ConferenceConference onon ClimateClimate ChangeChange andand OfficialOfficial StatisticsStatistics
Oslo, Norway14 – 16 April 2008
Experiences on GHG Inventory and Climate Change Activities
By Participants from Mauritius
Mr. Santaram Mooloo (Ministry of Environment and National Development Unit) and Mr. Anand Sookun (Central Statistics Office-Environment and Energy Units) 1 LocationLocation
•• AfricaAfrica –– IndianIndian OceanOcean
2 CountryCountry SnapshotSnapshot
Although known to Arab and Malay sailors as early as the 10th century, Mauritius was first explored by the Portuguese in 1505;
It was subsequently held by the Dutch, French, and British before independence was attained in 1968.
A stable democracy with regular free elections and a positive human rights record, the country has attracted considerable foreign investment and has earned one of Africa's highest per capita incomes. FactsFacts andand FiguresFigures OfficialOfficial Name:Name: MauritiusMauritius
CapitalCapital CityCity :: PortPort LouisLouis
Languages:Languages: EnglishEnglish (official),(official), French,French, Hindi,Hindi, othersothers
OfficialOfficial CurrencyCurrency :: MauritianMauritian RupeeRupee (MRU:(MRU: USUS $$ =27:30)=27:30)
Religions:Religions: Hindu,Hindu, Christian,Christian, Muslim,Muslim, othersothers
Population:Population: 1,260,4031,260,403 (July(July 20072007 est.)est.) 4 LandLand Area Area (Mainland) (Mainland) : : 1 1 860 860 sq sq km km (718 (718 sq sq GeographyGeography ofof MauritiusMauritius
•• Location:Location: SouthernSouthern Africa,Africa, islandisland inin thethe IndianIndian Ocean,Ocean, easteast ofof MadagascarMadagascar •• GeographicGeographic coordinates:coordinates: 2020 1717 S,S, 5757 3333 EE •• Area:Area: total:total: 2,0402,040 sqsq kmkm land:land: 2,0302,030 sqsq kmkm water:water: 1010 sqsq kmkm note: includes Agalega Islands, Cargados Carajos Shoals (Saint Brandon), and Rodrigues •• AreaArea -- comparative:comparative: almostalmost 1111 timestimes thethe sizesize ofof Washington,Washington, DCDC
5 EconomicEconomic IndicatorsIndicators
•• GDPGDP (purchasing(purchasing powerpower parity):parity): $13.5$13.5 billionbillion (2007(2007 est.)est.) •• GDPGDP -- perper capitacapita (PPP):(PPP): $10,725$10,725 (2007(2007 est.)est.) •• GDPGDP -- compositioncomposition byby sector:sector: agriculture:agriculture: 5.3%5.3% industry:industry: 19.6%19.6% services:services: 75%75% (2007(2007 est.)est.) •• HDI:HDI: 0.804;0.804; RANKRANK 6565 (2005)(2005)
6 ClimateClimate •• Climate: tropical, modified by southeast trade winds; warm, dry winter (May to November); hot, wet, humid summer (November to May) •• Terrain: small coastal plain rising to discontinuous mountains encircling central plateau •• Elevation extremes: lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m highest point: Mont Piton 828 m •• Natural resources: arable land, fish •• Land use: arable land: 49.02% permanent crops: 2.94% other: 48.04% (2005) •• Irrigated land: 214 sq km (2006) 7 EffectsEffects ofof ClimateClimate ChangeChange inin MauritiusMauritius •• Year 2006 was 0.74 degrees Celsius warmer than normal •• Average Temperature during the last decade (1997-2006) was higher than the normal by 0.60 to 1.0 degrees Celsius •• Year 2006 was the thirdthird warmestwarmest yearyear afterafter 20032003 and 1998 •• Mean temperature (1997-2006) has risen by 0.86 degrees Celsius compared toto decadedecade 19611961-70 •• Seven of the warmest years ever (1998, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006) occurred in the last decades •• Rainfall deficit for past 100 years = 100 mm •• Mean Sea Level Rise during the past decade (1997 – 2006) = 1.2 cm
•• Mean Sea Level Rise per year = 1.2 mm 8 PrecipitationPrecipitation TrendTrend -- MauritiusMauritius Trend in Annual Rainfall
3500 Annual Rainfall 10 per. Mov. Avg. (Annual
3000
2500
2000
1500 Millimetres
1000
500
0 1951195319551957195919611963196519671969197119731975197719791981198319851987198919911993199519971999200120032005 Yea r 9 TemperatureTemperature trendtrend -- MauritiusMauritius 25.5
MEAN [ (MX+MN )/2] TEMPERATURE AT VACOAS - DE C
25.0 mn MAX&MI N mean
24.5 5 per. Mov. A v
C 24.0
23.5 TEMPERATURE (º
23.0
22.5
9 99 -4 3 0-01 948 0-51 -5 0 2-03 1 5 55 20 0 4-05 19 52 19 20 0 6-07 19 1 20 0 54- 8-59 -6 20 19 1956-57 5 63 5 19 - 6 YEA R 1960 - 1962 6-67 69 1964 6 - 10 19 968 0-71 1 7 2-73 -75 7 19 7 -7 9 19 -7 1 1974 976 -8 3 1 78 -8 19 7 1980 82 4-85 8 19 8 - 89 19 86 - 91 19 - 1988 2-93 95 1990 9 - 97 19 - 1994 - 1996 1998 EnvironmentEnvironment •• Natural hazards: cyclones (November to April); almost completely surrounded by reefs that may pose maritime hazards •• Environment - current issues: water , energy, coastal zones •• Environment - international agreements: party to: Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change- Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
11 EmissionsEmissions fromfrom fuelfuel combustioncombustion
Sectoral carbon dioxide emissions from fuel combustion activities, 1995, 2000 - 2006 Energy industries (Electricity) Manufacturing industries Transport Residential Other
4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 tonnes) 1500 1000 Quantity (Thousand 500 0 1995 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Ye ar 12 EmissionsEmissions andand RemovalsRemovals ofof COCO 22 •• IncreaseIncrease
19951995 20002000 20052005 20062006 EmissionsEmissions 1736.91736.9 2454.02454.0 29942994 33493349 RemovalsRemovals 229.2229.2 234.5234.5 223.7223.7 193.2193.2
•• MauritiusMauritius (as(as SIDS)SIDS) contributescontributes insignificantlyinsignificantly toto globalglobal emissions:emissions: <<<<<< 0.10.1 %%
13 GHGGHG BalanceBalance ofof sugarsugar canecane
•• GHGGHG Sequestration:Sequestration: 63,32163,321 kg/hakg/ha CO2CO2 eqeq •• Emissions:Emissions: 42,07342,073 kg/hakg/ha CO2CO2 eqeq •• SugarSugar canecane hashas potentialpotential toto actact asas sinksink •• ToTo bebe notednoted thatthat itit waswas notnot accountedaccounted forfor inin thethe initialinitial inventoryinventory
14 MITIGATIONMITIGATION ANDAND ADAPTATIONADAPTATION InIn MauritiusMauritius
•• Mauritius being a non-Annex 1 country has NO obligations to reduce green house gases but as signatory of the UNFCCC, mitigation and adaptation measures in line with the objectives of the UNFCCC objectives are being taken •• Coastal protection works, mangrove propagation programme, monitoring and protection of coral reefs •• RenewableRenewable Energy:Energy: use of solar water heaters Energy Efficiency and Energy Conservation in Buildings •• From use of petrol to liquefied petroleum gas •• Production of energy through renewable sources
15 NationalNational communicationscommunications
•• NationalNational CommunicationsCommunications-- aa reportingreporting tooltool atat thethe internationalinternational levellevel ofof monitoringmonitoring ofof nationalnational GHGGHG emissionsemissions
•• CommitmentsCommitments ofof PartiesParties toto UNFCCCUNFCCC
•• InitialInitial NationalNational CommunicationCommunication submittedsubmitted inin 19991999
•• SecondSecond NationalNational CommunicationCommunication nownow duedue
16 ACTIONACTION INITIATEDINITIATED UNDERUNDER THETHE UNFCCCUNFCCC inin Mauritius.Mauritius. • A multi-sectoral National Climate Committee (NCC) was established in June 1991 under the chairmanship of the Prime Minister’s Office and co-chaired by the Meteorological Services.
• A National Climate Change Action Plan has been prepared by the National Climate Committee in 1998.
• The Ministry of Environment & NDU has set up an Implementation Committee in 2001 to coordinate the implementation of this Action Plan.
• Mauritius submitted its Initial National Communication (national inventory of sources and sinks of greenhouse gases) to the UNFCCC secretariat in 1999, and is in the process of submitting its Second National Communication
17 SuccessfulSuccessful implementationimplementation ofof thethe SNCSNC will:will:
• Facilitate integration of climate change responses into national development priorities (agri.,health, infras…)
• Provide substantive inputs to policy-makers to address climate change concerns (budgetary allocations)
• Further enhance public awareness of climate change
• Generate knowledge and disseminate information on climate change at different levels of the society
18 SNCSNC ProjectProject groupsgroups
–– 66 TeamTeam LeadersLeaders forfor thethe differentdifferent workingworking groups:groups: •• GHGGHG InventoryInventory •• NationalNational CircumstancesCircumstances •• VulnerabilityVulnerability andand AdaptationAdaptation (V&A)(V&A) •• MitigationMitigation •• ProjectsProjects andand PoliciesPolicies •• Education.Education. TrainingTraining andand PublicPublic AwarenessAwareness
19 WhatWhat isis aa NationalNational GHGGHG Inventory?Inventory? AA frameworkframework whichwhich providesprovides allall thethe emissionsemissions byby sourcesource andand removalsremovals byby sink,sink, ofof GHGGHG’’ss (whenever(whenever andand whateverwhatever applicable),applicable), basedbased onon thethe IPCCIPCC GuidelinesGuidelines
ImportantImportant becausebecause mostmost manman--mademade impactsimpacts onon thethe climateclimate derivederive fromfrom consumptionconsumption andand productionproduction activitiesactivities thatthat releasesreleases GHGGHG’’ss
TheThe mainmain GHGGHG isis CO2.CO2. OtherOther’’s:s: CO.CO. CH4,CH4, NONO2,N,N2O,NMVOCO,NMVOC andand SOSO2
20 INVENTORYINVENTORY •• FirstFirst InventoryInventory forfor MauritiusMauritius waswas attemptedattempted atat duringduring thethe ClimateClimate ChangeChange ActionAction PlanPlan inin thethe earlyearly 9090’’ss •• DuringDuring thethe preparationpreparation ofof thethe InitialInitial NationalNational CommunicationsCommunications (INC),(INC), thethe completecomplete inventoryinventory forfor 19951995 waswas compiledcompiled •• AsAs fromfrom 20002000 subsequentsubsequent inventoriesinventories werewere compiledcompiled usingusing the1995the1995 templatetemplate andand methodologiesmethodologies (Tier(Tier 1)1) •• TheThe 19961996 RevisedRevised IPCCIPCC GuidelinesGuidelines werewere usedused
21 GreenhouseGreenhouse GasGas (GHG)(GHG) InventoryInventory
InventoryInventory AgencyAgency ResponsibilitiesResponsibilities • A single national entity is responsible for the overall inventory – The CSO • Arrangements with collaborating entities that contribute data, research, estimate emissions or provide expert reviews • Define legal authority to collect and disseminate data necessary for the preparation of the inventory • Ensure inventory processes are in compliance with COP decisions • Define and apply procedures for collecting data, preparing inventory, communicating results, submitting report, and archiving • Liaise among government departments, national agencies, • Ensure the implementation of QA/QC
22 InstitutionalInstitutional SetSet upup
Mauritius Meteorological Services
Ministry of Central Other Environment Statistics Office Stakeholders
23 TeamTeam SetSet UpUp
•• Orginisation Coordination Environment and Energy Statistics Unit
Sectoral Team Leader Sectoral Team Leader Sectoral Team Leader Sectoral Team Leader LAND USE, LAND Sectoral Team Leader Sectoral Team Leader INDUSTRIAL ENERGY AGRICULTURE USE CHANGE WASTES TRANSPORT PROCESSES CEB AREU AND FORESTRY MLG NTA MI CSO MSIRI UOM ENV CSO CSO MPU AGRO FOREST MPI ENV UOM MHL
24 OrganisationalOrganisational SetSet upup atat CSOCSO
DEPUTY DIRECTOR DIRCTOR CSO CSO
STATISTICIAN ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY UNIT (Posted at Min. of ENVIRONMENT) 25 PROPOSEDPROPOSED NATIONALNATIONAL STRATEGYSTRATEGY FORFOR THETHE DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT OFOF STATISTICSSTATISTICS (NSDS)(NSDS)
•• ReformReform thethe NationalNational StatisticalStatistical SystemSystem (NSS)(NSS) •• ProvideProvide betterbetter statisticsstatistics •• BetterBetter policiespolicies •• BetterBetter DevelopmentDevelopment outcomesoutcomes
26 LinkagesLinkages forfor GHGGHG InventoryInventory Research & national scientific Central Statistics community – Office E.g.Univ. of Mauritius Forestry Department Inventory LU/LUCF Program (Sinks policies) Mauritius Min. of Meteorological Environment Services
Interest groups Emission projections, & the public climate & economic modeling 27 27 TasksTasks forfor thethe GHGGHG TeamTeam
•• Participate in workshops and meetings •• Collect all the Activity Data (AD) required •• Use appropriate methods to develop or estimate Emission Factors (EF) •• Review and fill data gaps •• Compile the emissions •• Perform QA/QC on all data •• Document all methodologies •• Archive all data and information
28 METHODOLOGIESMETHODOLOGIES
•• Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories •• Parties should only use the latest version (i.e. Revised 1996) of the “IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories” (3 volumes) •• The use of IPCC Guidelines is enhanced by the inventory software. •• These Guidelines are complemented by the IPCC GPG. – The GPG on Uncertainty - 2000 – The GPG on LULUCF – 2003 – 2006 Guidelines
29 TiersTiers 11 andand 22 oror 33 methodologiesmethodologies
9 The higher the number designating the tier, the more detailed is the methodology and the more accurate are the emission estimates.
9 Tier 1 represents the minimum, or default, methodology. If sufficient data is available, a Party can also try to apply a higher tier.
9 Tiers 2 or 3 involve more elaborate methods which could be either source category-specific or technology- based. These methods require more detailed data and/or measurements for their application.
30 SECTORSSECTORS ANDAND DATADATA SOURCESSOURCES
•• Energy:Energy: EnergyEnergy BalanceBalance andand TradeTrade -- CSOCSO •• Agriculture:Agriculture: AgricAgric StatsStats –– CSOCSO && Agric.Agric. MinistryMinistry •• LandLand Use,Use, LandLand UseUse ChangeChange andand ForestryForestry (LULUCF):(LULUCF): ForestryForestry ServicesServices •• IndustrialIndustrial Processes:Processes: IndustriesIndustries •• Waste:Waste: EnvironmentEnvironment StatsStats –– CSOCSO && Min.Min. LocalLocal Govt.Govt.
31 OutputOutput
•• TheThe SecondSecond NationalNational CommunicationCommunication whichwhich isis aa documentdocument toto bebe submittedsubmitted asas partpart ofof ourour obligationobligation underunder thethe UNFCCCUNFCCC isis presentlypresently underunder preparation.preparation. ApartApart fromfrom providingproviding anan inventoryinventory forfor greenhousegreenhouse gasgas emission,emission, itit willwill alsoalso identifyidentify MitigationMitigation andand AdaptationAdaptation measuresmeasures whichwhich willwill bebe submittedsubmitted toto fundingfunding agenciesagencies includingincluding thethe GEFGEF andand thethe AdaptationAdaptation FundFund
32 EmissionsEmissions 19951995
33 COCO22 EmissionsEmissions perper capitacapita
34 TrendsTrends
Electricity and GHG Emissions - Mauritius
Production per capita Consumption per capita
Domestic consumption per capitaPer capita carbon dioxide emission
280 260 240 220 200 180 160
Index 1990=100 Index 140 120 100 1990 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year
35 UsesUses ofof GHGGHG emissionsemissions datadata •• InternationalInternational commitmentscommitments –– UNFCCC,UNFCCC, UNDP,UNDP, COI,COI, SADC,SADC, MDGMDG’’s,Africas,Africa EnvironmentEnvironment InformationInformation NetworkNetwork (AEIN),(AEIN), etcetc •• LocalLocal :: EnvironmentEnvironment Statistics,Statistics, EnvironmentEnvironment Accounting,Accounting, EnvironmentEnvironment InformationInformation SystemSystem (EIS),(EIS), •• BuildingBuilding baselinebaseline forfor CarbonCarbon Credits,Credits, CERCER’’ss,, CDMCDM’’ss etcetc •• ScenarioScenario BuildingBuilding
36 ChallengesChallenges forfor datadata availabilityavailability •• SystemSystem inin placeplace atat CSOCSO forfor qualityquality control,control, integrityintegrity andand transparencytransparency toto ensureensure reliabilityreliability ofof estimatesestimates •• StatisticsStatistics ActAct •• DataData supplierssuppliers areare motivatedmotivated •• RegularRegular contactscontacts •• NeedsNeeds moremore harmonisationharmonisation •• CommitmentsCommitments •• LackLack somesome expertiseexpertise inin thethe differentdifferent sectors,sectors, egeg datadata onon ageage cohortcohort andand fuelfuel typetype ofof vehiclesvehicles
37 FinalFinal RemarkRemark
AA nationalnational inventoryinventory isis
ItIt isis aa nationalnational programprogramprojectnotnot withwith statisticalstatistical projectandand researchresearchaa researchresearch institutionsinstitutions toto …… create high quality emissions data. create high quality thatthatemissions worksworks data.closelyclosely Michael Gillenwater – GHG Management Institute, USA
38 ThatThat’’ss allall
•• THANKTHANK YOUYOU 39