Urology Swastika
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Edited by Dirk Schultheiss Friedrich H. Moll UROLOGY under the SWASTIKA Foreword It is a great pleasure to write a foreword for this It altered the whole life and career path of many impressive body of work and we would like to urologists, not only during their training and congratulate Dirk Schultheiss and Friedrich Moll formative years, but also as established practitioners. for coordinating and editing this. It is clear that the authors have put an immense amount of effort This interesting and unique book documents the and research into this topic. This book epitomises consequences of this, with reference to the countries the tremendous expertise and dedication which involved in this global catastrophe. It is a fascinating members of the EAU’s History Office devote to academic achievement which provides new insight contributing to our understanding of the past of our into the complexities of practice in Europe and field, in such a passionate fashion. beyond during this time. It is clear that the rise of national socialism and As ever, looking at the past provides us with very fascism in Europe, the subsequent occupation of valuable lessons for the future. We feel that this the continent by the Nazi-regime and the enormous salutatory and very insightful document has an disruption that occurred during World War Two important place on everyone’s bookshelf. We hope had a huge influence on urology and its practice. you enjoy reading it as much as we did. Christopher Chapple EAU Secretary General Manfred Wirth EAU Executive Member, Communication I 5 Introduction L’histoire est un roman dont le peuple est l’auteur. History is a novel whose author is the people. – Alfred de Vigny – More than six decades after the end of the Third or present the stories of people and the specialty Reich, medical associations all over Europe were of urology in the period of the Nazi rule. Further just at the start of a period of intensive research on on, general aspects about sexuality or the situation the topic of their involvement with the atrocities of the urologists who immigrated to Israel, Great and their predecessors’ attitudes to their Jewish Britain or the US at the same time were a further colleagues. During more recent years, attention field of research. has turned to issues of professional policy, such This publication will make a first attempt to as the subordination of universities and medical examine these questions from the perspectives of organizations and the resultant expulsion of Jewish urologists and medical historians. We hope this physicians and others who were unpopular with will act as a starting point and stimulate further the system. Following Hitler’s rise to power, the scholarly research in order to shine more light on subordination of the medical profession met with this disastrous part of European and worldwide little resistance. In fact, the profession willingly history. participated in this process. The rise of National The editors want to express their thanks to Socialism and Fascism in Europe and the subsequent the EAU Executive and Board, who made the occupation of the continent during the Second publication of this edition possible. We thank World War dramatically influenced and ruined the them for their support and willingness, their vision careers of urologists and with it the development of and decisiveness to publish a theme which can be urology as an emerging medical specialty. discussed from several perspectives up to now. We There is a dearth of analysis pertaining to are grateful to our “trouble-shooter” Loek Keizer urology in the interwar period and the war years who solves any occurring problem immediately. for all of Europe, including the fascist dictatorships Another “Thank you” goes to Katrien De Vreese in Italy and Spain as well as the communist from Davidsfonds for her close collaboration. systems established in the Soviet Union and later She was so engaged to bring all these different in its affiliated satellite states. In the same way, the chapters together and was always considerate of the history of urology in the 1930s and 1940s remains particular requests of the editors. undocumented for neutral nations such as Sweden Last but not least our thanks goes to the authors and Switzerland. of this book who share their knowledge with us and Within several chapters from Europe and from hopefully will continue to research this field in the other continents the international contributors future. We hope our attempt will be of interest for to this book explore the history of urologists in all urologists and all who are connected with our general in their country in the early 20th Century specialty. Dirk Schultheiss – Friedrich H. Moll EAU History Office Content Urologists in Nazi Germany 8 MATTHIS KRISCHEL, FRIEDRICH H. MOLL Urology and National Socialism in Austria 18 MICHAEL HUBENSTORF The Suppression of Sexual Science. Effects on the professional Development of Andrology and Sexual Medecine 50 DIRK SCHULTHEISS Italian Fascism and Urology 66 RENATO JUNGANO Urology during the Civil War and under Franco’s Regime in Spain 76 JAVIER C. ANGULO, JUAN J. GÓMIZ, ESTHER CUERDA-GALINDO, MATTHIS KRISCHEL A brief History of the Polish Urology at the Turn of the 19th and 20th Century 94 ROMAN SOSNOWSKI, TADEUSZ ZAJĄCZKOWSKI, MARIA CIESIELSKA, EWA WIATR, AGNIESZKA ZAJĄCZKOWSKA-DROŹDŹ, ADAM DYLEWSKI, BOLESŁAW KUZAKA Hungarian Urologists under the Swastika and a short History of the Jews in Hungary 124 IMRE ROMICS Slovakian Urology under the Swastika 130 JAN BREZA Urology in Interwar Romania and during the Second World War 138 OCTAVIAN BUDA Urology in France and German National-Socialism 146 ALAIN JARDIN, BERNARD LOBEL, BRUNO HALIOUA Small but significant: Urology in the Netherlands (1900-1945) 162 ROBERT A. SCHIPPER, MART J. VAN LIEBURG Flemish Nationalism and Collaboration at the University of Ghent during the Second World War 176 JOHAN J. MATTELAER Refugee Urologists coming to or through the UK, 1933-1946 186 PAUL WEINDLING Urology in Portugal under the Salazar Regime (1933-1945) 192 ISABEL AMARAL, ARNALDO FIGUEIREDO, MANUEL MENDES SILVA Urologists at War in Greece – a personal Resource 208 STEFANOS PAVLAKIS Germanophilia or Germanophobia? Contacts between Scandinavia and Germany in the field of Urology 1930-1960 212 NILS HANSSON, THORSTEN HALLING Finland under the Swastika 220 JAAKKO ELO†, JUKKA KEITELE Medicine and Urology in Eretz-Israel in the first half of the 20th Century 226 and in the Shadow of the Holocaust MIRIAM OFFER, RACHEL HERZOG, YARON PASHER, AVI OHRY A History of Urology in Egypt (1900-1950) 254 HUSSEIN A. AMIN Emigration of Urologists and Physicians in general to the United States 260 FRIEDRICH H. MOLL, MATTIS KRISCHEL, RONALD RABINOWITZ, MIKE MORAN Urology under the Swastika in Argentina 270 NORBERTO MIGUEL FREDOTOVICH List of authors 286 Urologists in Nazi Germany MATTHIS KRISCHEL FRIEDRICH H. MOLL UROLOGISTS IN NAZI GERMANY I 9 Between 2009 and 2012, the German Society for These points help to explain why the history of Urology (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Urologie, urology in Nazi Germany has become a research DGU) funded research into the history of urology focus for German urologists. When the German in Nazi Germany, including the biographies of Society for Urology celebrated its 100th anniversary colleagues who were forced out of the profession in 2006, its Nazi past was first discussed broadly and the country and those who stayed and formed in the society. Subsequently, the society funded a the leadership of the profession in the 1930s and research project that led to the publication of a two- 1940s. This research reflects trends in scholarship volume book in 2011.5 The reconstruction of the on the history of Nazi medicine since the 1980s,2 development of urology under the Nazi regime can as well as more recent publications.3 In order to help to illustrate the speed and determination with place urology within the context of medicine in which many medical societies adjusted to the new Nazi Germany and to understand the political rulers after the spring of 1933. For those urologists role of this comparatively small specialty, we who were not persecuted on racist grounds, the will point to selected aspects of this complex changing political environment offered possibilities relationship between medicine and politics which to assert their personal and professional interests. often provided resources for each other.4 We will Unfortunately, in many cases, moral principles emphasize three major, interwoven aspects, which were thrown overboard and physicians advanced were central pillars of Nazi health politics and their own careers and the specialty of urology at ideology: the orientation on public health over the expense of their Jewish colleagues and their individual patients’ wellbeing (Volksgesundheit), patients. Only few used their scope of action to aid compulsory sterilization of those judged to those in need.6 Urology under National Socialism suffer from hereditary diseases and the racist can be described as an exchange of resources discrimination and expulsion of Jewish doctors. between the spheres of medicine and politics: urologists backed Nazi health and race policies and In the 1930s, urology was one of the smallest in exchange gained further professionalization for recognized medical specialties in Germany. It their specialty, including university positions and was also young: the specialist title had only been increased institutional independence from surgery.7 established in 1924. Almost one third of all physicians who worked in the field of urology were classified as Jewish according to Nazi race laws and were subsequently forced out of their profession and homeland. Many of them committed suicide or, if they refused to flee, were murdered in The Deutsche Gesellschaft für Urologie concentration camps. At the same time, the first and the Gesellschaft Reichsdeutscher chaired professorship for urology at a German Urologen university was established in 1937 and urological departments were founded in many hospitals.