DOCSLIB.ORG

METAPHYSICS Problems, Paradoxes and Puzzles, SOLVED?

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
METAPHYSICS Problems, Paradoxes and Puzzles, SOLVED? METAPHYSICS Problems, Paradoxes and Puzzles, SOLVED? Bob Doyle The Information Philosopher “beyond logic and language” This book on the web metaphysicist.com informationphilosophers.com/metaphysics METAPHYSICS Problems, Paradoxes and Puzzles, SOLVED? Bob Doyle The Information Philosopher “beyond logic and language” First edition, 2016 © 2016, Bob Doyle, The Information Philosopher All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by electronic or mechanical means (including photo- copying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without the prior permission of The Information Philosopher. Publisher’s Cataloging-In-Publication Data (Prepared by The Donohue Group, Inc.) Names: Doyle, Bob, 1936- Title: Metaphysics : problems, paradoxes, and puzzles, solved? / Bob Doyle, the Information Philosopher. Other Titles: Metaphysics : problems, paradoxes, puzzles Description: First edition. | Cambridge, MA, USA : I-Phi Press, 2016. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: ISBN 978-0-9835802-6-3 | ISBN 978-0-9835802-2-5 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Metaphysics. Classification: LCC BD111 .D69 2016 (print) | LCC BD111 (ebook) | DDC 110--dc23 I-Phi Press 77 Huron Avenue Cambridge, MA, USA Dedication To all the metaphysicians on the Metaphysicist.com website. Special thanks to many who have sent suggestions and corrections to ensure that their work is presented as accurately as possible for the students and young professionals who use the Metaphysicist and Information Philosopher websites as an entry point into some great intellectual problems that they may help to clarify and teach to others in the coming decades. Information is like love. Giving it to others does not reduce it. It is not a scarce economic good. Sharing it increases the total information in human minds. Information wants to be free. Bob Doyle Cambridge, MA December, 2016 vi Metaphysics Contents Contents vii Contents Preface xi How To Use This Book With The Metaphysicist Website 1 1. Introduction 3 How We Proceed 11 2. Abstract Entities 13 Information as a Physical Cause 16; The Idea of Abstraction 17; Colors as Abstract Entities 18 3. Being and Becoming 21 Being and Becoming in Modern Physics 22 4. Causality 25 What Counts as a Cause? 26; The Problem of Induction 30; Induction and the Scientific Method 31 5. Chance 35 The Discovery of Ontological Chance 43 6. Change 47 Cosmic Change as the Growth of Information Structures 50 7. Coinciding Objects 55 An Information Analysis of “Coinciding Objects” 59 8. Composition 63 Temporal Parts 66; Mereology 67; Mereological Essentialism 69; Biomereological Essentialism 72; Composition as Holism and Emergence 73 9. Constitution 75 Is Constitution Identity? 75 10. Essentialism 79 Intrinsic Information as Essence 79; Natural Kinds and Mereological Essentialism 80 11. Free Will 83 The Two-Stage Model of Free Will 85; Does Ontological Chance Threaten Free Will? 92 12. God and Immortality 95 No Creator, But There Was/Is A Creation 96; The Ergod 97; The Problem of Immortality 98 13. Identity 101 Information Identity 101; A Criterion for Identity 101; A Criterion for Essence 103; Background of the Problem 104; Leibniz 107; Leib- niz’s Laws 108; Frege 109; Peirce 111; Principia Mathematica 112; Wittgenstein 113; Frank Ramsey on Identity 114; Willard Van Orman Quine on Identity 115; Ruth Barcan Marcus 120; David Wiggins 121; Saul Kripke on Identity 122; Peter Geach on Relative Identity 125; viii Metaphysics David Lewis 126; Relative Identity 126; A = A 129; Identity through Time 130; Changes in Time 131; Personal Identity 132; Identity and Biology 132; Vague Identity 133 14. Individuation 135 The History of Individuation 135; The Biology of Individuation 139; Individuation and Quantum Mechanics 140 15. Mind-Body Problem 143 The Problem of Mental Causation 144; Mind as an Experience Recorder and Reproducer 146; Consciousness a Property of Mind 149 16. Modality 151 Actual Possibles and Possible Possibles 155; The Many Possible Worlds in Our Actual World 156; Necessity of Identity and the Limits of Necessitism 157; Modal Realism and Possible Worlds 159 17. Necessity (or Contingency) 161 The Logical Necessity of the Analytic and the A Priori 161; The Logical Ne- cessity of Necessity 162; The Necessity of Identity 165; Separating Necessity from Analyticity and A Prioricity 167; Necessity and Free Will 170; No Logical Necessity in the Material World 172; Necessitism 173 18. Persistence 175 Perdurance 177; Endurance 179; Temporal Parts? 179 19. Possibility 181 Actual Possibles 183; Actualism 184; Possibilities in Quantum Mechan- ics 185; Shannon and Quantum Indeterminism 186; An Information Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics 189; Possible Worlds 190; Other Possible Worlds 193 20. Space and Time 195 Space and Time in Quantum Physics 196; Nonlocality and Entangle- ment 200; Visualizing Entanglement 201; Can Metaphysics Solve the EPR Paradox? 203 21. Universals 207 The One and the Many 211 22.Vagueness 213 Vagueness and the Two-Slit Experiment 215 23. Wave-Particle Duality 217 The Heart of the Puzzle 218; The History of Waves and Particles 221; Dueling Wave and Particle Theories 222; Dirac on Wave-Particle Duality 225 24. The Debtor’s Paradox 227 Information Philosophy Resolves the Debtor’s Paradox 229 Contents ix 25. Dion and Theon 233 What Chrysippus May Have Been Doing 234; An Information Philosophy Analysis 237 26. Frege’s Puzzle 241 Names and Reference 243; Quine’s Paradoxes 244; The New Theory of Reference 246 27. The Growing Argument 249 28. The Infinite Regress 253 29. Porphyry’s Fateful Question 257 30. The Problem of the Many 259 Peter Unger 261; Peter Geach 262 31. The Ship of Theseus 265 How Information Philosophy Resolves the Paradox 265; How to Make Two Ships Out of One. 266 32. Sorites Puzzle 269 Liar Paradox 271 33. The Statue and the Clay 273 How to Make Two Out of One 275 34. Tibbles, the Cat 279 35. Metaphysicians 285 David M. Armstrong 285; Michael Burke 287; Rudolf Carnap 292; David Chalmers 293; Roderick Chisholm 296; René Descartes 298; Peter Geach 300; David Hume 302; Immanuel Kant 304; Saul Kripke 305; David Lewis 315; E. Jonathan Lowe 316; Ruth Barcan Marcus 318; Trenton Merricks 319; Huw Price 323; Willard Van Orman Quine 325; Michael Rea 330; Alan Sidelle 332; Ted Sider 335; Peter Unger 339; Peter van Inwagen 340; Timothy Williamson 349 36. A History of Metaphysics 353 The Presocratics 353; Socrates and Plato 354; Aristotle 354; The Sto- ics 356; Academic Skeptics 360; The Scholastics 360; Descartes 361; Leibniz 361; The Empiricists 364; Kant 365; Positivisms 366; Linguistic Analysis 369; Modal Logic 370; The Necessity of Identity 374; David Wiggins on Identity 375; Saul Kripke on Identity 377; David Lewis on Identity 378; Modal Logic and Possible Worlds 379; Why Modal Logic Is Not Metaphysics 381; The Return of Metaphysics and Its Paradoxes 384 Great Problems Solved? 387 Bibliography 397 Index 404 x Metaphysics Preface Preface Preface xi Preface Metaphysics has been rejuvenated in the past few decades, after nearly a century of attacks from logical positivists, logical empiri- cists, behaviorists, and eliminative materialists, with their loud Preface cries that metaphysics is “meaningless” or “non-sense.” Traditional metaphysicians asked questions about the funda- mental nature of physical reality. Modern metaphysicians claim to be looking into the foundations of metaphysics, sometimes called meta-metaphysics. Similarly, they are looking for a new basis for ontology, a meta-ontology. They are also engaged in a critical review of why attacks on metaphysics were so successful in the past century. Some see many years of what can be looked at today as just verbal quibbling, what Kant once called “word-juggling “ (Wortklauberei). Can the analysis of language, of concepts and their precise definitions, yield truths about the world? Many famous debates now appear to have been metaphysicians talking past each other, captivated by their elaborate conceptual schemes and dense jargon. Others think metaphysics might have had a more scientific approach. Although few moderns draw much of metaphysical importance from today’s sciences of physics, chemistry, biology, or psychol- ogy, for example, some do like a methodology of hypothetical axiomatic systems that may even offer the kind of experimental testing that is the watchword of modern science. Some view the “naturalization” of epistemology by Willard Van Orman Quine as a step toward a more scientific metaphys- ics, but others criticize the limited “extensional” approach of Quine and Rudolf Carnap, in which meaning and truth of our words are to be found in the members of sets of objects. Other “intensionalists” find meaning located in human inten- tions, either in initial speech acts or final interpretations of mean- ings in relevant contexts, but both of these are vulnerable to charges of relativism from modern skeptics. Proponents look to philosophers of science who are impressed by interpretations of xii Metaphysics Preface Figure iv-1. A taxonomy of metaphysical problems, puzzles, and paradoxes. Preface xiii quantum physics that may indicate that reality is not an external, observer-independent entity. Perhaps the most significant development in the rebirth of metaphysics has been the reintroduction of modal thinking that Preface had been a vital part since Aristotle, but was more or less forgotten since the late-nineteenth century creation of second-order propo- sitional logic by Gottlob Frege. Quine opposed the reintroduction of modality, but parallel to the existential and universal quantifiers he thought sufficed, modal logicians have added operators for possibility and necessity. Next to ∃, “there exists” or “for some,” and ∀, “for all,” modal logicians have added operators for ◊ “possibly” and ☐ “necessarily.” Necessity is defined as propositions true in all possible worlds. Possibility is defined as propositions true in some possible worlds. But there is no room in the new modal logic and its many possible worlds for contingent statements, about the future for example, propositions that are not yet either true or false.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 1 Unit 1 Metaphysical Method of Aristotle and Aquinas
    UNIT 1 METAPHYSICAL METHOD OF ARISTOTLE AND AQUINAS Contents 1.0 Objectives 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Aristotelian Method of Metaphysics 1.3 Metaphysical Method of St Thomas Aquinas 1.4 Metaphysics and Epistemology 1.5 Let us Sum up 1.6 Key Words 1.7 Further Readings and References 1.8 Answers to Check Your Progress 1.0 OBJECTIVES Aristotle’s thirst for knowledge pushes him beyond the phenomenal world. He does not just contemplate on them but arrives at them through causes. At the beginning of metaphysics which he called ‘first philosophy’ Aristotle had raised the problem of knowledge and wisdom. Aquinas devoted much of his thought to the question ‘what does it mean to be’? Many Thomists think that his greatest philosophical ability was shown in the area of metaphysics. In this Unit you are expected to understand: • The metaphysical method of Aristotle • The metaphysical method of Aquinas • The inseparable relation between metaphysics and epistemology 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1 The term metaphysics is not of Aristotle, it was of his disciple Andronicus of Rhodes (40 BC) who edited his works. The texts on ‘first philosophy’ were grouped after those of physics and were called meta ta physika. Aristotle defines metaphysics or first philosophy as “a science which investigates being as being”. It is the science that studies being as being. Other sciences touch only a portion of the things. They touch on a particular sphere of being and analyse the attributes of being in that particular sphere. Metaphysics, on the contrary, considers being as such, entity as such in the universal manner and in its highest and most general determinations, thus seeking the ultimate causes.
    [Show full text]
  • And Peirce's Synechism
    Elective Metaphysical Affi nities: Emerson’s “Natural History of Intellect” and Peirce’s Synechism Afi nidades Eletivas Metafísicas: A “História Natural do Intelecto” de Emerson e o Sinequismo de Peirce David A. Dilworth Philosophy Department State University of New York at Stony Brook – USA [email protected] Abstract: The paper suggests that Peirce’s late-phase metaphysical system af- termathed Emerson’s basic philosophical ideas elaborated over four decades before him. Peirce, with characteristic brilliance, transformed Emerson’s own luminous ideas into his categorial elaborations of abduction, cosmogonic synechism, universal semiosis, and the like. To illustrate this process of transformation, the paper provides a running synopsis of Emerson’s last signifi cant writing, “The Natural History of Intellect” (1870), which was ori- ginally part of a team-taught lecture series at Harvard that Emerson shared with six others, one of whom was the young C. S. Peirce. The synopsis evidences that virtually all of Peirce’s major metaphysical tenets had their precedent in Emerson. Among other places, Peirce acknowledged Emerson’s infl uence (together with that of Schelling) in his 1892 essay, “The Law of Mind.” Even before that, he referenced Emerson’s poem “The Sphinx” in his “A Guess at the Riddle” of 1887-88, the turning-point in Peirce’s career towarde metaphysical speculation. Peirce’s conscious awareness of Emerson’s philososphy and poetry traces back to many sources (including Emerson’s long friendship with his father, Benjamin Peirce). The elective affi nity be- tween his and Emerson’s views allows us to appreciate that the two authors forged a central strain of idealistic-cum-realistic metaphysical thinking that framed the later Pragmatisms of James and Dewey, among others.
    [Show full text]
  • Philosophy of Science and Philosophy of Chemistry
    Philosophy of Science and Philosophy of Chemistry Jaap van Brakel Abstract: In this paper I assess the relation between philosophy of chemistry and (general) philosophy of science, focusing on those themes in the philoso- phy of chemistry that may bring about major revisions or extensions of cur- rent philosophy of science. Three themes can claim to make a unique contri- bution to philosophy of science: first, the variety of materials in the (natural and artificial) world; second, extending the world by making new stuff; and, third, specific features of the relations between chemistry and physics. Keywords : philosophy of science, philosophy of chemistry, interdiscourse relations, making stuff, variety of substances . 1. Introduction Chemistry is unique and distinguishes itself from all other sciences, with respect to three broad issues: • A (variety of) stuff perspective, requiring conceptual analysis of the notion of stuff or material (Sections 4 and 5). • A making stuff perspective: the transformation of stuff by chemical reaction or phase transition (Section 6). • The pivotal role of the relations between chemistry and physics in connection with the question how everything fits together (Section 7). All themes in the philosophy of chemistry can be classified in one of these three clusters or make contributions to general philosophy of science that, as yet , are not particularly different from similar contributions from other sci- ences (Section 3). I do not exclude the possibility of there being more than three clusters of philosophical issues unique to philosophy of chemistry, but I am not aware of any as yet. Moreover, highlighting the issues discussed in Sections 5-7 does not mean that issues reviewed in Section 3 are less im- portant in revising the philosophy of science.
    [Show full text]
  • Vol. 22, No. 2 February 2018 You Can’T Buy It
    ABSOLUTELY FREE Vol. 22, No. 2 February 2018 You Can’t Buy It Artwork is by Betsy Jones McDonald which is part of the exhibit, Everchanging Tides, on view at the Charleston Artist Guild Gallery in Charleston, SC, from February 1 - 28, 2018. See the article on page 6. ARTICLE INDEX Advertising Directory This index has active links, just click on the Page number and it will take you to that page. Listed in order in which they appear in the paper. Page 1 - Cover - Charleston Artist Guild Gallery - Betsy Jones McDonald Page 3 - Ella Walton Richardson Fine Art Page 2 - Article Index, Advertising Directory, Contact Info, Links to blogs, and Carolina Arts site Page 4 - Nance Lee Sneddon Page 4 - Editorial Commentary Page 5 - The Wells Gallery at the Sanctuary, Fabulon Art & Halsey-McCallum Studios Page 5 - City Gallery at Waterfront Park Page 6 - Charleston Artist Guild, City of North Charleston & Robert Lange Studios Page 6 - Karen Burnette Garner & Whimsy Joy by Roz Page 8 - Ella Walton Richardson Fine Art & Helena Fox Fine Art Page 7 - Call for Lowcountry Ceramic Artists, Rhett Thurman, Anglin Smith Fine Art, DONALD WEBER Page 9 - Helena Fox Fine Art cont., Society of Bluffton Artists & Coastal Discovery Museum Helena Fox Fine Art, Spencer Art Galleries, The Wells Gallery at the Sanctuary, Page 10 - Art League of Hilton Head, Lander University and Main & Maxwell Corrigan Gallery & Saul Alexander Foundation Gallery Page 13 - Metropolitan Arts Council Page 14 - West Main Artists Co-op x 2 Page 8 - Emerge SC & James Smith for Governor “CHARLESTON” Page 16 - West Main Artists Co-op cont.
    [Show full text]
  • Predeterminism and Moral Agency in the Hodayot
    Predeterminism and Moral Agency in the Hodayot Carol A. Newsom 1 Introduction For reasons that are not yet entirely clear, sharp disagreements about pre- determinism and free will became a significant feature of Jewish theological stances in the Hellenistic and Roman periods. Josephus provides the most ex- plicit consideration of these issues in ancient Jewish sources, as he attempts to distinguish the positions of the three major Jewish sects with respect to the philosophical category of “fate” (εἱμαρμένη). Josephus identifies the position of the Essenes as believing strongly in fate, to the apparent exclusion of free will (Ant. 13.172). Similarly, modern scholarly treatments of the Qumran yaḥad have acknowledged the very strong predeterminist element in their thinking, attested in a variety of sectarian or closely related texts.1 At the same time, there has been a degree of perplexity as to what to do with the obviously volun- tarist statements and assumptions that are present in these same documents. A variety of suggestions have been made, mostly to the effect that the sectar- ians were inconsistent or not fully systematic in their beliefs.2 This may in- deed be the case, though Jonathan Klawans argues that, properly understood, all deterministic systems are consistent with voluntarism in a rather minimal 1 I take the Qumran yaḥad movement to be Essene, though I consider it possible that the term “Essene” may also have referred to groups not formally part of the yaḥad. For examinations of the phenomenon of predestination in Qumran sectarian literature and closely related texts, see J. Licht, “The Concept of Free Will in the Writings of the Sect of the Judean Desert,” in Studies in the Dead Sea Scrolls: Lectures Delivered at the Third Annual Conference (1957) in Memory of E.
    [Show full text]
  • Kant's Critique of Judgment and the Scientific Investigation of Matter
    Kant’s Critique of Judgment and the Scientific Investigation of Matter Daniel Rothbart, Irmgard Scherer Abstract: Kant’s theory of judgment establishes the conceptual framework for understanding the subtle relationships between the experimental scientist, the modern instrument, and nature’s atomic particles. The principle of purposive- ness which governs judgment has also a role in implicitly guiding modern experimental science. In Part 1 we explore Kant’s philosophy of science as he shows how knowledge of material nature and unobservable entities is possible. In Part 2 we examine the way in which Kant’s treatment of judgment, with its operating principle of purposiveness, enters into his critical project and under- lies the possibility of rational science. In Part 3 we show that the centrality given to judgment in Kant’s conception of science provides philosophical in- sight into the investigation of atomic substances in modern chemistry. Keywords : Kant , judgment , purposiveness , experimentation , investigation of matter . Introduction Kant’s philosophy of science centers on the problem of how it is possible to acquire genuine knowledge of unobservable entities, such as atoms and molecules. “What and how much can the understanding and reason know apart from all experience?” ( CPuR , Axvii). This raises the question of the role of experiments in the knowability ( Erkennbarkeit ) and the experientiality (Erfahrbarkeit ) of nature. Kant’s insights into the character of scientific experimentation are not given the hearing they deserve. We argue that Kant’s theory of judgment establishes the conceptual framework for understanding the subtle inter- actions between the experimental chemist, the modern chemical instrument, and molecular substance.
    [Show full text]
  • SYSTEMATIC METAPHYSICS, OXFORD 2010 (1ª Ed.), 138 Páginas: OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
    Aporía • Revista Internacional ISSN 0718-9788 de Investigaciones Filosóficas Diego Morales Pérez Artículos /Articles Nº 5 (2013), pp. 86-89 Santiago de Chile DAVID MALET ARMSTRONG, SKETCH FOR A SYSTEMATIC METAPHYSICS, OXFORD 2010 (1ª Ed.), 138 páginas: OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Diego Morales Pérez1 Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Sketch for a Systematic Metaphysics, publicado por Oxford University Press en el año 2010, es una de las obras más recientes que nos ofrece el célebre profesor australiano D.M. Armstrong. En este breve libro, el lector puede encontrar un conciso resumen de las ideas y opiniones más recientes del autor sobre los temas que deben conformar, a su juicio, un programa de investigación serio en metafísica. Es así como el texto trata los siguientes temas: 1. Propiedades; 2. Relaciones; 3. Estados de Cosas; 4. Leyes de la Naturaleza; 5. Reacción contra el Disposicionalismo; 6. Particulares; 7. Truthmakers; 8. Posibilidad, Actualidad y Necesidad; 9. Límites; 10. Ausencias; 11. Las Disciplinas Racionales: Lógica y Matemática; 12. Números; 13. Clases; 14. Tiempo; 15. Mente. El sello distintivo que presenta esta obra, en comparación a otras que entregan panoramas generales sobre temas recurrentes en metafísica, es la intención del autor de articular los contenidos de manera “sistemática”. En el prefacio Armstrong nos dice que la metafísica, disciplina que se ha vuelto respetable una vez más, está siendo trabajada por pensadores muy talentosos, pero de manera inconexa y a pedazos (p. X). Sería provechoso, entonces, presentar una propuesta que articule los contenidos, aprovechando de dar su opinión en cada uno de ellos. Ahora bien, el autor no se pronuncia explícitamente sobre lo que entiende por “metafísica sistemática”.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Download
    https://lthj.qut.edu.au/ LAW, TECHNOLOGY AND HUMANS Volume 2 (2) 2020 https://doi.org/10.5204/lthj.1483 Divergent Realities Across the Digital–Material Divide Elizabeth Englezos Griffith University, Australia Abstract This article utilises the example of Australia’s social welfare agency ‘Centrelink’ and its Online Compliance Intervention (OCI) program to illustrate the process of digital translation and digital determinations of material reality. The article explains the digital translation process through the adaptation of various aspects of Charles Sanders Peirce’s philosophy such as the triadic sign model, signification, fallibilism and synechism. Semiotics, or the ‘study of meaning making’, highlights the subjective nature of data analysis. A semiotic approach not only explains the differing realities of digital and material space and the lack of distinction between digital and material phenomena, but also provides further insight into algorithmic determinations of reality and the inherent limitations on our knowledge of digital or material reality. The same data can produce divergent realities within digital space and between the material and digital spaces. The article concludes that the design of algorithms, the nature of their representations and the outcomes they generate lack the complexity and nuance of reality, and disregards social influences on meaning and interpretation. As illustrated by the real-life failure of Centrelink’s OCI, this article warns against interpreting the digital as an accurate rendering of the real. Keywords: Digital translation; algorithms; reality; semiotics; digital–material divide. 1. Introduction The all-pervasive nature of digital technology has resulted in a new world order where the digital space has become an increasingly important place of personal existence.
    [Show full text]
  • Peircean Cosmogony's Symbolic Agapistic Self-Organization As an Example of the Influence of Eastern Philosophy on Western Thinking
    Peircean Cosmogony's Symbolic Agapistic Self-organization as an Example of the Influence of Eastern Philosophy on Western Thinking Brier, Søren Document Version Accepted author manuscript Published in: Progress in Biophysics & Molecular Biology DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2017.09.010 Publication date: 2017 License CC BY-NC-ND Citation for published version (APA): Brier, S. (2017). Peircean Cosmogony's Symbolic Agapistic Self-organization as an Example of the Influence of Eastern Philosophy on Western Thinking. Progress in Biophysics & Molecular Biology, (131), 92-107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2017.09.010 Link to publication in CBS Research Portal General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us ([email protected]) providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 02. Oct. 2021 Peircean Cosmogony's Symbolic Agapistic Self-organization as an Example of the Influence of Eastern Philosophy on Western Thinking Søren Brier Journal article (Accepted manuscript) CITE: Brier, S. (2017). Peircean Cosmogony's Symbolic Agapistic Self-organization as an Example of the Influence of Eastern Philosophy on Western Thinking. Progress in Biophysics & Molecular
    [Show full text]
  • A Philosophical Commentary on Cs Peirce's “On a New List
    The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School College of the Liberal Arts A PHILOSOPHICAL COMMENTARY ON C. S. PEIRCE'S \ON A NEW LIST OF CATEGORIES": EXHIBITING LOGICAL STRUCTURE AND ABIDING RELEVANCE A Dissertation in Philosophy by Masato Ishida °c 2009 Masato Ishida Submitted in Partial Ful¯lment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy August 2009 The dissertation of Masato Ishida was reviewed and approved¤ by the following: Vincent M. Colapietro Professor of Philosophy Dissertation Advisor Chair of Committee Dennis Schmidt Professor of Philosophy Christopher P. Long Associate Professor of Philosophy Director of Graduate Studies for the Department of Philosophy Stephen G. Simpson Professor of Mathematics ¤ Signatures are on ¯le in the Graduate School. ii ABSTRACT This dissertation focuses on C. S. Peirce's relatively early paper \On a New List of Categories"(1867). The entire dissertation is devoted to an extensive and in-depth analysis of this single paper in the form of commentary. All ¯fteen sections of the New List are examined. Rather than considering the textual genesis of the New List, or situating the work narrowly in the early philosophy of Peirce, as previous scholarship has done, this work pursues the genuine philosophical content of the New List, while paying attention to the later philosophy of Peirce as well. Immanuel Kant's Critique of Pure Reason is also taken into serious account, to which Peirce contrasted his new theory of categories. iii Table of Contents List of Figures . ix Acknowledgements . xi General Introduction 1 The Subject of the Dissertation . 1 Features of the Dissertation .
    [Show full text]
  • Nöroetik Prensipler 5
    Türk Dünyası Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi Sinir Bilim Dergisi No. 2018/1-2 B ö l ü m Nöroetik Prensipler 5 Etik ilkeler konusunda öneriler Etiksel kavramları daha somut boyuta getirerek prensiplerin ilkeleştirilmesi hedeflenmiştir. öroetik konusunda etiksel anlamda ilkeleşme, tüm insanı ve insanlığı kapsadığı için, tüm etik ilkeleri bünyesinde toplamaktadır. N Nöroetik olarak konunun yeniden gözden geçirilmesi ve ilkeleştirilmesi yukarıdaki kapsam altında gerekli olmadığı anlaşılacaktır. Ancak, olayın özetlenmesi açısından ilkelerde toparlamanın mümkün olabileceği varsayılmaktadır. Her bir yaklaşımda belirli esasların oluşturulması önceliklidir. Bir konu ele alınırken, o konuda bilgi sorgulaması öncesinde, belirli bir planın yapılması gerekir. Planlama olmadan rastgele alınan bilgiler, belirli bir bilgi kirliliğine neden olabilecektir. Birbiri ile çelişen durumlar ve bilgileri çözmek imkansızlaştığı gibi, belirli sorunlara da neden olabilecektir. Bu açıdan nöroetik kavramı üzerinde değinilmeden önce, bu konuda temel yaklaşımlar, belirli bir felsefe içinde ele alınmasını gerekli kılmaktadır. Öncelikle konuyu ele alma biçimi, olayı yrumlama ve algılama düzeyi ortaya konulmalıdır. Bu amaçla nöroetik konusunda bir genel yaklaşım esasları oluşturulmaya çalışılmıştır. Aşağıda bir ilkeleme çalışması görülecektir. Nöroetik Prensipler/İlkeler TANIMLAMALAR Etik Tıp Bilimi temelde insanı birey olarak ele almakta ve onun haklarının öncelikli olduğu ve otonomisinin her türlü durumda korunmasının hukuksal açıdan da ilke olarak ele alınması gerektiğinin bilincindedir. Sayfa. 252 Türk Dünyası Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi Sinir Bilim Dergisi No. 2018/1-2 Birey, insan olmanın gerektiği modelinde, ruhsal, sosyal ve kültürel anlamda da toplumsal bir kişiliği olduğunun kavramı olarak da algılanmalıdır. Hekimlik mesleği, bireyin özerkliği ve kendi haklarını belirleme çerçevesinde, tıp biliminin uygulanması yanında sanatsal ve felsefe bilimler anlamında da bir bütünlüğü gerekli kılmaktadır. Tüm diğer özellikler hukuksal esaslar yanında etik ilkeler boyutunda da olmalıdır.
    [Show full text]
  • Armstrong.Pdf
    EIDE Ê Foundations of Ontology Series Editors Otávio Bueno, Javier Cumpa, John Heil, Peter Simons, Erwin Tegtmeier, Amie L. Thomasson Volume 9 Francesco F. Calemi (Ed.) Metaphysics and Scientic Realism Ê Essays in Honour of David Malet Armstrong Edited by Francesco F. Calemi Copyright-Text ISBN 978-3-11-045461-1 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-045591-5 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliograe; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2015 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Munich/Boston Cover image: Cover-Firma Typesetting: le-tex publishing services GmbH, Leipzig Printing and binding: Druckerei XYZ ♾ Printed on acid-free paper Printed in Germany www.degruyter.com Tuomas E. Tahko Armstrong on Truthmaking and Realism 1 Introduction The title of this paper reects the fact truthmaking is quite frequently considered to be expressive of realism. What this means, exactly, will become clearer in the course of our discussion, but since we are interested in Armstrong’s work on truth- making in particular, it is natural to start from a brief discussion of how truth- making and realism appear to be associated in his work. Armstrong’s interest in truthmaking and the integration of the truthmaker principle to his overall system happened only later in his career, especially in his 1997 book A World of States of Aairs and of course the 2004 Truth and Truthmakers.
    [Show full text]