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Dose–Response Relationships of Clothianidin, Imidacloprid, and Thiamethoxam to Blissus Occiduus (Hemiptera: Blissidae)

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Dose–Response Relationships of Clothianidin, Imidacloprid, and Thiamethoxam to Blissus Occiduus (Hemiptera: Blissidae) University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Faculty Publications: Department of Entomology Entomology, Department of 2011 Dose–Response Relationships of Clothianidin, Imidacloprid, and Thiamethoxam to Blissus occiduus (Hemiptera: Blissidae) M. D. Stamm University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Frederick P. Baxendale University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Tiffany Heng-Moss University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Blair D. Siegfried University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Erin E. Blankenship University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/entomologyfacpub Part of the Entomology Commons Stamm, M. D.; Baxendale, Frederick P.; Heng-Moss, Tiffany; Siegfried, Blair D.; Blankenship, Erin E.; and Gaussoin, Roch E., "Dose–Response Relationships of Clothianidin, Imidacloprid, and Thiamethoxam to Blissus occiduus (Hemiptera: Blissidae)" (2011). Faculty Publications: Department of Entomology. 269. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/entomologyfacpub/269 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Entomology, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications: Department of Entomology by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Authors M. D. Stamm, Frederick P. Baxendale, Tiffany Heng-Moss, Blair D. Siegfried, Erin E. Blankenship, and Roch E. Gaussoin This article is available at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/ entomologyfacpub/269 HORTICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY Dose–Response Relationships of Clothianidin, Imidacloprid, and Thiamethoxam to Blissus occiduus (Hemiptera: Blissidae) M. D. STAMM,1,2 F. P. BAXENDALE,1 T. M. HENG-MOSS,1 B. D. SIEGFRIED,1 3 4 E. E. BLANKENSHIP, AND R. E. GAUSSOIN J. Econ. Entomol. 104(1): 205Ð210 (2011); DOI: 10.1603/EC10268 ABSTRACT The western chinch bug, Blissus occiduus Barber (Hemiptera: Blissidae), has emerged as a serious pest of buffalograss, Buchloe¨ dactyloides (Nuttall) Engelmann. In general, neonicotinoid insecticides effectively control a variety of turfgrass insects, particularly phloem-feeding pests. How- ever, because of well documented inconsistencies in control, these compounds are generally not recommended for chinch bugs. This study was designed to document the contact and systemic toxicity of three neonicotinoid insecticides (clothianidin, imidacloprid, and thiamethoxam) to B. occiduus.In contact bioassays, thiamethoxam was Ϸ20-fold less toxic than clothianidin or imidacloprid to B. occiduus nymphs and three-fold more toxic to adults. In adult systemic bioassays, thiamethoxam was up to Þve-fold more toxic than clothianidin or imidacloprid. Interestingly, thiamethoxam was signif- icantly more toxic to adults than to nymphs in both contact and systemic bioassays. This was not observed with clothianidin or imidacloprid. Bifenthrin, used for comparative purposes, exhibited 1,844-fold and 122-fold increase in toxicity to nymphs and adults, respectively. These results provide the Þrst documentation of the relative toxicity of these neonicotinoid insecticides to B. occiduus. KEY WORDS chinch bug, Blissus occiduus, buffalograss, neonicotinoids, LC50 Buffalograss, Buchloe¨ dactyloides (Nuttall) Engelmann, a Chinch bugs injure grasses by withdrawing sap from perennial warm-season grass, continues to gain in pop- stolons and plant tissues in the crown area (Baxendale ularity as a turfgrass due to its low maintenance re- et al. 1999). It has been hypothesized that chinch bugs quirements and exceptional heat and drought toler- inject salivary toxins while feeding (Painter 1928, Pot- ance. Compared with traditional turfgrass species, it is ter 1998), which may result in plant damage by in- relatively free of diseases and arthropod pests when hibiting water and nutrient translocation (Heng-Moss grown for turf, sod, or seed (Baxendale et al. 1999). et al. 2005). Early symptoms of chinch bug infestations Over the past two decades, however, the western include reddish purple discoloration of the leaves. As chinch bug, Blissus occiduus Barber (Hemiptera: Blis- feeding progresses, damage results in patchy turfgrass sidae), has emerged as a serious buffalograss pest. This stands, which turn yellow and dry to a straw-brown chinch bug is widely distributed from California, Col- color. At higher infestation levels, chinch bug feeding orado, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, and New Mexico can cause severe thinning or death of the turfgrass in the United States, and Alberta, British Columbia, stand (Baxendale et al. 1999). Manitoba, and Saskatchewan in Canada (Bird and Insecticides, including the neonicotinoids, provide Mitchener 1950, Slater 1964, Baxendale et al. 1999). an important management option for controlling a In Nebraska, B. occiduus has two generations each wide range of piercing-sucking insect pests, including year and overwinters as an adult within the turfgrass the turfgrass-inhabiting chinch bugs Blissus leucop- stand. The Þrst generation completes development by terus leucopterus Say, Blissus leucopterus hirtus Mon- mid-June and is present until mid-August (Baxendale tandon, Blissus insularis Barber, and Blissus occiduus et al. 1999). Second generation adults appear in late Barber. Neonicotinoid insecticides feature broad- August and remain active until fall temperatures cool. spectrum activity, low application rates, excellent sys- Overwintering adults are primarily brachypterous temic uptake and translocation in plants, a novel mode (Baxendale et al. 1999). of action, and reduced environmental hazards (MaienÞsch et al. 2001a). When applied to the soil, these insecticides are taken up by the roots and dis- 1 Department of Entomology, University of NebraskaÐLincoln, 202 tributed throughout the plant to give long-lasting con- Entomology Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583. trol against many sucking pests (Elbert et al. 2008). 2 Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected]. Neonicotinoids are agonists of the postsynaptic nico- 3 Department of Statistics, University of NebraskaÐLincoln, 343B tine acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) of the insect Hardin Hall North, Lincoln, NE 68583. 4 Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Ne- central nervous system (Nauen et al. 1998). The low braskaÐLincoln, 362H PLSH, Lincoln, NE 68583. toxicological risk of neonicotinoid insecticides to non- 0022-0493/11/0205Ð0210$04.00/0 ᭧ 2011 Entomological Society of America 206 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 104, no. 1 target species, particularly mammalian species, has observed 4 h after exposure in the systemic and con- been attributed to their selective activity on insect tact bioassays. Therefore, mortality was evaluated be- nAChRs (Soloway et al. 1978, Badio and Daly 1994). ginning 4 h after chinch bug introduction for both Limited information is available on the toxicity of bioassays. the neonicotinoid insecticides to chinch bugs. Al- Mortality assessments were carried out by gently though neonicotinoids are most commonly associated probing individual insects and assigning a visual rating with their systemic properties, some studies suggest of alive, moribund, or dead. Living individuals were substantial contact activity as well (Nauen and Elbert deÞned as those able to move freely and responded 1994). This study was designed to document the con- when probed. Individuals were classiÞed as moribund tact and systemic toxicity of three neonicotinoid in- if uncontrolled twitching and other movements were secticidesÑclothianidin, imidacloprid, and thiame- observed or if chinch bugs displayed difÞculty in mov- thoxamÑto B. occiduus. ing. Chinch bugs were considered dead if they would not respond to probing. Preliminary studies have dem- onstrated that moribund chinch bugs were not able to Materials and Methods recover from insecticide exposure. Therefore, these Buffalograss and Chinch Bugs. Plugs of ÔPrestigeÕ individuals were grouped with those recorded as dead buffalograss (10.6 cm in diameter by 8 cm in depth) for statistical analyses. were removed from Þeld plots at the John Seaton Systemic Bioassays. For systemic bioassays, experi- Anderson Turfgrass and Ornamental Research Facil- mental enclosures were assembled using 15-ml test ity, University of Nebraska Agricultural Research and tubes (Fisher ScientiÞc, Pittsburg, PA) and 30-ml por- Development Center (Saunders Co., NE) (Eickhoff et tion cups (Covalence Plastics, Minneapolis, MN) al. 2008). Plugs were vegetatively propagated in “Cus- glued together using an ethyl acetate solvent. The tom container” plastic nursery pots (17 cm in diameter roots of individual buffalograss plants were cut to 7 cm, by 13.3 cm in depth) (Hummert International, Earth placed in the test tubes containing serial insecticide City, MO) containing a 2:1:3:3 potting mixture ratio of dilutions, and sealed with molten (63 Ϯ 2ЊC) parafÞn sandÐsoilÐpeatÐperlite. The buffalograss plants were wax (Gulf Wax, Royal Oaks Sales, Inc., Roswell, GA) maintained in a greenhouse under 400-W high-inten- to prevent insecticidal contact with the chinch bugs sity discharge lamps with a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) (Eickhoff et al. 2008). Roots and leaf blades measured h and irrigated as needed. These plants provided veg- 7 and 4 cm in length, respectively. etative material for systemic insecticide bioassays. Enclosures were held overnight (Ϸ14 h) at 28 Ϯ 2ЊC
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