Climate Change Adaptation Action Plan of Bogdan Village

Climate Change Adaptation Action Plan of Bogdan village

2017

Content 1. Brief description of Rakhiv district …………………………………………....3 Terrain …………………………………………………………………………....4 Climate ……………………………………………………………………………4 Flora and fauna ……………………………………………………………….…..4 Mineral resources …………………………………………………………..……..5 Population ………………………………………………………………………...6 Economy……………………………………………………………………..……6 Tourism and Recreation……………………………………………….…….…….7 2. Regional trends of Climate Change……………………………...... 8 2.1 Characteristics of the climatic conditions…………………………………..…8 2.2 Analysis of changes in climatic conditions (based on the materials of V. Balabukh)…………………...... 9 Thermal mode and extreme weather phenomena associated with temperature………………………………………………………………………..9 Humidification regime and extreme weather phenomena associated with precipitation ………………………………………………………………….…...11 Atmospheric weather phenomena…………………………………………………12 Snow cover………………………………………………………………………...12 Water regime of rivers……………………………………………………………..12 2.3. Tendencies of future changes in climatic conditions …………………………13 Thermal regime and extreme weather phenomena associated with temperature………………………………………………………...... …………13 The regime of humidification and extreme weather phenomena associated with precipitation ……………………………………………………….14 Water regime of the rivers…………………………………………………………..16 3. General overview and characteristics of Bogdan village………………………...17 Geographical position ………………………………………………………….…...17 Economy…………………………………………………………………………….18 Agriculture…………………………………………………………………………..19 State of the environment…………………………………………………………….19 Medical institutions………………………………………………………………….20 Education……………………………………………………………………..……..20 Culture and Tourism…………………………………………………………….….20 Religion…...... 21 Problematic issues of Bogdan village community ...... 21 4. Characteristics of Climate Change in Bogdan village ……….………………...22 5. Climate change adaptation measures in Bogdan village.………………….……26 Vulnerability to heat stress ………………………………………………….….…27 Vulnerability to flooding……….…………….………………………………..…..28 Vulnerability of society to manifestation of natural meteorological phenomena………………………………………………………………………….30 Vulnerability of village community to risk of reducing the quantity and quality of drinking water……………………………………………………………31 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………….…33 List of references ………………………………………………………….....….….34

1. Brief description of Rakhiv district

Rakhiv district, administrative-territorial unit in the southeast part of Transcarpathia region, is located in the highest part of Ukrainian Carpathians. The population here is 91 726 people (as of August 1, 2013). The area is 1892 km ². Rakhiv city is the center of the district.

Pic. 1 - Map of the Rakhiv district

Terrain Rakhiv area is located in the most high-mountainous part of Ukrainian Carpathians. Internal Gorgans1 rise in the north part, Svydovets - in the west, Chornohora (the mountainous parts of Polonynsky Range)2 in the northeast and Rakhiv Mountains in the south. Hoverla Mountain is the highest peak of Ukrainian Carpathians and throughout Ukraine (2061 m above the sea level). Hoverla is 40 km from Rakhiv, Chornohora array. There are five more peaks of the two-thousandths along the way: Brebeneskul, Petros, Pip Ivan Chornohirsky (Black Mountain), Rebra (Ribs), Gutyn-Tomnatyk and Menchul. The relief of highland is marked by traces of ancient glaciation with typical glacial forms – ice cars and trough3 valleys.

Climate The climate in Rakhiv region is moderately continental. The period with a temperature of more than 10 °C is 147 days in total. According to "Rakhiv" weather station (430 m above the sea level), the average temperature of January is minus 4.8 °C, July – plus 18.0 °C, the average annual air temperature – plus 7.4°C. The average annual precipitation is 1212 mm; the maximum is in June-July. The winds of western and southwestern directions predominate here. With increasing altitude, the air temperature decreases, and the amount of precipitation increases.

Flora and fauna Rakhiv area is the most wooded region in Ukraine. One third of the species composition of Ukraine's flora, half of the Red Book species of plants and animals

1 Gorgans - ridges system in the outer band of the Ukrainian Carpathians located in the Ivano-Frankivsk and Transcarpathia regions. 2 Polonynsky Range (also known as the Polonynskyi Beskid) is a mountain massif (a system of ridges) in the internal belt of the Ukrainian Carpathians, within the Transcarpathia region. 3 Trough (from the German. Trog) - River Valley of trough-shaped cross-section, formed by the passage of glacier. 4 of the Carpathians are concentrated here. On the rocks Blyznyts, Hereshasky,

Nyenyesky, Kuziy and Pip Ivan grow several dozen plants, which cannot be found anywhere else in Ukraine, including the legendary edelweiss (silk braid). The unique forests and high-mountainous meadow systems of Carpathian Biosphere Reserve are assigned into the most valuable ecosystems on the planet and to the International Biosphere Reserves Network of UNESCO. These beautiful places are the last bastion of large predators in Europe, like a bear, a wolf and a lynx. More than 1000 species of higher vascular plants, 64 species of mammals, 173 species of birds, 9 species of reptiles, 13 species of amphibians, 23 species of fish, and about 15,000 species of invertebrate animals are protected in the Reserve. The Reserve noted 64 species and 72 animal species listed in the Red Book of Ukraine and the European Red List.

Mineral resources Rakhiv region has a real ecological phenomenon and extremely powerful natural resource potential. Here are the highest peak of Ukraine – Hoverla (2061 m) and all six Ukrainian Carpathian peaks exceeding 2,000 meters above the sea level. About 68% of the region's territory is covered by high-performance forests. Here you can also meet a half of the Ukrainian Carpathians plants and animals species, which are listed in the Red Book. Rakhiv region (Rakhivshchyna) refers to areas with a high level of water availability. One of the largest tributaries of the Danube – the river Tisa – originates in the Rakhiv region. Flowing across the expanses of Europe, it gives clean drinking water to the population of Ukraine, Romania, Hungary, Slovakia and Yugoslavia. Rakhivshchyna has extremely favorable conditions for the development of mountain skiing, and the Dragobrat mountain range can become the venue for the

Winter Olympics in its parameters. “Kvasy” health resort complex, which was built on the base of mineral water containing arsenic, has only two analogues in the world.

Among the mineral resources promising for development there are deposits of gold, dolomite, marbled dolomite and the bottling of mineral water as well.

Population

There are more than 90 thousand inhabitants in Rakhiv region. The national composition is as follows: Ukrainians (hutsuls) – 83.8%; Romanians – 11.6%, Hungarians – 3.2%. Romanians live compactly in three rural councils in the south- west; two of them are mono-national (Bila Tserkva and Serednyo Vodyane villages). The Hungarians are dispersed in the district center and in several other settlements. The district is classified as demographically well off. The dynamics of the population is as follows: 1970 – 76.1 thousand, 1989 – 86, 1 thousand (+13, 2%), 2001 – 90, 9 thousand (+5, 6%), 2014 – 91, 9 thousand (+1, 1%). For 1970 – 2014, the increment was 20, 8%, for 1989 - 2014 – 6, 7%.

The age structure of Rakhiv district (2016)

urban settlements urban settlements rural areas and rural areas all 92 685 100% 36 670 100% 56 015 100% population 0-14 20 851 22,50 8 352 22,78 12 499 22,31 0-15 22 008 23,74 8 780 23,94 13 228 23,62 0-17 24 417 26,34 9 684 26,41 14 733 26,30 15-64 62 342 67,26 24 640 67,19 37 702 67,31 16-59 56 910 61,40 22 289 60,78 34 621 61,81 16 and 70 677 76,26 27 890 76,06 42 787 76,38 older 18 and 68 268 73,66 26 986 73,59 41 282 73,70 older 60 and 13 767 14,85 5 601 15,27 8 166 14,58 older 65 and 9 492 10,24 3 678 10,03 5 814 10,38 older

Economy

Rakhiv district economic complex is poorly developed. Industry prevails in the gross social product. Forestry and woodworking are the leading branches of industry here. Small businesses are dynamically developing in recent years. The peculiarity of agriculture in Rakhiv district is a very low supply of land. It is accounted only 0.01 hectares of arable land (while this figure is 0.14 hectares in

Transcarpathia and 0.63 hectares in Ukraine) for one inhabitant of the district. The local population has been engaged in livestock farming since ancient times. Therefore, the entire high-mountainous part of the district is occupied by Polonyna farming. Exit to the pasture occurs in May and lasts until September. Polonyna(s) are the hills, opened and not covered by forests parts high in the mountains. It is here, the local residents (hutsuls) graze cattle – cows, sheep, goats and horses – for many centuries. The center of grazing here is Kolyba – the seasonal buildings (which are the home for shepherds who live and lead the farm under the guidance of their leader-shepherd. Here you can see and try the process of making various products from milk – brynza, vurda, zhentytsya.

Tourism and Recreation Mild climate and contrast-expressed seasons clean mountain air, unique landscapes, as well as a significant amount of medicinal mineral waters – all this has attracted travelers and lovers of outdoor activities for a long time. Thanks to the natural factors, convenient geographical location and road communication system Rakhiv region turns into a powerful tourist and recreational zone. There are conditions favorable for summer and winter rest and recovery. Due to the presence of ski, slopes and ski lifts winter sports are well developed here. There is an extensive tourist facilities network of different profiles (a sanatorium, two health-improving complexes, one tourist and health center, a tourist base, motels, recreation centers, hotels and mini-hotels), which represent the tourist and

7 recreational branch of the district. Besides a number of rope-towing road, operate in the area. The construction of tourist and recreational facilities continues, especially in the highland part. Today there are more than 20 such objects in the district: private mini-hotels, recreation centers and health improving and tourist complexes, homesteads of peasants who host guests under the program of rural green tourism. There are developed and operate the hiking, skiing, water, bike, horse and car tourist routes in the region. There is an opportunity to develop bases for sanatorium and spa treatment, based on mineral waters that are available now (about 80 of their sources have been explored already on the region territory).

2. Regional trends in Climate Change 2.1 Characteristics of climatic conditions The climate in Rakhiv region is temperate continental with the distinct zonation: in the lowlands – it is moderate, with warm summers and relatively mild winters; at altitudes – sharply continental, with a cold and prolonged winter and a cool rainy summer; with sufficient and excessive moistening. The average temperature in January is - 4, 9 °С, and the average annual air temperature is + 6, 7° С. The warmest climate is near the Lug village, and the coldest one – on the top of Hoverla Mountain. The average annual rainfall in the mountains is up to 1400 mm. In Rakhiv – up to 1300 mm. The snow cover thickness reaches from 30 cm to one and a half meters and more. In a winter period, the snow avalanches fall in the mountains. There are no eternal snows, but on some mountain peaks, snow cover still happens in June. Threatening and destructive floods are possible (November 1998, March

2001) during the intense rains and melting of snow. For spring time the significant impact of cyclones from Mediterranean Sea and the frequent invasion of continental tropical air masses are characteristic. This leads to frequent weather changes. On the plain, spring begins in late February -

8 early March and lasts about 80 days. It is much longer in the mountains (up to 180 days). At this time, one can observe both sharp increases in air temperature (up to + 15 °C) and its large decrease (up to -10°С). In the low-foothill regions, summer lasts 130 days on average (from the first decade of May to the middle of September). At an altitude of more than 400 meters, the summer season lasts 60-70 days, and above 1,000 meters, the summer is short-lived. At this time, the flow of air masses from the south-west and west directions prevails. Continental tropical air masses, when invaded, account for the highest temperatures. Autumn continues 80-100 days, from the second half of September to the first and second decades of December at the lowland and from late August to late

November in the mountains. The air temperature is significantly reduced during this period, at the end of October freezing starts and the number of days with fogs and prolonged precipitation increases.

Winter lasts about two months in low-lying areas, about three months in the foothills and about four months in the mountains. In general, the winter is mild, with frequent thaws and ice-crusted ground. The average temperature is + 7.3°C; the absolute minimum is 31°C; absolute maximum is + 39ºС. (The characteristics of the climatic conditions and the main meteorological indicators needed to justify and make decisions on planning – is given according to the data of long-term observations on the weather station «Rakhiv» 430 Mbps).

2.2. Analysis of changes in climatic conditions (Based on the materials of V. Balabukh) Thermal mode and extreme weather phenomena associated with temperature Steady increase in the surface air temperature was observed in the recent decades throughout the year in Transcarpathia in general and in the Rakhiv district in particular. The greatest changes in the region can be observed in the summer period; while in other regions of Ukraine the maximum growth of surface temperature are marked in winter. The increase in the average annual and monthly 9 temperatures is caused by increase in the minimum and maximum air temperatures throughout the year. Thus in the cold period, there is a significant increase of temperature minimum in the region (by 1.0 °С), and in the warm period – the maximum temperature increase (maximum by 1.7 °С). During the cold period a significant increase in the air temperature in Transcarpathia caused a decrease in the duration of cold period and severity of winter, an increase in the duration of the warm season in summer (by 13.2 days in the last 20 years) and, respectively, the vegetative period (almost for a week). However, there are no significant changes in Rakhiv region in duration of cold period, although the number of days with severe frost decreased, that led to reducing the severity of winter. Duration of the warm period has also not changed much in recent times, but the summer became almost three weeks longer in the last two decades and, accordingly, the summer recreational season increased. The active vegetation period also increased in the length. Significant (almost 20 days) increase in the number of hot days, which eventually lead to a sizeable increase in the maximum temperature in summer season (see Fig. 1) is a peculiarity of the thermal regime change in Rakhiv region. The number of heat periods with their greatest duration also increases.

а) Anomaly of the average maximum temperature for the year

2.5

С y = 0.02x - 0.3 ° 2.0 R² = 0.23 1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

Аномалія Аномалія температури,

1999 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 -0.5 1961

-1.0

-1.5 -2.0

b) Anomaly of the average minimum temperature for the year 2 y = 0.02x - 0.3

R² = 0.2

С ° 1

1961 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 Аномалія Аномалія температури, -1

-2 Fig.1 – Change in the average maximum and minimum annual air temperature in 1991- 2011 relative to the climatic norm (1961-1990) in Rakhiv district of Transcarpathia region

Humidification regime and extreme weather phenomena associated with precipitation

Change in the thermal regime in Transcarpathia is accompanied by a change the moistening regime. The annual amount of precipitation in the region has not changed significantly, but there has been a redistribution of their total amount between seasons and months, which has regional features. A significant increase in precipitation in the autumn period characterizes the entire region as a whole.

However, there, in the Rakhiv district, is also an increase in precipitation in spring season, mainly due to March (by 56%). There is a deficit of precipitation in summer, which is more pronounced in the region than in the whole area, and with a significant increase of maximum temperature, it simultaneously leads to increase in aridity and fire hazard. An increase the intensity of rainfall has caused the growth of daily rainfall, although the number of rainy days has decreased. Also increased the number of strong and very heavy rains.

Atmospheric weather phenomena The increase in air temperature in Transcarpathia is observed not only near the earth's surface, but also in the lower troposphere. These causes an increase in the frequency and intensity of convective weather phenomena such as thunderstorms, showers, hail, squally winds, the growth of maximum precipitation intensity and their storm component. A significant increase in air temperature during the cold period caused the change in precipitation structure due to increase in the frequency of rain and decrease in the frequency of snowfall, resulting in an increase in wet snow cases of sleet, wet snow sticking and ice-crusted ground. The change in atmospheric circulation caused a change in the wind regime in Transcarpathia. There is a steady trend towards a decrease in the average and maximum yearly wind speed in the region. This factor in the cold period, together with a significant increase in the minimum temperature, has led to the fact that the winter in the region has become softer and more comfortable. At the same time, a decrease in wind speed and an increase in the maximum temperature in summer period led to growing uncomfortable for human weather conditions, increasing the frequency and intensity of breathlessness.

Snow cover The number of the days with snow cover and average height of snow cover have not changed in Rakhiv district, but its maximum height increased. Changes in the structure of precipitation and snow cover cause an increase in the mudflow risk in the region and in the highlands of the Ukrainian Carpathians as well.

Water regime of rivers Changes in components of water and heat balance that occurred in recent decades in Transcarpathia caused some changes to the water regime of rivers. The change in redistribution of precipitation by seasons and month has caused a redistribution of average runoff of the river Tisza. Increasing the share of

12 precipitation as rain in winter contributes to the gradual melting of snow and water content of rivers increased: the average river flow increases, but the maximum is reduced. However, these changes are manifested in different ways in the water catchment. The average annual flow has not changed In the Black Tysza river basin. However, its magnitude decreases in a period from April to July, and it grows from August to December. There is an increase in runoff in all seasons and in the whole year on the watershed of the river Bila Tysza. The change in the moistening regime had the greatest effect on the runoff maximum, causing its significant increase in autumn. The change have also led to significant increase in the passage of high peaks in the rivers during this period. The increase in the number of strong and very heavy rains caused an increase in frequency of floods on the rivers of Verkhnya Tisza in the warm period.

2.3. Tendencies of future changes in climatic conditions Thermal regime and extreme weather phenomena associated with temperature Climate changes that have been observed over the past twenty years in Ukraine and Transcarpathia will continue by the middle of the XXI century. With a balanced development of society (A1B scenario) in the region we can expect further increases in the average both maximum and minimum temperatures throughout the year. At the same time, in the Rakhiv district, the average air temperature in the year may rise by 1.2°C relative to the climatic norm (over the past twenty years it has already increased by 0.7°C). This growth will be driven by a significant (1.4°C) increase in the minimum temperature throughout the year, but mostly in winter period (2.1°C), although there has been no tendency to increase the minimum temperature in the warm season during the last twenty years in the region. By the middle of the 21st century a significant increase in air temperature during the transitional seasons in Rakhiv region can lead to an increase in the

13 duration of the warm period, that has not been noted so far, and an increase in the temperature of the summer season will lengthen the period of summer recreation. The duration of the vegetative period of cold loving crops (for 17 days) and thermophilic plants (for 22 days) can significantly increase. This growth will occur mainly due to the extension of the active vegetation period in autumn, although the plant development begins also almost a week earlier. Early beginning of the plant growth period can pose a threat to their damage by late spring frosts. By the middle of the XXI century, we can expect an increase in the number of hot days with a temperature of more than 20 and 25° C in the region. However, this growth will not exceed what has already occurred in the region over the past twenty years. Increasing the maximum and minimum air temperature in the winter and reducing the number of frosty days will lead to a decrease in the duration and severity of the winter, and then, respectively, the duration of the winter recreation period will decrease.

The regime of humidification and extreme weather phenomena associated with precipitation

By the middle of the 21st century, the regime of moistening will change in

Transcarpathia. The amount of precipitation for the year in Rakhiv region will vary slightly (3%), but there will be a significant heterogeneity during the year, from one month to another. In winter season a significant (18%) increase in precipitation is possible, which will lead to an increase in the number of days (10 days) with snow for almost a week and a half. Significant increase in precipitation in September (17%) will be compensated by their significant (35%) decrease in October, leading to decrease in precipitation in autumn period. In the summer, especially in August, the possible shortage of rainfall that on the background of increasing temperatures will lead to increase in aridity in the region. By the middle

14 of the 21st century, rainfall can be expected to increase throughout the year, but most in the warm period, especially in May. The increase in the maximum intensity of precipitation will cause an increase in the number of extreme weather conditions associated with rainfall, especially heavy rains and snowfalls (see Table

1). In winter period, a significant increase in precipitation intensity and their amount (18%) will be accompanied by a significant increase in the minimum temperature. This can lead also to the change in precipitation structure, such as increase in number of the days with rain and decrease in number of days with snow, an increase in frequency of heavy snow, wet snow and sleet. Such changes may lead to growth of mudflow4 danger in Rakhiv district.

Table 1. Projection of changes in extreme weather conditions associated with precipitation

Characteristic Season Year winter spring summer autumn Number of days with precipitation more than 3.6 -1.6 -0.7 0.1 1.4 1mm/24h Number of days with precipitation more than 3.1 0.2 -0.1 -0.7 2.4 10mmм/24h Number of days with precipitation more than 1.1 0.4 0.3 0.5 2.2 20mm/24h

4 Sel (mudflow) - a rough mud or mudflow, consisting of a mixture of water and debris of rocks, which suddenly appears in the basins of small mountain rivers. 15

Water regime of rivers The change in thermal and moisture regime will lead to changes in hydrological characteristics of the rivers in Rakhiv region. At the end of autumn and in winter, the average runoff in the district may increase due the increased amount of precipitation, rainfall component of precipitation and due to the melting of snow during this period. The probability of high peaks formation will increase. The spring runoff, which is formed with a certain proportion of snow supply, will be lower or approaching the values of 1961-1990. In the summer period, water content will decrease on average to 5-10%, respectively, with a decrease in precipitation, but high floods are expected due to the increased number of heavy rains this season. The autumn period for water content will not change in general, the decrease in precipitation in October (-35%) is compensated by their increase in September and November (respectively + 17% and + 4%), in which floods should be expected. The ratio between rain and snow-rain floods in the annual section will not change.

Pic. 2 - Rainfall changes during the year, mm5

5 Львів (ukr.) – Lviv, Рахів (ukr.) – Rakhiv, Київ (ukr.) – Kyiv, Ай-Пертрі (ukr.) – Ai Petri (peak in the Crimean Mountains), Ялта (ukr.) – Yalta city (resort city on the south coast of the Crimean Peninsula), Тендра (ukr.) – Tendra Spit (a sandbar in Black Sea) 16

3. General overview and characteristics of Bogdan village

Pic. 3 – Bogdan village on the GoogleMaps

Geographical position Bogdan village in Rakhiv district of Transcarpathia region is located in the eastern part of the region, on the banks of the river Bila Tisza in Chornohora array of the Carpathians. The average height above the sea level is 604 m. In addition to the White Tisza, there are two more large water arteries in the village - the Bogdan and Kvasy streams. By the XIX century, the village of Bogdan was a part of the Tisza-Domains district of the Maramor county. In the late XIX - early XX centuries, the settlement was considered as a "big village" and it had its own seal with a coat of arms. Until 1992, Bogdan had the status of an urban settlement. The village council includes Breboya village. The total population is 4807 people, living in 1,330 households as of 01/01/2017. Ukrainians predominate in the ethnic composition of the population and make up – 97%, Hungarians – 2.0%, Russians – 0.5% and others – 0.5%.The population density is 261 people per square kilometer. 17

The fertility prevails over mortality in Bogdan village, but the total population decreases. № Year Birth rate Death rate 1 2013 101 50 2 2014 91 61 3 2015 82 48 4 2016 68 49

The total area of the village is 12, 60 km, which includes:

- farmland – 1616, 7283 hа; - arable land – 74, 82 hа; - non-agricultural land – 12422, 1717 hа; The distance from Bogdan village to the regional center of Rakhiv is 12 km and to the regional center Uzhgorod – 222 km. The nearest railway station is in Rakhiv (12 km) and Bilyn village (18 km).

Economy The logging and timber processing industry dominate in Bogdan village. There are four forestry enterprises. Two of them are in Carpathian Biosphere Reserve and two – in State enterprise «Rakhiv Research Forestry Farm». Seven small enterprises are engaged in timber processing, where 23 people work. OOO Omega "Trans" is engaged in providing transportation services. There is a branch of State Bank “Oschadbank” and a Post office in the village. Forty two (42) entrepreneurs carry out activities in the field of retail trade, catering and services, and there is one institution of consumer services. The employment rate among the working-age population is only 13%. Most residents of the Bogdan village work seasonally abroad or in other regions of Ukraine. Thus, only 311 people are employed from the able-bodied population, numbering 2396.

The unemployment rate is 87% and 70 - 95 people are registered periodically in Employment Center.

The main mode of transport are buses and shuttle buses and their traffic schedule fully satisfies the population of Bogdan and Breboya villages. The length of the rural central road is 8 km. The village is equipped with bus stops at 50%.

Agriculture On Rakhiv region, they say: “The sheep - it is a casing, a costume and more - the soul is full”. That is why in Bogdan, as in other villages of the region, traditional farming has been preserved in the valleys. The most developed brunch is the breading of sheep and cows. The inhabitants of Bogdan and Breboya keep in total 1262 sheep and 930 head of cattle in their households, that graze in summer on the valleys (Polonyna) Gerescheska, Rogneska and Skopeska. Over the past five years, there has been a significant increase in number of livestock. Above all, this is due to the growing number of tourists, popularization and growth of demand for healthy, organic meat and dairy food as well. State of the environment

The ecological situation is quite complicated in the village. There is a dump with a passport and 11 containers for sorting the solid household waste (for glass and plastic bottles) in the village, but this does not meet the needs of citizens even by 50%. Moreover, the term of the landfill ends in April 2017. The banks of the river Bila Tisza are much littered. The garbage, taken out by water downstream from the headwaters of Lugy village, settles on the riverbanks. Another problem is the inaccessibility (lack of access roads) to most households of citizens, making it impossible a centralized removal of solid waste and lead to clogging of streams and other water bodies. There is no centralized water supply system in the village and the most toilets are located in the yards. Liquid waste converts into the cesspools.

Medical institutions There is a medical outpatient clinic of general practice and family medicine, one hospital for 15 beds and a paramedic – obstetric point on the territory of the villages Bogdan and Breboya. There are only 13 medical workers and 3 employees from attendant’s staff. The medical care level here does not meet the needs of population. Medical institutions are equipped with old medical equipment and the premises require major repairs. There is an urgent need for at least two doctors.

Education In the village of Bogdan, there is one general school of I-III degrees, in which 673 pupils study and 70 teachers work. The school is old. It is located in several buildings. The community has a need to construct a new school building.

The executive committee of the village council has already prepared project design and budget documentation for this purpose. However, due to lack of funds, construction work has not yet started. The village also has one preschool institution and 125 children visit it. The number of its personnel is 31 people. The rural stadium is operational but requires repair work.

Culture and Tourism The village community has one rural house of culture, one cinema hall, a library and a music school. There is an amateur team and classes at the village House of Culture. Every year, on October 14, the “Day of the village" is held, and then a traditional descent of rafters on the river Bila Tisza takes place. The botanical reserve “Shadows and Teresyanka”, botanic natural monument “Tys yahidny” (“Berry Yew-tree”), “Bare rocks” - geological monument on the bank of the stream Kvasny - all these objects represent an interesting tourist attraction. Numerous tourist routes and hiking trails are already exist there and marked.

The village has 12 estates (farmsteads) of rural green tourism, one ski lift and hotel “Olesya”. The length of the descent is 1500 m.; the track has an average level of difficulty; elevation 230 m., construction of the descent snowcat. The height difference is 230 m. and the descent is equipped with a snowplow. There is a direct road from the village of Bogdan to such peaks of the Carpathian Mountains as Petros and Pip Ivan (Chornohirsky). In 1913, Ivan Franko visited Bogdan village. He was interested in stories, asking the local people about songs, legends, fairy tales, folks, customs and rituals. He was here almost a week, lived in the house of a wealthy peasant Grygory

Vecherniuk with his friends and this house has preserved until now. There is also an ancient Jewish cemetery in the village, which local activists plan to equip and are already searching for investors. This place will become another interesting tourist attraction.

Religion Three religious denominations are registered in the village of Bogdan:

1. The Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate, with two religious buildings.

2. The Greek-Catholic denomination – one cult structure. 3. The witnesses of Jehovah God – one cult structure. There are no interfaith conflicts and problems in the village.

Problematic issues of Bogdan village community 1. Construction of a new school (project and budget documentation are made); 2. Construction of coastal fortifications on Bila Tisza River and its tributaries Bogdan and Kvasny, strengthening the banks by oversized stone and by building gabions; 3. Bridge overhaul on the river Bila Tysza, tract Shaul, Shevchenko street; 4. Complete replacement of emergency wooden electric poles on concrete supports, especially on the tracts Magas, Borschevytsya, Chokay-Klyfa; 5. Repair of municipal bridges; 21

6. Making a master plan for the village; 7. The construction of sports grounds with artificial surface in the village of Breboya; 8. Expansion of the boundaries of the settlement, at the expense of GP sites, including through the sites of State enterprise «Rakhiv Research Forestry Farm». 9. The construction of local sewage treatment systems; 10. The construction of the flow differences on the Bogdan and Kvasny flows. Solution of the problem of providing drinking water to residents, who stay on the Dovbush, Shevchenko and Magas streets.

4. Characteristics of Climate Change in Bogdan village

Bogdan village in Rakhiv district, of Transcarpathia region is located in the southwestern part of Ukraine, in the forest zone. The settlement is located high in the mountains in a zone with sufficient moisture. However, in recent years, there has been a steady trend towards a decrease in rainfall. Moderately humid years change dramatically in arid years. The climate here is characterized by a short, relatively cool winter, with an unstable snow cover and frequent thaws, and the summer here is hot and arid.

Climate graph of Bogdan village

Temperature schedule of Bogdan village

Climate graph of Bogdan village

In recent decades, the number of days with a maximum air temperature of over 30 ° C, and sometimes even more, up to + 40 ° C has increased in the village. Most of these days fall on July-August. An increase in average daily temperatures and average monthly temperatures, compared with the climatic norm, is observed in the summer months. This creates a risk of heat stress. 24

There is also an increase in the number of days with an abnormal amount of precipitation, especially in spring and autumn. During this period, there is a sharp rise in the level of water in rivers and streams, as well as a rise in groundwater, leading to risk of underflooding, mudflows, landslides and flooding plains areas

(Floods 1998, 2001, 2008, 2010, 2013, 2015). Another risk in adapting to climate change is a spontaneous natural phenomenon, such as snow and avalanche processes, which often lead to death of people and cause significant destruction. They are caused by abnormal amount of precipitation, relief features, snow, erosion processes. There are eight avalanche- hazardous places in the village of Bogdan and environs.

A significant increase in air temperature in the cold period led to a change in the structure of precipitation, increasing loss of sleet and snow, ice ground, which also quite often complicates the life of the community. Another natural meteorological phenomenon that is becoming more and more anomalous from year to year is hail. Sharp change of temperatures leads to frequent downpours and to the fall of a large hail, which often destroys the harvest of crops, bears damage to animal husbandry. The increase in duration of the warm period of the year led to positive consequences as well, as the villagers of Bogdan noted. The fruits, grapes, tomatoes and other thermophilic crops began to ripen faster in the high mountain village. However, along with this, intensive drying of forests is observed, both in the areas of Carpathian Biosphere Reserve and in forestry. There is a process of decreasing the areas of pastures in the valleys of Gerescheska and Rogneska, as well as a decrease in the productivity of agricultural land. Therefore, the studies conducted in the village of Bogdan give us the basis for highlighting the following main negative effects of climate change: - Heat stress; - Flooding and underflooding of certain areas; - Natural meteorological phenomena; - Decrease in quantity and deterioration of drinking water quality. 25

Pic. 4 – Map of the flooding and landslides risks in Bogdan village

5. Measures to climate change adaptation

Climate change is a global problem, but its impact is largely visible at the local level. For effective adaptation to climate change, it is necessary to have a clear and systematic work of local authorities. They should be at the forefront of the implementation of adaptation processes at the local level, take into account the climate change impact in preparation of strategies and programs, in the daily decision-making process, as well as to take into account factors and risks, thus contribute to adaptation measures. This process should involve both business and the public. To implement adaptation measures, they should promote the dissemination of information, contribute to conditions and environment formation 26

Vulnerability to heat stress of the villagers in Bogdan

The vulnerability of village community Bogdan to thermal stress caused primarily by the following factors: - increase in the average air temperature (especially in summer); - steady tendency to decrease the average annual wind speed; - predicted further increase in air temperature; - increase in number of hot days; - high percentage (more than 35%) of village residents are vulnerable to excessive heat; - lack of timely and qualified medical assistance;

- reduction of healthy forests and green plantations zones, increase of clear

cuttings in the area; - lack of an alert system; - Poor awareness of the population.

Recommendations for mitigating the risks of heat stress: - to develop and implement a system of early public warning about the hot weather (via the internet, fax, SMS, radio, television); - improve the awareness of population through training, seminars, etc.;

- providing conditions for the normal medical institution functioning in the village. During the period of intense heat, the ambulance in the area should be put on high alert; - ensuring the creation of comfortable temperature regime during the heat waves in overcrowded places and in social institutions; - create volunteer groups, with medical workers participation, to visit lonely,

sick, elderly people during the heat wave and to help them if necessary;

- to use materials that heat up less for building houses; - greening the settlement constantly; 27

- all organizations, institutions and enterprises of the village have to purchase devices for measuring blood pressure; - arrange recreation facilities near the water bodies; - arrange the sources of drinking water; - to continue the construction of pavilions for bus stops.

Playground, Bogdan village Bus stop, Bogdan village

Vulnerability of the village to underflooding

The following factors increases the vulnerability of Bogdan village to underflooding: - physical and geographical features and climatic conditions of the territory, which lead to formation of 8-10 floods per year; - increase in the number of days with downpours and increase in intensity of precipitation; - the significant number of water bodies (streams and small flows); - imperfect practices of forest management; - insufficient financial and technical resources to prevent underflooding; - lack of a rapid response plan and emergency teams in case of underflooding; - clutter of water bodies;

- lack of premises for evacuation of people; - the significant number of people (including the elderly) in areas of potential flooding.

Recommended measures to adapt to underflooding:

- identify potential causes of flooding of territories; - to determine the possibility of forecasting floods and underflooding; - develop a plan of action during the underflooding;

- to build a cascade of swings on the Kvasny and Bogdan streams; - to develop a scheme for early warning of population living in the zone of possible underflooding and to acquaint inhabitants of the community with it; - to carry out a systematic clearing of Bila Tysza River channels, Bogdan, and Kvasny streams; - to observe the prohibition of construction on coastal territories; - to carry out systematic cleaning of cuvettes, sewage pipes, places of possible congestion under the bridges; - eliminate the formation of spontaneous dumps on the shores of water bodies and prevent their occurrence; - do not store firewood and other materials on the banks of the river and streams; - to strengthen the banks of reservoirs by planting trees and shrubs; - to find means for construction of coastal on the Dovbush, Borkanyuk and Lesyia Ukrainka streets; - to develop measures to prevent landslides and mudflows along the Dovbush, Breboya, Lesyia Ukrainka, Shevchenko and Franco streets; - to make a settlement development plan with the possible underflooding of individual territories; - property insurance (currently only 50% of the population of Bogdan village insure their buildings and property). 29

Vulnerability of society to manifestation of natural meteorological phenomena

Vulnerability of the village of Bogdan to natural meteorological phenomena is formed due to the following factors: - increase in frequency of natural meteorological phenomena; - significant increase in the intensity of natural meteorological events that lead to disruption of normal transport infrastructure functioning and to energy equipment breakdown; - lack of a centralized public awareness of storm warnings; - lack of well-trained response mechanism on the effects of natural weather events; - lack of a plan to provide the affected population with drinking water and food; - problems of rendering medical care to the population.

Recommended measures to adapt the village to manifestations of natural meteorological phenomena:

- make a list of natural meteorological phenomena that occur most often in the community; - prepare a list of important public buildings that can be flooded by natural meteorological events and carry out activities to minimize negative consequences; - recommend community residents to insure buildings, possessions and other private property from damage caused by natural meteorological phenomena; - recommend community residents to use materials in the construction of buildings, resistant to grades, gusts of wind and heavy rains; - each household needs to have a supply of drinking water for themselves and livestock in case of natural meteorological phenomena;

- develop a plan of action for natural meteorological phenomena and bring it to the attention of community residents; - create mobile teams to assist victims of natural meteorological phenomena; - to organize training seminars on the rules of emergency assistance in various emergencies.

Vulnerability of Bogdan village community to risk of reducing the quantity and quality of drinking water

Vulnerability of the village of Bogdan to the risk of reducing the quantity and deterioration of drinking water quality is due to the following factors: - a significant increase in air temperature and increase in the period of summer recreation; - changes in the moisture regime – changes in the structure and intensity of precipitation; - increase in duration of the warm period; - shallowing of rivers and streams; - reducing the amount of groundwater.

Recommendations on risk of reducing the quantity and deterioration of drinking water quality

- watering of slopes with the help of hydraulic storage facilities (watering

points, structures for water and moisture retention, anti-fire reservoirs); - construction of fencing structures on drying waterways, agricultural lands (Polonyna Rognesk and Gereschesk) around the lakes to catch rain and melt water; - restoration of natural water sources (clearing, capturing)

- recommend the accumulation of rainwater for use in the village social institutions (for draining in toilets) for households (for irrigation), for high- mountain farms (for livestock); - construction of drinking water reservoirs; - creation of catchments, reservoirs and ponds; - raising public awareness; - conduct periodic analysis of water in wells; - prohibit the uncontrolled clearing of farmland from the bushes and shrubs; - prevent the creation of spontaneous dumps on the banks of water bodies; - to audit the existing sewerage systems of individual houses in the villages of Bogdan and Breboya.

Conclusions

Adapting to local manifestations of climate change is not simple; it requires understanding and joint coordinated actions of local authorities and community residents. The basis for a thorough and successful adaptation to climate change is research, evaluation and a variety of activities. Climate change affects all sectors of society, so that all of its representatives should be involved in the implementation of adaptation activities.

The need for adaptation is well recognized in the village of Bogdan both, on the public level and at the level of community leaders. This adaptation plan was developed by the joint efforts of the community, local authorities and business. The Plan aims to: - reduce vulnerability to climate change in the village of Bogdan; - overcome problems and to prevent threats related to climate change; - strengthen the resilience of the local community and provide a more comfortable and safe living environment in it; - raise awareness of citizens; - focus on activities relating to the priority climate risks; - avoid actions that restrict options for future adaptation, or restrict other adaptation activities (construction of inexpedient infrastructure). - develop and implement modern mechanisms for managing regional risks; - apply a balanced transition from fragmentary actions to preventive and planned measures. The plan was developed with application of an integrated approach to solving problems of society, taking into account the principles of sustainable development. The next steps towards the adaptation of Bogdan village to climate change will be writing projects that pursue the following objectives: raising funds for the implementation of adaptation measures, strengthening information work with population, implementing pilot projects on adaptation measures.

List of references:

1. Electronic resource Wikipedia; 2. Balabukh V.A. Current and expected climate change and its impacts and consequences on the territory of Ukraine, Transcarpathia and Rakhiv district. Project LOC-CLIM-ACT Local actions on the impact of climate change; 3. Strategy for adaptation to climate change in the Rakhiv district of the Transcarpathia region. Project LOC-CLIM-ACT. Local actions on the impact of climate change; 4. Hutsuls Rakhivshchyna. Edge in the heart of Europe, where the mountains converge with the sky; Editorial: Oksana Golovchuk, Ivan Surmachevs’ky, Petro Ferents; 5. Electronic resource [https://ru.climate-data.org/location/268901/]; 6. Strategy for adaptation to climate change in the Rakhiv district; 7. The passport of Bogdan village community.