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International Conference on Land Transportation, Locomotive Heritage and Road Culture The International Conference on Land Transportation, Locomotive Heritage and Road Culture Abstract Volume Centre for Heritage Studies University of Kelaniya Sri Lanka 2017 The International Conference on Land Transportation, Locomotive Heritage and Road Culture Abstract Volume 14th – 15th December 2017 Centre for Heritage Studies University of Kelaniya Sri Lanka Editorial Advisors Prof. D.M. Semasinghe Prof. Patrick Ratnayake Vice Chancellor, Dean, Faculty of Humanities, University of Kelaniya University of Kelaniya Prof. Lakshman Senevirathne Prof. N.P. Sunil Chandra Deputy Vice Chancellor, Chairman, Research Council, University of Kelaniya University of Kelaniya Prof. A.H.M.H. Abayarathna Dean, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya Editorial Consultants Prof. Malinga Amarasinghe Dr. J.M. Sudharmawathie Department of Archaeology, Head, Department of History, University of Kelaniya University of Kelaniya Prof. Mapa Thilakarathna Dr. Kaushalya Perera Department of Mass Communication, Head, University of Kelaniya Department of English Language Teaching, University of Kelaniya Ms. Nadheera Hewawasan Deputy Director, Centre for Heritage Studies, University of Kelaniya Editor – in – Chief Prof. Anura Manatunga Director, Centre for Heritage Studies, University of Kelaniya Editors Mr. Thilina Wickramaarachchi Dr. Waruni Tennakoon Department of English Language Teaching, Head, Department of English, University of Kelaniya Buddhist and Pali University of Sri Lanka Ms. Arundathie Abeysinghe Sri Lankan Airlines Editorial Coordinator Ms. Piyumi Embuldeniya Research Assistant, Centre for Heritage Studies, University of Kelaniya Board of Editors Ms. Apeksha Embuldeniya Ms. B.A.I.R. Weerasinghe Assistant Lecturer, Assistant Lecturer, Department of Social Statistics, Department of English Language Teaching, University of Kelaniya University of Kelaniya Ms. Kanchana Dehigama Ms. P.D.S.N. Dissanayake Senior Assistant Librarian, Assistant Lecturer, University of Peradeiya Department of English Language Teaching, University of Kelaniya Ms. Nadeeka Rathnabahu Senior Assistant Librarian, Ms. Shanali Bandaranayake Postgraduate Institute of Archaeology Assistant Lecturer, Department of English Language Teaching, Ms. Hasini N.W. Gunasekara University of Kelaniya Assistant Lecturer, Department of English Language Teaching, Ms. Dilshani Dabare University of Kelaniya Ms. Hasitha Yasarathna Cover page Design Mr. Asitha Mallawaarachchi Sub Warden, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya Copyright © December 2017 CENTRE FOR HERITAGE STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF KELANIYA Land Transportation, Locomotive Heritage and Road Culture The International Conference, by the Centre for Heritage Studies, University of Kelaniya ISBN 978-955-704-073-8 Chief Editor Prof. Anura Manatunga, Director, Centre for Heritage Studies, University of Kelaniya email: [email protected] All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted by any means without the written permission of the publisher. Facts and opinions published herein are solely personal statements made by the respective authors. Authors are responsible for the contents of their research papers including the accuracy of facts and statements and citations of resources. Centre for Heritage Studies, University of Kelaniya and its editorial committee disclaim any liability for violations of other parties’ rights, or any damages incurred as a consequence of the research published herein. Printed by Mega E Cafe Kandy Road, Dalugama, Kelaniya Published by Centre for Heritage Studies, University of Kelaniya, Kelaniya, Sri Lanka [email protected] Message from the Vice Chancellor University of Kelaniya It is indeed a great honor for me to offer this message for the International Conference on Land Transportation, Locomotive Heritage and Road Culture - 2017 of Centre for Heritage Studies, University of Kelaniya. University of Kelaniya is organizing National and International Conferences under various themes as we always encourage the exposure to new knowledge. As a leading higher educational institution, the University of Kelaniya is very much conscious about the research outputs which would be a great asset to the society. In this context Centre for Heritage Studies plays an important role by organizing an International Conference. This International Conference provides an impressive opportunity to researchers to present their research findings on Land Transportation, Locomotive Heritage and Road Culture. This event will undoubtedly contribute to provide new knowledge on a particular theme. I wish to congratulate the Director and the Deputy Director of Centre for Heritage Studies, and the organizing committee of the International Conference on Land Transportation, Locomotive Heritage and Road Culture - 2017 for their remarkable efforts towards this event. Further, I am delighted to congratulate all the participants. Professor D. M. Semasinghe Vice Chancellor University of Kelaniya Message from the Deputy Vice Chancellor University of Kelaniya It is an honour for me to write these words as the Deputy Vice Chancellor of the University of Kelaniya for the International Conference on Land Transportation, Locomotive Heritage and Road Culture - 2017 organized by the Centre for Heritage Studies, University of Kelaniya. International Conferences pave the way for networking with scholars and develop new knowledge. The Centre for Heritage Studies plays an important role to develop and share new knowledge among scholars by organizing international conferences. Therefore, I am sure that the International Conference on Land Transportation, Locomotive Heritage and Road Culture - 2017 will be an ideal platform to expose new knowledge. Finally, I would like to congratulate the Director and the Deputy Director of Centre for Heritage Studies, and the organizing committee of this conference for their successful effort of organizing this highly important conference. Professor Lakshman Senevirathne Deputy Vice Chancellor University of Kelaniya Message from the Dean Faculty of Social Sciences It is a great pleasure to offer my congratulations as the Dean of the Faculty of Social Sciences, for the International Conference on Land Transportation, Locomotive Heritage and Road Culture - 2017 organized by the Centre for Heritage Studies, University of Kelaniya. This is a vital opportunity for the researchers to share their research findings on Land Transportation, Locomotive Heritage and Road Culture at an International Platform. I would like to make this an opportunity to pay my heartfelt wishes to the organizing committee of the International Conference on Land Transportation, Locomotive Heritage and Road Culture - 2017 and research presenters. Professor A. H. M. H. Abayarathna Dean Faculty of Social Sciences University of Kelaniya A Remarkable Landmark on Heritage Studies It is a great pleasure to offer my congratulations as the Dean of the Faculty of Humanities, for the International Conference on Land Transportation, Locomotive Heritage and Road Culture - 2017 organized by the Centre for Heritage Studies, University of Kelaniya. This is an ideal platform for the researchers to share their research findings on Land Transportation, Locomotive Heritage and Road Culture. Therefore, I am sure that the International Conference on Land Transportation, Locomotive Heritage and Road Culture - 2017 will be a remarkable landmark on studies related to this theme. Finally, I would like to congratulate the organizing committee of the International Conference on Land Transportation, Locomotive Heritage and Road Culture - 2017. Professor Patrick Ratnayake Dean Faculty of Humanities University of Kelaniya Message from the Chairman Research Council It is with great pleasure that I issue this message on the occasion of the International Conference on Land Transportation, Locomotive Heritage and Road Culture - 2017 organized by the Centre for Heritage Studies, University of Kelaniya. This is a great opportunity to academics and researchers in the fields of Land Transportation, Locomotive Heritage and Road Culture to widen their knowledge and expand innovative approaches to heritage studies. The conference will also stimulate interdisciplinary research among researchers in the fields of heritage studies, applied sciences, arts and humanities. Therefore, I hope the International Conference on Land Transportation, Locomotive Heritage and Road Culture - 2017 will provide a platform for all the presenters and participants for presenting their latest research findings in the fields of heritage studies and sharing of opinion from both researchers, academia and experts in the field. I have no doubt that the conference trigger more eagerness among students, academics, researchers to sustain the research culture not only in the Centre for Heritage Studies but also in other Centres of the University of Kelaniya. I congratulate the Director and the organizing committee of the Centre for Heritage Studies for organizing this International Research Conference and wish every success. Senior Professor N.P. Sunil Chandra Chairman of the Research Council University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka Message from the Director Centre for Heritage Studies I am proud to write this note on the first international event organized by the Centre for Heritage Studies, University of Kelaniya. The Centre was established in September this year after restructuring and upgrading the Centre for Asian Studies of the Faculty of Social Sciences. It is
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