americas Maurice Bryan MRG_18899:MRG_18899 2/3/07 10:37 Page 5 74 Asia and Pacific Joshua Castellino and Emma Eastwood 89 Europe Hugh Poulton 103 Middle East Eric Witte 116 Reference 118 Peoples under Threat 2007 124 Minority Members in National Legislatures 128 Explaining Minority Representation 130 Status of Ratification of Major International and Regional Instruments Relevant to Minority and Indigenous Rights 142 Appendices 143 UN Declaration on the Rights of Persons belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities 145 What are Minorities? 145 Contributors 147 Select Bibliography MRG_18899:MRG_18899 2/3/07 10:37 Page 6 Preface Gay J McDougall, UN Independent Expert on Minority Issues MRG_18899:MRG_18899 2/3/07 10:37 Page 7 It is increasingly clear that ethnicity and religion are group identity, is essential to true equality and may among the most potent mobilizing forces in require positive steps on the part of governments. societies. This is exacerbated in societies in which Minority rights are not about giving some ethnicity and religion mark the fault lines between communities more than others. Rather, they are the haves and the have-nots, the powerful and the about recognizing that, owing to their minority powerless, those who have hope and those who status and distinct identity, some groups are despair. In the past few months, this has been disadvantaged and are at times targeted, and that graphically illustrated by the turbulence in the these communities need special protection and Middle East – but, as this annual review by empowerment. Minority Rights Group International shows, these Equality for all does not always come naturally or tensions are commonplace around the world. easily when political power and influence over the However, it is important to emphasize that ethnic or institutions of state lie predominantly in the hands religious diversity alone is neither a precondition for of certain groups, which, perhaps due to their nor a determinant of violent conflict. The existence majority status, have a political advantage. History of minority groups in what may be perceived to be has shown us, time and again, the immense damage an otherwise homogeneous society is not an caused to nations, peoples and regions by those who inherent cause of conflict. use the power at their disposal for the benefit of While acknowledging the reality of ethnic or only some, while excluding or actively oppressing religious dimensions in many conflicts, the more others as a means to maintain, entrench or extend fundamental causes of these conflicts generally lie their power. below the surface, buried, often intentionally, by those For such societies, the exclusion, discrimination with an interest in fomenting conflict. In some and resentment that are fostered by such power situations, the purveyors of war are actually seeking imbalance, create the conditions under which fault power and profits by immoral or illegal means, and lines may occur along ethnic or religious grounds. It they often find easy cover in deflecting blame onto is perhaps here, in the fundamental flaws or those who are most powerless and most different.
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