DOCSLIB.ORG

REPUBLIC of MAURITIUS V. UNITED KINGDOM of GREAT BRITAIN

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
REPUBLIC of MAURITIUS V. UNITED KINGDOM of GREAT BRITAIN ARBITRATION UNDER ANNEX VII OF THE 1982 UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA REPUBLIC OF MAURITIUS v. UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND MEMORIAL OF THE REPUBLIC OF MAURITIUS VOLUME I 1 August 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .............................................................................. 1 I. The Factual Chapters of the Memorial ................................................................... 3 II. The Legal Chapters of the Memorial .................................................................... 6 CHAPTER 2: GEOGRAPHY AND EARLY HISTORY ........................................ 9 I. Geography .............................................................................................................. 9 II. The Early History of Mauritius ........................................................................... 10 III. Mauritius under British Colonial Rule .............................................................. 13 IV. The Struggle for Independence ......................................................................... 16 CHAPTER 3: THE UNLAWFUL DETACHMENT OF THE CHAGOS ARCHIPELAGO ....................................................................................................... 19 I. The United Kingdom and United States Plan to Detach the Chagos Archipelago ............................................................................................................. 19 (a) Development of the initial proposals in the early 1960s ................................ 19 (b) The 1964 UK-US survey of the Chagos Archipelago ................................... 21 (c) The United States’ demand for the islands, and the issue of compensation ....................................................................................................... 22 (d) The communication of the UK-US plans for the Chagos Archipelago to the Mauritius Council of Ministers ............................................. 24 II. The September 1965 Constitutional Conference in London ............................... 26 III. Detachment of the Chagos Archipelago from Mauritius ................................... 32 IV. Post-Excision Actions ....................................................................................... 40 (a) The 1966 Agreement between the United Kingdom and the United States .................................................................................................................... 40 (b) The secret financial agreement ...................................................................... 41 (c) The expulsion of the residents of the Chagos Archipelago ............................ 42 (d) The return of Aldabra, Farquhar and Desroches to Seychelles ..................... 44 (e) Mauritian independence, and domestic reaction to the excision and expulsions ............................................................................................................ 45 (f) Subsequent legal developments in relation to the expelled former residents of the Chagos Archipelago ................................................................... 47 V: The United Kingdom’s Undertakings with Regard to Fishing, Mineral and Oil Rights .......................................................................................................... 50 i (a) Fishing rights .................................................................................................. 50 (b) Mineral and oil rights ..................................................................................... 56 VI. Recent Reflections of the International Community’s Views on Sovereignty of Mauritius over the Chagos Archipelago ......................................... 58 CHAPTER 4: CREATION OF THE “MARINE PROTECTED AREA” ........... 60 I. Events Before The Creation Of The “MPA” ....................................................... 60 (1) 1977: Mauritius establishes an EEZ around the Chagos Archipelago ........... 60 (2) 1991: The United Kingdom purports to establish an FCMZ ......................... 61 (3) 2003: The United Kingdom purports to establish an EPPZ ........................... 62 (4) The Chagos Conservation Management Plan ................................................ 64 (5) Mauritius protests against the declaration of the EPPZ ................................. 64 (6) Mauritius protests against the United Kingdom’s deposit of coordinates ........................................................................................................... 66 (7) Mauritius reaffirms its EEZ, territorial sea and continental shelf .................. 67 (8) Bilateral talks in 2009 .................................................................................... 69 II. The Establishment of the “MPA” ....................................................................... 70 (1) Initial announcements and Mauritius’ reaction .............................................. 70 (2) The UK/US meeting on 12 May 2009 ........................................................... 72 (3) Exchanges between the United Kingdom and Mauritius on the proposed “MPA” ................................................................................................. 73 (4) The United Kingdom’s sudden and unilateral announcement of the creation of an “MPA” .......................................................................................... 81 CHAPTER 5: JURISDICTION ............................................................................... 86 I. Jurisdiction under the Convention ........................................................................ 87 II. The Tribunal has Jurisdiction to Interpret and Apply the Convention in Relation to the Dispute ............................................................................................ 90 (1) The dispute ..................................................................................................... 90 (2) The Tribunal has jurisdiction to determine that the United Kingdom is not the “coastal State” under the Convention .................................................. 93 (3) The Tribunal has jurisdiction to determine whether, even if the United Kingdom is a “coastal State”, it is exercising rights consistently with the Convention ............................................................................................ 97 III. Relationship With the Merits ............................................................................. 99 IV. Exchange of Views ............................................................................................ 99 V. Conclusion ........................................................................................................ 100 ii CHAPTER 6: THE UNITED KINGDOM IS NOT A COASTAL STATE ENTITLED TO DECLARE THE “MPA” ............................................. 101 I. The United Kingdom is Not the Coastal State ................................................... 101 (1) The “MPA” is purportedly established under Part V of the Convention ........................................................................................................ 102 (2) The purported establishment by the United Kingdom of maritime zones for the Chagos Archipelago is based upon a breach of fundamental principles of international law ...................................................... 103 (3) The principle of self-determination ............................................................. 104 (a) The unit of self-determination .................................................................. 106 (b) The General Assembly had the competence to interpret the right of self-determination ...................................................................................... 107 (4) The principle of uti possidetis ...................................................................... 108 (5) The “agreement” of former representatives of Mauritius to the excision of the Chagos Archipelago does not validate the dismemberment of Mauritius ............................................................................ 109 (6) Mauritius has continuously asserted its sovereignty over the Chagos Archipelago ....................................................................................................... 112 (7) The United Kingdom has in effect recognised Mauritius as the coastal State in relation to its continental shelf ................................................. 114 (8) The vast majority of States have recognised the Chagos Archipelago as still belonging to Mauritius ...................................................... 115 (9) Accordingly, Mauritius is “the coastal State” within the meaning of the Convention ................................................................................................... 115 II. Mauritius is entitled to avail itself of the rights of a coastal State based on the undertakings of the United Kingdom ............................................... 116 (1) Undertakings regarding the reversion of the Chagos Archipelago to Mauritius ............................................................................................................ 117 (2) Undertakings regarding fishing rights ......................................................... 118 (3) Oil and mineral rights .................................................................................. 121 (4) Accordingly, Mauritius is entitled to avail itself of the rights of a coastal State ......................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Birds of the British Indian Ocean Territory, Chagos Archipelago, Central Indian Ocean Peter Carr
    CARR: Birds of Chagos 57 Birds of the British Indian Ocean Territory, Chagos Archipelago, central Indian Ocean Peter Carr Carr, P., 2015. Birds of the British Indian Ocean Territory, Chagos Archipelago, central Indian Ocean. Indian BIRDS 10 (3&4): 57–70. Peter Carr, 80 Links Way, Beckenham, Kent, England, UK, BR3 3DQ. E-mail: [email protected]. Manuscript received on 02 June 2015. Introduction from three directions, the east, north and west and seabird The Chagos Archipelago lies at the end of the Chagos-Laccadive migrants from four, the north and south and dispersing east and Ridge and is some 500km due South of the Maldives archipelago. west along the equatorial counter current systems.” Observations It is the final termini for migrating organisms heading South in post-1971 have proven that Bourne’s words were prophetic; the central Indian Ocean. It is made up of five islanded atolls landbird and seabird vagrants and migrants are an exciting aspect centred upon the Great Chagos Bank, the largest atoll structure of birding in the Chagos. The vast majority of migratory species in the world. The climate is tropical oceanic, hot and humid yet are of northern hemisphere origin (though there is evidence moderated by trade winds. Mean monthly temperatures vary that a limited number of vagrants are from the east and west) from a maximum of 30.75°C in March to a minimum of 28.03°C and are generally present in the archipelago from September in August. The northern atolls of the archipelago are the wettest through to March. As more ornithological research is conducted in the Indian Ocean (Stoddart & Taylor 1971).
    [Show full text]
  • Conference on Climate Change and Official Statistics
    ConferenceConference onon ClimateClimate ChangeChange andand OfficialOfficial StatisticsStatistics Oslo, Norway14 – 16 April 2008 Experiences on GHG Inventory and Climate Change Activities By Participants from Mauritius Mr. Santaram Mooloo (Ministry of Environment and National Development Unit) and Mr. Anand Sookun (Central Statistics Office-Environment and Energy Units) 1 LocationLocation •• AfricaAfrica –– IndianIndian OceanOcean 2 CountryCountry SnapshotSnapshot Although known to Arab and Malay sailors as early as the 10th century, Mauritius was first explored by the Portuguese in 1505; It was subsequently held by the Dutch, French, and British before independence was attained in 1968. A stable democracy with regular free elections and a positive human rights record, the country has attracted considerable foreign investment and has earned one of Africa's highest per capita incomes. FactsFacts andand FiguresFigures OfficialOfficial Name:Name: MauritiusMauritius CapitalCapital CityCity :: PortPort LouisLouis Languages:Languages: EnglishEnglish (official),(official), French,French, Hindi,Hindi, othersothers OfficialOfficial CurrencyCurrency :: MauritianMauritian RupeeRupee (MRU:(MRU: USUS $$ =27:30)=27:30) Religions:Religions: Hindu,Hindu, Christian,Christian, Muslim,Muslim, othersothers Population:Population: 1,260,4031,260,403 (July(July 20072007 est.)est.) 4 LandLand Area Area (Mainland) (Mainland) : : 1 1 860 860 sq sq km km (718 (718 sq sq GeographyGeography ofof MauritiusMauritius •• Location:Location: SouthernSouthern Africa,Africa,
    [Show full text]
  • BARBADOS Latin America & Caribbean
    Country Profile BARBADOS Abc Region: Latin America & Caribbean 2020 EPI Country Rank (out of 180) GDP [PPP 2011$ billions] 4.7 77 GDP per capita [$] 16,464 2020 EPI Score [0=worst, 100=best] Population [millions] 0.3 45.6 Urbanization [%] 31.19 Country Scorecard Issue Categories Rank [/180] Environmental Health 38 60.7 Air Quality 32 66.0 Sanitation & Drinking Water 78 51.9 Heavy Metals 39 70.4 Waste Management 50 67.2 Ecosystem Vitality 145 35.6 Biodiversity & Habitat 177 12.6 Ecosystem Services 75 37.1 Fisheries 28 18.4 Climate Change 58 59.1 Pollution Emissions 102 53.3 Agriculture 170 11.9 Water Resources 104 1.1 Regional Average World Average epi.yale.edu Page 1 of 3 Country Profile BARBADOS Abc Region: Latin America & Caribbean 10-Year Regional Regional Rank EPI Score Change Rank Average Environmental Performance Index 77 45.6 +0.9 18 45.6 Environmental Health 38 60.7 +0.9 3 46.8 Air Quality 32 66 +1.3 2 46.9 Household solid fuels 28 96.5 +5.3 1 48.0 PM 2.5 exposure 90 40.7 -1.6 21 44.3 Ozone exposure 1 100 –- 1 65.7 Sanitation & Drinking Water 78 51.9 –- 9 47.0 Unsafe sanitation 71 58.3 +1.3 8 52.0 Unsafe drinking water 76 47.6 -0.8 9 43.6 Heavy Metals / Lead exposure 39 70.4 +3.6 4 50.8 Waste Management / Controlled solid waste 50 67.2 –- 7 42.2 Ecosystem Vitality 145 35.6 +1.0 30 44.7 Biodiversity & Habitat 177 12.6 +1.2 32 58.4 Terrestrial biomes (nat'l) 174 2.8 –- 32 73.3 Terrestrial biomes (global) 174 2.8 –- 32 71.4 Marine protected areas 113 0.1 –- 28 31.7 Protected Areas Representativeness Index 34 50.4 +10.9 20 52.4 Species
    [Show full text]
  • L'histoire D'un Combat
    L’histoire d’un combat MMM 1969 - 1983 En hommage à ces milliers de militants anonymes pour qui, toujours, la lutte continue... Matraqué par la Riot Unit lors d'une grève au ga- rage de l'UBS, à Bell Village, en août 1971, Paul Béren- ger, le visage en- sanglanté, sort de la Cour de 2ème Division. CHAPITRE I La lutte recommence E passé est le phare qui éclaire l'avenir. C'est pourquoi les L Mauriciens doivent en prendre connaissance pour mieux maîtriser leur destin. Le passé du Mouvement Militant Mauricien est indissociable de la lutte des travailleurs, ceux des champs, des usines et des bureaux, depuis près de 14 ans. Passé combien glorieux! C'est un passé marqué par le sceau indélébile d'une nouvelle force, jeune et dynamique, qui a donné à un pays, hier déses- péré, des raisons pour combattre, qui a combattu avec acharne-: ment pour des idées nouvelles et généreuses — qui a peut-être commis des erreurs — mais qui, par-dessus tout, a voulu d'une île Maurice plus juste, plus humaine et plus fraternelle. En septembre 1969 naissait le Mouvement Militant Mauricien M.M.M.). Afin que l'histoire de Maurice s'accomplisse. Afin de reprendre la lutte menée en d'autres temps par Anqetil, Rozemont, Pandit Sahadeo, Curé et d'autres Mauriciens socialistes. Pour le M.M.M., tout commence par le Club des Étudiants qui deviendra, en une décennie, la plus grande force politique nationale. Tout commence par ce jeune homme timide qui, au fil des années, saura faire naître de si grandes espérances dans le coeur de la nation.
    [Show full text]
  • Projectexplorer.Org
    ProjectExplorer.org Grade Level: Upper Elementary Bienvenue á Maurice Lesson Objective & Summary DURATION: 1 - 2 Lessons Objective: Students will learn about the basic history, geography, and cultural heritage of Mauritius. Students will use a map to locate Mauritius and its capital, as well as identify some of the unique aspects of this island nation. Subjects: English Language Arts, Social Studies, Geography Summary: Students will identify Mauritius’s location on a world map, and will explain some of the major geographic features of Mauritius. Students will read the Bienvenue a Maurice blog and watch the Mauritius Series Author: Sneak Peek video, and spend time previewing some of the other blogs and Emily Chan videos on ProjectExplorer.org’s Mauritius section. Students will share their observations and questions about Mauritius. Finally, students will try to learn several Mauritian Creole and French phrases from the videos Let’s Learn French and Mauritian Creole for Travellers. Standards & Benchmarks From the Common Core Standards for Language Arts in History / Social Studies • Students will quote accurately from a text when explaining what the text says explicitly and when drawing inferences from the text. (Key Ideas and Details, Grade 5) • Students will draw on information from multiple print or digital sources, demonstrating the ability to locate an answer to a question quickly or to solve a problem efficiently. (Integration of Knowledge and Ideas, Grade 5) From the New York State Social Studies Standards, Standard 3: Geography • Students will use a variety of intellectual skills to demonstrate their understanding of the geography of the interdependent world in which we live - local, national, and global - including the distribution of people, places, and environments over the Earth’s surface.
    [Show full text]
  • Somali Fisheries
    www.securefisheries.org SECURING SOMALI FISHERIES Sarah M. Glaser Paige M. Roberts Robert H. Mazurek Kaija J. Hurlburt Liza Kane-Hartnett Securing Somali Fisheries | i SECURING SOMALI FISHERIES Sarah M. Glaser Paige M. Roberts Robert H. Mazurek Kaija J. Hurlburt Liza Kane-Hartnett Contributors: Ashley Wilson, Timothy Davies, and Robert Arthur (MRAG, London) Graphics: Timothy Schommer and Andrea Jovanovic Please send comments and questions to: Sarah M. Glaser, PhD Research Associate, Secure Fisheries One Earth Future Foundation +1 720 214 4425 [email protected] Please cite this document as: Glaser SM, Roberts PM, Mazurek RH, Hurlburt KJ, and Kane-Hartnett L (2015) Securing Somali Fisheries. Denver, CO: One Earth Future Foundation. DOI: 10.18289/OEF.2015.001 Secure Fisheries is a program of the One Earth Future Foundation Cover Photo: Shakila Sadik Hashim at Alla Aamin fishing company in Berbera, Jean-Pierre Larroque. ii | Securing Somali Fisheries TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES, TABLES, BOXES ............................................................................................. iii FOUNDER’S LETTER .................................................................................................................... v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................. vi DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................ vii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (Somali) ............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Additional International Service Terms and Conditions
    Additional International Service Terms and Conditions International Applied Charges: International calls that begin in one rate period and end in another rate period will be charged the rate in effect at the time the connection is established. Telecommunications Relay Service (“TRS”) Discount: TRS service "includes domestic interstate and international calls." "International calls placed through the MCI National TRS Center are not eligible for discounts." Casual (Non-Account) Calling Surcharge: $5.50 per-call surcharge is applicable to international calls placed by Casual Callers. International Direct Dial Calling rates apply. Operator Assistance Service Operator Assistance service is available with rates that apply 24 hours a day and seven days a week. The rates apply to calls that originate in the U.S. Mainland and Hawaii and terminate in the international locations identified in a separate table. Call usage will be calculated on a 60-second minimum duration basis with additional 60-second increments.. Operator Assistance surcharges will apply. Below is a list of international locations that may be reached only with the assistance of an operator. Operator services surcharges do not apply to calls made to these locations. COUNTRY COUNTRY CODE NAME ------------- ------------------------- 246 BRITISH INDIAN OCEAN 246 CHAGOS ARCHIPELAGO 246 DANGER ISLAND 246 DIEGO GARCIA 246 EAGLE ISLANDS 246 EGMONT ISLAND 246 NELSONS ISLAND 246 PEROS BANHOS 246 SALOMON ISLANDS 246 THREE BROTHERS 258 MOZAMBIQUE 675 NEW BRITIAN 675 NEW GUINEA 675 NEW IRELAND 675 ADMIRALITY ISLANDS 675 BISMRK ARCHPLGO ISL 690 TOKELAU ISLAND 808 MIDWAY ISLANDS (US) 808 WAKE ISLAND (US) 850 KOREA, NORTH 872 PITCAIRN ISLAND International Maritime Satellite (INMARSAT) Special rates apply to calls that involve International Maritime Satellite (INMARSAT) Calling.
    [Show full text]
  • Mauritius's Constitution of 1968 with Amendments Through 2016
    PDF generated: 26 Aug 2021, 16:39 constituteproject.org Mauritius's Constitution of 1968 with Amendments through 2016 This complete constitution has been generated from excerpts of texts from the repository of the Comparative Constitutions Project, and distributed on constituteproject.org. constituteproject.org PDF generated: 26 Aug 2021, 16:39 Table of contents CHAPTER I: THE STATE AND THE CONSTITUTION . 7 1. The State . 7 2. Constitution is supreme law . 7 CHAPTER II: PROTECTION OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS OF THE INDIVIDUAL . 7 3. Fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual . 7 4. Protection of right to life . 7 5. Protection of right to personal liberty . 8 6. Protection from slavery and forced labour . 10 7. Protection from inhuman treatment . 11 8. Protection from deprivation of property . 11 9. Protection for privacy of home and other property . 14 10. Provisions to secure protection of law . 15 11. Protection of freedom of conscience . 17 12. Protection of freedom of expression . 17 13. Protection of freedom of assembly and association . 18 14. Protection of freedom to establish schools . 18 15. Protection of freedom of movement . 19 16. Protection from discrimination . 20 17. Enforcement of protective provisions . 21 17A. Payment or retiring allowances to Members . 22 18. Derogations from fundamental rights and freedoms under emergency powers . 22 19. Interpretation and savings . 23 CHAPTER III: CITIZENSHIP . 25 20. Persons who became citizens on 12 March 1968 . 25 21. Persons entitled to be registered as citizens . 25 22. Persons born in Mauritius after 11 March 1968 . 26 23. Persons born outside Mauritius after 11 March 1968 .
    [Show full text]
  • Automatic Exchange of Information: Status of Commitments
    As of 27 September 2021 AUTOMATIC EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION (AEOI): STATUS OF COMMITMENTS1 JURISDICTIONS UNDERTAKING FIRST EXCHANGES IN 2017 (49) Anguilla, Argentina, Belgium, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands, Bulgaria, Cayman Islands, Colombia, Croatia, Cyprus2, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Faroe Islands, Finland, France, Germany, Gibraltar, Greece, Guernsey, Hungary, Iceland, India, Ireland, Isle of Man, Italy, Jersey, Korea, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, Montserrat, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, San Marino, Seychelles, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Turks and Caicos Islands, United Kingdom JURISDICTIONS UNDERTAKING FIRST EXCHANGES BY 2018 (51) Andorra, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan3, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Barbados, Belize, Brazil, Brunei Darussalam, Canada, Chile, China, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Curacao, Dominica4, Greenland, Grenada, Hong Kong (China), Indonesia, Israel, Japan, Lebanon, Macau (China), Malaysia, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Monaco, Nauru, New Zealand, Niue4, Pakistan3, Panama, Qatar, Russia, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Sint Maarten4, Switzerland, Trinidad and Tobago4, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, Uruguay, Vanuatu JURISDICTIONS UNDERTAKING FIRST EXCHANGES BY 2019 (2) Ghana3, Kuwait5 JURISDICTIONS UNDERTAKING FIRST EXCHANGES BY 2020 (3) Nigeria3, Oman5, Peru3 JURISDICTIONS UNDERTAKING FIRST EXCHANGES BY 2021 (3) Albania3, 7, Ecuador3, Kazakhstan6
    [Show full text]
  • Migrated Archives): Ceylon
    Colonial administration records (migrated archives): Ceylon Following earlier settlements by the Dutch and Despatches and registers of despatches sent to, and received from, the Colonial Portuguese, the British colony of Ceylon was Secretary established in 1802 but it was not until the annexation of the Kingdom of Kandy in 1815 that FCO 141/2180-2186, 2192-2245, 2248-2249, 2260, 2264-2273: the entire island came under British control. In Open, confidential and secret despatches covering a variety of topics including the acts and ordinances, 1948, Ceylon became a self-governing state and a the economy, agriculture and produce, lands and buildings, imports and exports, civil aviation, railways, member of the British Commonwealth, and in 1972 banks and prisons. Despatches regarding civil servants include memorials, pensions, recruitment, dismissals it became the independent republic under the name and suggestions for New Year’s honours. 1872-1948, with gaps. The years 1897-1903 and 1906 have been of Sri Lanka. release in previous tranches. Below is a selection of files grouped according to Telegrams and registers of telegrams sent to and received from the Colonial Secretary theme to assist research. This list should be used in conjunction with the full catalogue list as not all are FCO 141/2187-2191, 2246-2247, 2250-2263, 2274-2275 : included here. The files cover the period between Open, confidential and secret telegrams on topics such as imports and exports, defence costs and 1872 and 1948 and include a substantial number of regulations, taxation and the economy, the armed forces, railways, prisons and civil servants 1899-1948.
    [Show full text]
  • The Foreign Military Presence in the Horn of Africa Region
    SIPRI Background Paper April 2019 THE FOREIGN MILITARY SUMMARY w The Horn of Africa is PRESENCE IN THE HORN OF undergoing far-reaching changes in its external security AFRICA REGION environment. A wide variety of international security actors— from Europe, the United States, neil melvin the Middle East, the Gulf, and Asia—are currently operating I. Introduction in the region. As a result, the Horn of Africa has experienced The Horn of Africa region has experienced a substantial increase in the a proliferation of foreign number and size of foreign military deployments since 2001, especially in the military bases and a build-up of 1 past decade (see annexes 1 and 2 for an overview). A wide range of regional naval forces. The external and international security actors are currently operating in the Horn and the militarization of the Horn poses foreign military installations include land-based facilities (e.g. bases, ports, major questions for the future airstrips, training camps, semi-permanent facilities and logistics hubs) and security and stability of the naval forces on permanent or regular deployment.2 The most visible aspect region. of this presence is the proliferation of military facilities in littoral areas along This SIPRI Background the Red Sea and the Horn of Africa.3 However, there has also been a build-up Paper is the first of three papers of naval forces, notably around the Bab el-Mandeb Strait, at the entrance to devoted to the new external the Red Sea and in the Gulf of Aden. security politics of the Horn of This SIPRI Background Paper maps the foreign military presence in the Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • BIOT Field Report
    ©2015 Khaled bin Sultan Living Oceans Foundation. All Rights Reserved. Science Without Borders®. All research was completed under: British Indian Ocean Territory, The immigration Ordinance 2006, Permit for Visit. Dated 10th April, 2015, issued by Tom Moody, Administrator. This report was developed as one component of the Global Reef Expedition: BIOT research project. Citation: Global Reef Expedition: British Indian Ocean Territory. Field Report 19. Bruckner, A.W. (2015). Khaled bin Sultan Living Oceans Foundation, Annapolis, MD. pp 36. The Khaled bin Sultan Living Oceans Foundation (KSLOF) was incorporated in California as a 501(c)(3), public benefit, Private Operating Foundation in September 2000. The Living Oceans Foundation is dedicated to providing science-based solutions to protect and restore ocean health. For more information, visit http://www.lof.org and https://www.facebook.com/livingoceansfoundation Twitter: https://twitter.com/LivingOceansFdn Khaled bin Sultan Living Oceans Foundation 130 Severn Avenue Annapolis, MD, 21403, USA [email protected] Executive Director Philip G. Renaud Chief Scientist Andrew W. Bruckner, Ph.D. Images by Andrew Bruckner, unless noted. Maps completed by Alex Dempsey, Jeremy Kerr and Steve Saul Fish observations compiled by Georgia Coward and Badi Samaniego Front cover: Eagle Island. Photo by Ken Marks. Back cover: A shallow reef off Salomon Atoll. The reef is carpeted in leather corals and a bleached anemone, Heteractis magnifica, is visible in the fore ground. A school of giant trevally, Caranx ignobilis, pass over the reef. Photo by Phil Renaud. Executive Summary Between 7 March 2015 and 3 May 2015, the Khaled bin Sultan Living Oceans Foundation conducted two coral reef research missions as components of our Global Reef Expedition (GRE) program.
    [Show full text]