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Zerstörte Fortschritte“ / „Diversity Destroyed“

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Zerstörte Fortschritte“ / „Diversity Destroyed“ DR. UDO SCHAGEN VERTRIEBENE DER MEDIZINISCHEN FAKULTÄT / CHARITÉ Endfassung 11. Juli 2013/ Vollständige Texte für die beiden Säulen der Charité im Rahmen der Ausstellung – 15. Juli 2013 „Zerstörte Fortschritte“ / „Diversity Destroyed“ Ausgrenzung und Vertreibung an der Charité: Verfolgte Mitarbeiter 1933-1945 / Exclusion and Eviction at the Charité: Persecuted Colleagues 1933-1945 Inhalt 1) Einführungstext Ausgrenzung und Vertreibung an der Charité: Verfolgte Mitarbeiter 1933-1945 / Exclusion and Forced Displacement at the Charité: Persecuted Colleagues 1933 - 1945 2) Liste der Namen sowie Erläuterungen / Notes zur Liste / 3) Dozenten der Berliner Medizinischen Fakultät, die in unmittelbarer Folge der nationalsozialistischen Vernichtungspolitik den Tod fanden / University lecturers from the Berlin Medical Faculty who committed suicide or who were killed as a direct consequence of the Nazi extermination policy 4) Beispiele Sechs Kurzbiographien mit (hier nicht wiedergegebenen) Bildern auf Säule 2 – Teil B Texte für Litfasssäule 1 und 2A, Zerstörte Fortschritte Charité Rückfragen an: [email protected] – T. 030 4505 29267 - 0178 331 6248 DR. UDO SCHAGEN VERTRIEBENE DER MEDIZINISCHEN FAKULTÄT / CHARITÉ Endfassung 11. Juli 2013/ Ausgrenzung und Vertreibung an der Charité: Verfolgte Mitarbeiter 1933-1945 In der seit Mendelssohn und Lessing auch von Liberalität gekennzeichneten Großstadt Berlin waren jüdische Ärzte weit zahlreicher vertreten als im Reichsgebiet insgesamt. Während der Anteil der deutschen Juden an der Gesamtbevölkerung unter einem (!), in Berlin unter vier (!), Prozent lag, umfasste er bei den Berliner Kassen- und Krankenhausärzten fast die Hälfte. Auch sie waren eher konservativ und deutschnational, viele waren im Ersten Weltkrieg zu dekorierten Frontkämpfern geworden. Staatsbeamter und hauptamtlicher Hochschullehrer zu werden, war aber für sie trotzdem kaum möglich. Die Zahl der Habilitierten mit Lehrbefugnis - Privatdozenten (PD) und außerordentliche (ao) Professoren – und mit hauptamtlicher Tätigkeit außerhalb der Universität war aber groß. Als Mitglieder der Medizinischen Fakultät der Berliner Universität stellten sie die Hälfte aller Lehrenden. Die Verfolgungen begannen lange vor 1933. National(sozial)istisch orientierte Studenten wurden von der Studentenmehrheit unterstützt und machten jüdischen Professoren die Lehrtätigkeit zunehmend unmöglich. Die Entlassungen vollzogen die Direktoren und Institutsleiter selbst am 31. März 1933 - noch vor Inkrafttreten der Rassegesetze. In den Fakultätsprotokollen finden sich keinerlei Bedenken gegen die rassenpolitischen Maßnahmen der Regierung. Im Gegenteil, man wollte sich „loyal“ verhalten und die Kündigungen „noch am selben Tage zustellen“. Die Lehrbefugnisse wurden wenig später entzogen und die Hochschullehrer damit aus dem Lehrkörper entfernt. Dies waren nur die ersten Schritte der Verfolgung und der Vernichtung beruflicher Existenz. Auch die Ärztlichen Standesvereinigungen hatten schnell reagiert: Sie entfernten „Juden und Marxisten aus den Vorständen und Ausschüssen“. Die „Tätigkeit von Kassenärzten nicht-arischer Abstammung sowie von Kassenärzten, die sich im kommunistischen Sinne betätigt haben“ fand am 22. April 1933 ein Ende; so konnten die aus Kliniken und Instituten entlassenen Ärzte auch in den Praxen nicht mehr ihre Kassenpatienten behandeln. Die Zusammenarbeit mit „arischen“ Ärzten (Vertretung, Überweisungen u. ä.) war ebenfalls verboten. Auch nicht hauptamtlich an der Universität tätige jüdische Wissenschaftler, z. B. Chefärzte anderer Krankenhäuser, entließ man noch im Sommer 1933. Ab 1938 konnten jüdische Ärzte auch keine Ersatzkassen-Patienten und dann grundsätzlich keine „Arier“ mehr behandeln. Der Entzug der Approbation folgte. Bald begann die physische Verfolgung. Späte Emigrationsversuche schlugen oft fehl. Wer nicht emigrieren konnte oder wollte, wurde deportiert und zumeist in den Tötungslagern ermordet. Die hier wiedergegebene Liste von Personen beschränkt sich auf die der Medizinischen Fakultät der Universität und der Charité angehörenden aus rassischen und politischen Gründen verfolgten Hochschullehrer (>160) sowie auf wenige Assistenten und andere Beschäftigte (<30) nach dem derzeitigen Kenntnisstand. Die Forschung zu letzteren Gruppen sowie zur großen Zahl der ebenfalls aus gleichen Gründen exmatrikulierten Studenten ist erst gefordert; die Charité sollte sich diesem Desiderat in Zukunft stellen. Die geringe Zahl von Frauen in der Liste repräsentiert den damaligen Stand ihrer Karrieremöglichkeiten. Auch die Kenntnis über spätere Lebenswege der verzeichneten Professoren weist große Lücken auf, oft kennen wir nicht einmal das Todesdatum. Die Liste ist daher immer noch vorläufig. Rückmeldungen, Korrekturen und Ergänzungen sind erwünscht: [email protected] [Hinweis: In der Liste sind einzelne Personen markiert, deren Schicksal nach Ausstoßung aus der „Volksgemeinschaft“ auf der anderen Säule ausführlicher erläutert wird.] Texte für Litfasssäule 1 und 2A, Zerstörte Fortschritte Charité Rückfragen an: [email protected] – T. 030 4505 29267 - 0178 331 6248 DR. UDO SCHAGEN VERTRIEBENE DER MEDIZINISCHEN FAKULTÄT / CHARITÉ Endfassung 11. Juli 2013/ Exclusion and Forced Displacement at the Charité: Persecuted Colleagues 1933 - 1945 Since Mendelssohn and Lessing, Berlin had been a city characterized by liberal teachings, in which the presence of Jewish doctors was greater than anywhere else in the territory of the German Reich. In 1933 the percentage of Jews accounted for just 1 % of the total German population. In Berlin, the Jewish population amounted to less than 4 % and yet, within the Berlin Health Service, the number of serving Jewish physicians totaled almost 50%. These doctors tended to be politically conservative in outlook with a strong sense of national identity. Many had served in the First World War and had been decorated for their duties on the front lines. Despite this, it remained extremely difficult for Jewish doctors to become civil servants and full time university tutors. But beyond the realms of university life, there were a great number of Jewish medical colleagues who served as licensed habilitated tutors, private lecturers (PD) and professors (ao) who were affiliated to the Berlin Medical Faculty. These physicians formed half of the medical faculty teaching staff. Persecution of Jewish colleagues began long before 1933. National(social)ist students were increasingly supported by the main student body and this made it progressively impossible for Jewish professors to continue to teach. In addition, directors and heads of institutes were content to issue dismissals for Jewish staff on the 31st of March 1933, before the racial laws came into effect and no concerns regarding the government’s racial policies can be found in faculty protocols. On the contrary, the majority of faculty superiors were quite keen to demonstrate their “loyalty” by issuing dismissals as soon as possible. Following this, teaching licenses were revoked and university professors were thus eliminated from the academic staff body. These were just the first steps towards persecution and extermination of professional existence. Medical unions were also quick to respond to contemporary political views, promptly removing „Jews and Marxists” from their boards and committees. On the 22nd of April 1933 the "activity of non-Aryan physicians and doctors considered to be involved in communist activities” was also prohibited. This meant that doctors who had previously been discharged from hospitals and institutes were no longer able to treat patients in established practices. Cooperation with "Aryan" doctors (practice stand-ins, referrals, etc.) was also forbidden. By the summer of 1933 other part time Jewish university staff, including scientific researchers and chief consultants based at other hospitals were also dismissed. The annulment of medical licences followed. Soon after this, physical persecution began and late attempts at emigration were often unsuccessful. Those who did not wish to emigrate or who were not in a position to leave Germany were deported and in many cases these persons were murdered in death camps. The list of excluded and evicted Charité colleagues depicted on these columns is based on information pertaining to university lecturers (>160) and a small number of assistants and other employees (<30). These persons were either members of the university medical faculty or Charité associates who were persecuted for racial or political reasons. The list is based on current knowledge from available sources. Information pertaining to assistants and other Charité employees and the large number of ex-matriculated students is still missing. The Charité must strive to investigate the fates of these persons in the near future. The limited number of women whose names are listed on these columns reflects the restricted career opportunities that were available to women at the time. In addition there are large gaps in the available information concerning the fates of listed professors, in many cases not even the date of death is known. [Please note: The names of those persons whose portraits and biographies are depicted on the adjacent pillar have been highlighted in the list of names portrayed on this pillar] Texte für Litfasssäule 1 und 2A, Zerstörte Fortschritte Charité Rückfragen an: [email protected] – T. 030 4505 29267 - 0178 331 6248 DR. UDO SCHAGEN VERTRIEBENE DER MEDIZINISCHEN FAKULTÄT / CHARITÉ Endfassung 11. Juli 2013/ Abelsdorff
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