Vessel Grouping Patterns in Subfamilies Apocynoideae and Periplocoideae Confirm Phylogenetic Value of Wood Structure Within Apocynaceae

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Vessel Grouping Patterns in Subfamilies Apocynoideae and Periplocoideae Confirm Phylogenetic Value of Wood Structure Within Apocynaceae Lens, F; Endress, M E; Baas, P; Jansen, S; Smets, E (2009). Vessel grouping patterns in subfamilies Apocynoideae and Periplocoideae confirm phylogenetic value of wood structure within Apocynaceae. American Journal of Botany, 96(12):2168-2183. Postprint available at: http://www.zora.uzh.ch University of Zurich Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich. Zurich Open Repository and Archive http://www.zora.uzh.ch Originally published at: American Journal of Botany 2009, 96(12):2168-2183. Winterthurerstr. 190 CH-8057 Zurich http://www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2009 Vessel grouping patterns in subfamilies Apocynoideae and Periplocoideae confirm phylogenetic value of wood structure within Apocynaceae Lens, F; Endress, M E; Baas, P; Jansen, S; Smets, E Lens, F; Endress, M E; Baas, P; Jansen, S; Smets, E (2009). Vessel grouping patterns in subfamilies Apocynoideae and Periplocoideae confirm phylogenetic value of wood structure within Apocynaceae. American Journal of Botany, 96(12):2168-2183. Postprint available at: http://www.zora.uzh.ch Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich. http://www.zora.uzh.ch Originally published at: American Journal of Botany 2009, 96(12):2168-2183. Vessel grouping patterns in subfamilies Apocynoideae and Periplocoideae confirm phylogenetic value of wood structure within Apocynaceae Abstract This study contributes to our understanding of the phylogenetic significance and major evolutionary trends in the wood of the dogbane family (Apocynaceae), one of the largest and economically most important angiosperm families. Based on LM and SEM observations of 56 Apocynoideae species—representing all currently recognized tribes—and eight Periplocoideae, we found striking differences in vessel grouping patterns (radial multiples vs. large clusters) between the mainly nonclimbing apocynoid tribes (Wrightieae, Malouetieae, Nerieae) and the climbing lineages (remaining Apocynoideae and Periplocoideae). The presence of large vessel clusters in combination with fibers in the ground tissue characterizing the climbing Apocynoideae and Periplocoideae clearly contrasts with the climbing anatomy of the rauvolfioids (solitary vessels plus tracheids in ground tissue), supporting the view that (1) the climbing habit has evolved more than once in Apocynaceae, (2) the three nonclimbing apocynoid tribes are basal compared to the climbing apocynoids, and (3) Periplocoideae belong to the crown clade. The wood anatomy within the nonclimbing and climbing lineages is rather homogeneous, although a combination of specific characters (e.g. presence of septate fibers, axial parenchyma distribution, abundance of uniseriate compared to multiseriate rays, and presence and location of prismatic crystals) may be used to identify several tribes. American Journal of Botany 96(12): 2168–2183. 2009. V ESSEL GROUPING PATTERNS IN SUBFAMILIES APOCYNOIDEAE AND PERIPLOCOIDEAE CONFIRM PHYLOGENETIC VALUE OF WOOD STRUCTURE WITHIN APOCYNACEAE 1 Frederic Lens, 2,7 Mary E. Endress, 3 Pieter Baas, 4 Steven Jansen, 5,6 and Erik Smets 2,4 2 Laboratory of Plant Systematics, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31 Box 2437, K.U.Leuven, BE-3001 Leuven, Belgium; 3 Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Z ü rich, Switzerland; 4 Nationaal Herbarium Nederland – Leiden University Branch, P.O. Box 9514, NL-2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; 5 Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS, UK; and 6 Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein Allee 11, D-89081, Ulm, Germany This study contributes to our understanding of the phylogenetic signifi cance and major evolutionary trends in the wood of the dogbane family (Apocynaceae), one of the largest and economically most important angiosperm families. Based on LM and SEM observations of 56 Apocynoideae species — representing all currently recognized tribes — and eight Periplocoideae, we found strik- ing differences in vessel grouping patterns (radial multiples vs. large clusters) between the mainly nonclimbing apocynoid tribes (Wrightieae, Malouetieae, Nerieae) and the climbing lineages (remaining Apocynoideae and Periplocoideae). The presence of large vessel clusters in combination with fi bers in the ground tissue characterizing the climbing Apocynoideae and Periplocoideae clearly contrasts with the climbing anatomy of the rauvolfi oids (solitary vessels plus tracheids in ground tissue), supporting the view that (1) the climbing habit has evolved more than once in Apocynaceae, (2) the three nonclimbing apocynoid tribes are basal compared to the climbing apocynoids, and (3) Periplocoideae belong to the crown clade. The wood anatomy within the nonclimb- ing and climbing lineages is rather homogeneous, although a combination of specifi c characters (e.g. presence of septate fi bers, axial parenchyma distribution, abundance of uniseriate compared to multiseriate rays, and presence and location of prismatic crystals) may be used to identify several tribes. Key words: Apocynaceae; Apocynoideae; APSA clade; climbing vs. nonclimbing anatomy; Periplocoideae; systematic wood anatomy; tribal classifi cation. The dogbane family is one of the largest families of angio- major objectives of the present work is to search for phyloge- sperms, with an estimated 375 genera and 5100 species ( En- netically informative wood anatomical characters that can help dress, 2004 ; Endress et al., 2007 ), and is broadly distributed us to identify clades that are mainly defi ned molecularly. mainly in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Apoc- The pantropical Apocynoideae sensu Livshultz et al. (2007) ynaceae are especially rich in bioactive secondary compounds are a paraphyletic subfamily harboring a broad array of differ- and have long been used in folk medicine to treat a wide range ent fl ower types and comprise about 860 species distributed of ailments, including cancer, malaria, diarrhea, diabetes, and among 81 genera and eight tribes, representing about 1/5 – 1/6 of skin diseases ( Schultes, 1979 ; Van Beck et al., 1984 ; Schultes the species diversity within the family ( Endress et al., 2007 ; and Raffauf, 1990 ; Neuwinger, 1994 ; Middleton, 2007 ). A Endress and Hansen, 2007 ). Subfamily Periplocoideae, on the number of genera are employed in modern medicine for a di- other hand, are much smaller, including about 190 species and verse array of uses such as controlling tumor growth in treating 33 genera restricted to the Old World, and have always been cancer (Balandrin et al., 1985; Moza, 2005 ), as antiplasmodial considered to be a natural group because of their very homoge- agents in parasitic infections ( Zirihi et al., 2005 ), as muscle re- neous fl oral structure ( Nilsson et al., 1993 ; Stevens, 2001 on- laxants during surgery ( Bisset, 1992 ) and as an appetite sup- ward; Endress et al., 2007 ; Venter, 2009 ). pressant in controlling obesity ( van Heerden, 2008 ). Because Both subfamilies can generally be distinguished by their related taxa often possess similar bioactive properties, it is ex- growth form and habitat preference. For instance, the bulk of pedient to have a better understanding of the generic affi nities the Apocynoideae have a climbing habit, from robust lianas in several apocynaceous lineages, including the subfamilies climbing 40 m or higher up into the canopy (e.g., Alafi a , Mot- Apocynoideae and Periplocoideae. Consequently, one of the andra , Oncinotis ) or festooning the branches of trees at forest margins (e.g., Peltastes ) to slender scramblers bending over 1 Manuscript received 27 April 2009; revision accepted 8 September 2009. shrubs and rocks in more open habitats (e.g., some species of Dr. Sherwin Carlquist (Santa Barbara Botanic Garden) is acknowledged Parsonsia ). The nonclimbing Apocynoideae are often small for his valuable comments on the manuscript. The curators of the xylaria of understory trees or shrubs growing in tropical lowland forests. Leiden, Kew, Madison, Tervuren, Utrecht, and Wageningen and Dr. Andr é In both subfamilies, some species can occasionally grow as li- Sim õ es (University of S ã o Paolo) generously offered wood samples. The anas as well as erect life forms (e.g., Cryptostegia , Mandev- authors thank Miss Nathalie Geerts (K.U.Leuven) for technical assistance. illa ). Whereas most Apocynoideae grow in humid tropical This work has been fi nancially supported by research grants of the lowland forests, some of them occupy drier scrub vegetations K.U.Leuven (OT/05/35) and the Fund for Scientifi c Research – Flanders (e.g., certain species of Aganosma , Amphineurion , Holarrhena , (Belgium) (G.0268.04). F.L. is a postdoctoral fellow of the Fund for Scientifi c Research – Flanders (Belgium) (F.W.O. – Vlaanderen). Parsonsia , Peltastes , Spirolobium , and Urceola ). Periplo- 7 Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected]) coideae, in contrast, are mainly smaller climbers (or occasion- ally epiphytes) restricted to the (sub)tropics of the Old World doi:10.3732/ajb.0900116 and inhabit mostly tropical evergreen or seasonal forests and 2168 December 2009] Lens et al. — Wood anatomy of Apocynoideae and Periplocoideae 2169 savannas, with a number of erect or straggling shrubs extend- 2007 ; Livshultz et al., 2007 ). Livshultz and coworkers (2007) ing into grasslands, Mediterranean regions and (semi)desert shed new light on the controversial relationships between and areas (e.g., Ectadium , Periploca, and Raphionacme
Recommended publications
  • Apocynaceae: Apocynoideae), a New Genus from Oaxaca, Mexico
    NUMBER 5 WILLIAMS: THOREAUEA, NEW GENUS OF APOCYNACEAE 47 THOREAUEA (APOCYNACEAE: APOCYNOIDEAE), A NEW GENUS FROM OAXACA, MEXICO Justin K. Williams Department of Biological Sciences, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, Texas 77341-2116 Abstract: Recent studies of Mexican Apocynaceae have uncovered a new species. The taxon is here viewed as generically distinct and accordingly the name Thoreauea paneroi J. K. Williams, gen. et sp. nov. is proposed. The species is from montane pine-oak cloud forests of the Santiago Juxtlahuaca area of northwestern Oaxaca, Mexico. Its relationship to Thenardia H.B.K. and other genera is discussed. Keywords: Echites, Forsteronia, Laubertia, Parsonsia, Prestonia, Thoreauea, Thenar­ dia, Apocynaceae. Recently, a specimen of Apocynaceae rotatis) et corona corollae praesenti (vice carenti) et from Oaxaca, Mexico was provided to me antheris inclusis (vice exsertis) differt. by one of the collectors, Jose L. Panero, for identification. After close examination, I VINE, twining, latex milky. STEMS te­ determined that the specimen does not key rete, 3-3.5 mm in diameter, light green, gla­ out to any of the genera recognized in a key brous, lenticellate with age; interpetiolar to the Mexican genera of Apocynaceae (J. ridge moderately prominent. LEAVES op­ K. Williams, 1996). This specimen keys out posite to subopposite, petiolate, membra­ most favorably to Thenardia H.B.K., how­ nous; petioles 20-23 mm, with a solitary ever, it possesses novel characters not found bract and 2-4 colleters at base; colleters in Thenardia (e.g., dissected corona at the 0.8-1.0 mm long, linear lanceolate, dark corolla mouth). A cladistic analysis (Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • "National List of Vascular Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands: 1996 National Summary."
    Intro 1996 National List of Vascular Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands The Fish and Wildlife Service has prepared a National List of Vascular Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands: 1996 National Summary (1996 National List). The 1996 National List is a draft revision of the National List of Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands: 1988 National Summary (Reed 1988) (1988 National List). The 1996 National List is provided to encourage additional public review and comments on the draft regional wetland indicator assignments. The 1996 National List reflects a significant amount of new information that has become available since 1988 on the wetland affinity of vascular plants. This new information has resulted from the extensive use of the 1988 National List in the field by individuals involved in wetland and other resource inventories, wetland identification and delineation, and wetland research. Interim Regional Interagency Review Panel (Regional Panel) changes in indicator status as well as additions and deletions to the 1988 National List were documented in Regional supplements. The National List was originally developed as an appendix to the Classification of Wetlands and Deepwater Habitats of the United States (Cowardin et al.1979) to aid in the consistent application of this classification system for wetlands in the field.. The 1996 National List also was developed to aid in determining the presence of hydrophytic vegetation in the Clean Water Act Section 404 wetland regulatory program and in the implementation of the swampbuster provisions of the Food Security Act. While not required by law or regulation, the Fish and Wildlife Service is making the 1996 National List available for review and comment.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolução Cromossômica Em Plantas De Inselbergues Com Ênfase Na Família Apocynaceae Juss. Angeline Maria Da Silva Santos
    UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DA PARAÍBA CENTRO DE CIÊNCIAS AGRÁRIAS PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM AGRONOMIA CAMPUS II – AREIA-PB Evolução cromossômica em plantas de inselbergues com ênfase na família Apocynaceae Juss. Angeline Maria Da Silva Santos AREIA - PB AGOSTO 2017 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DA PARAÍBA CENTRO DE CIÊNCIAS AGRÁRIAS PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM AGRONOMIA CAMPUS II – AREIA-PB Evolução cromossômica em plantas de inselbergues com ênfase na família Apocynaceae Juss. Angeline Maria Da Silva Santos Orientador: Prof. Dr. Leonardo Pessoa Felix Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Campus II Areia-PB, como parte integrante dos requisitos para obtenção do título de Doutor em Agronomia. AREIA - PB AGOSTO 2017 Catalogação na publicação Seção de Catalogação e Classificação S237e Santos, Angeline Maria da Silva. Evolução cromossômica em plantas de inselbergues com ênfase na família Apocynaceae Juss. / Angeline Maria da Silva Santos. - Areia, 2017. 137 f. : il. Orientação: Leonardo Pessoa Felix. Tese (Doutorado) - UFPB/CCA. 1. Afloramentos. 2. Angiospermas. 3. Citogenética. 4. CMA/DAPI. 5. Ploidia. I. Felix, Leonardo Pessoa. II. Título. UFPB/CCA-AREIA A Deus, pela presença em todos os momentos da minha vida, guiando-me a cada passo dado. À minha família Dedico esta conquista aos meus pais Maria Geovânia da Silva Santos e Antonio Belarmino dos Santos (In Memoriam), irmãos Aline Santos e Risomar Nascimento, tios Josimar e Evania Oliveira, primos Mayara Oliveira e Francisco Favaro, namorado José Lourivaldo pelo amor a mim concedido e por me proporcionarem paz na alma e felicidade na vida. Em especial à minha mãe e irmãos por terem me ensinado a descobrir o valor da disciplina, da persistência e da responsabilidade, indispensáveis para a construção e conquista do meu projeto de vida.
    [Show full text]
  • Groundcover Restoration in Forests of the Southeastern United States
    Groundcover RestorationIN FORESTS OF THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES Jennifer L. Trusty & Holly K. Ober Acknowledgments The funding for this project was provided by a cooperative • Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission of resource managers and scientific researchers in Florida, • Florida Department of Environmental Protection Conserved Forest Ecosystems: Outreach and Research • Northwest Florida Water Management District (CFEOR). • Southwest Florida Water Management District • Suwannee River Water Management District CFEOR is a cooperative comprised of public, private, non- government organizations, and landowners that own or We are grateful to G. Tanner for making the project manage Florida forest lands as well as University of Florida possible and for providing valuable advice on improving the faculty members. CFEOR is dedicated to facilitating document. We are also indebted to the many restorationists integrative research and outreach that provides social, from across the Southeast who shared information with J. ecological, and economic benefits to Florida forests on a Trusty. Finally, we thank H. Kesler for assistance with the sustainable basis. Specifically, funding was provided by maps and L. DeGroote, L. Demetropoulos, C. Mackowiak, C. Matson and D. Printiss for assistance with obtaining photographs. Cover photo: Former slash pine plantation with restored native groundcover. Credits: L. DeGroote. Suggested citation: Trusty, J. L., and H. K. Ober. 2009. Groundcover restoration in forests of the Southeastern United States. CFEOR Research Report 2009-01. University of Florida, Gainesville, FL. 115 pp. | 3 | Table of Contents INTRODUCTION . 7 PART I - Designing and Executing a Groundcover PART II – Resources to Help Get the Job Done Restoration Project CHAPTER 6: Location of Groundcover CHAPTER 1: Planning a Restoration Project .
    [Show full text]
  • Apocynaceae-Apocynoideae)
    THE NERIEAE (APOCYNACEAE-APOCYNOIDEAE) A. J. M. LEEUWENBERG1 ABSTRACT The genera of tribe Nerieae of Apocynaceae are surveyed here and the relationships of the tribe within the family are evaluated. Recent monographic work in the tribe enabled the author to update taxonomie approaches since Pichon (1950) made the last survey. Original observations on the pollen morphology ofth egener a by S.Nilsson ,Swedis h Natural History Museum, Stockholm, are appended to this paper. RÉSUMÉ L'auteur étudie lesgenre s de la tribu desNeriea e desApocynacée s et évalue lesrelation s del a tribu au sein de la famille. Un travail monographique récent sur la tribu a permit à l'auteur de mettre à jour lesapproche s taxonomiques depuis la dernière étude de Pichon (1950). Lesobservation s inédites par S. Nilsson du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle Suédois à Stockholm sur la morphologie des pollens des genres sontjointe s à cet article. The Apocynaceae have long been divided into it to generic rank and in his arrangement includ­ two subfamilies, Plumerioideae and Apocynoi- ed Aganosma in the Echitinae. Further, because deae (Echitoideae). Pichon (1947) added a third, of its conspicuous resemblance to Beaumontia, the Cerberioideae, a segregate of Plumerioi­ it may well be that Amalocalyx (Echiteae— deae—a situation which I have provisionally ac­ Amalocalycinae, according to Pichon) ought to cepted. These subfamilies were in turn divided be moved to the Nerieae. into tribes and subtribes. Comparative studies Pichon's system is artificial, because he used have shown that the subdivision of the Plume­ the shape and the indumentum of the area where rioideae is much more natural than that of the the connectives cohere with the head of the pistil Apocynoideae.
    [Show full text]
  • Unearthing Belowground Bud Banks in Fire-Prone Ecosystems
    Unearthing belowground bud banks in fire-prone ecosystems 1 2 3 Author for correspondence: Juli G. Pausas , Byron B. Lamont , Susana Paula , Beatriz Appezzato-da- Juli G. Pausas 4 5 Glo'ria and Alessandra Fidelis Tel: +34 963 424124 1CIDE-CSIC, C. Naquera Km 4.5, Montcada, Valencia 46113, Spain; 2Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin Email [email protected] University, PO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia; 3ICAEV, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile; 4Depto Ci^encias Biologicas,' Universidade de Sao Paulo, Av P'adua Dias 11., CEP 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil; 5Instituto de Bioci^encias, Vegetation Ecology Lab, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Av. 24-A 1515, 13506-900 Rio Claro, Brazil Summary To be published in New Phytologist (2018) Despite long-time awareness of the importance of the location of buds in plant biology, research doi: 10.1111/nph.14982 on belowground bud banks has been scant. Terms such as lignotuber, xylopodium and sobole, all referring to belowground bud-bearing structures, are used inconsistently in the literature. Key words: bud bank, fire-prone ecosystems, Because soil efficiently insulates meristems from the heat of fire, concealing buds below ground lignotuber, resprouting, rhizome, xylopodium. provides fitness benefits in fire-prone ecosystems. Thus, in these ecosystems, there is a remarkable diversity of bud-bearing structures. There are at least six locations where belowground buds are stored: roots, root crown, rhizomes, woody burls, fleshy
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogeny and Systematics of the Rauvolfioideae
    PHYLOGENY AND SYSTEMATICS Andre´ O. Simo˜es,2 Tatyana Livshultz,3 Elena OF THE RAUVOLFIOIDEAE Conti,2 and Mary E. Endress2 (APOCYNACEAE) BASED ON MOLECULAR AND MORPHOLOGICAL EVIDENCE1 ABSTRACT To elucidate deeper relationships within Rauvolfioideae (Apocynaceae), a phylogenetic analysis was conducted using sequences from five DNA regions of the chloroplast genome (matK, rbcL, rpl16 intron, rps16 intron, and 39 trnK intron), as well as morphology. Bayesian and parsimony analyses were performed on sequences from 50 taxa of Rauvolfioideae and 16 taxa from Apocynoideae. Neither subfamily is monophyletic, Rauvolfioideae because it is a grade and Apocynoideae because the subfamilies Periplocoideae, Secamonoideae, and Asclepiadoideae nest within it. In addition, three of the nine currently recognized tribes of Rauvolfioideae (Alstonieae, Melodineae, and Vinceae) are polyphyletic. We discuss morphological characters and identify pervasive homoplasy, particularly among fruit and seed characters previously used to delimit tribes in Rauvolfioideae, as the major source of incongruence between traditional classifications and our phylogenetic results. Based on our phylogeny, simple style-heads, syncarpous ovaries, indehiscent fruits, and winged seeds have evolved in parallel numerous times. A revised classification is offered for the subfamily, its tribes, and inclusive genera. Key words: Apocynaceae, classification, homoplasy, molecular phylogenetics, morphology, Rauvolfioideae, system- atics. During the past decade, phylogenetic studies, (Civeyrel et al., 1998; Civeyrel & Rowe, 2001; Liede especially those employing molecular data, have et al., 2002a, b; Rapini et al., 2003; Meve & Liede, significantly improved our understanding of higher- 2002, 2004; Verhoeven et al., 2003; Liede & Meve, level relationships within Apocynaceae s.l., leading to 2004; Liede-Schumann et al., 2005). the recognition of this family as a strongly supported Despite significant insights gained from studies clade composed of the traditional Apocynaceae s.
    [Show full text]
  • Floral Glands in Asclepiads: Structure, Diversity and Evolution
    Acta Botanica Brasilica - 31(3): 477-502. July-September 2017. doi: 10.1590/0102-33062016abb0432 Review Floral glands in asclepiads: structure, diversity and evolution Diego Demarco1 Received: December 7, 2016 Accepted: February 24, 2017 . ABSTRACT Species of Apocynaceae stand out among angiosperms in having very complex fl owers, especially those of asclepiads, which belong to the most derived subfamily (Asclepiadoideae). Th ese fl owers are known to represent the highest degree of fl oral synorganization of the eudicots, and are comparable only to orchids. Th is morphological complexity may also be understood by observing their glands. Asclepiads have several protective and nuptial secretory structures. Th eir highly specifi c and specialized pollination systems are associated with the great diversity of glands found in their fl owers. Th is review gathers data regarding all types of fl oral glands described for asclepiads and adds three new types (glandular trichome, secretory idioblast and obturator), for a total of 13 types of glands. Some of the species reported here may have dozens of glands of up to 11 types on a single fl ower, corresponding to the largest diversity of glands recorded to date for a single structure. Keywords: anatomy, Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae, diversity, evolution, fl ower, secretory structures considering its most derived subfamily Asclepiadoideae. Introduction Th e close relationship between the former families Apocynaceae and Asclepiadaceae has always been recognized Apocynaceae is an extremely diverse family in since its establishment as “Apocineae” by Jussieu (1789). morphological terms, represented by trees, shrubs, herbs and climbers, with single leaves usually opposite, rarely Although Brown (1810) divided it into two families and alternate or whorled, with stipules modifi ed in colleters in this separation had been maintained in the subsequent several species (Endress & Bruyns 2000; Capelli et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogeny of the Plant Genus Pachypodium (Apocynaceae)
    Phylogeny of the plant genus Pachypodium (Apocynaceae) Dylan O. Burge1, Kaila Mugford2, Amy P. Hastings3 and Anurag A. Agrawal3 1 Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada 2 Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA 3 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA ABSTRACT Background. The genus Pachypodium contains 21 species of succulent, generally spinescent shrubs and trees found in southern Africa and Madagascar. Pachypodium has diversified mostly into arid and semi-arid habitats of Madagascar, and has been cited as an example of a plant group that links the highly diverse arid-adapted floras of Africa and Madagascar. However, a lack of knowledge about phylogenetic relation- ships within the genus has prevented testing of this and other hypotheses about the group. Methodology/Principal Findings. We use DNA sequence data from the nuclear ribosomal ITS and chloroplast trnL-F region for all 21 Pachypodium species to re- construct evolutionary relationships within the genus. We compare phylogenetic results to previous taxonomic classifications and geography. Results support three infrageneric taxa from the most recent classification of Pachypodium, and suggest that a group of African species (P. namaquanum, P. succulentum and P. bispinosum) may deserve taxonomic recognition as an infrageneric taxon. However, our results do not resolve relationships among major African and Malagasy lineages of the genus. Conclusions/Significance. We present the first molecular phylogenetic analysis of Pachypodium. Our work has revealed five distinct lineages, most of which correspond to groups recognized in past taxonomic classifications. Our work also suggests that Submitted 31 January 2013 there is a complex biogeographic relationship between Pachypodium of Africa and Accepted 26 March 2013 Madagascar.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of Epa Level I, Ii, and Iii
    EVALUATION OF EPA LEVEL I, II, AND III ASSESSMENTS AND THE EFFECTS OF LAND USE ON WETLAND COMMUNITIES By JOSHUA J. CRANE Bachelor of Science in Fisheries and Wildlife Management Lake Superior State University Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan 2012 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE July, 2014 EVALUATION OF EPA LEVEL I, II, AND III ASSESSMENTS AND THE EFFECTS OF LAND USE ON COMMUNITIES ON WETLAND COMMUNITIES Thesis Approved: Dr. Andrew Dzialowski Thesis Adviser Dr. Craig Davis Dr. Monica Papeş ii Name: JOSHUA J. CRANE Date of Degree: JULY, 2014 Title of Study: EVALUATION OF EPA LEVEL I, II, AND III ASSESSMENTS AND THE EFFECTS OF LAND USE ON WETLAND COMMUNITIES Major Field: ZOOLOGY Abstract: Effective tools are needed to monitor and assess wetland ecosystems. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) proposed a three level framework that includes landscape assessments (Level I), rapid assessments (Level II), and intensive surveys of wetland communities (Level III). The EPA conducted a national wetland condition assessment in 2011 using a new rapid assessment method (USA-RAM) that was not calibrated to specific regions. The objectives of this study were to compare the relationships between USA-RAM to the Level I and III assessments, analyze the influence of spatial scale on Level I analysis, and determine whether within-wetland or landscape features were more important in structuring macroinvertebrate communities. Plant communities from 22 wetlands of varying levels of landscape disturbance were surveyed in 2012 and 2013 and macroinvertebrate communities were surveyed twice in the 2013.
    [Show full text]
  • Natural Resource Condition Assessment Horseshoe Bend National Military Park
    National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Natural Resource Condition Assessment Horseshoe Bend National Military Park Natural Resource Report NPS/SECN/NRR—2015/981 ON THE COVER Photo of the Tallapoosa River, viewed from Horseshoe Bend National Military Park Photo Courtesy of Elle Allen Natural Resource Condition Assessment Horseshoe Bend National Military Park Natural Resource Report NPS/SECN/NRR—2015/981 JoAnn M. Burkholder, Elle H. Allen, Stacie Flood, and Carol A. Kinder Center for Applied Aquatic Ecology North Carolina State University 620 Hutton Street, Suite 104 Raleigh, NC 27606 June 2015 U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Fort Collins, Colorado The National Park Service, Natural Resource Stewardship and Science office in Fort Collins, Colorado publishes a range of reports that address natural resource topics. These reports are of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the National Park Service and others in natural resource management, including scientists, conservation and environmental constituencies, and the public. The Natural Resource Report Series is used to disseminate comprehensive information and analysis about natural resources and related topics concerning lands managed by the National Park Service. The series supports the advancement of science, informed decision-making, and the achievement of the National Park Service mission. The series also provides a forum for presenting more lengthy results that may not be accepted by publications with page limitations. All manuscripts in the series receive the appropriate level of peer review to ensure that the information is scientifically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the intended audience, and designed and published in a professional manner.
    [Show full text]
  • Caryologia International Journal of Cytology, Cytosystematics and Cytogenetics
    0008-7114 2019 Vol. 72 – n. 1 72 – n. Vol. Caryologia 2019 International Journal of Cytology, Vol. 72 - n. 1 Cytosystematics and Cytogenetics Caryologia International Journal of Cytology, Cytosystematics and Cytogenetics International Journal of Cytology, FIRENZE PRESSUNIVERSITY FUP Caryologia. International Journal of Cytology, Cytosystematics and Cytogenetics Caryologia is devoted to the publication of original papers, and occasionally of reviews, about plant, animal and human kar- yological, cytological, cytogenetic, embryological and ultrastructural studies. Articles about the structure, the organization and the biological events relating to DNA and chromatin organization in eukaryotic cells are considered. Caryologia has a strong tradition in plant and animal cytosystematics and in cytotoxicology. Bioinformatics articles may be considered, but only if they have an emphasis on the relationship between the nucleus and cytoplasm and/or the structural organization of the eukaryotic cell. Editor in Chief Associate Editors Alessio Papini Alfonso Carabez-Trejo - Mexico City, Mexico Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale Katsuhiko Kondo - Hagishi-Hiroshima, Japan Università degli Studi di Firenze Canio G. Vosa - Pisa, Italy Via La Pira, 4 – 0121 Firenze, Italy Subject Editors Mycology Plant Cytogenetics Histology and Cell Biology Renato Benesperi Lorenzo Peruzzi Alessio Papini Università di Firenze, Italy Università di Pisa Università di Firenze Human and Animal Cytogenetics Plant Karyology and Phylogeny Zoology Michael Schmid Andrea Coppi Mauro Mandrioli University of Würzburg, Germany Università di Firenze Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia Editorial Assistant Sara Falsini Università degli Studi di Firenze, Italy Editorial Advisory Board G. Berta - Alessandria, Italy G. Delfno - Firenze, Italy M. Mandrioli - Modena, Italy D. Bizzaro - Ancona, Italy S. D'Emerico - Bari, Italy G.
    [Show full text]