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TTTG Article : An Historical Survey of Types, Brands and Makers John Bates ♠ Wednesday, 7th of October 2015

INTRODUCTION There existed for many years an air of mystery surrounding the selection, heat treatment and use of tool steels. Started by the secretiveness of the early makers, it has been fostered somewhat by the seemingly never-ending introduction of new grades.

Today the term tool commonly means hard steel of a quality used for making for and other purposes. More specifically it refers to varieties of and steels that are particularly well-suited to be made into tools.

For the purposes of this historical survey the author has divided the tool steels into five basic types or groups: water- carbon tool steels, oil hardening tool steels, shock-resisting tool steels, air hardening tool steels; and high-speed steels. (/Content/Articles/2015-06- The survey also covers the non-ferrous 13.ToolSteels/HalcombSteel.jpg) Fig 1: alloys. Although technically not steels, they are a group Halcomb Steel Company, Syracuse, of tool alloys which crop up more often than may be New York - Dreadnought expected. Furthermore, they are quite useful for certain purposes and operations in the shop. advertisement - 1913.

A BRIEF OUTLINE OF HSS CLASSIFICATION During the 1970s the American Society for Testing and Materials (the ASTM is now ASTM International) introduced a unified numbering system for steel comprising 11 main classes each designated by a letter as follows:

W:Water-Hardening (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tool_steel#Water-hardening_group) S: Shock-Resisting (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tool_steel#Shock-resisting_group) O: Cold-Work (Oil-Hardening) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tool_steel#Oil-hardening) A: Cold-Work (Medium-Alloy, Air-Hardening) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tool_steel#Air-hardening) Cold-Work (High-Carbon, High-) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tool_steel#High_carbon- D: chromium.2C_D-type) L: Low-Alloy (http://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=6139#) F: Carbon- (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tool_steel#Special_purpose_group) P1- P: Low-Carbon Mould Steels P19: P20- Other Mould Steels P39: H1- Chromium-Base Hot Work (http://www.totalmateria.com/page.aspx? H: H19: ID=CheckArticle&site=kts&NM=234) H20- Tungsten-Base Hot Work (http://www.totalmateria.com/page.aspx?

H29: ID=CheckArticle&site=kts&NM=234) H40- -Base Hot Work (http://www.totalmateria.com/page.aspx?

H59: ID=CheckArticle&site=kts&NM=234) T: High-Speed (Tungsten-Base) M: High-Speed (Molybdenum-Base) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-speed_steel) The current ASTM standard recognises 7 tungsten types and 21 molybdenum types of HSS. In this unified numbering system the tungsten-type HSS grades (e.g. T1, T15) are assigned numbers in the T120xx series, while molybdenum (e.g. M2, M48) and intermediate types are T113xx.

The current standard (ASTM A600) covers types T1, T2, T4, T5, T6, T8, and T15 and molybdenum- type high-speed steels M1, M2, M3, M4, M6, M7, M10, M30, M33, M34, M36, M41, M42, M43, M44, M46, M47, M48, and M62 in the form of annealed, hot-rolled bars, , plate, sheet, or strip, and annealed, cold-finished bars or forgings used primarily in the fabrication of tools. Two intermediate high speed tool steels designated as M50 and M52 are also covered.

Water-Hardening Tool steels include all class W tool steels. These steels do not retain well at elevated temperatures, but they do have high resistance to surface wear. Typical applications include blanking dies, files, , taps, , , dies, and cold-striking dies.

THE HIGH SPEED STEELS (HSS) Just what is high speed steel or HSS? Well when tool steels contain a combination of more than 7.0% tungsten, molybdenum and , along with more than 0.6% carbon, they are referred to as high speed steel. HSS is a highly-alloyed tool steel capable of maintaining hardness at elevated temperatures better than the high carbon and low alloy steels. This good hot hardness permits tools made of HSS to be used at higher cutting speeds (hence the name “High-Speed”). Since the early 1900s a wide variety of high speed steels has been and continues to be available. For the most part these steels can be divided into two basic types: Tungsten-type, designated T-grades by the AISI; and Molybdenum-type, designated M-grades by the AISI.

The term HSS includes all the molybdenum (M1 to M52) and tungsten (T1 to T15) class alloys.

These steels require high temperatures for hardening. The molybdenum types are usually hardened from a range of 1200°C (2200°F) to 1235°C (2250°F), the tungsten types as a rule from 1260°C (2300°F) to 1290°C (2350°F) when heat treated in an atmosphere controlled furnace. High-speed tools steels may be hardened to 62- 67 HRc and maintain that hardness in service temperatures as high as 540°C (1000°F) making them very useful in high-speed .

Tungsten-type HSS: The tungsten steels form the oldest class and are an outgrowth of the even older Mushet steels. Their development started in the 19th century with Robert Mushet in UK and reached a technical flowering with the work of F W Taylor and M White in the USA just as the 20th century dawned.

Robert F Mushet practiced the addition of to the steel. But he didn’t stop there; he continued (/Content/Articles/2015-06- experimenting and sometime in 1868 eventually 13.ToolSteels/ArmstrongWhitworth.jpg) discovered self-hardening steel. This new steel was Fig 2: Armstrong Whitworth & Co., immediately put into the market under the name “R Manchester, U.K. - Three Celebrated Mushet’s Special Steel” or "R.M.S". A typical analysis of Brands of HSS - 1911. this steel was 2.4% carbon, 5.9% tungsten, and 2.5% manganese (these were the proportions of the original R.M.S made at Coleford - the R.M.S made at contained 0.55% chromium). Unfortunately for Mushet, the company organised to manufacture and sell his new steel did not succeed well in business. Some three years later the production of Mushet steel was taken over by Samuel Osborn & Co Ltd at the Clyde Works, Sheffield. With a better business model the wide introduction of the new steel into engineering works and its imitation under the name of air-hardening or self-hardening steel quickly followed. Clearly a substantial advance had been made in the art of cutting . It was now possible to turn or at double or triple the former speeds; and to pieces which were formerly just too hard for the tools available or so hard as to make the cost of operation prohibitive. But even after gaining general use in engineering works, Mushet tools were little used for increasing speeds – most usually they were only used to save frequent grindings (/Content/Articles/2015-06- or to permit doing jobs previously impossible. 13.ToolSteels/Mushet.jpg) Fig 3: Samual It took a further 25 years after ‘Mushet’ or ‘self- Osbourne & Co., Sheffield, U.K. - hardening’ steel had become an established fact in Mushnet HSS advertisement - 1903. engineering before the marvellous properties latent in it were clearly appreciated and the industrial world caught a glimpse of what promised to be a revolution in machine shop methods.

Frederick W Taylor had begun experimenting with Mushet and other self-hardening steels as far back as 1894. His aim was to determine which steels were best suited to special kinds of work. So shortly after taking charge of the Bethlehem steel works in 1898 he formed an association with Maunsel White and others in order to better undertake the work at hand.

Before the introduction of HSS in the USA the term ‘Mushet steel’ meant self-hardening tool steels containing tungsten. These early ‘Mushet’ steels contained from 5-8% tungsten, up to 2.5% manganese, and very high carbon (1.5-2.4%) with sometimes 0.5% chromium. The Mushet steel made by Samuel Osborn & Co Ltd in 1868 and branded ‘Self-Hard’ or R.M.S. had a typical analysis of 8% tungsten, 2% carbon, and 1% manganese.

The Taylor and White experiments from 1893 to 1898 led to a new steel with less carbon. Taylor-White steel (/Content/Articles/2015-06- of c.1900 contained 1.85% carbon, 8% tungsten, 3.8% 13.ToolSteels/OsbornsDrills.jpg) Fig 4: chromium, and 0.3% manganese. Finally, on 19 Samual Osbourne & Co., Sheffield, February 1901, Taylor and White received a patent for U.K. - Mushnet HSS advertisement - a ‘Metal-Cutting Tool and Method of Making Same’ 1912. such a tool being "specially adapted for cutting very hard metal and capable of running efficiently when cutting such metals at higher speeds and greater temperatures than has heretofore been practicable".

The investigations by Taylor and White, which culminated in the development of ‘high speed steel’, required a very large amount of money to be spent and infinite patience to be exercised. Something like 50,000 recorded tests were made, a great many more were not recorded, and close to one million pounds of steel and was cut into chips; the estimated total cost was almost $200,000.

However, this was by no means the end of experiments with HSS. In 1904 the addition of vanadium was patented by the Company and this led to the formulation of what is perhaps the best-known grade, the 18-4-1 steel (later known simply as T1). in HSS was first reported in 1912 by Becker in Germany. In 1939 high-carbon high-vanadium super high-speed tool steels (M4 and Tl5) were introduced. The M40 series high-carbon high-cobalt super hard high-speed tool steels first appeared in 1961. Material availability and costs also had an effect on the development of HSS. Due to the shortage of tungsten and the increases in its price, molybdenum bearing high speed steels were introduced in the USA around 1930.

Since first being patented by the Crucible Steel Company the composition of the T1 type with 18% W has not changed. Indeed, it remained the main type of HSS used in engineering workshops up until the 1940s. Today however only 5-10% of the HSS in Europe is of the T1 type and only about 2% in the USA.

Tungsten HSS can be divided into two general grades according to tungsten content being those with 18% and 14% tungsten. The Super HSS or Cobalt HSS are high in tungsten, but also contain considerable quantities of cobalt. They have added red hardness, but are inclined to be brittle.

Molybdenum-type HSS: Molybdenum rich HSS such as M1 has been in general use since the 1930s. It eventually gained (/Content/Articles/2015-06- market leadership in the USA during the 1940s. Molybdenum 13.ToolSteels/SuperCapital.png) HSS is an outgrowth of an early attempt by the US Ordinance Fig 5: Arthur Balfour and Co, Department to substitute molybdenum for the costly and Sheffield, U.K. - Super Capital imported tungsten in HSS. The first Watertown Arsenal steel of high speed steel toolbits - 1940 contained about 0.8% carbon, 9.5% molybdenum, 4% 1963. chromium, 1.5% tungsten, and 1% vanadium. But the earliest known molybdenum “self-hardening” steel was the ‘MoSH’ steel made by the Sanderson Steel Company in 1898.

Many types of molybdenum HSS came onto the market in the USA. For example, Motung high speed steel (M1) was patented by the Twist Company and contains 0.75% C, 8% Mo, 1.75% W, 4% Cr, and 1.25% V. The name Mo-Tung is also used by the Universal-Cyclops Steel Corporation for this steel and other trade names for it include Mogul, Tatmo, Mo-Cut, Vul-Mo, Mohican, LMW, Rex T-Mo, HM Steel, and Di-Mol. Van Lom HSS by the Vanadium-Alloys Steel Company has 1% C, 9% Mo, (/Content/Articles/2015-06- 4.25% Cr, and 4% V. Bethlehem 66 HSS (M2) by the 13.ToolSteels/ElectriteUranium.png) Fig Bethlehem Steel Company contains 0.8% C, 5.5% W, 5% Mo, 4% Cr and 1.75% V. More often than not the 6: Latrobe Electric Steel Co., product outlasted the company that made it. Pennsylvania, U.S. - Electrite Uranium HSS advert in American Vol The addition of about 10% of tungsten and 53 Number 1 - 1920. molybdenum in total most efficiently maximises the hardness and toughness of high speed steel and maintains these properties at the high temperatures generated when cutting metals. Molybdenum has twice the effect of tungsten in terms of red hardness, but it makes the steel more brittle and also subject to decarburisation. Standard tungsten high speed steels are therefore sometimes modified with very small amounts of molybdenum.

The old and were molybdenum steels, the molybdenum being in the original . Damascene steel refers to the wavy marks on and was not necessarily a molybdenum steel. But the original , or Indian steel, of this type contained small percentages of aluminium incorporated in some obscure manner. Wootz steel was made in the crucible, although the crucible method was not used in Europe until 1740.

So, what is high speed steel used for? The main use of HSS continues to be in the manufacture of various cutting tools: tools, drills, taps, cutters, gear cutters, blades, etc, although usage for punches and dies is increasing. Tool steel, in particular HSS, can also be surface treated by , laser or plasma overlays of hard coatings (e.g. ) as well as by chemical or physical vapour deposition of hard carbides and nitrides. This new coating technology has extended the use of HSS.

While coatings, such as TiN, TiAlN or CrAlN significantly increase tool life, they also increase tool cost. Nevertheless, most tools in the higher-end applications today are coated as the higher cost is well balanced by the greater productivity during the machining processes.

No one composition of high-speed tool steel can meet all cutting tool requirements. The general-purpose molybdenum steels such as M1, M2, and M7 and tungsten steel T1 are more commonly used than other high-speed tool steels. They have the highest toughness and good cutting ability, but they possess the lowest hot hardness and wear resistance of all (/Content/Articles/2015-06- the high-speed tool steels. The addition of vanadium offers 13.ToolSteels/TantungCatalog.png) the advantage of greater wear resistance and hot hardness, Fig 7: Vascoloy-Ramet Corp(VR) and steels with intermediate vanadium contents are suited for - Tantung tool catalog - circa fine and roughing cuts on both hard and soft materials. 1940. The 5% vanadium steel (T15) is especially suited for cutting hard metals and alloys or high-strength steels, and is particularly suitable for the machining of aluminium, stainless steels, austenitic alloys, and refractory metals. Wrought high-vanadium high-speed tool steels are more difficult to grind than their particle product counterparts.

The addition of cobalt in various amounts allows still higher hot hardness, the degree of hot hardness being proportional to the cobalt content. Although cobalt steels are more brittle than the non-cobalt types, they give better performance on hard, scaly materials that are machined with deep cuts at high speeds.

High-speed tool steels have continued to be of importance in industrial commerce for 70 to 80 years despite the inroads made by competitive cutting tool materials such as cast cobalt alloys, cemented carbides, ceramics, and cermets. The superior toughness of high speed tool steel seems to guarantee it a continuing niche in the cutting tool materials marketplace.

HSS COMPOSITION: THE EFFECT OF SOME KEY CHEMICAL ELEMENTS The essential elements of a steel either alone or combined with the addition of other elements is what gives the steel its inherent cutting performance, red-hardness, toughness, wear-resistance, etc. It is difficult to enumerate all the wonderful qualities steel acquires when various elements are introduced in it.

Nevertheless, here is a summary of most of the principal alloying elements and their effect on HSS.

NOTE: All percentages given are by weight

Aluminium (Al) – Aluminium is the most effective and frequently used deoxidiser in . Small additions are used to insure small grain size. It will combine with and form hard aluminium nitrides, which is why it is added to nitriding steels.

Boron (B) - Boron is added to unalloyed and low alloyed steels to enhance the hardness level through (/Content/Articles/2015-06- enhancement . Boron added to HSS, for 13.ToolSteels/ElectriteBit.jpg) Fig 8: Electrite Uranium B tool bit. example, containing 18%W, 4%Cr and 1%V, enhances the cutting performance, but reduces the forging qualities.

Carbon (C) - As in all tool steels, carbon is essential to the hardenability of steel. It increases tensile strength and edge retention and improves resistance to wear and abrasion. Added in isolation, it decreases toughness. Also, it is evident that, as the wearing properties and high hot hardness depend on the presence of massive amounts of complex alloy carbides, carbon is of prime importance. The usual carbon range for high speed steels is 0.65-1.5%, of which about 0.3% is dissolved in the matrix. The hardness on the finished product increases rapidly up to about 1.0% carbon. The higher carbon grades show a fairly marked fall off in ductility.

Chromium (Cr) - Added for increased wear resistance, hardness, tensile strength, and for corrosion resistance. Cr forms large, complex carbides. A steel with at least 13% chromium is typically deemed "stainless", though another definition says the steel must have at least 11.5% free chromium (as opposed to being tied up in carbides) to be considered "stainless". Adding Chromium in high amounts decreases toughness. Chromium is a carbide-former, which is why it increases wear resistance. Unfortunately, the amount of free Chromium in the steels is almost never specified. Addition of 4% chromium is made to all high speed steels with the prime purpose of promoting depth hardening. Chromium in the absence of large quantities of retained sharply retards the rate of softening in these steels, but in itself does not produce a true secondary hardening peak.

Cobalt (Co) - Increases red hardness, also allows for higher temperatures (during the heat treatment procedure). Intensifies the individual effects of other elements in more complex steels. Co is not a carbide former, however adding Cobalt to the alloy allows for higher attainable hardness and higher red hot hardness. Cobalt is optional as an alloy addition, being present in only a few of the "super grades" up to about 10% maximum, although a few special steels have higher additions. The addition of cobalt can raise the hardness by as much as 60HV, depending on the (/Content/Articles/2015-06- specific grade of steel. Its prime purpose is to promote 13.ToolSteels/EclipseToolBits.png) Fig 9: red hardness, however this comes at the expense of James Neill & Co., Sheffield, U.K. - Box impact strength. of Eclipse Cobalt HSS Tool Bits. Lead (Pb) - Although virtually insoluble in liquid or solid steel, lead is sometimes added to carbon steels via mechanical dispersion during pouring in order to improve machinability.

Manganese (Mn) - An important element, Manganese improves grain structure and contributes to hardenability, strength, and wear resistance. Improves the steel, deoxidizes and degasifies during steel manufacture (hot working and ). In larger quantities, increases hardness and brittleness.

Molybdenum (Mo) - A carbide former, prevents brittleness, and maintains strength at high temperatures. Improves machinability and resistance to corrosion. Present in many High Speed steels, and air-hardening steels (e.g. A2, ATS-34) always have 1% or more Molybdenum.

Nickel (Ni) - Adds toughness. is widely believed to play a role in corrosion resistance as well, but this is probably incorrect.

Niobium (Nb) formerly Columbium (Cb) - heat treatment of the niobium-bearing steel yields fine edged carbides, which makes the steel very tough. The introduction of niobium prevents embrittlement and improves wear resistance. In small amounts, niobium can significantly increase the strength and, to a lesser degree, tensile strength of steels.

Tungsten (W) - formerly known as Wolfram. Strongest carbide former after Nb and then V. W increases wear resistance. When combined properly with Chromium or Molybdenum, Tungsten will turn a steel into a High-Speed steel. The M2 high-speed steel has a high amount of tungsten; around 6%. Vanadium (V) - Contributes to wear resistance and hardenability, and as a carbide former (in fact, vanadium carbides are the hardest carbides) it contributes to wear resistance. It also refines the grain of the steel, which contributes to toughness and allows the steel to take a very sharp edge. A number of steels contain some Vanadium, whereas M2, Vascowear, and CPM 10V, S90V, S125V (in order of increasing amounts) feature very high amounts of Vanadium. This element is always present to a minimum of 1% and generally up to 2% or 3%. It can be higher in very highly alloyed grades. Vanadium forms extremely stable carbides such as VC or V4C3, which are virtually insoluble at normal hardening temperatures, and thus create a very effective means of limiting grain growth.

Zirconium (Zr) - the presence of zirconium compounds reduces grain coarsening, and thus permits the use of higher hardening or carburising temperatures. It produces only slight changes in the mechanical properties of quenched and tempered steels which are generally beneficial. It produces a more uniform distortion during heat treatment than other alloying elements like vanadium. In high alloys steels, it increases hardness but decreases ductility.

TYPES, BRANDS AND MAKERS HSS is sold under a myriad of trade names in rods, bars, flats and tool shapes. For this reason it is an all-too-often occurrence to come across a piece of branded HSS and have no idea what type or grade of HSS it is or perhaps even be unsure if it is or is not HSS.

The following information was compiled in an attempt to untangle the composition and principal uses of the many brand name tool steels (HSS and carbon) as well as introduce some of the very useful non-ferrous cutting tool alloys.

But what about Chinese and Indian tools steels? Well it is a bit of a mixed bag really. Some of these ‘imports’ perform quite well, but how can a purchaser know what these are and so avoid some of the lesser quality bits?

First it may be of help to know that of the many grades of HSS made in China, two are simply referred to as “economical” HSS. These are by analysis:

W 4% Cr 4% Mo 3% V nil% W 3% Cr 4% Mo 2% V 2%

Clearly alongside the other HSS grades listed in the tables below these “economical” HSS grades contain comparatively low levels of tungsten and molybdenum. Not sure what the carbon content is. These are probably the types of HSS used in those very ‘economical’ boxes of drill bits and in similar versions of taps and dies labelled “HSS China”.

Just the poor finish and lack of care in grinding and sharpening these tools should be enough to put you on guard. If not you may soon find out that “economical” Chinese HSS may have some performance issues. Of course you can also buy good quality Chinese HSS.

TYPE “T” Tungsten-Rich HSS T1 (18-4-1) typical analysis (%): C 0.7; W 18; Cr 4.0; V 1.0 – this is the original 18-4-1 high speed steel introduced around 1904. Still held up as a standard general purpose tool steel. It has a balanced combination of shock resistance and abrasion resistance. It is the easiest HSS to machine. Has high red hardness. Principal application is for cutting tools. HSS MAKER’S MAKER NOTES GRADE DESIGNATION

T1 A.2 Comsteel, Waratah NSW Australia

Achorn Kloster T1 Achorn Steel Co, Boston MA USA Brilliant AX T1 B6 Universal-Cyclops Steel Corp, Bridgeville PA USA

T1 Blue Chip Firth Sterling Inc, PA USA W 18; Mn 0.25

T1 Bohler S200 Bohler Edelstahl GmbH

T1 Buckeye T1 Time Steel Service Inc, USA

T1 Clarite Columbia Tool Steel Co, Columbia IL USA

T1 Clipper (?) Maker unknown

T1 DoAll T1 DoAll Co, Des Plaines IL USA

T1 Double Mushet ND Samuel Osborn & Co, Sheffield England

T1 Dreadnaught Hawkridge Brothers Co, Boston MA USA W 18

T1 Dreadnought Crucible Steel Co of America, Pittsburgh PA W 18; Mn 0.28 USA

T1 E T1 Erasteel Inc (France and Sweden)

T1 Electrite No.1 Latrobe Steel Co, Latrobe PA USA

T1 Electrite No.1 XL Latrobe Steel Co, Latrobe PA USA

T1 Fagersta D-921 Fagersta Stainless AB, Sweden

T1 Fagersta FB-T1 Fagersta Bruks, Sweden

T1 FMP 622 F M Parkin Ltd, Sheffield England

T1 Heva-Super Bono Sidenor SA, Greece

T1 Kasle KT-1 Kasle Steel Co

T1 KE881 Sanderson Kayser Ltd

T1 KutKwik Henry Disston & Sons Inc, Philadelphia PA USA

T1 LXX Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp, Pittsburgh PA USA / Al Tech, USA

T1 Motor Maximum Richard W Carr Ltd, Pluto Works, Sheffield England

T1 No.1 Houghton & Richards Inc, Boston MA USA

T1 Red Cut Superior Teledyne Vasco, Latrobe PA USA

T1 Red Streak Simonds Saw & Steel Co, Lockport NY USA

T1 Rex AA Crucible Specialty Metals Co, NY USA

T1 SaBeN Extra Sanderson Bros & Newbould, Sheffield / Sanderson Kayser Ltd

T1 Spartan No.7 Atlas Steels Ltd, Welland, Ontario, Canada General purpose

T1 Spartan-5 Atlas Steels Ltd, Welland, Ontario, Canada C 0.5

T1 Special HS Bethlehem Steel Co, Bethlehem PA USA 18-4-1 HSS

T1 Special M Stones Steels T1 Stag Special Balfour Darwins Ltd, Sheffield, England

T1 Star Zenith Carpenter Steel Co, Reading PA USA

T1 Super 18 F M Parkin (Sheffield) Ltd, England

T1 Super HS Ziv Steel & Wire Co, USA

T1 Super Rapid Cooks Steels

T1 Supremus Extra Jessop Steel Co, Washington PA USA

T1 Supremus T-1 Jessop Steel Co, Washington PA USA

T1 T-1 Bethlehem Steel Co, Bethlehem PA USA

T1 T-1 Corp, Cleveland OH USA

T1 Ultra Capital Arthur Balfour & Co Ltd / Eagle & Globe Steel the standard quality for Co Ltd, Sheffield lathe tools – introduced in 1908

T1 Usaspead Super Macready’s Metal Co Ltd, London, England

T1 V McInnes Steel Co, Corry PA USA

T1 Vinco Braeburn Co, Braeburn PA USA

T1 Witten Wolfram 184 Thyssen Specialty Steels Inc

T1 Ziv Super Ziv Steel & Wire Co USA

T2 typical analysis (%): C 0.8; W 18.0; Cr 4.0; V 2.0; Mo 0.8 – with higher carbon and vanadium content than T1 and a small molybdenum addition this steel provides a harder and more durable tool edge. Often more economical than cobalt steels it hardens without a soft skin. Not as tough as T1. Suitable for fine edge tools such as hobs and threading dies, form tools, twist drills, reamers, broaches and milling cutters. HSS MAKER’S MAKER NOTES GRADE DESIGNATION

T2 Achorn T2 High Achorn Steel Co, Boston MA USA Speed

T2 B9 Universal-Cyclops Steel Corp, Bridgeville PA USA

T2 Bohler S201 Bohler Edelstahl GmbH

T2 Buckeye T2 Time Steel Service Inc

T2 E.V.M or EVM Teledyne Vasco, Latrobe PA USA

T2 Electrite No.19 Latrobe Steel Co, Latrobe PA USA

T2 Electrite No.19 XL Latrobe Steel Co, Latrobe PA USA

T2 FMP 842 F M Parkin Ltd, Sheffield England

T2 HV Blue Chip Firth Sterling Inc, Pittsburgh PA USA

T2 Lockport Special Simonds Saw & Steel Co, Lockport NY USA T2 ML Ludlum Steel Co / Allegheny Ludlum Steel Originally W 18; Cr 4; Corp, Pittsburgh PA USA / Al Tech, USA V 1.85; Mo 0.5

T2 No.2 Houghton & Richards Inc, Boston MA USA

T2 Novo 2 H Boker & Co,

T2 Rex Supervan or Crucible Specialty Metals Co, NY USA Super Van

T2 Super Star Zenith Carpenter Steel Co, Reading PA USA

T2 Supremus Extra Jessop Steel Co, Washington PA USA

T2 Trojan Atlas Steels Ltd, Welland, Ontario, Canada General purpose

T2 Tunco Simonds Saw & Steel Co, Lockport NY USA

T2 Twin Van Braeburn Alloy Steel Co, Braeburn PA USA

T2 Vanite Columbia Tool Steel Co, Columbia IL USA

T3 typical analysis (%): C 1.0; W 18.0; Cr 4.0; V 3.0; Mo 0.7 – the triple vanadium and high carbon content of this steel provide the highest wear resistance of any tool steel. It is suitable for cutting hard wrought metals or castings, material that work hardens and soft gummy materials where wear resistance is a major factor. HSS MAKER’S MAKER NOTES GRADE DESIGNATION

T3 Electrite Vanadium Latrobe Steel Co, Latrobe PA USA

T3 Electrite Van-XL or Latrobe Steel Co, Latrobe PA USA Vanadium XL

T3 No.3 Houghton & Richards Inc, Boston MA USA

T3 Rex 939 Crucible Specialty Metals Co, USA

T4 typical analysis (%): C 0.75; W 18.0; Cr 4.0; V 1.0; Co 5.0; Mo 0.8 – the addition of 5% cobalt to T1 increases cutting ability at high temperatures, making this steel suitable for hogging cuts where high heats develop. Should be used where tools are well supported, not subject to shock and ground all over after hardening. Generally used for cutting tools, broaches and cold extrusion punches. HSS MAKER’S MAKER NOTES GRADE DESIGNATION

T4 455 Cobalt F M Parkin (Sheffield) Ltd, England

T4 Acmite Columbia Tool Steel Co, Columbia IL USA

T4 B.2 Comsteel, Australia

T4 B7 Universal-Cyclops Steel Corp, Bridgeville PA USA

T4 Blue Chip Firth Sterling Inc, Pittsburgh PA USA Standard 18-4-1 HSS an old standby since c.1900

T4 Cobalt Braeburn Alloy Steel Co, Braeburn PA USA

T4 Cobalt Houghton & Richards Inc, Boston MA USA T4 CoMoKut Bethlehem Steel Co, Bethlehem PA USA 18-4-1 HSS with Co 5.0

T4 D-6-Co Henry Disston & Sons Inc, Philadelphia PA C 0.8; W 19.0; Cr 4.0; USA V 2.0; Co 6.0

T4 Eclipse H5 James Neill Tools, Sheffield England Made to BT4 (AISI: T4) C 0.8; W 18.5; Cr 4.5; V 1.25; Co 5.0

T4 Electrite Cobalt Latrobe Steel Co, Latrobe PA USA

T4 FS 1-5 Firth Sterling Inc, Pittsburgh PA USA

T4 Kerau Wunda Sanderson Kayser Ltd,

T4 Panther Special Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp, Pittsburgh PA Less Co than Super USA / Al Tech, USA Panther

T4 Powhattan Atlas Steels Ltd, Welland, Ontario, Canada For high cutting edge temperature

T4 Purple Label Jessop Steel Co, Washington PA USA

T4 Red Chip Firth Sterling Inc, Pittsburgh PA USA Formerly FS 1-5

T4 Red Cut Cobalt Vanadium-Alloys Steel Co / Teledyne Vasco, Latrobe PA USA

T4 Rex AAA Crucible Specialty Metals Co, NY USA Outstanding tool bit for general purpose applications

T4 Triple Mushet MD Samuel Osborn & Co, Sheffield England

T4 Tunco Simonds Saw & Steel Co, Lockport NY USA

T4 Ultra Capital Plus Arthur Balfour & Co Ltd, Sheffield, England / C 0.85; Cr 4.25; W One (or +1) Darwins Alloy Castings / Steelmark Eagle & 18.0; V 1.5 and Co 5.0 Globe - long life in general work and heavy cutting

T4 Usaspead Supreme Macready’s Metal Co Ltd, London, England W 20; Co 5

T5 typical analysis (%): C 0.8; W 18.5; Cr 4.0; V 1.75; Co 8.0; Mo 0.8 – the ultimate in HSS for heavy duty cutting. Has a combination of red hardness and toughness that results in outstanding performance. Recommended for heavy duty lathe, and tools. Especially adapted for cutting hard, gritty material such as or steel, also heat treated alloy steels. Best used in tools that are well-supported and not subject to excessive shock or chattering. Cutting speeds can be about 25% faster than T1 with higher tool life. HSS MAKER’S MAKER NOTES GRADE DESIGNATION

T5 B10 Universal-Cyclops Steel Corp, Bridgeville PA USA

T5 Bonded Carbide Jr Braeburn Alloy Steel Co, Braeburn PA USA T5 Circle C Firth Sterling Inc, Pittsburgh PA USA / Teledyne C 0.75; W 18.5; Cr Vasco, Latrobe PA USA 4.5; V 2.0; Mo 1.0; Co 9.0 - durable, heavy duty super HSS with unusual red hardness – recommended for alloy steel, high magnesium steel, cast iron, cast steel, heat treated steel and

T5 Cobalt 10 Ossenberg

T5 Cobite Columbia Tool Steel Co, Columbia IL USA

T5 Darwin 505 Special Darwin & Milner Inc, Cleveland OH USA

T5 DoAll T-5 DoAll Co, Des Plaines IL USA

T5 Electrite Super Latrobe Steel Co, Latrobe PA USA Cobalt

T5 Electrite Super Latrobe Steel Co, Latrobe PA USA Cobalt XL

T5 Extra Triple Mushet Samuel Osborn & Co, Sheffield, England

T5 Milco 9 A Milne & Co, New York NY USA

T5 Nipigon Atlas Steels Ltd, Welland, Ontario, Canada For high cutting edge temperature

T5 No.4 Houghton & Richards Inc, Boston MA USA

T5 Purple Label Extra Jessop Steel Co, Washington PA USA

T5 Red Cut Cobalt B Vanadium Alloys USA

T5 Rex Super Cut (or Crucible Specialty Metals Co, NY USA Supercut)

T5 SaBeN Tenco Sanderson Kayser Ltd,

T5 Super Cobalt Latrobe Steel Co, Latrobe PA USA, (subsidiary of Timken)

T5 Super Panther Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp, Pittsburgh PA USA / Al Tech, USA

T6 typical analysis (%): C 0.8; W 20.0; Cr 4.0; V 2.0; Co 12.0; Mo 0.8 – a high cobalt steel having the highest red hardness of any tool steel. Wear resistance is better than the lower cobalt steels. Suitable for heavy-duty lathe and planer tools. HSS MAKER’S MAKER NOTES GRADE DESIGNATION

T6 A C X Atlas Steels Ltd, Welland, Ontario, Canada For high cutting edge temperature

T6 B.1 Comsteel, Australia T6 Bonded Carbide Sr Braeburn Alloy Steel Co, Braeburn PA USA

T6 Electrite Ultra Cobalt Latrobe Steel Co, Latrobe PA USA

T6 Electrite Ultra Cobalt Latrobe Steel Co, Latrobe PA USA XL

T6 Grey Cut Cobalt Vanadium Alloys Steel Co / Teledyne Vasco, Latrobe PA USA

T6 Halcomb 440 (?) Maker unknown

T6 King Cobalt Jessop Steel Co, Washington PA USA

T6 Rex 440 Crucible Specialty Metals, NY USA

T6 Stag Extra Special Balfour Darwins Ltd, Sheffield, England

T6 Stag Major Balfour Darwins Ltd, Sheffield, England

T6 Ultra Capital 22 Arthur Balfour & Co Ltd / Eagle & Globe Steel Co Ltd, Sheffield / Darwins Alloy Castings

T6 Ultra Capital Plus 2 Arthur Balfour & Co Ltd / Eagle & Globe Steel C 0.75; Cr 4.2; W Co Ltd, Sheffield 20.0; V 1.5 and Co 10.0

T6 Ultra Cobalt Latrobe Steel Co, Latrobe PA USA,

T6 Usaspead Cobalt 10 Macready’s Metal Co Ltd, London, England W 22; Co 12

T7 typical analysis (%): C 0.7; W 14.0; Cr 4.0; V 2.0 – lowered tungsten content gives increased toughness with less wear resistance. Suitable for intermittent cutting and for castings, hard alloys or gritty materials. HSS MAKER’S MAKER NOTES GRADE DESIGNATION

T7 Electrite Uranium Latrobe Steel Co, Latrobe PA USA

T7 Electrite UXL Latrobe Steel Co, Latrobe PA USA

T7 Extra Special HS Bethlehem Steel Co, Bethlehem PA USA

T7 Gyro Braeburn Alloy Steel Co, Braeburn PA USA

T7 Rex Champion Crucible Specialty Metals, NY USA

T7 Star Blue Chip Firth Sterling Inc, Pittsburgh PA USA

T8 typical analysis (%): C 0.8; W 14.0; Cr 4.0; V 2.0; Co 5.0; Mo 0.8 – wear resistance exceeded only by T3 combined with good red hardness make this steel suitable for severe cutting operations, especially stainless steels. It has also given good results on hard blocks, manganese steel castings and chilled cast iron. HSS MAKER’S MAKER NOTES GRADE DESIGNATION

T8 B8 Universal-Cyclops Steel Corp, Bridgeville PA USA

T8 Electrite UB Latrobe Steel Co, Latrobe PA USA

T8 Electrite UB XL Latrobe Steel Co, Latrobe PA USA T8 FS 2-5 Firth Sterling Inc, Pittsburgh PA USA

T8 Gold Star Carpenter Steel Co, Reading PA USA

T8 Maxite Columbia Tool Steel Co, Columbia IL USA

T8 No.14 Houghton & Richards Inc, Boston MA USA

T8 Rex 95 Crucible Specialty Metals Co, NY USA Outstanding tool bit for general purpose applications Co 5.25

T8 Rex Champion Crucible Specialty Metals Co, NY USA

T8 SaBeN Sanderson Kayser Ltd,

T8 Super Rapid Extra Bohler Edelstahl GmbH 500

T8 T-8 Jessop Steel Co, Washington PA USA

T9 typical analysis (%): C 1.25; W 18.5; Cr 4.0; V 4.0; Mo 0.75 – a high vanadium steel for extremely conditions. Runs best at high speeds with light cuts. HSS MAKER’S MAKER NOTES GRADE DESIGNATION

T9 Carvite Columbia Tool Steel Co, Columbia IL USA No longer in common use

T9 Rex 4V Crucible Specialty Metals Co, NY USA No longer in common use

T12 typical analysis (%): C 1.0; W 14.0; Cr 4.0; V 3.0; Mo 0.75 – a tough high speed steel designed for high resistance to impact. Suitable for variable cutting, such as through scale and . HSS MAKER’S MAKER NOTES GRADE DESIGNATION

T12 Rex 3-V Crucible Specialty Metals Co, NY USA

T15 typical analysis (%): C 1.5; W 13.0; Cr 4.25; V 5.0; Co 5.0 - a tungsten super high speed steel containing high vanadium for excellent abrasion resistance and cobalt for good red hardness. Ideal for cutting difficult to machine materials where high frictional heat is present. Typical applications include broaches, milling cutters, spade drills, taps, end mills, cutters. T15 (PM) is a tungsten high-speed steel designed for use in machining operations requiring heavy cuts, high . Its primary use is in applications requiring the machining of high-hardness heat-treated materials such as high temperature alloys. The high carbon, vanadium, and cobalt contents contribute to good wear resistance, hot hardness and good hardness capabilities. T15 PM is produced by the powder metallurgy process which has resulted in improved quality from the standpoint of structural uniformity, response to heat treatment and grindability. These factors, along with increased toughness, are increased usage in the industry because of its recognized superior cutting ability. Typical applications include roaches, chasers, form tools, heavy duty cutting tools, high production blades, milling cutters, reamers, and taps. HSS MAKER’S MAKER NOTES GRADE DESIGNATION T15 ASP2015 Erasteel, France High performance powder metallurgy grade

T15 CPM Rex T15 Crucible Specialty Metals Co, NY USA Made by the Crucible Particle Metallurgy (CPM) process - ideal for cutting difficult materials where high frictional heating is encountered

T15 Cyclops T15 Cytemp Specialty Steels Division, USA Now Cap T-15 obsolete

T15 Darwin 5V Darwin & Milner Inc, Cleveland OH USA Co 5.0

T15 DoAll T-15 DoAll Co, Des Plaines IL USA

T15 DuraTech T15 Latrobe Specialty Steels Co, USA Powder metallurgy (PM) microstructure

T15 Dynavan Latrobe Specialty Steels Co / Timken Latrobe Super HSS designed Steel for extra-high wear resistance and superior hot hardness

T15 Electrite Dynavan X- Latrobe Steel Co, Latrobe PA USA Co 5.0 L

T15 Maxite 15 Columbia Tool Steel Co, Columbia IL USA

T15 No.445 Houghton & Richards Inc, Boston MA USA

T15 Panther 5 Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp, Pittsburgh PA Cobalt HSS USA / Al Tech, USA

T15 Red Sabre Bethlehem Steel Co, Bethlehem PA USA

T15 Rex T15 Crucible Specialty Metals Co, NY USA

T15 Rex T15S Crucible Specialty Metals Co, NY USA

T15 T-15 Braeburn Alloy Steel Co, Braeburn PA USA

T15 T-15 Carpenter Steel Co, Reading PA USA

T15 T-15 Jessop Steel Co, Washington PA USA

T15 T-15 Ziv Steel & Wire Co, USA

T15 Tunco C Simonds Saw & Steel Co, Lockport NY USA

T15 Vasco Supreme Teledyne Vasco, Latrobe PA USA / Vanadium Cobalt HSS Alloys Steel Co, Latrobe PA USA

TYPE “M” Molybdenum-Rich HSS M1 typical analysis (%): C 0.8; W 1.5; Cr 4.0; V 1.0; Mo 8.25 – the high-molybdenum, low-tungsten HSS which is typically used is for cutting tools of all kinds. It has good cutting ability except for heavy-duty continuous cutting operations where the ultimate in red hardness is required. Due to its high molybdenum content M1 is susceptible to decarburisation at high temperatures, consequently in and heating for forging and care must be used to prevent decarburisation. Both toughness and wear resistance are slightly better than T1. HSS MAKER’S MAKER NOTES GRADE DESIGNATION

M1 8-N-2 Teledyne Vasco, Latrobe PA USA

M1 BM09 (?) Maker unknown

M1 Bohler S401 Bohler-Uddeholm For taps, twist drills, reamers, milling tools, broaches tools

M1 Di-Mol Henry Disston & Sons Inc, Philadelphia PA USA

M1 Electrite Tatmo XL Latrobe Steel Co, Latrobe PA USA

M1 Fagersta D-943 Fagersta Stainless AB, Sweden

M1 Gorham HS M1D Gorham Tool Industries Inc, Detroit MI USA

M1 Hi-Mo or Hi Mo Firth Sterling Inc, Pittsburgh PA USA / Teledyne Cutting Tool

M1 HM or HM HS Bethlehem Steel Co, Bethlehem PA USA

M1 LMW Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp, Pittsburgh PA USA

M1 Lo-S 2246 Lohmann

M1 M-1 Bethlehem Steel Co, Bethlehem PA USA

M1 M1 High Speed Achorn Steel Co., Boston MA USA

M1 M-M-1 A Milne & Co, New York NY USA

M1 Mo-Cut or Mocut Braeburn Alloy Steel Co, Braeburn PA USA

M1 Mogul Jessop Steel Co, Washington PA USA

M1 Mohican Atlas Steels Ltd, Welland, Ontario, Canada General purpose

M1 Molite 1 Columbia Tool Steel Co, Columbia IL USA

M1 Molite M1 Columbia Tool Steel Co, Columbia IL USA

M1 Molyhi Houghton & Richards Inc, Boston MA USA

M1 Mo-Max Cleveland Twist Drill Co, Cleveland OH USA

M1 Mo-Tung or Motung Universal Cyclops, Cytemp Specialty Steels Division, USA

M1 Rex TMO or T-Mo Crucible Specialty Metals, NY USA Adapted to fast light cuts on soft or medium hard materials

M1 Rex TMO-S Crucible Specialty Metals, NY USA

M1 S401 (?) Maker unknown M1 Star Max Carpenter Steel Co, Reading PA USA

M1 STM Simonds Saw & Steel Co, Lockport NY USA C0 3.0 – 8.0

M1 Tatmo Latrobe Steel Co, Latrobe PA USA / Timken Latrobe Steel

M1 TMC Jessop Steel Co, Washington PA USA

M2 typical analysis (%): C 0.8; W 6.0; Cr 4.0; V 2.0; Mo 5.0 - a tungsten molybdenum, general purpose grade which offers balanced shock-resistance and high toughness combined with good cutting powers. Suited for general machining of carbon, alloy and tool steel types. Offers good heat and abrasion characteristics. Standard machining operations can be carried out with M2 high speed steel tool bits. Bits are supplied hardened to approximately 62 to 66HRc. M2 is by far the most popular high speed steel replacing T1 in most applications because of its superior properties and relative economy in general purpose cutting and non-cutting applications. A higher carbon content and balanced analysis produce properties applicable to all general-purpose high-speed uses. It has a wider heat-treating range than most of the molybdenum high-speed steels, coupled with a resistance to that is characteristic of tungsten types. M2 offers an excellent combination of red hardness, toughness, and wear resistance. Typical applications include gear cutters, broaches, boring tools, chasers, drills, end mills, form tools, hobs, lathe and planer tools, punches, taps, reamers, and . HSS MAKER’S MAKER NOTES GRADE DESIGNATION

M2 66 or 66HS Bethlehem Steel Co, Bethlehem PA USA

M2 6-6-2 (?) Maker unknown

M2 6N6 or 6N6M-2 Henry Disston & Sons Inc, Philadelphia PA USA

M2 A.5 Comsteel, Australia General purpose HSS

M2 Alpha 2 Akers

M2 Bethlehem M-2 Bethlehem Steel Co, Bethlehem PA USA

M2 Bohler S601 Bohler-Uddeholm Taps, twist drills, reamers, broaching tools, metal saws, milling tools, wood working tools, cold work tools

M2 Braemow or Braeburn Alloy Steel Co, Braeburn PA USA Braemow M-2

M2 Capital 5-6-2 Eagle & Globe Steel / Balfour & Darwins, Sheffield, England

M2 CPM Rex M2 Crucible Specialty Metals, NY USA

M2 Cyclone 92 Samuel Osborn & Co, Sheffield England

M2 DBL-2 Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp, Pittsburgh PA USA / Al Tech Specialty Steel Corp. USA

M2 Double Six Latrobe Specialty Steels Co / Timken Latrobe Steel, USA M2 Dreadnought M-2 Hawkridge Brothers Co, Boston MA USA

M2 Electrite Double Six Latrobe Specialty Steels Co, Latrobe PA USA XL or M-2 XL

M2 Gorham M2R Gorham Tool Industries Inc, Detroit MI USA

M2 H51 Nippon Koukan Steel Co Ltd

M2 HM2 Nachi-Fujikoshi Corp, Japan

M2 HS-29XL Latrobe Specialty Steels Co, Latrobe PA USA / M2 composition with Bohler-Uddeholm the carbon content increased and with the addition of alloy sulphides

M2 KENROK HSS M-2 (?) Maker unknown

M2 M-2 Braeburn Alloy Steel Co, Braeburn PA USA

M2 M-2 or Rex M2 Crucible Specialty Metals, NY USA

M2 Mo5 Schmidt & Clemens, Frankfurt Germany

M2 Mo-Max Cleveland Twist Drill Co, Cleveland OH USA

M2 Molite M2 Columbia Tool Steel Co, Columbia IL USA

M2 Molite-2 Columbia Tool Steel Co, Columbia IL USA

M2 Molite-2 Smoothcut Columbia Tool Steel Co, Columbia IL USA

M2 Molva-T Simonds Saw & Steel Co, Lockport NY USA

M2 Mo-Tung 652 or Universal Cyclops, Cytemp Specialty Steel Motung 652 Division, USA

M2 Mushet MKK Samuel Osborn & Co, Sheffield England

M2 Mustang Jessop Steel Co, Washington PA USA

M2 No.57 Houghton & Richards Inc, Boston MA USA

M2 QH51 Sanyo Special Steel Co ltd

M2 Red Shadow Ziv Steel & Wire Co, USA

M2 Rex M2 or M-2 Crucible Specialty Metals Co, NY USA Suitable for a variety of cutting tools and often used for metal tools such as punches and dies

M2 Rex M2 or M2S (high Crucible Specialty Metals Co, NY USA C 0.98 carbon)

M2 Rex M25 Crucible Specialty Metals Co, NY USA

M2 Rex M2S (1.0C) High Crucible Specialty Metals Co, NY USA Better hardenability in Carbon larger tool sections

M2 Rex M2-S or M2S Crucible Specialty Metals Co, NY USA C 0.85

M2 Sixix Atlas Steels Ltd, Welland Ontario Canada General purpose M2 SKH9 Nachi-Fujikoshi Corp, Japan

M2 Speed Star Carpenter Steel Co, Reading PA USA Lathe tools, planer tools, drills, taps, reamers, broaches, milling cutters, form cutters, thread chasers, end mills, gear cutters, wood

M2 Stag Mo562 Edgar Allen & Co, Sheffield England

M2 Star-Mo or Star-Mo Firth Sterling Inc, Pittsburgh PA USA M2

M2 T.E.M. (aka EM2 and Erasteel Inc (France and Sweden) TEM92

M2 Tecmax or Tec Max P&N, Australia

M2 Vasco M-2 Teledyne Vasco, Latrobe PA USA

M2 YXM1 Hitachi Metals Ltd

M3 typical analysis (%): C 1.0; W 6.0; Cr 4.0; V 2.75; Mo 5.0 and M3 (Class 1) typical analysis (%): C 1.05; W 6.25; Cr 4.0; V 2.5; Mo 5.7 and M3 (Class 2) typical analysis (%): C 1.2; W 5.6; Cr 4.0; V 3.25; Mo 5.5 – contains carbon and vanadium levels that are intermediate between those of M2 and M4. This gives the steel a fine balance of wear resistance and grindability and provides superior resistance to abrasion and edge breakdown. This makes M3 high speed steel a superb tool material for form tools and roll turning. Increased tool life will also be experienced in the machining of heat-treated sections, castings and similar hard materials. M3 was developed after extensive studies of the effect of increased carbon and vanadium contents on the intermediate molybdenum-tungsten high-speed steels. The analysis was tried and proven on practically all high-speed steel applications. M3 offers the unusual combination of extremely high-edge strength at high hardness levels. With few exceptions, best life is accomplished with a minimum hardness of 65.5 Rockwell C. Experience indicates that the chemical balance achieved in M3 results in optimum combination of cutting ability, abrasion resistance, edge strength, red hardness, and long service life. M3 is more readily machined and offers less grinding resistance than higher vanadium types. Typical applications include drills, taps, end mills, reamers, , broaches, hobs, form tools, lathe and planer tools, checking tools, milling cutters, slitting saws, punches, drawing dies, and wood working knives. HSS MAKER’S MAKER NOTES GRADE DESIGNATION

M3 (1) Braevan Braeburn Alloy Steel Co, Braeburn PA USA

M3 (2) Braevan-2 Braeburn Alloy Steel Co, Braeburn PA USA

M3 (1) Corsair Latrobe Steel Co, Latrobe PA USA / Timken Form tools, spade Latrobe Steel drills, milling cutters and broaches M3 (2) Crusader Latrobe Steel Co, Latrobe PA USA / Timken Outstanding red Latrobe Steel hardness, edge toughness and wear resistance; good resistance to abrasion and edge breakdown. Typical applications form tools, spade drills, milling cutters and broaches

M3 (1) Crusader L Latrobe Steel Co, Latrobe PA USA

M3 (2) Crusader XL Latrobe Steel Co, Latrobe PA USA

M3 (1) DBL-2.1/2 Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp, Pittsburgh PA USA / Al Tech, USA

M3 (1) DBL-3 Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp, Pittsburgh PA USA

M3 Dreadnaught M-3 Hawkridge Brothers Co, Boston MA USA

M3(2) DuraTech 30 Latrobe Specialty Steels Co, Latrobe PA USA Super high speed steel based upon the chemical composition of ASTM M3-2 high speed steel, but with the addition of 8.0 + cobalt

M3 (1) Electrite Corsair XL Latrobe Steel Co, Latrobe PA USA / Bohler- Uddeholm

M3 Electrite Crusader Latrobe Steel Co, Latrobe PA USA

M3 (2) Electrite Crusader XL Bohler-Uddeholm

M3 Electrite MHV-6 Latrobe Steel Co, Latrobe PA USA

M3 (1) FSM2-1/2

M3 (1) Jessop M-3-1 Jessop Steel Co, Washington PA USA

M3 (2) Jessop M-3-2 Jessop Steel Co, Washington PA USA

M3 (1) M2.1/2 High Speed Achorn Steel Co, Boston MA USA

M3 (1) M-3 Atlas Steels Ltd, Welland Ontario Canada Most competitive to carbide

M3 (1) M-3 Jessop Steel Co, Washington PA USA

M3 (2) M3 High Speed Achorn Steel Co, Boston MA USA

M3 (2) Molite-3 Columbia Tool Steel Co, Columbia IL USA

M3 (1) Molite-3 and Molite 3 Columbia Tool Steel Co, Columbia IL USA Smoothcut

M3 (1) Molva TC Simonds Saw & Steel Co, Lockport NY USA

M3 (2) No.7 Type 1 Houghton & Richards Inc, Boston MA USA M3 (1) Rex M-3 or M3-1 or Crucible Specialty Metals Co, NY USA C 1.05 M3S-1 or M-3 Type 1

M3 (2) Rex M-3 or M3-2 or Crucible Specialty Metals Co, NY USA C 1.2 M3S-2 or M3 Type 2

M3 (1) Super Speed Star Carpenter Steel Co, Reading PA USA

M3 (1) T.E.M.02.V Erasteel Inc, France

M3 (1) Three Star (Class 1) Carpenter Steel Co, Reading PA USA

M3 (2) Three Star (Class 2) Carpenter Steel Co, Reading PA USA

M3 (1) Unicut Universal Cyclops, Cytemp Specialty Steels Division

M3 (2) Unicut-2 Universal Cyclops, Cytemp Specialty Steels Division

M3 (1) Van Cut Type 1 Teledyne Vasco, Latrobe PA USA

M3 (2) Van Cut Type 2 Teledyne Vasco, Latrobe PA USA

M3 (2) Vanadis 23 Bohler-Uddeholm

M3 (1) Van-Chip or Van Chip Firth Sterling Inc, Pittsburgh PA USA 6-6-3 HSS unusually tough and durable bit for general machining

M4 typical analysis (%): C 1.3; W 5.5; Cr 4.0; V 4.0; Mo 4.75 - a high-vanadium special purpose high speed steel exhibiting better wear resistance and toughness than M2 and M3 in cold work punches, die inserts and cutting applications involving high speed and light cuts. Used for cutting tools of all types for machining operations. M4 Powder Metallurgy (PM) a member of the molybdenum-tungsten family of high- speed steels, is a special purpose grade which utilizes its higher carbon and vanadium contents to develop excellent abrasion resistance. Produced conventionally, M4 is difficult to machine in the annealed condition and grind in the hardened condition. M4 PM is produced by the powder metallurgy process and allows an addition of 0.06 to 0.08 sulphur which provides a uniform dispersion of small sulphides throughout the structure and enhances machinability. Coupled with finer carbides and structural uniformity, better grindability is also achieved. These factors, along with increased toughness, are ideally suited for heavy-duty cold-work applications. Typical applications include blades, broaches, chasers, die inserts, form tools, lathe and planer tools, milling cutters, punches, reamers, slitter knives, spade drills, and taps. HSS MAKER’S MAKER NOTES GRADE DESIGNATION

M4 Atlas M-4 Atlas Steels Ltd, Welland Ontario Canada

M4 Bohler S692/S693 Bohler-Uddeholm Made using powder Microclean metallurgy - premium milling cutters, broaches and shaper cutters, taps and reamers, circular and dovetail form tools

M4 Braefour Braeburn Alloy Steel Co, Braeburn PA USA M4 CPM Rex M4 Crucible Specialty Metals Co, NY USA

M4 Cyclops M-4 Universal Cyclops, Cytemp Specialty Steels Division

M4 DBL-4

M4 DuraTech Timken Latrobe Steel, USA (now Latrobe Powder metallurgy Specialty Steels Co) (PM) microstructure

M4 Four Star Carpenter Steel Co, Reading PA USA Lathe tools, planer tools, drills, taps, reamers, broaches, milling cutters, form cutters, thread chasers, hobs, counterbores

M4 No.7 Houghton & Richards Inc, Boston MA USA

M4 Jessop M-4 Jessop Steel Co, Washington PA USA

M4 M4 High Speed Achorn Steel Co, Boston MA USA

M4 Molite 42

M4 Molite-4 Columbia Tool Steel Co, Columbia IL USA

M4 Neatro Teledyne Vasco, Latrobe PA USA

M4 Rex M4 Crucible Specialty Metals, NY USA Gives maximum performance working with abrasive materials

M4 Stark Latrobe Steel Co, Latrobe PA USA / Timken Form tools, spade Latrobe Steel drills, end mills, taps and dies, punches and broach inserts

M4 Ultra Capital 395 Arthur Balfour & Co Ltd / Eagle & Globe Steel C 1.25; Cr 4.5; W 5.5; Co Ltd, Sheffield England V 4.0 and Mo 4.5 - combines high wear resistance with toughness

M6 typical analysis (%): C 0.8; W 4.0; Cr 4.0; V 1.5; Co 12.0; Mo 5.0 – has high red hardness and properties similar to T6. Suitable for cutting hard materials and heat- treated forgings. Operates at higher speeds and feeds than regular high speed steels. Suitable for cutting hard materials and heat-treated castings. Operates at higher speeds and feeds than regular high speed steels. HSS MAKER’S MAKER NOTES GRADE DESIGNATION

M6 Congon or Congo? Braeburn Alloy Steel Co, Braeburn PA USA

M6 Electrite CO-12 Latrobe Steel Co, Latrobe PA USA (a Very good red subsidiary of Timken) hardness for lathe tools

M7 typical analysis (%): C 1.0; W 1.75; Cr 3.75; V 2.0; Mo 8.75 - widely used for cutting tools in machining operations. Exhibits good abrasion resistance because of its carbon and vanadium contents. It is an excellent choice for premium tools which require an outstanding balance of red hardness, edge toughness, and wear resistance. It is especially suited for machining semi-hard, heat-treated steel at about 300-350 Brinell hardness. HSS MAKER’S MAKER NOTES GRADE DESIGNATION

M7 Bethlehem M-7 Bethlehem Steel Co, Bethlehem PA USA

M7 Bohler S400 Bohler-Uddeholm Taps, twist drills, reamers, milling tools, broaches tools, cold extrusion dies

M7 Electrite Tatmo-V

M7 EM7 Erasteel, France

M7 Fagersta D-954 Fagersta Stainless AB, Sweden Mo 8.8

M7 HM7 Nachi-Fujikoshi Corp, Japan

M7 Jessop M-7 Jessop Steel Co, Washington PA USA

M7 LMW-V Al Tech, USA

M7 M7 Houghton & Richards Inc, Boston MA USA

M7 Molva-C Simonds Saw & Steel Co, Lockport NY USA / Wallace Murray Corp

M7 Mo-Max Acme-Cleveland / Greenfield Industries USA

M7 Motuf Braeburn Alloy Steel Co, Braeburn PA USA

M7 Mo-Tung CV or Universal Cyclops, Cytemp Specialty Steels Motung CV Division USA

M7 Rex M7 Crucible Specialty Metals, NY USA C 1.0

M7 Rex M7N Crucible Steel Co of America, Pittsburgh PA USA

M7 Seven Star Carpenter Steel Co, Reading PA USA

M7 Tatmo-V Latrobe Steel Co, Latrobe PA USA Machining of semi- hard, heat treated steel parts

M7 Tatmo-VN Latrobe Steel Co, Latrobe PA USA / Timken Twist drills, taps, end Latrobe Steel mills, reamers and milling cutters

M7 Vasco M-7 Teledyne Vasco, Latrobe PA USA

M8 typical analysis (%): C 0.8; W 5.0; Cr 4.0; V 1.5; Mo 5.0; Nb 1.25 – a niobium (formerly known as columbium) bearing high speed steel with unusually high wear resistance. For general-purpose cutting. Resists decarburisation in hardening. HSS MAKER’S MAKER NOTES GRADE DESIGNATION

M8 Star Columbium Carpenter Steel Co, Reading PA USA Nb 1.25 M10 typical analysis (%): C 0.85; Cr 4.0; V 2.0; Mo 8.0 – one of the high-molybdenum types of HSS it contains chrome and vanadium but is tungsten-free. A general purpose HSS employed in tooling applications requiring excellent wear and cutting capabilities including punches, taps, drills, broaches, lathe tools, shaper tools, planer tools, etc. May also be used for boring tools, countersinks and reamers. Due to its high molybdenum content M10 is susceptible to decarburisation at high temperatures, consequently in heat treating and heating for forging and annealing care must be used to prevent decarburisation. HSS MAKER’S MAKER NOTES GRADE DESIGNATION

M10 Bethlehem M-10 Bethlehem Steel Co, Bethlehem PA USA

M10 Electrite TNW XL Latrobe Steel Co, Latrobe PA USA

M10 Fagersta D-960 also Fagersta Stainless AB, Sweden Fagersta FB-M10

M10 FMP 948 F M Parkin Ltd, Sheffield England Mo 8.25

M10 FSM-10 Firth Sterling Inc, Pittsburgh PA USA

M10 HS-12 Latrobe Steel Co, Latrobe PA USA Mo 8.0 – 11.0

M10 M-10 Bethlehem Steel Co, Bethlehem PA USA

M10 M-10 Jessop Steel Co, Washington PA USA

M10 M10 High Speed Achorn Steel Co, Boston MA USA

M10 MO 81 Erasteel Mo 8.5

M10 Molva Simonds Saw & Steel Co, Lockport NY USA

M10 Moly Van Houghton & Richards Inc, Boston MA USA

M10 Motemp

M10 Movan or Mo-Van Universal-Cyclops Steel Corp, Bridgeville PA USA

M10 Rex VM Crucible Specialty Metals, NY USA C 0.9

M10 Rex VM (high Crucible Specialty Metals, NY USA C 1.0 carbon)

M10 Rex VM-S Crucible Specialty Metals, NY USA Mo 8.0

M10 Ten Star Carpenter Steel Co, Reading PA USA

M10 TNW Latrobe Steel Co, Latrobe PA USA / Timken For punches and other Latrobe Steel tools needing high hardness and wear resistance

M10 UNAMO 10 UN Alloy Steel Corp Mo 8.0

M10 Van-Lom Teledyne Vasco, Latrobe PA USA Mo 8.0 - 8.5

M10 VLM Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp, Pittsburgh PA USA / Al Tech, USA

M10 VM Crucible Specialty Metals, NY USA

M15 typical analysis (%): C 1.5; W 6.5; Cr 4.0; V 5.0; Co 5.0; Mo 3.5 - HSS MAKER’S MAKER NOTES GRADE DESIGNATION

M15 Como Braeburn Alloy Steel Co, Braeburn PA USA

M15 Electrite Ultravan XL Latrobe Steel Co, Latrobe PA USA

M15 FMP 536 F M Parkin Ltd

M15 Mushet Special VG Samuel Osborn & Co, Sheffield England

M15 Super Unicut

M15 T.E.M.C V Erasteel Inc, France Mo 5

M15 Ultravan Latrobe Steel Co, Latrobe PA USA

M15 Vasco Supreme A Teledyne Vasco, Latrobe PA USA

M15 Vasco Tuf Teledyne Vasco, Latrobe PA USA

M20 typical analysis (%): C 0.6; W 4.0; Cr 5.0; V 1.25; Co 2.5; Mo 8.0; Boron 0.25 – an economical HSS suitable for taps, threading dies, form tools and broaches. HSS MAKER’S MAKER NOTES GRADE DESIGNATION

M20 Mo-Chip Firth Sterling Inc, Pittsburgh PA USA

M30 typical analysis (%): C 0.8; W 2.0; Cr 4.0; V 1.25; Co 5.0; Mo 8.0 – high red hardness and wear resistance with loss of toughness. Recommended for turning chilled iron, locomotive tyres, and heat-treated forgings and castings. Subject to decarburisation. HSS MAKER’S MAKER NOTES GRADE DESIGNATION

M30 8-N-2 Cobalt Teledyne Vasco, Latrobe PA USA Co 5.0

M30 Amotun Atlantic Steel Co

M30 Como Braeburn Alloy Steel Co, Braeburn PA USA

M30 Covan Braeburn Alloy Steel Co, Braeburn PA USA

M30 Electrite Lacomo Latrobe Steel Co, Latrobe PA USA

M30 Electrite Lacomo XL Latrobe Steel Co, Latrobe PA USA

M30 FMP 530 F M Parkin Ltd, Sheffield England

M30 Lacomo Latrobe Steel Co, Latrobe PA USA

M30 Mo-Max Cobalt Cleveland Twist Drill Co, Cleveland OH USA

M30 No.48 Houghton & Richards Inc, Boston MA USA

M30 Rex TMO-5 Crucible Specialty Metals, NY USA

M30 Super Hi-Mo Firth Sterling Inc, Pittsburgh PA USA

M30 Super LMW Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp, Pittsburgh PA USA / Al Tech, USA

M30 Super Molyhi Houghton & Richards Inc, Boston MA USA M30 Super Mo-Tung Universal Cyclops, Cytemp Specialty Steels Division

M33 typical analysis (%): C 0.9; W 1.75; Cr 3.75; V 1.0; Co 8.25; Mo 9.25 - typically used for cutting tools of all kinds. HSS MAKER’S MAKER NOTES GRADE DESIGNATION

M33 8-N-2 Cobalt 8 Teledyne Vasco, Latrobe PA USA

M33 Braeburn M33 Braeburn Alloy Steel Co, Braeburn PA USA

M33 Electrite KELVAN Latrobe Steel Co, Latrobe PA USA

M33 Fagersta D-933 Fagersta Stainless AB, Sweden

M33 Kelvan Latrobe Steel Co, Latrobe PA USA

M33 Rex M33 Crucible Specialty Metals, NY USA

M33 STM-Co Simonds Saw & Steel Co, Lockport NY USA

M33 Super LMW Extra Al Tech, USA

M33 Super Motung-33 Universal Cyclops, Cytemp Specialty Steels Division

M34 typical analysis (%): C 0.9; W 2.0; Cr 4.0; V 2.0; Co 8.0; Mo 8.0 - HSS MAKER’S MAKER NOTES GRADE DESIGNATION

M34 86-043 Armstrong USA 86 series HSS

M34 Achorn M34 High Achorn Steel Co, Boston MA USA Speed

M34 Covan Braeburn Alloy Steel Co, Braeburn PA USA

M34 Electrite Tatmo Latrobe Steel Co, Latrobe PA USA Cobalt

M34 FMP 928 F M Parkin Ltd, Sheffield England Co 8.0

M34 Rex TMO-8 or TMO- Crucible Specialty Metals, NY USA 8

M34 Super LMW Special Al Tech, USA

M34 Super Motung Universal-Cyclops Steel Corp, Bridgeville PA USA

M34 Super Motung Special

M34 Tatmo Cobalt Latrobe Steel Co, Latrobe PA USA

M34 Vasco M-34 Teledyne Vasco, Latrobe PA USA

M34 YXM4 Hitachi Metals Ltd

M35 typical analysis (%): C 0.9; W 6.0; Cr 4.0; V 2.0; Co 5.0; Mo 5.0 - used in conditions where the demand for hot hardness is important. It is also a good quality wear resistant grade for cold work applications. Commonly used for cutting tools including broaches, milling cutters, reamers, end mills and saw blades. Also known as “5% Cobalt HSS” M35 is a development of M2 and contains 5% cobalt which gives improved hardness, wear resistance and red hardness. It may be used when cutting higher strength materials. M35 is also known as HSSE or HSS-E. HSS MAKER’S MAKER NOTES GRADE DESIGNATION

M35 Bohler S705 Bohler-Uddeholm

M35 Capital 398 Eagle & Globe Steel Ltd / Arthur Balfour & Co Ltd, Sheffield, England

M35 CPM Rex M-35 Crucible Specialty Metals Co, NY USA Made by the Crucible Particle Metallurgy (CPM) process - ideal for cutting difficult to machine materials where high frictional heating is encountered

M35 CPM Rex M35 HCHS Crucible Specialty Metals Co, NY USA Made by the Crucible Particle Metallurgy (CPM) process - ideal for cutting difficult to machine materials where high frictional heating is encountered and for hobs and other gear cutting tools where higher red hardness is required

M35 EM35 Erasteel Inc, France General applications

M35 Forez 2AS CO Acieries du Forez

M35 HM35 Nachi-Fujikoshi Corp, Japan

M35 HM35 Nippon Koukan Steel Co Ltd

M35 HS-105 Latrobe Specialty Steels Co / Timken Latrobe Twist drills, taps, Steel milling cutters, reamers, broaches, saws, knives, and hobs

M35 Kasle KM-35 Kasle Steel Co

M35 Komo 205 Marathon Specialty Steels Inc

M35 Lohmann MO55 Friedrich Lohmann GmbH

M35 Rex M2-5 Crucible Specialty Metals, NY USA

M35 Super Star Mo

M35 T.E.M.C Erasteel Inc, France

M35 UNAMO 35 UN Alloy Steel Corp

M35 Vanadis 30 Bohler-Uddeholm

M35 VK5E Villares M36 typical analysis (%): C 0.9; W 6.0; Cr 4.0; V 2.0; Co 8.0; Mo 5.0 – developed for heavy duty cutting where the maximum of red hardness is required. HSS MAKER’S MAKER NOTES GRADE DESIGNATION

M36 Circle M Firth Sterling Inc, Pittsburgh PA USA

M36 CO-6 Latrobe Steel Co, Latrobe PA USA

M36 Cobalt Moly Houghton & Richards Inc, Boston MA USA

M36 Electrite CO-6 Latrobe Steel Co, Latrobe PA USA

M36 Electrite Co-6 XL Bohler-Uddeholm

M36 Rex M2-5 Crucible Steel Co of America, Pittsburgh PA USA

M36 SP PH 3690 HSSE (?) Maker unknown Co5

M36 Super DBL Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp, Pittsburgh PA USA / Al Tech, USA

M36 Victory Cobalt Teledyne Vasco, Latrobe PA USA

M38A typical analysis (%): C 1.5; W 6.5; Cr 4.5; V 4.75; Co 5.0; Mo 5.0 – similar to M36 but with only 5% cobalt and increased vanadium for better wear resistance. HSS MAKER’S MAKER NOTES GRADE DESIGNATION

M38A Electrite UB-4M Latrobe Steel Co, Latrobe PA USA

TYPE “M” Molybdenum Ultra- Hard HSS M40 typical analysis (%): C 0.6; W 2.0; Cr 4.0; V 2.0; Co 8.0; Mo 5.0; Boron 0.5 – more highly alloyed than M20 this steel has wear resistance said to be several times that of other high speed steels. Suitable for heat-treated steel, cast iron, brass, plastics, and other abrasive materials. HSS MAKER’S MAKER NOTES GRADE DESIGNATION

M40 Super Mo-Chip Firth Sterling Inc, Pittsburgh PA USA

M41 typical analysis (%): C 1.15; W 6.25; Cr 4.25; V 2.0; Co 5.0; Mo 3.75 - a Molybdenum ultra-hard HSS whose primary application is as cutting tools for machining operations. HSS MAKER’S MAKER NOTES GRADE DESIGNATION

M41 Bohler S705 Bohler Edelstahl GmbH

M41 Molite 41 Columbia Tool Steel Co, IL USA

M41 RC-70 Jessop Steel Co, Washington PA USA M41 Rex 49 Crucible Specialty Metals, NY USA C 1.1

M41 Stag Mo Balfour Darwins Ltd, Sheffield, England

M41 T.E.M.05.C Erasteel Inc, France

M42 typical analysis (%): C 1.1; W 1.5; Cr 3.75; V 1.15; Co 8.0; Mo 9.5 - a molybdenum-cobalt grade with a high hardness (up to 70 Rockwell C) and superior hot hardness offering excellent cutting performance and excellent wear resistance. As an 8% cobalt high speed steel type M42 tool bits are suited for tougher materials such as work hardening types. They offer increased tool life with retention of the cutting edge. M42 tool bits are supplied hardened to approximately 65 to 68HRc. The alloy has excellent hot hardness and wear resistance and is commonly employed to machine difficult to machine materials including the superalloys. This steel is ideal for machining higher strength materials and work hardening alloys such as stainless steels, Nimonic alloys etc. Despite its high hardness, M42 has good grindability characteristics due to lower vanadium content. The carbon content is higher than in most high-speed steels, and with this balanced composition, contributes to wear resistance and hot hardness as well as the high hardness. Typically employed in broaches, circular and dovetail form tools, drills, end mills, lathe tools, milling cutters, punches, reamers, slitting saws, and twist drills, hobs, taps, form and gear cutters, and chasers. HSS MAKER’S MAKER NOTES GRADE DESIGNATION

M42 ASP2042 Erasteel, France Powder metallurgy

M42 Bohler S500 Bohler-Uddeholm / Bohler Edelstahl GmbH Milling cutters, taps, twist drills, broaches tools, and cold work tools

M42 Bohler Super Rapid Bohler-Uddeholm / Bohler Edelstahl GmbH Extra 500

M42 Braemax Braeburn Alloy Steel Co, Braeburn PA USA

M42 Buckeye M42 Time Steel Service Inc

M42 Capital 405 Steelmark-Eagle & Globe, ANI Corp Ltd / Arthur Balfour & Co Ltd, Sheffield, Engalnd

M42 Cyclops 42 (M42) Universal-Cyclops Steel Corp, Bridgeville PA USA / Cytemp Specialty Steels Div

M42 Dynamax Latrobe Specialty Steels Co / Timken Latrobe Premium cobalt HSS Steel designed for high hardness and superior hot hardness

M42 E M42 Erasteel Inc, France

M42 Electrite Dynamax (?) Maker unknown

M42 Exocut Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp, Pittsburgh PA USA / Al Tech, USA

M42 Fagersta D-948 Fagersta Stainless AB, Sweden

M42 Fagersta M-42 Seco, Sweden

M42 FMP 542 F M Parkin Ltd, Sheffield England M42 HM42 Nachi-Fujikoshi Corp, Japan

M42 HS 100 Latrobe Steel Co, Latrobe PA USA

M42 HS97R Nachi-Fujikoshi Corp, Japan

M42 Hypercut Teledyne Vasco, Latrobe PA USA

M42 K M42 Erasteel Inc, France

M42 Kasle KM42 Kasle Steel Co

M42 Kelock A229 Sanderson Kayser Ltd

M42 MH64 Daido Steel Co Ltd

M42 Micro Melt M42

M42 MO 88 Erasteel, France

M42 Molite 42 Columbia Tool Steel Co, Chicago IL USA

M42 Rex M42 Crucible Specialty Metals Co, NY USA For special purpose cutting tools, with requirements beyond the capability of general purpose HSS

M42 RTS CHG.D GA-417- (?) Maker unknown 5 M42 027

M42 S500 Bohler

M42 S500 Isorapid Bohler

M42 Super Capital Arthur Balfour & Co Ltd / Osborn, England

M42 Super Cle-Max Cleveland Twist Drill Co, Cleveland OH USA Cobalt

M42 Super Mo-Max Cleveland Twist Drill Co, Cleveland OH USA Cobalt

M42 Super Star or Carpenter Steel Co, Reading PA USA Superstar

M42 Supermax TEC / P&N, Australia

M42 Vasco Hypercut Teledyne Vasco, Latrobe PA USA Super hard HSS

M42 VKM42 Villares

M42 YXM60 Hitachi Metals Ltd

M42 Ziv M-42 Ziv Steel & Wire Co, USA

M43 typical analysis (%): C 1.25; W 1.75; Cr 3.75; V 2.0; Co 8.25; Mo 8.75 - HSS MAKER’S MAKER NOTES GRADE DESIGNATION

M43 Buckeye M43 Time Steel Service Inc

M43 Dynacut Electrite / Latrobe Steel Co, Latrobe PA USA Super HSS

M43 FMP 929 F M Parkin Ltd, Sheffield England M43 Molite 43 Columbia Tool Steel Co, Chicago IL USA

M44 typical analysis (%): C 1.2; W 5.25; Cr 4.25; V 2.25; Co 12.0; Mo 6.25 - HSS MAKER’S MAKER NOTES GRADE DESIGNATION

M44 Braecut Braeburn Alloy Steel Co, Braeburn PA USA

M44 Braetuf Braeburn Alloy Steel Co, Braeburn PA USA Modified M44

M44 EM 44 Electrometal SA Metals Especials

M44 T.E.M.V11 Erasteel, France

M46 typical analysis (%): C 1.25; W 2.0; Cr 4.0; V 3.25; Co 8.25; Mo 8.25 - primarily used for cutting tools. HSS MAKER’S MAKER NOTES GRADE DESIGNATION

M46 Al-46 Al Tech, USA

M46 Braeburn M46 Braeburn Alloy Steel Co, Braeburn PA USA

M46 HS-30 Latrobe Steel Co, Latrobe PA USA

M46 Rex M-46 Crucible Specialty Metals, NY USA

M47 typical analysis (%): C 1.1; W 1.5; Cr 3.75; V 1.25; Co 5.0; Mo 9.5 - HSS MAKER’S MAKER NOTES GRADE DESIGNATION

M47 Exohard Al Tech, USA

M48 typical analysis (%): C 1.5; W 10.0; Cr 4.0; V 3.0; Co 9.0; Mo 5.25 - a tungsten type super high speed steel hardened to RC 68-69. It contains high vanadium for excellent abrasion resistance and cobalt for excellent red hardness. Ideal for special purpose cutting tools requiring super high hardness and red hardness, excellent wear resistance and good toughness. Typical applications include milling cutters, form tools, end mills, broaches, cutting tool inserts, reamers, extrusion die inserts, cut-off tools, lathe tools, shaper tools, and taps. HSS MAKER’S MAKER NOTES GRADE DESIGNATION

M48 CPM Rex 76 Crucible Specialty Steel Co, USA A super HSS made by the Crucible Particle Metallurgy Process - outstanding for special purpose cutting tools requiring high red hardness, high abrasion resistance, and good toughness

M48 DuraTech M48 Latrobe Specialty Steels Co, USA Powder metallurgy (PM) microstructure

M48 Micro-Melt Carpenter Steel Co, Reading PA USA Powder metallurgy (PM) microstructure M50 typical analysis (%): C 0.85; Cr 4.0; V 1.0; Mo 4.25 - most often employed in tooling applications where abrasion resistance is less important, such as woodworking tools and commercial twist drills. Considered intermediate high speed steel in view of the lower total alloy content than standard types. These leaner alloy grades normally are limited to less severe service conditions. HSS MAKER’S MAKER NOTES GRADE DESIGNATION

M50 CM-50 Latrobe Specialty Steels Co / Timken Latrobe Commercial twist drills Steel, USA and wood working tools, where toughness is of prime importance

M50 Consumet M-50 Carpenter Technology Corp, USA

M50 EM50 Erasteel, France

M50 Kasle KM-50 Kasle Steel Co

M50 Rex-50 Crucible Specialty Metals, NY USA

M50 Rex M50 Var Crucible Specialty Metals, NY USA

M51 typical analysis (%): C 1.25; W 9.5; Cr 4.0; V 3.25; Co 10.0; Mo 3.5 - HSS MAKER’S MAKER NOTES GRADE DESIGNATION

M51 HSS 10%Co Eastern

M51 SaBen TENCO Sanderson Bros & Newbould, Sheffield Co 10.0

M51 WKE42 or WKE-42 Erasteel, France Also made by Fagersta, Sweden

M52 typical analysis (%): C 0.9; W 1.25; Cr 4.0; V 2.0; Mo 4.25 - most often employed in tooling applications where abrasion resistance is less important, such as woodworking tools and commercial twist drills. Considered an intermediate high speed steel in view of the lower total alloy content than standard types. These leaner alloy grades normally are limited to less severe service conditions. Suited for applications not requiring a full HSS such as body stock for carbide tipped drills and reamers, wood cutters, pipe taps, thread chasers and small drills. HSS MAKER’S MAKER NOTES GRADE DESIGNATION

M52 Carpenter M52 Carpenter Steel Co, Reading PA USA

M52 C.D.W Erasteel Inc, France

M52 CM-52 Latrobe Specialty Steels Co / Timken Latrobe Commercial twist drills Steel and wood working tools, where toughness is of prime importance

M52 E M52 Erasteel Inc, France

M52 MV-2

M52 No.59 Houghton & Richards Inc, Boston MA USA M52 Rex-LA Crucible Specialty Metals, NY USA Mo 3.25

M52 Rex M-52 Crucible Specialty Metals, NY USA

M52 Thyrapid 3392 (?) Maker unknown

M52 Vasco M52 Teledyne Vasco, Latrobe PA USA

M61 typical analysis (%): C 1.8; W 12.5; Cr 4.0; V 5.0; Mo 6.5 - HSS MAKER’S MAKER NOTES GRADE DESIGNATION

M61 CPM Rex 25 Crucible Specialty Metals, NY USA

M62 typical analysis (%): C 1.25; W 6.25; Cr 3.75; V 2.0; Mo 10.5 - HSS MAKER’S MAKER NOTES GRADE DESIGNATION

M62 Rex 20 Crucible Specialty Metals, NY USA

M100A typical analysis (%): C ?; W ?; Cr ?; V ?; Mo ? - HSS MAKER’S MAKER NOTES GRADE DESIGNATION

M100A Super Capital (?) Arthur Balfour & Co Ltd / Eagle & Globe, Probably M42 England

M100A Ultramax P&N, Australia Dark gold colour - possesses a very high 'red hardness"

COBALT-BASED ALLOYS: The Non-Ferrous Cutting Tools Non-ferrous alloys used for cutting tools are often called cutting alloys. These are distinct from alloy steels, although some may contain iron and be allied to the super high speed steels. They may have a base of nickel or cobalt and usually contain tungsten.

An early alloy of this type knows as ‘Cooperite’ contained 80% nickel, 14% tungsten, 6% zirconium (Zr) or less tungsten and some and molybdenum. An English cutting alloy sold by Samuel Osborn & Co Ltd under the name SOBV cutting alloy contained high percentages of chromium, cobalt, tungsten, and iron with some vanadium and molybdenum and is really a super HSS.

Stellite by the Haynes Stellite Co is made in various grades for cutting tools, hard facing valves, rock bits and crusher rolls. It is typical of the non-ferrous hard metals and the cutting properties are inherent in the alloy and are NOT produced by heat treatment. Stellite contains from 40- 75% cobalt, 15-35% chromium, 10-25% tungsten and about 2% carbon and small amounts of iron and molybdenum. It retains its hardness at red heat.

The use of cast-cobalt cutting tools should be considered when:

Relatively low surface speeds cause build-up with cemented carbides; lack the power or (/Content/Articles/2015-06- (/Content/Articles/2015-06- rigidity to use cemented 13.ToolSteels/Balfalloy.png) 13.ToolSteels/DeleroStellite.jpg) carbides effectively; Fig 10: Arthur Balfour and Fig 11: Deloro Stellite, Higher production is Co, Sheffield, U.K. - Balfalloy Birmingham, U.K. - Cutting required than is possible with high-speed tools; and hard metal price list - circa tools advertisement - 1955. Machining rough surfaces of 1940. castings where the surfaces contain abrasive material such as sand, oxide, or refractory particles. These cutting alloys were designed to bridge the gap between HSS and cemented carbides.

STELLITE MAKER’S BRAND or MAKER NOTES DESIGNATION

Armaloy Armstrong USA Cast

Balfalloy Arthur Balfour & Co Ltd, Sheffield England / Cast tips and tipped tools Balfour Darwins, Sheffield England

Blackalloy Now Blackalloy TX-90

Blackalloy 525 Blackalloy Company of America, Conway SC The Spitfire tool - general purpose USA machining of stainless steel, cast iron, steel, titanium, and most other metals. Can be operated at approximately twice the speed of high speed steel.

Blackalloy TX-90 Blackalloy Company of America, Conway SC Cast – for cutting tools with Co 40-42; USA Cr 26-29; W 19-21

Crobalt Crobalt Inc, MI USA www.crobaltusa.com Cast – for cutting tools with Co 40-50; (http://www.crobaltusa.com) (a division of Cr 25-30; W 14-20 Illinois Carbide Tool Company Inc, Waukegan IL USA)

Haynes Stellite 4 Hoskins Manufacturing Co For cutting tools and dies

Haynes Stellite No.2 Hoskins Manufacturing Co For metal cutting tools - obsolete MAKER’S BRAND or MAKER NOTES DESIGNATION

Rexalloy Crucible Steel Co of America, Pittsburgh PA USA

Star J-Metal Haynes Stellite / Stoody Deloro Stellite Inc, NOTE: no longer a cast alloy - now USA PM production

Stellite 100 Deloro Stellite Ltd, England and Canada Cast – for cutting tools Hoskins Manufacturing Co

Stellite 2 Hoskins Manufacturing Co Cast - for cutting tools

Stellite 2400 Hoskins Manufacturing Co For cutting tools - tough

Stellite 4 Hoskins Manufacturing Co For tools and cutters

Stellite 95 Stellite

Stellite 98M2 Stellite Inc / Kennametal Stellite, USA NOTE: no longer a cast alloy - now PM production

Stellite J Haynes Stellite, USA A special high grade of Stellite

Stellite Star J Was cast now PM

Tantung H C Starck / NRC Inc Cast – for cutting tools Co 45-50; Cr 25-30; W 14-19 now obsolete

Tantung 144 Fansteel Metallurgical Corp / V R Wesson, Cast – for cutting tools Co 40-45; Cr USA 25-30; W 16-21

Tantung 148 NRC Inc. Cast – for cutting tools Co 45-50; Cr 27-32; W 14-19

Tantung 162A H C Starck / NRC Inc. Cast – for cutting tools Co 45-50; Cr 27-32; W 14-19

Tantung 166A H C Starck / NRC Inc. Cast – for cutting tools Co 45-50; Cr 27-32; W 14-19

Tantung 171 H C Starck / NRC Inc. Cast – for cutting tools Co 45-50; Cr 27-32; W 14-19

Tantung G Fansteel Metallurgical Corp, USA and Cast – for cutting tools Co 42-47; Cr VR/Wesson, USA 27-32; W 14-19

Tantung G Vascoloy-Ramet Corp, Nth Chicago IL USA Cast – for cutting tools Co 42-47; Cr 27-32; W 14-19

Tantung G2 H C Starck / NRC Inc. Cast – for cutting tools - now obsolete

Tantung MT (?)

Toolmetal Kennametal Stellite

Stellite alloys possess properties somewhere between high speed steel (HSS) and carbide. They can be ground with a standard , though the process can be a bit slow going. They're tough and work well on interrupted cuts and on castings that would tend to chip carbide, though they're more prone to chipping than HSS. High lubricity is another feature and that prevents of material on the tool tip. They cannot be annealed and thus retain their hardness and cutting ability to red heat. In general, they will operate at 2X or more the speed of HSS, but not that of carbide.

Modern cast alloy tools will be ground on all sides and look similar to HSS tooling. They resist corrosion extremely well and may stand out in used tooling for that reason.

Don't be put off by the appearance of older cast alloy tooling; some may look like it was cast in a backyard barbecue. It will be dark in colour and have significant imperfections and poor grinding.

New cast alloy blanks may still be available from at least three manufacturers, but don't expect to get them cheap!

Stellite is used in the form of solid cast tool bits, tips, parting blades, milling blades and tipped tools. The alloy is at its best (/Content/Articles/2015-06- when it has plenty of work to do and it is tough enough to take 13.ToolSteels/StelliteKnives.jpg) interrupted cuts without chipping. It cannot be rolled or forged Fig 12: The Haynes Stellite and is shaped by casting and subsequent grinding. Company, Kokomo, Indiana, The tool bits are available in inch and metric sizes. U.S. - Advertisement: Stellite Not Steel but its Master - Stellite retains its hardness at temperatures of 700°C upwards to a much higher degree than HSS or other tool alloys. circa 1920.

TANTUNG The Tantung cast alloy is composed principally of chromium, tungsten, columbium, and carbon in a cobalt matrix. These elements combined in the proper proportions and cast in chill moulds give Tantung its most important characteristic; the ability to retain its cutting hardness at temperatures of up to 815°C (1500°F). It is neither high speed steel nor carbide.

Tantung has a high transverse rupture strength, low coefficient of friction and excellent resistance to corrosion. It is tough, readily absorbs shock and impact, and is non-magnetic; it likes to work.

As a cutting tool, it is ideal for all turning, facing, boring, milling, and cut-off applications on nearly every type of metal as well as non-metals. Tantung can be run at surface speeds of up to 450 sfpm, but performs best at speeds of 100-250 sfpm and can be (/Content/Articles/2015-06- used to excellent advantage on machines where speed, power, 13.ToolSteels/Ansteel.png) Fig and rigidity are limited. In addition, it will not anneal or lose its 13: ANI-VR Wesson, Florida, cutting edge as will HSS when subjected to high-red heats U.S. - Catalogue of Tantung generated during the cutting cycle. Cutting Tool products. Tantung G is recommended for general purpose machining of both ferrous and non-ferrous metal and general woodworking operations. For VR/Wesson catalogue items, Tantung G Hardness is quoted as 60 to 63 Rockwell C and transverse rupture strength is 300,000 psi minimum.

Typical composition of Tantung G is cited as Cobalt 35-40%; Chromium 27-32%; Tungsten 14-19%; Nickel 7%; Carbon 2-4%; and Iron 2-5%.

(/Content/Articles/2015-06-13.ToolSteels/Tantung- (/Content/Articles/2015-06- G.png) 13.ToolSteels/Tantung-Extra.png) Fig 14: Tantung G HSS Tools.

The Carbon Tool Steels WATER HARDENING CARBON TOOL STEELS W1 plain carbon tool steels are made in four grades of quality: Special, Extra, Standard and Commercial. Special (Grade 1) and Extra (Grade 2) conform to rigid macroscopic, microscopic or hardenability specifications, special being the highest quality. They are suitable for tools and dies requiring steels of uniform high quality. Standard (Grade 3) and Commercial grades are not always made in electric furnaces and meet less rigid processing requirements. They are suitable for many general-purpose applications or for short-run jobs. The standard carbon range is usually 0.95 to 1.1%.

W2 is a shallow hardening tool steel. Due to its vanadium content, the grain is superior in toughness and resistance to fatigue compared to straight carbon tool steels thereby making it desirable for many types of impact tools.

W3 has higher vanadium content and this provides better toughness.

W4 (ASM composition C 0.6-1.4; Cr 0.25) - the chromium content increases the depth of hardness and reduces the danger of soft spots. A number of these steels were available in several carbon ranges.

W5 (ASM composition C 0.6-1.4; Cr 0.5) - a higher chromium content than W4 for increased depth of hardness.

W7 (ASM composition C 0.6-1.4; Cr 0.5; V 0.2) - the addition of vanadium to W5 provides more toughness because of the finer grain structure.

W8A - the molybdenum content provides deeper hardening, increased toughness and red hardness.

Carbon steels have carbon as the principal control element generally in the range of 0.85% to 1.15%. When hardened, the surface becomes intensely hard providing good wear qualities. Tools made from can be sharpened to a keen edge with a high finish. Some special steels are made with the carbon content as low as 0.50% or as high as 1.50%.

The significant characteristic of carbon tools steels is that differential hardening results from heat treatment. This is better described as the “case” and “core” effect.

The case is a uniformly hard, outer area which is hard in the as-quenched condition. The degree of hardness is in the range of 65-67 Rockwell C.

However, the core hardens to a lesser degree – about 40-45 Rockwell C. This core supplies support for the hard case. This also means that there is a limit to the amount of grinding or sharpening that can be done. If the hard case is ground away the cutting or wear resisting qualities are lost. But this seldom occurs in practice due to the small amount of metal removed.

The elasticity required to stand up under repeated stresses makes carbon tools steels useful in applications such as tools, cold , hand punches, jeweller die blocks and cold forming tools. The intensely hard case which permits sharpening to a keen edge also make them valuable for tools such as knives, , shears and wood chisels. These steels require a fast quench to obtain maximum hardness. Therefore, they are quenched in water or a water solution such as brine.

CARBON MAKER’S MAKER NOTES GRADE DESIGNATION

W1 Alpha-8 (Grade 3) Atlas Steels Ltd, Welland Ontario Canada

W1 Atlas Special Alloy Atlas Steels Ltd, Welland Ontario Canada C 1.05; Mn 0.25; V 0.2 (ASA) 10

W1 Best (Grade 1) Henry Disston & Sons Inc, Philadelphia PA USA

W1 Black Diamond (Grade Crucible Steel Co of America, PA USA C 1.05; Mn 0.25; Cr 0.2; V 3) 0.05

W1 Blue Label (Grade 1) Simonds Saw & Steel Co, Lockport NY USA

W1 Carbon (Grade 2) Houghton & Richards Inc, Boston MA USA

W1 Carbon Cold Header Latrobe Steel Co, Latrobe PA USA (Grade 1)

W1 Coldie (Grade 1) Braeburn Alloy Steel Co, Braeburn PA USA

W1 Colonial No.14 (Grade Vanadium-Alloys Steel Co, Latrobe PA USA 1)

W1 Commando Drill Rod Atlas Steels Ltd, Welland, Ontario, Canada

W1 Corinth Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp, Pittsburgh PA USA

W1 Crescent Special Crucible Steel Co of America, Pittsburgh PA C 1.05 (Grade 1) USA

W1 Cyclops Extra Cytemp Specialty Steels Division, USA Now Cyclops W1

W1 Diamond S (Grade 2) Simonds Saw & Steel Co, Lockport NY USA

W1 Extra (Grade 2) Braeburn Alloy Steel Co, Braeburn PA USA

W1 Extra (Grade 2) Henry Disston & Sons Inc, Philadelphia PA USA

W1 Extra (Grade 2) Latrobe Steel Co, Latrobe PA USA

W1 Extra L (Grade 2) Vanadium-Alloys Steel Co, Latrobe PA USA

W1 Fagersta 16 Fagersta Bruks, Sweden C 0.8

W1 Fagersta 24 Fagersta Bruks, Sweden C 1.2

W1 FS Extra (Grade 2) Firth Sterling Inc, Pittsburgh PA USA

W1 FS Special (Grade 1) Firth Sterling Inc, Pittsburgh PA USA

W1 Granada (Commercial) Crucible Steel Co of America, Pittsburgh PA C 1.00 USA

W1 Green Label A Milne & Co, New York NY USA (Commercial)

W1 Green Label Drill Rod Carpenter Technology Corp, USA C 1.2; Mn 0.2 (Grade 3) CARBON MAKER’S MAKER NOTES GRADE DESIGNATION

W1 K.10S Comsteel, Australia C1.1; Mn 0.3

W1 K.7; K.8; K.9; K.10; Comsteel, Australia C from 0.7 to 1.4 K.11; K.12; K.13 and K.14

W1 La Belle Cold Striking Crucible Specialty Metals / Crucible Steel C 0.95 Co of America, Pittsburgh PA USA

W1 La Belle Extra Crucible Steel Co of America, Pittsburgh PA C 0.95 USA

W1 Maple Leaf Atlas Steels Ltd, Welland Ontario Canada

W1 No.11 Comet (Grade 3) Carpenter Technology Corp, USA

W1 No.11 Extra (Grade 2) Carpenter Technology Corp, USA

W1 No.11 Special (Grade Carpenter Technology Corp, USA C 1.0; Mn 0.2 1)

W1 No.11 Titan Carpenter Technology Corp, USA (Commercial)

W1 Orange Label (Grade A Milne & Co, New York NY USA 1)

W1 Pompton (Grade 3) Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp, Pittsburgh PA USA

W1 Pompton Extra (Grade Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp, Pittsburgh PA 2) USA

W1 Pompton Special Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp, Pittsburgh PA (Grade 1) USA

W1 Red Label Simonds Saw & Steel Co, Lockport NY USA

W1 Red Label (Grade 2) A Milne & Co, New York NY USA

W1 Red Star (Grade 3) Vanadium-Alloys Steel Co, Latrobe PA USA

W1 Refined 8 and Refined Atlas Steels Ltd, Welland, Ontario, Canada 10 (Grade 2)

W1 Sanderson Extra Crucible Steel Co of America, Pittsburgh PA C 1.05; Mn 0.25 (Grade 2) USA

W1 Silver Star Firth Sterling Inc, Pittsburgh PA USA (Commercial)

W1 Special ASV (Grade 1) Firth Sterling Inc, Pittsburgh PA USA

W1 Special Carbon (Grade Houghton & Richards Inc, Boston MA USA 1)

W1 Special Heading Die Houghton & Richards Inc, Boston MA USA (Grade 1)

W1 Standard (Grade 3) Braeburn Alloy Steel Co, Braeburn PA USA CARBON MAKER’S MAKER NOTES GRADE DESIGNATION

W1 Standard (Grade 3) Henry Disston & Sons Inc, Philadelphia PA USA

W1 Standard (Grade 3) Latrobe Steel Co, Latrobe PA USA

W1 Starrett W1 L S Starrett Co, Athol MA USA C 0.9-1.05; Mn 0.3-0.5

W1 Sterling (Grade 3) Firth Sterling Inc, Pittsburgh PA USA

W1 UHB (Grade 3) Uddeholm Co of America Inc, New York NYU SA

W1 UHB 20 Uddeholm Co of America Inc, New York NYU SA

W1 UHB Extra (Grade 2) Uddeholm Co of America Inc, New York NYU SA

W1 UHB Water Uddeholm Co of America Inc, New York NYU SA

W1 Victor Drill Rod Crucible Steel Co of America, Pittsburgh PA C 1.0; Mn 0.35 USA

W1 White Label (Grade 3) A Milne & Co, New York NY USA

W1 X Bethlehem Steel Co, Bethlehem PA USA

W1 XCL (Grade 3) Bethlehem Steel Co, Bethlehem PA USA

W1 XX (Grade 2) Bethlehem Steel Co, Bethlehem PA USA

W1 XX-95, X-12 and X-10 Atlas Steels Ltd, Welland Ontario Canada (Grade 1)

W1 XXX (Grade 1) Bethlehem Steel Co, Bethlehem PA USA

W2 Alva Extra Crucible Steel Co of America, Pittsburgh PA C 0.95; Mn 0.25; V 0.2 USA

W2 Carbon Vanadium Latrobe Steel Co, Latrobe PA USA

W2 Cyclops W2 Cytemp Specialty Steels Division, USA

W2 Granada Vanadium Crucible Steel Co of America, Pittsburgh PA C 1.0; V 0.2 USA

W2 Python Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp, Pittsburgh PA V 0.25 USA

W2 Sterling V Firth Sterling Inc, Pittsburgh PA USA V 0.2

W2 UHB 19VA Uddeholm Co of America Inc, New York NYU SA

W2 Vanadium Houghton & Richards Inc, Boston MA USA

W2 Vatool Henry Disston & Sons Inc, Philadelphia PA V 0.25 USA

W3 Colhead Vanadium-Alloys Steel Co, Latrobe PA USA C 1.0; V 0.45 CARBON MAKER’S MAKER NOTES GRADE DESIGNATION

W3 Double Vanadium Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp, Pittsburgh PA C 1.0; V0.45 USA

W3 Draco DV Universal-Cyclops Steel Corp, Bridgeville V 0.45 PA USA

W4 Atlas Q Grade Atlas Steels Ltd, Welland Ontario Canada C 1.2; Mn 0.25; Cr 0.5

W4 Diamond M Firth Sterling Inc, Pittsburgh PA USA C 1.3; Mn 0.3; Cr 0.3

W4 Sanderson Special Crucible Specialty Metals, NY USA C 1.1; Mn 0.3; Cr 0.25

W5 27S Universal-Cyclops Steel Corp, Bridgeville C 1.1; Mn 0.25; Cr 0.5 PA USA

W5 CFS Latrobe Steel Co, Latrobe PA USA C 1.0; Cr 0.5

W5 Crow Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp, Pittsburgh PA C 1.2; Cr 0.5 USA

W5 Piston Houghton & Richards Inc, Boston MA USA

W5 Superior Tool Crucible Specialty Metals, NY USA

W8 Croman Vanadium-Alloys Steel Co, Latrobe PA USA C 1.2; Mn 0.8; Cr 0.5; Mo 0.6

W8 Molel Delaware Tool Steel Corp, Wilmington, DE C 0.75; Mn 0.35; Mo 0.1 USA

W8 VD Joseph T Ryerson & Son Inc, Chicago IL C 0.77; Mn 0.23; Mo 0.18 USA

OIL-HARDENING TOOL STEELS SAE composition: C 1.2; Mn 0.25; Cr 0.2; V optional; and W 0.5. This group of steels was developed for maximum safety in hardening and minimum dimensional change after heat treatment. They are preferred for tools or dies with adjacent thick and thin sections, sharp corners or numerous holes. Tools and dies made from O1 will have good wearing qualities since the tungsten and higher chromium content gives improved wear resistance over the straight manganese grades. They have better wear resistance than the water-hardening grades but are not quite so good in shock resistance. Machining properties are good and material cost is relatively low.

The addition of a substantial amount of manganese plus small amounts of chromium and tungsten permits carbon tool steel to harden in oil. The “case-core” condition of the water hardening tool steels generally disappears and these steels will harden all the way through even in relatively large sections.

O1 (SAE composition: C 0.9; Mn 1.2; Cr 0.5; V 0.2 optional; W 0.5) - is an oil-hardening, non- deforming tool steel which can be hardened at relatively low temperatures. Tools and dies made from O1 will have good wearing qualities since the tungsten and higher chromium content gives improved wear resistance over the straight manganese grades. Typical applications include bushings, forming dies, forming rolls, and gauges.

O2 (SAE composition: C 0.9; Mn 1.6; Cr 0.55 optional; V 0.2 optional; Mo 0.3 optional) – the higher manganese content gives this steel slightly better cutting ability and non-deformation properties than O1. Toughness is considerably better and is the best of any of the oil-hardening group. Suitable for blanking, forming, trimming and moulding dies, taps and threading dies, broaches and reamers. O6 (SAE composition: C 1.45; Mn 0.75; Mo 0.25) - is an oil-hardening cold work steel which has outstanding machinability resulting from small particles of graphitic carbon uniformly distributed throughout the steel. These particles increase resistance to wear and galling in service. For an oil- hardening steel, 06 holds size well during heat treating. Typical applications include pneumatic , spinning tools, punches, stamps, gauges, wear plates, and cams.

O7 (ASM composition: C 1.2; Cr 0.75; W 1.75; Mo 0.25 optional) – better cutting ability than the other oil-hardening steels except D3 with high hardness and fairly deep hardening. Suitable for taps, threading tools, drills, reamers, cutting tools for brass, and punches and dies for light stock.

CARBON MAKER’S MAKER NOTES GRADE DESIGNATION

O1 Amcoh A Milne & Co, New York NY USA C 0.9; Cr 0.5; Mn 1.15; W 0.5

O1 Arne Bohler-Uddeholm

O1 Badger Latrobe Steel Co, Latrobe PA USA

O1 BTR Bethlehem Steel Co, Bethlehem PA USA

O1 Carpenter O1 Carpenter Technology Corp, USA

O1 CRP01 Cooks Steels

O1 CSP Stones Steels

O1 Falcon-4 Atlas Steels Ltd, Welland Ontario Canada

O1 GOA Daido Steel Co Ltd

O1 Graph-Mo Timken Latrobe Steel, USA C 1.45; Mn 1.0; Mo 0.25

O1 K460 Bohler

O1 KE627 Sanderson Kayser

O1 Keewatin Atlas Steels Ltd, Welland Ontario Canada

O1 Ketos Crucible Specialty Metals Co, USA C 0.9; Mn 1.35; W 0.5; Cr 0.5

O1 Mansil Henry Disston & Sons Inc, Philadelphia PA USA

O1 NN Atlas Steels Ltd, Welland, Ontario, Canada

O1 O1 Aurora Steels

O1 O9B Carrs Tools Steels

O1 Oil Hardening Houghton & Richards Inc, Boston MA USA

O1 Saratoga Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp, Pittsburgh PA C 1.2; Mn 1.2; Cr 0.5; W USA 0.5

O1 Starrett O1 L S Starrett Co, Athol MA USA C 0.9; Mn 1.2; Cr 0.5; W 0.5

O1 Teenax No.46 Simonds Saw & Steel Co, Lockport NY USA

O1 Thyrodur 2510 Schmolz & Bickenbach CARBON MAKER’S MAKER NOTES GRADE DESIGNATION

O1 TPM Novo Cold work steel - good hardening capacity, high wear resistance, stability during heat treatment. Used for cutting & punching tools, knives, thread rolls, measuring tools.

O1 Tungsten Oil Hardening Houghton & Richards Inc, Boston MA USA

O1 UHB-46 Uddeholm Co of America Inc, New York NYU SA

O2 Deward Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp, Pittsburgh PA USA

O2 H Brand Darwin & Milner Inc, Cleveland OH USA

O2 Invaro No.2 Firth Sterling Inc, Pittsburgh PA USA

O2 Mangano Latrobe Steel Co, Latrobe PA USA

O2 No.19 Houghton & Richards Inc, Boston MA USA

O2 No.864 Simonds Saw & Steel Co, Lockport NY USA

O2 Paragon Crucible Specialty Metals, NY USA

O2 SOD Braeburn Alloy Steel Co, Braeburn PA USA

O2 Stentor Carpenter Technology Corp, USA C 0.9; Mn 1.6

O6 Falcon-6 Atlas Steels Ltd, Welland, Ontario, Canada

O6 Graphmo Peninsular

O6 Graph-Mo Timken USA

O6 Halgraph Crucible Specialty Metals, NY USA C 1.45; Mn 0.75; Mo 0.25

O6 Oilgraph Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp, Pittsburgh PA USA

O7 No.60 Houghton & Richards Inc, Boston MA USA

O7 Tungsten Tap & Die Crucible Specialty Metals, NY USA

O7 Utica Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp, Pittsburgh PA USA

O7 W Tap Latrobe Steel Co, Latrobe PA USA

SHOCK-RESISTING TOOL STEELS S1 (SA composition: C 0.5; Mn 0.25; Cr 1.4; V 0.2; W 2.25; Mo optional) - excellent shock resistance for both hot and cold operations. Though red hardness is not as good as in the H-steels, it is better than other S-steels. Suitable for punches, chisels and pneumatic tools.

S2 (SAE composition: C 0.5; Mn 0.4; V 0.25; V optional; Mo 0.5) - this steel has the highest toughness of any tool steel. Red hardness is not as good as S1. Other characteristics are about the same as S1. Suitable for punches, dies, and swaging dies. S3 (ASM composition: C 0.5; Cr 0.75; W 1.0) - toughness is combined with fair cutting ability. Suitable for chisels, rivet sets, punches, screwdrivers and shear blades.

S4 (ASM composition: C 0.55; Mn 0.8; Cr 0.3 optional; V 0.25 optional; Mo optional) - this is the basic silicon-magnesium steel. Good toughness suitable for shear blades, chisels, punches and pneumatic tools.

S5 (SAE composition: C 0.55; Mn 0.8; Cr 0.3 optional; V 0.25 optional; Mo optional) – toughness almost as good as S2 and better red hardness than S4 because of the molybdenum content. A reduced tendency to distort or crack in heat treatment is accordingly combined with high toughness in S5. Suitable for chisels, heavy-duty punches, rivet busters, drift pins, spring and nail sets.

S6A – a general purpose tool steel for shock resistance where accurate temperature control is not available. Can be hardened over a wide range with satisfactory results. No required.

S7 - is a general purpose air-hardening tool steel with high impact and shock resistance. It has good resistance to softening at moderately high temperatures. This combination of properties makes it suitable for many hot work and cold work applications. Excellent combination of high strength and toughness. Useful in moderate hot work as well as cold work tooling. Added size stability when air hardened. Typical applications bull riveters, concrete breakers (moll points), riveting dies, powder metal dies, notching dies, dowels, drills, drill plates, hubs, plastic mould dies, cold forming dies, blanking dies, bending dies, and master hobs.

S8A -

S9A -

S10A -

S11A – chrome-manganese. Toughness combined with ease of heat treatment and machining. Suitable for hard chisels and battering tools.

S12A – chrome-magnesium-tungsten. Toughness combined with moderate wear resistance. Suitable for forging dies and blacksmiths tools.

CARBON MAKER’S MAKER NOTES GRADE DESIGNATION

S1 67 Chisel Bethlehem Steel Co, Bethlehem PA USA

S1 A 020 A Milne & Co, New York NY USA C 0.5; Cr 1.5; V 0.25; W 2.25

S1 Atha Pneu Crucible Specialty Metals, USA C 0.55; Mn 0.25; Cr 1.25; V 0.2; W 2.75

S1 BCC Carrs Tools Steels

S1 Carpenter Excello Carpenter Technology Corp, USA

S1 Commando 47 Simonds Saw & Steel Co, Lockport NY USA

S1 Ideor Darwin & Milner Inc, Cleveland OH USA

S1 JS Firth Sterling Inc, Pittsburgh PA USA

S1 K455 Bohler

S1 K960 Sanderson Kayser

S1 Keystone Henry Disston & Sons Inc, Philadelphia PA USA

S1 No.225 Houghton & Richards Inc, Boston MA USA CARBON MAKER’S MAKER NOTES GRADE DESIGNATION

S1 Pnuemo Cooks Steels

S1 S1 Aurora

S1 Seminole Hard Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp, Pittsburgh PA USA

S1 Seminole Medium Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp, Pittsburgh PA USA

S1 Thyrodur 2550 Schmolz & Bickenbach

S1 TKL Stones Steels

S1 UHB 711 Uddeholm Co of America Inc, New York NY USA

S1 UHB Regin 3 Uddeholm Co of America Inc, New York NY USA

S1 Vibro Braeburn Alloy Steel Co, Braeburn PA USA

S10A Firex Special Darwin & Milner Inc, Cleveland OH USA

S10A Staminal Latrobe Steel Co, Latrobe PA USA

S11A Rexor Amalgamated Steel Corp, Cleveland OH USA

S12A UA-4 and UA-6 Republic Steel Corp, Cleveland OH USA

S2 Havoc Simonds Saw & Steel Co, Lockport NY USA

S2 Silico Houghton & Richards Inc, Boston MA USA

S2 Solar Carpenter Technology Corp, USA C 0.5; Mn 0.4; Mo 0.5

S2 Trident Latrobe Steel Co, Latrobe PA USA

S2 Triton Braeburn Alloy Steel Co, Braeburn PA USA

S3 Blue Edge Vulcan Crucible

S3 W-Brand Darwin & Milner Inc, Cleveland OH USA

S4 609 Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp, Pittsburgh PA USA

S4 71 Alloy Bethlehem Steel Co, Bethlehem PA USA

S4 Alloy No.10 Braeburn Alloy Steel Co, Braeburn PA USA

S4 La Belle 2-70 Crucible Steel Co of America, Pittsburgh PA USA

S4 Monark Atlas Steels Ltd, Welland, Ontario, Canada

S4 No.8 and No.8M Houghton & Richards Inc, Boston MA USA

S5 602 Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp, Pittsburgh PA USA

S5 Chimo Firth Sterling Inc, Pittsburgh PA USA CARBON MAKER’S MAKER NOTES GRADE DESIGNATION

S5 D 29 Henry Disston & Sons Inc, Philadelphia PA USA

S5 Extra Tough Darwin & Milner Inc, Cleveland OH USA

S5 La Belle Silicon No.2 Crucible Steel Co of America, Pittsburgh PA C 0.6; Mn 0.8; Cr 0.25; V USA 0.2; Mo 0.3

S5 MSM A Milne & Co, New York NY USA

S5 No.481 Carpenter Steel Co, Reading PA USA

S5 Omega Bethlehem Steel Co, Bethlehem PA USA

S5 UHB Resisto Uddeholm Co of America Inc, New York NYU SA

S6A FPC A Milne & Co, New York NY USA

S6A Non-Tempering Bethlehem Steel Co, Bethlehem PA USA

S6A Non-Tempering Houghton & Richards Inc, Boston MA USA

S8A Atlas 93 Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp, Pittsburgh PA USA

S8A DSS Darwin & Milner Inc, Cleveland OH USA

S9A N9 Universal-Cyclops Steel Corp, Bridgeville PA USA

S9A NDS Latrobe Steel Co, Latrobe PA USA

AIR-HARDENING TOOL STEELS Air hardening tool steels represent an even better improvement over water hardening steels than the oil hardening types. The slower cooling in the hardening phase results in less intense strains with less distortion. While this is a notable characteristic, these steels are also more resistant to abrasion than the oil hardening types.

In general the most important element in making these steels air hardening is molybdenum. Vanadium is introduced to prevent grain coarsening.

A2 (SAE composition: C 1.0; Mn 0.6; Cr 5.25; V 0.4 optional; Mo 1.1) - is an air-hardening tool steel containing five percent chromium. Replaces the oil hardening (O1 type) when safer hardening, less distortion and increased wear resistance are required. Typical applications include thread roll dies, long punches, rolls, precision tools, gauges, coining dies, , shear blades and slitters.

A4 (ASM composition: C 1.0; Mn 2.0; Cr 1.0; Mo 1.0) – low hardening temperature of the steel is combined with good toughness, though wear resistance is lower than the other non-deforming steels. Suitable for punches, blanking and forming dies, and gauges.

CARBON MAKER’S MAKER NOTES GRADE DESIGNATION

A1 FNS Atlas Steels Ltd, Welland Ontario Canada

A10 Graph-Air Latrobe Steel Co, Latrobe PA USA C 1.3; Mo 1.5; Mn 1.75; Ni 1.75 CARBON MAKER’S MAKER NOTES GRADE DESIGNATION

A11 CPM 10V Crucible Specialty Metals, NY USA C 2.5; Cr 5.0; Mo 1.3; V 10.0; Mn 0.5

A11 DuraTech A11 Latrobe Steel Co, Latrobe PA USA

A11 K294 Bohler-Uddeholm

A11 Micro-Melt A11 Carpenter Technology Corp, USA

A2 484 Carpenter Technology Corp, USA C 1.0; Mn 0.8; Cr 5.25; Mo 1.1; V 0.2

A2 A-H5 Bethlehem Steel Co, Bethlehem PA USA

A2 Aircool Crucible Steel Co of America, Pittsburgh PA USA

A2 Air-Hard Teledyne Vasco, Latrobe PA USA

A2 Airkool Crucible Steel Co of America, Pittsburgh PA USA

A2 Airkool-S Crucible Steel Co of America, Pittsburgh PA C 1.0; Mn 0.7; Cr 5.25; V USA 0.3; Mo 1.15

A2 AirPro Bethlehem Steel Co, Bethlehem PA USA

A2 Airque Braeburn Alloy Steel Co, Braeburn PA USA

A2 Airtrue Simonds Saw & Steel Co, Lockport NY USA

A2 Airvan Firth Sterling Inc, Pittsburgh PA USA

A2 CDS12 Nachi-Fujikoshi, Japan

A2 Cro-Mo-Loy Atlas Steels Ltd, Welland Ontario Canada C1.0; Cr 5.0

A2 No.80 Houghton & Richards Inc, Boston MA USA

A2 Sagamore Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp, Pittsburgh PA USA

A2 Select B F M Latrobe Steel Co, Latrobe PA USA

A2 Sparta Universal-Cyclops Steel Corp, Bridgeville PA USA

A2 Starrett A2 L S Starrett Co, Athol MA USA C 1.0; Cr 5.25; Mo 1.0; Mn 0.6

A2 UHB-151 Uddeholm Co of America Inc, New York NYU SA

A4 Air4 Bethlehem Steel Co, Bethlehem PA USA C 1.0; Cr 2.0; Mo 1.2; Mn 2.0

A4 Airloy Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp, Pittsburgh PA USA

A4 Airmo Firth Sterling Inc, Pittsburgh PA USA

A4 BA-H Bethlehem Steel Co, Bethlehem PA USA CARBON MAKER’S MAKER NOTES GRADE DESIGNATION

A4 Tempair Latrobe Steel Co, Latrobe PA USA

A4 Vega Carpenter Steel Co, Reading PA USA

A6 Apache Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp, Pittsburgh PA USA

A6 Carpenter Vega Carpenter Technology Corp, USA C 0.7; Mn 2.0; Cr 1.0; Mo 1.35

A6 CSM 6 Crucible Specialty Metals, NY USA

A6 Starrett L S Starrett Co, Athol MA USA C 0.7; Mn 2.0; Cr 1.0; Mo 1.25

A6 UHB 1550 Uddeholm Co of America Inc, New York NYU SA

A6 Ultimo-6 Atlas Steels Ltd, Welland Ontario Canada

A6 Vega Carpenter Technology Corp, USA

A7 Airkool-V Crucible Specialty Metals, NY USA

A7 BR-2(3) / BR-3 Latrobe Steel Co, Latrobe PA USA

A8 K313 Bohler-Uddeholm C 0.55; Cr 5.0; Mo 1.5; W 1.25

A8 MGR Latrobe Steel Co, Latrobe PA USA

A9 880 Carpenter Technology Corp, USA C 0.5; Cr 5.0; Mo 1.5; V 1.2; Mn 0.5

A9 Mazman Latrobe Steel Co, Latrobe PA USA

CARBON TOOL STEELS – SOME UNKNOWN GRADES CARBON MAKER’S MAKER NOTES GRADE DESIGNATION

Dreadnought MMM (?) Maker unknown

DSW Arthur Balfour & Co Ltd, Sheffield England C 1.3; W 4.5

Meteor Firth Sterling Inc, Pittsburgh PA USA

OHD Simonds Saw & Steel Co, Lockport NY USA

Para Universal-Cyclops Steel Corp, Bridgeville PA USA

Red Star Tungsten Vanadium-Alloys Steel Co, Latrobe PA USA

Stag Balfour Darwins Ltd, Sheffield, England

Vasco Teledyne Vasco, Latrobe PA USA C 1.0; Cr 0.7; Mn 1.3; W 0.5

WT Latrobe Steel Co, Latrobe PA USA CARBON MAKER’S MAKER NOTES GRADE DESIGNATION

L5 XCM Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp, Pittsburgh PA C 1.0; Cr 1.0; Mo 0.25; Mn USA 1.0

Oldies but Goodies: Non-AISI Grades of HSS Just to make matters even more confusing some makes and grades of HSS do not conform to any of the AISI classes. The table below lists just some of these steels. No doubt there are more ‘non- conforming’ tool steels out there.

HSS MAKER’S MAKER NOTES GRADE DESIGNATION

2303 HSS Armstrong Bros Tool Co, USA

2379 HSS Armstrong Bros Tool Co, USA

A.1 Comsteel, Australia C 0.8; Cr 5.0; W 22.0; V 1.25 and Mo 0.75

A.2 Comsteel, Australia C 0.75; Cr 4.5; W 18.0 (NOTE: also listed as equivalent to T1) and V 1.25

Assab HSP-15 Associated Swedish Steels AB, Sweden

AW ESC English Steel Corp, England W 14%

AW Premier ESC English Steel Corp, England

B.1 Comsteel, Australia Cobalt HSS –C 0.8;Cr (NOTE: also listed as equivalent to T6) 4.5; W 22.0; V 1.25 and Co 12.0

B.2 Comsteel, Australia Cobalt HSS – C 0.75; (NOTE: also listed as equivalent to T4) Cr 4.5; W 18.0; V 1.25 and Co 5.0

Beaver Teledyne Vasco, Latrobe PA USA C 0.7; Cr 4.0; V 1.0; W 18.0

Besly Cobalt High Besly Cutting Tools Inc, USA Cobalt HSS Speed

Besly High Speed Besly Cutting Tools Inc, USA HSS

Besly Super Cobalt Besly Cutting Tools Inc, USA Super Cobalt HSS High Speed

Blue Riband Henry Rossell & Co Ltd, Sheffield England Cobalt HSS

Bohler S290 Bohler-Uddeholm Heavy-duty machining Microclean of steels also for nonferrous such as nickel-base and titanium alloys HSS MAKER’S MAKER NOTES GRADE DESIGNATION

Bohler S390 Bohler-Uddeholm Heavy-duty machining Microclean of steels also for nonferrous such as nickel-base and titanium alloys shaper cutters milling cutters broaching tools taps twist drills reamers

Bohler S590 Bohler-Uddeholm Heavy-duty machining Microclean tools for steels also for nonferrous such as nickel-base and titanium alloys shaper cutters milling cutters broaching tools taps twist drills reamers

Bridgeport (?)

Capital 562 Arthur Balfour & Co Ltd / Eagle & Globe Steel C 0.8%; Cr 4.2%; Co Ltd, Sheffield W6.0%; V 2.0% and Mo 5.0%

CG 55 Special (?) Maker unknown

Champion Champion Steel Co, Orwell OH USA

Champion Super England Maker unknown Cobalt

C-L Cobalt USA Maker unknown

Cobalt Durakut Japan Maker unknown

Co-Co Teledyne Vasco, Latrobe PA USA C 0.7; Co 5.0; Cr 4.0; V 1.0; W 18.0

CPM Rex 121 , USA Made by Crucible Particle Metallurgy (CPM) process - high vanadium cobalt bearing tool steel for high wear applications (punches & dies) where carbide tools are too fragile

CPM Rex 20 Crucible Industries, USA Made by the Crucible Particle Metallurgy (CPM) process HSS MAKER’S MAKER NOTES GRADE DESIGNATION

CPM Rex 45 Crucible Industries, USA Made by the Crucible Particle Metallurgy (CPM) process - suitable for difficult machining or high cutting speed

CPM Rex 54 Crucible Industries, USA Made by the Crucible Particle Metallurgy (CPM) process - a cobalt-bearing HSS an improvement in red hardness of the M4 grade, but with wear properties equal to M4

CPM Rex 66 Crucible Industries, USA Made by the Crucible Particle Metallurgy (CPM) process - 8% cobalt for a higher red hardness than CPM Rex T15

Crodi Atlas Steels Ltd, Welland, Ontario, Canada C 0.35; Cr 5.0; Mo 1.4; W 1.2; V 0.3

CRU Excelsior Hofors Steel Works, Hofors, Sweden (now Ovako)

CRU Super EX29 or Sweden (SKF) EX-29

Cyclops Super Universal-Cyclops Steel Corp, Bridgeville PA USA

DoAll Molybdenum DoAll Co, Des Plaines IL USA

Dow-Bits Supreme Dow Mechanical, Thomasville CON USA

Dreadnought Crucible Steel Co of America, Pittsburgh PA C 0.8; Cr 4.0; Mn 0.3; USA V 1.0; W 18.0

Eclipse H3 Eclipse, Sheffield, England Super HSS (Cobalt 3%)

V3 (?) HSSE (unknown) Mainly for making machine taps due to its good wear resistance, grinding capabilities, high hardness and excellent toughness.

Ilinite 10 USA Maker unknown

Imperial 9 Gorham Tool Industries Inc, Detroit MI USA C 0.7; Co 8.5

Koshuha SKH9 Japan Maker unknown HSS MAKER’S MAKER NOTES GRADE DESIGNATION

M-40-C Gorham Tool Industries Inc, Detroit MI USA C 0.7; Cr 5.0; Co 4.0; Mo 9.0, V 1.0; W 1.0

Malcus Cobalt Sweden Maker unknown

Milvan A Milne & Co, New York NY USA 19 W; 4 Cr; 2 V

Morse Orbit (?)

Mowhawk Ludlum Steel Co, Watervliet, NY USA 1920s HSS

Mowhawk Extra Ludlum Steel Co, Watervliet, NY USA 1920s HSS

New Capital Arthur Balfour & Co Ltd / Eagle & Globe Steel HSS C 0.7%; Cr Co Ltd, Sheffield 3.75%; W 14.0% and V 0.5% - one of the earliest HSS

Nicroman Henry Disston & Sons Inc, Philadelphia PA An all-purpose tool USA steel C 0.7%; Cr 1.0%; Ni 1.75%; Co 0.35%

Novo Max or Jonas and Colver (Tools) Ltd, England Novomax

RAM 1386 Darwins Toledo, Sheffield, England HSS

Rex AA OX Crucible Steel Co of America, Pittsburgh PA USA

Rex AA PX Crucible Steel Co of America, Pittsburgh PA USA

Rex MMM Crucible Steel Co of America, Pittsburgh PA USA

Rex TMO-5 Crucible Steel Co of America, Pittsburgh PA USA

Rex TMO-8 Crucible Steel Co of America, Pittsburgh PA USA

Rex VM Dreadnaught Crucible Steel Co of America, Pittsburgh PA C 0.85; Cr 4.0; Mo 8.0; USA V 2.0

Sparground (?) Maker unknown

Super Cyclone ESC English Steel Corp, Co 12% equivalent to DGD and HSC

Super Rapid Extra Houghton & Richards Inc, Boston MA USA – a subsidiary of Latrobe Steel Co, Latrobe PA USA

Super TYR ESC English Steel Corp, W 22%

Union 707 or UB707 HSS

Union 757 Cobalt Super HSS HSS MAKER’S MAKER NOTES GRADE DESIGNATION

Vanadium Premier ESC English Steel Corp, W 18% equivalent to Vickers HSV and AW Premier

Vasco 14-4 CVM Teledyne Vasco (formerly Vanadium Alloy Steel Company), Latrobe, PA USA. In the late- 1990's, Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp. purchased Vasco

Vasco CM Teledyne Vasco (formerly Vanadium Alloy Steel Company), Latrobe, PA USA. In the late- 1990's, Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp. purchased the Vasco facility

Victory, Victory 5 and Henry Rossell & Co Ltd, Sheffield The ‘Blue Riband’ Victory 7 (a cobalt group of HSS tool HSS) steels

VM Dreadnaught Hawkridge Brothers Co, Boston MA USA C 0.85; Cr 4.0; Mo 8.0; V 2.0

VSM Carpenter Steel Co, Reading PA USA

WKE-4 Fagersta Stainless AB, Sweden / Seco, C 1.25; Cr 4.1; Mo 3.1; also known as Sweden V 3.1; W 9.0; Co 9.0 Fagersta D-927

WKE-45 Fagersta Stainless AB, Sweden / Seco, Molybdenum super also known as Sweden HSS with 11% Cobalt. Fagersta D-930 Greater red hardness and more wear resistance than most other HSS. Great for 300 series stainless steel.

Products Made by Fagersta Stainless AB & Erasteel Inc Fagersta WKE-4 or WKE 4 is a cobalt HSS and is now obsolete. Typical analysis is C 1.25%; Cr 4.1%; Mo 3.1%; V 3.1%; W 9.0% and Co 9.0%.

Fagersta WKE-42 or WKE 42 is a conventional cobalt HSS with typical analysis of C1.27%; Cr 4.0%; Mo 3.6%; W 9.5%; Co 10.0% and V 3.2%.

Fagersta WKE-45 or WKE 45 was originally made in Sweden, it is a molybdenum, super-cobalt HSS with 11% cobalt and has greater red hardness and more wear resistance than almost any other HSS making it excellent for cutting 300-series stainless steel. Typical analysis: C 1.4%; Cr 4.2%; Mo 3.5%; W 9.5%; Co 11.0% Products Made by Darwins Ltd Darwins Ltd, Fitzwilliam Works, Sheffield made a wide variety of alloy and special steels. The range included many well-known brands of high speed steels, tool steels, hot-work steels, steels for aircraft parts, stainless steels, and steels specially developed to meet the needs of modern engineering generally including "Darwin 505" Cobalt Tungsten HSS, and "Cobalt Fastwork" and "Vanadia" blades.

Tool Steel Manufacturers Past and Present COMPANY NAME & LOCATION PRODUCT/S

Allegheny Ludlum Corp NY USA - was created with a merger in 1939, of Allegheny Steel of Pittsburgh and Ludlum Steel of Watervliet, New York. In 1927, their steel was chosen for New York’s Chrysler Building and the next year it was specified for the Empire State Building. In 1929, Ford began using Allegheny Metal for the bright trim parts of the Model A. Allegheny Ludlum also co-operated with Ford in the 1930s, 1960s, and 1970s to build several one-off promotional cars with stainless steel bodies.

Allegheny Steel, Pittsburgh PA USA

American Steel Co, PA USA

Apollo Metals Ltd, Bethlehem PA USA

Armstrong Brothers Tool Co, Chicago IL USA 2378; 2390 Cobalt; 2391 Cobalt

Arthur Balfour & Co Ltd (est. 1865), Capital Steel Works, Sheffield associated co – Steelmark- Eagle & Globe, The Eagle & Globe Steel Co Ltd, England

ASSAB - (Associated Swedish Steels AB) was established in 1945 to sell a range of special steel products manufactured by a group of Swedish special steel producers outside Europe. Some of the original owners are still household names, companies such as Sandvik, Bofors, SKF, Fagersta, Uddeholm and others. In 1976 ASSAB became the wholly owned subsidiary of Uddeholm.

Atlas Steels Ltd, Welland, Ontario, Canada Atlas XXX (C1.35; Mn 0.3; Cr 0.35; W 3.25) Seneca (C 0.35; Cr 3.25; W 9.5; V 0.4) Monark 1 (water hardening) Monark 2 (water hardening C 0.55; Cr 0.3; Mn 0.5; V 0.25; Mn 0.75)

Aurora Steels Ltd RAB20; RAB420; and RAB1

B Huntsman Ltd, Sheffield England (1742 to 1930) also CHD1; NCM4; SNSC; BCD; Limited / Benjamin Huntsman (Sales) Limited Tinsley Park Road, Sheffield BCW; and CRM1 England

Balfour & Darwins Ltd, (formerly Arthur Balfour & Co) Capital Steelworks, Capital 5-6-2 or Capital 562; Sheffield England TOH; SC25; SC13; SC26; ADIC; and Capital 562 Durex (this is T1 type)

Barworth Flockton Ltd, Sheffield England N; VA6; TBC; 528; JEC; 2002; and EG2

Beardshaw (Steels) Ltd, Sheffield England PCSK; HM1; CDV2; and AH Chrome Die COMPANY NAME & LOCATION PRODUCT/S

Bethlehem Steel Co, Bethlehem PA USA – was America's second-largest steel producer and largest shipbuilder.

Bofors AB, Bofors Sweden

Bohler - history dates back to 1446 when the first hammer was Bohler Rapid established, on the site of the current Bohler in Kapfenberg, Austria. K455; W302; M200; M310; In 1900 Bohler developed the revolutionary High Speed Steel Bohler Rapid. S600; K600; K460; K110; Then in 1967 a special melting shop was built housing the first ESR (Electro- K100; K107; and K305 slag-re-melting) plant. In 1991 Voest Alpine, the owners, bought Uddeholm Tooling and established Bohler-Uddeholm.

Bohler-Uddeholm: the worldwide network of sales and service locations in the Voestalpine Group comprises a total of 100 sites in 50 countries on all continents.

British Steel Corp, Sheffield England - BSC was established under the Iron and Steel Act 1967, which vested in the Corporation the shares of the 14 major UK-based steel companies then in operation, being: Colvilles Ltd; Consett Iron Company Ltd; Dorman Long & Company Ltd; English Steel Corporation Ltd; GKN Steel Company Ltd; John Summers & Sons Ltd; The Lancashire Steel Corporation Ltd; The Park Gate Iron and Steel Company Ltd; Richard Thomas and Baldwins Ltd; Round Oak Steel Works Ltd; South Durham Steel & Iron Company Ltd; The Steel Company of Wales Ltd; Stewarts & Lloyds, Ltd; and The United Steel Companies Ltd.

Carboloy Inc (formerly General Electric Co) Detroit, MI USA

Champion Steel Co, Orwell OH USA – founded in 1943 and in 1967 Champion Steel began to melt and process its own material.

Cleveland Twist Drill Co, Cleveland OH USA (sold to Greenfield Industries Inc in 1994)

Columbia Tool Steel Co, Chicago IL USA – established 1904.

Commonwealth Aircraft Corp, Melbourne (name changed to Hawker de Havilland (Victoria) Ltd)

Crobalt Inc, Ann Arbor MI USA COMPANY NAME & LOCATION PRODUCT/S

Crucible Steel Co of America, Pittsburgh PA USA – Nu-Die Extra; CSM13; CSM2; Crucible Special Metals Division (a Division of Colt Industries) Syracuse, CSM3; CSM420; Ketos; Airdi NY; 150/S; and Airkool/S Crucible Metals Corp; Crusteel Ltd, Sheffield; and Crucible Industries LLC, Solvay NY www.crucible.com (http://www.crucible.com) The Crucible Steel Company of America was formed from the merger of thirteen crucible-steel companies in 1900. This, known as "the great consolidation of 1900", inspired other steel companies to form US Steel a year later.

Darwin & Milner Inc, Cleveland OH USA

Darwins Limited / Darwins Group, Carlisle Street, later Rockingham Street and Fitzwilliam Works, Sheffield Road, Tinsley England

Darwins Toledo Overseas Limited, Sheffield England

Deloro Stellite Ltd, England – 1910 a licensing agreement reached between Elwood Haynes of Kokomo Indiana and Deloro and Refining Company of Deloro Ontario Canada. In 1919, the first European site was opened in Birmingham, England. In 1956 the Canadian plant in Deloro was re- located to Belleville.

DoAll Co, Des Plaines IL USA DoALLoy D-7000 cobalt

Eclipse, Sheffield England / James Neill Tools Ltd, Sheffield England Eclipse H3 and H5

Edgar Allen & Co Ltd, Sheffield England – the Shepcote Lane site, between K9; Double Six; Stag Mo 562 that road and the Sheffield Canal was the site used by Edgar Allen Tools, makers of "Stag" brand engineers cutting tools.

English Steel Corporation (ESC), Sheffield England

F M Parkin Ltd (FMP), St. Thomas Steel Works, Sheffield England FMP200; FMP336; FMP338; FMP379; FMP399; FMP562; FMP349; FMP329; Triple 5C; 808 Cobalt

Fagersta Bruks Aktiebolag, Fagersta Sweden (closed in 1978) - also Klosters AB, Sweden

Fansteel Metallurgical Corp, Nth Chicago IL USA

Firth Brown Ltd, Sheffield England - in 1902 Sheffield steelmakers John Brown CCW; Cromodie; Molycut & Company exchanged shares and came to a working agreement with 562; MCT; Diehard Standard; neighbouring company Thomas Firth & Sons, the two companies continuing and Cromodie HC under their own management until they finally merged in 1930.

George H Cook & Co Ltd ALZ; BA500; Benum Plus; 6542; CRP; KMV; Special K; and One Five One

H J Stone Steel Co Ltd SPCR; CSP; CS13M Extra; Super TKL and Super Chromium COMPANY NAME & LOCATION PRODUCT/S

Hadfields Ltd, Sheffield England - a British Steel manufacturer. Previously Hecla 67B; Hecla 15; Hecla; named Hadfields Steel Co Ltd by leading metallurgist Robert Abbott 159 Hecla 125; and Hecla Hadfield in 1888 following the death of his father, Robert Hadfield, who had 175 founded the works in 1872. The works were previously known as Hecla Works.

Hall & Pickles Ltd - Hydra Searcher; Larport; Vampire; Vital-X; Vital; and Victor

Haynes Stellite Co Ltd / Haynes International Inc, USA - The company was started in 1912 in Kokomo, Indiana as the Haynes Stellite Works. Its principal product was cobalt-chromium-tungsten metal-cutting tools, the invention of Elwood Haynes. Union Carbide and Carbon Corporation bought Haynes Stellite Works in 1920.

Jessop Saville Ltd, Sheffield England – the Sheffield-based special steel OK Crown; GI Special SVL; makers, was founded in 1929 following a merger of J J Saville and Co Limited K4 Special; H42; H50; J34; and William Jessop and Company, both of these being long established in the Alloy C WPS; and H33 trade and in the city. J J Saville were Sheffield crucible steel and file makers based at Libau Works in the city.

Jessop Steel Co (formerly Green River Steel), Washington PA USA - Jessops in America; in 1901, with problems in Sheffield caused by the high price of fuel and an adverse American tariff the company was having difficulty offering competitive prices to its US customers. Following an amalgamation of some US crucible steel makers, which would make competition even harder, it was considered that a successful melting facility could be set up in the USA. Many British steel-makers considered that the "Made in England" or "Made in Sheffield" marks were a big selling point for their materials, however Jessop's did not hold the view and considered that they could use their Sheffield name on steel which was made in America.

Jonas & Colver (Novo) Ltd, Elm Lane, Sheffield England – in 1903 Mr B ALHD; BKM; KLAH; TPM; Huntsman wrote to The Times pointing out that Messrs Jonas and Colver were SPM; Novo 662; NRM; NRW; probably the largest producer of high speed steels. By 1914 the company and DCM specialised in crucible cast steel of every description; "Novo Superior" and "Novo" best special high-speed steels; Siemens-Martin steel, cold rolled steel and wire; files, hammers, saws and mining and quarry tools. It had 2,500 employees.

Kayser Ellison and Company Limited, Carlisle Steel Works, Carlisle Street East, Sheffield England

Ludlum Steel, Watervliet NY USA

Macready’s metal Co Ltd, Usaspead Corner, Pentonville Road, England NSOH; Usaspead Super; Usaspead Supreme; Usaspead Cobalt 10; HCHC; and Nitroy 40B -

Michael & Joseph Wing Ltd, Sheffield England MJW OH; and Dimonant Hicrom

Osborn – Mushet Tools Limited, Penistone Road, Sheffield England

Republic Steel Corporation Cleveland Ohio USA – Alloy Steel Division, Massilon Ohio USA (makers of ‘Agathon’ alloy steels) COMPANY NAME & LOCATION PRODUCT/S

Richard W Carr Ltd, Pluto Works, Sheffield England Pluto Paramount; Pluto Premier; Pluto Perfectum; Motor Maximum; BCC; P1008; P552; P576; 09B; 69S; 23S; and 32S; and 53S

Samuel Osborn & Co Ltd, Clyde Steel & Iron Works, Sheffield, England - Mushet MKK; Mushet Extra Osborn’s brother-in-law, William Fawcett, went into partnership with him in 325; Super Mushet 723; 1867 and new premises were bought the following year, these taking the name S.O.B.V; S.O. 12/21; Cyclone Clyde Steel & Iron Works, this becoming their main base of operations, the 92; 2P; JE; GS Hand & Heart; large Head Office of the company fronting the Wicker still stands and houses GN; IR; NH; HSCO; and JA retail businesses. In 1870 Osborn met Robert Forester Mushet, an iron master working in the Forest of Dean where he was producing a new alloy steel, considered far superior to crucible steel. Osborn bought the sole rights to manufacture 'R Mushet's Special Steel' (R.M.S) and Mushet's two sons, Henry and Edward, moved up to Sheffield to oversee its manufacture.

Sanderson Brothers [and] Newbould Limited, Attercliffe Steel Works, Newhall Road, Sheffield England

Sanderson Kayser Ltd, Sheffield (incorporating Sanderson Bros & Newbould KE672; Keylock A157; Pitho; Ltd and Kayser, Ellison & Co Ltd), Attercliffe Steelworks, Newhall Road, Newhall; KEA145; KEA180; Sheffield England KEA220; KE355: KE960; KE970; and KEA162

Schoeller-Bleckmann Steels (GB) Ltd, Oldbury England Noresco Tyrant Extra; Noresco Favorit; Noresco DHS; Noresco; Dominator VM; Noresco Dominator; Noresco Parforce Special and Noresco Dominator Z

Sir W G Armstrong Whitworth & Co Ltd, Manchester, England (later became AW Premier; TYR; and AW ESC, the English Steel Corporation) High Speed

Stora Steel Ltd Stora 16; Stora 18; Stora 29; Stora 30; Stora 364; Stora 62G; Stora 62; Stora 65 and Stora 67

T Inman & Co Ltd, Britannia Steelworks, Sheffield England IBD HCNC; IC20; ID1; IMV; and ICW

Teledyne Firth Sterling, La Verge TN USA

Teledyne Vasco, Latrobe PA USA

Thomas Firth and Sons Limited Norfolk Works, Savile Street East and Effingham Road, Sheffield England

Thyssen Fine Steels Ltd, Crawley England Thyrodur; Thyrotherm; Thyroplast; and Thyrapid

Timken Latrobe Steel Co, USA XL Chisel; VDC; Bruno; Badger; Olympic; GSN; Saxman-6R; Select B; and Double Six COMPANY NAME & LOCATION PRODUCT/S

Uddeholm - began over 300 years ago when the first iron was produced at Regin 3; Orvar; Impax; Stjarnsfors in the Swedish county of Varmland in 1668. Stavax; and Grane

Vascoloy-Ramet Corp, Nth Chicago IL USA

William Jessop and Sons Limited Brightside Steel Works, Brightside Lane, Sheffield England

Williams Tool Co, NY USA Regular HSS No.2376 to No.2385; Cobalt HSS No.2388 to No.2397

(/Content/Articles/2015-06- (/Content/Articles/2015-06- 13.ToolSteels/SamualOsborn.jpg) Fig 15: 13.ToolSteels/JonasAndColver.jpg) Fig 16: Samual Osbourne & Co., Sheffield, Jonas & Colver Limited, Sheffield, U.K. - U.K. - Steel Advertisement - 1892. Steel Advertisement - 1920.

REFERENCES ALLEGHENY LUDLUM STEEL CORPORATION Tool Steel Handbook (http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/005792743). Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp, PA, USA, 1951

ATLAS STEELS LTD The Selection and Treatment of Tool and Machinery Steels. Atlas Steels Ltd, Canada, 1960

BETHLEHEM STEEL CO Bethlehem Tool Steels (http://www.amazon.com/gp/offer- listing/B0093LFJI0/ref=dp_olp_used_mbc?ie=UTF8&condition=used). Catalog 257-A, Bethlehem Steel Co., Bethlehem, PA, USA, 1954

BRADY, George S Materials Handbook (https://books.google.com.au/books?id=b44c1SXmJhYC). McGraw-Hill, New York, 5th edition, 1944

CARPENTER STEEL CO Carpenter Matched Tool and Die Steels (http://www.amazon.com/Carpenter-Matched-Tool-Die-Steels/dp/B0017GF9UC). The Carpenter Steel Co, Reading, PA, USA, 1955

COMMERCIAL STEELS (Australia) LTD English Steel Corporation Products – Steels. Commercial Steels Ltd, Sydney, no date

COMMONWEALTH STEEL CO LTD Comsteel Alloy and Tool Steel (http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/8449711?selectedversion=NBD4653309&q&versionId=9751727)s. Commonwealth Steel Co Ltd, Waratah, NSW, Australia, no date (c.1965)

CRUCIBLE STEEL COMPANY OF AMERICA The Crucible Steel Pocket Data Book. Crucible Steel Co., Pittsburgh, USA, 1959 (ADV 176-100M-3/59) CRUCIBLE STEEL CORPORATION Crucible Rex High Speed Tool Bits - Price List. Crucible Steel Corp, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, July 1968

CRUCIBLE SPECIALTY METALS DIVISION Crucible Steel and High Speed Steel Selector. Colt Industries, Syracuse, New York, USA

CRUCIBLE STEEL COMPANY Tool Steel …. For the Non-Metallurgist (http://www.amazon.com/Tool-Steel-for-the-Non-Metallurgist/dp/B001PRLYPW). Crucible Steel Co, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

CTMA Classification and Identification of High Speed Steels and Cemented Carbide Cutting Grades. Cutting Tool Manufacturers Association, Birmingham, USA, 1980

DELORO STELLITE LTD Machining with Stellite. Deloro Stellite, Swindon, England, 1963, Brochure B14E

BALFOUR, Sir Arthur Hints to practical users of tool steel (http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/17274124? q&sort=holdings+desc&_=1435601880719&versionId=24048742). The Eagle & Globe Steel Co Ltd, Sheffield, England, no date

FIRTH STERLING INC Catalog 55R. Firth Sterling Inc, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, 1956

Le GRAND, Rupert The New American Machinist’s Handbook (http://www.amazon.com/The-New- American-Machinists-Handbook/dp/0070370656). McGraw-Hill, New York, 1955

SEED, Alec T Pioneers for a Century 1852-1952: A history of the growth and achievement of Samuel Osoborn & Co., LimitedClyde Steel Works Sheffield. no date

TIMKEN Practical Data for Metallurgists (http://www.timkensteel.com/what-we-know/practical-data- for-metallurgists). The Timken Company, 15th edition, 2006

WOLDMAN, Norman E and Albert J DORNBLATT Engineering Alloys: names, properties, uses (http://www.worldcat.org/title/engineering-alloys-names-properties-uses/oclc/900775622? ht=edition&referer=di). American Society for Metals, 1936