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Dissertation Zur Erlangung Des Doktorgrades Des Department UNIVERSITÄT HAMBURG DEPARTMENT PHYSIK Structural Characterization of Hydride Composite Systems for Hydrogen Storage using Synchrotron- and Neutron Radiation Facilities Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades des Department Physik der Universität Hamburg vorgelegt von Fahim Karimi aus Kabul Hamburg 2018 Angaben zum Promotionsverfahren 1) Prof. Andreas Schreyer Gutachter der Dissertation: 2) Prof. Thomas Klassen 1) Prof. Andreas Schreyer Gutachter der Disputation: 2) Prof. Chiara Milanese Datum der Disputation: 20.07.2018 Vorsitzender des Prüfungsausschusses: Prof. Michael A. Rübhausen Vorsitzender des Promotionsausschusses: Prof. Wolfgang Hansen Dekan des Fachbereichs Physik: Prof. Heinrich Graener Copyright © Fahim Karimi 2018 All Rights Reserved Zusammenfassung Die volumetrische Dichte vom gasförmigen Wasserstoff kann durch dessen Speicherung in 3 Metallhydriden erheblich erhöht werden (von ~ 0,08 kg H2 / m im gasförmigen Zustand bis zu ~ 150 3 kg H2 / m im Metallwirt, chemisch gebunden). Metallhydride übertreffen somit die volumetrischen 3 3 Dichten von komprimiertem- (40 kg H2 / m ) oder flüssigem Wasserstoff (~ 70 kg H2 / m ) sowie deren Aspekte der Lagerungssicherheit. Daher sind Metallhydride prädestinierte Kandidaten für emissionsfreie Energiespeichersysteme für mobile Anwendungen. Auf Bor basierte komplexe Leichtmetallhydride sind aufgrund ihrer hohen gravimetrischen- und volumetrischen Wasserstoffspeicherkapazitäten für mobile Anwendungen von besonderem Interesse. Nachteilig für ihre mobile Anwendung ist jedoch ihre hohe Reaktionsenthalpien, die ihre Speichersysteme ungünstig und bisweilen unmöglich machen. Um ihre Reaktionsenthalpien zu verringern, bei Beibehaltung ihre hohen gravimetrischen Wasserstoffkapazitäten, kann additives Metallhydrid mit dem jeweiligen komplexen Hydrid gemischt werden. Während des Dehydrierungsprozesses kann das zusätzliche Metallhydrid das komplex-Hydrid durch eine exotherme Reaktion destabilisieren, was zu einer Reduktion der Gesamtreaktionsenthalpie führen kann. Dieser Ansatz wird als "Reactive Hydride Composite" (RHC) bezeichnet. Tatsächlich könnten auf dieser Weise die Reaktionsenthalpien zahlreiche zusammengesetzte Metallhydride reduziert werden. Die Dehydrierungs- /Rehydrierungsreaktionskinetik von RHCs ist im allgemeinem jedoch sehr langsam. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden LiBH4-MgH2 (Li-RHC) und Ca(BH4)2-MgH2 (Ca-RHC), welche die beiden wichtigsten Mitglieder der RHC-Familie mit ihren jeweiligen gravimetrischen Kapazitäten von ~ 11 Gew.% H2 und ~ 8,4 Gew.% H2, im Detail untersucht. Durch Zugabe einer geringen Menge von NbF5 konnte die Dehydrierung/Rehydrierungsreaktionskinetik signifikant verbessert werden. Die Funktionsweise dieses Additives wurde unter Verwendung mehrere experimentelle Methoden in großen Forschungseinrichtungen (wie z.B.: in-situ-SR-PXD, EXAFS, SAXS/ASAXS und SANS/USANS)) sowie Labormaßstab-Apparaturen (Sievert-Typ, DSC/DTA, SEM/TEM, MS und NMR) detailliert untersucht. Beide Komposit-Systeme wurden von kristallinen, amorphen und/oder nanoskopischen Strukturen bis hin zu makroskopischen Bereichen strukturell untersucht. Die Kombination, Interpretation und Kondensation der Ergebnisse, die mit Hilfe der oben genannten Methoden gewonnen worden, erlaubten einen Zusammenhang zwischen der Nanostruktur der Komposit Systeme mit und deren Dehydrierungskinetik/Rehydrierungskinetik herzustellen. Weiterhin, wurde der chemische Zustand des Additivs und dessen Größenverteilung bestimmt. Darüber hinaus konnten die Zerfallsprodukte von Ca(BH4)2 erstmals stabilisiert werden, indem MgH2 durch Zusatz von Nickel destabilisiert wurde, und somit Mg2NiH4 als Destabilisierungsmittel für Ca (BH4)2 verwendet wurde. Auch wurden zwei neue Syntheseverfahren zur Herstellung von Borid- nanopartikeln gezeigt. Schließlich wurden die RHCs nach ihren spezifischen thermodynamischen Verhaltensweisen in drei Unterklassen eingeteilt: "wechselseitig destabilisiert - RHC" (m-RHC), "single-RHC" (s-RHC) und "additive- RHC (a-RHC). Die Erkenntnisse aus dieser Arbeit tragen zu einem umfassenden Verständnis der Wirkungsweise von Übergangsmetall-Halogenide auf die Reaktionsmechanismus/Reaktionskinetik bezüglich Wasserstoffaufnahme bzw. Abgabe der Hydrid-Komposit-Systeme bei. Somit dient diese Arbeit als Grundlage bzw. sie bietet eine Orientierung für die zukünftigen Untersuchungen auf diesem Gebiet bzw. von solchen Systemen. Aus dieser Arbeit geht auch einen neuen Destabilisierungspfad hervor, der die thermodynamischen Eigenschaften von RHC-Systemen weiter zu optimieren erlaubt. Darüber hinaus bietet diese Arbeit einen neuen Syntheseweg von Übergangsmetall-Borid-Nanopartikeln, der eine neue Möglichkeit eröffnet die Wirkungsweise dieser Nanopartikeln (auf die Desorption/Absorptionskinetik von RHCs) in Modellsystemen zu untersuchen. Page I Abstract Hydrogen stored in metal hydrides improves significantly its volumetric density (from ~ 0.08 kg H2/ 3 3 m at gaseous state up to ~ 150 kg H2/ m chemically bonded in metal host). Metal hydrides also 3 surpass by far volumetric densities of hydrogen stored in compressed form (40 kg H2/ m ) or in liquid 3 state (~ 70 kg H2/ m ), as well as their storage safety aspects. Therefore, metal hydrides are potential candidates for emission-free energy storage systems in future applications. Boron-based light-weight metal complex hydrides are of particular interest for mobile applications, owing to their high gravimetric hydrogen storage capacities at high volumetric densities. However, their reaction enthalpies are rather high to be applied in mobile storage systems. In order to reduce their reaction enthalpies by maintaining their high gravimetric hydrogen capacities, an additive metal hydride can be mixed with the respective complex hydride. During the dehydrogenation process of the composite system the additive metal hydride can destabilize the complex hydride by an exothermic reaction, leading to an overall reduction of the reaction enthalpy. This approach is termed as “Reactive Hydride Composites” (RHC). Indeed, the reaction enthalpies of numerous hydride composite systems could be reduced by using this destabilization approach. However, the dehydrogenation/rehydrogenation reaction kinetics of RHCs suffers along their reaction paths by various activation barriers. In the present work, LiBH4-MgH2 (Li-RHC) and Ca(BH4)2-MgH2 (Ca-RHC) were investigated, in detail, which are the two most promising members of boron-based RHC family with their respective gravimetric capacities of ~ 11 wt. % H2 and ~ 8.4 wt. % H2. By addition of a small amount of NbF5, the dehydrogenation/hydrogenation reaction kinetics of both systems was considerably enhanced. Using several experimental methods at large scale research facilities (synchrotron radiation facilities and neutron research reactor facilities (in situ SR-PXD, EXAFS, SAXS/ASAXS and SANS/USANS)) and lab scale apparatus (Sievert type apparatus, DSC/DTA, SEM/TEM, MS, and NMR) enabled characterization of crystalline, amorphous and/or nanoscopic structures in both composite systems from Ångstrom region to nanoscopic range and up to macroscopic sizes. The combination, inter- pretation and condensation of the results obtained by such reach methods allowed gaining unique insights in to complex interactions between the additives, their chemical states, size distribution and the hydride matrix and their correlations, in turn, with dehydrogenation/hydrogenation kinetics of the systems. Additionally, for the first time, the decomposition products of Ca(BH4)2 could be stabilized by destabilizing MgH2, hence using Mg2NiH4 as a destabilization agent for Ca(BH4)2. Furthermore, two new synthesis methods were proposed to produce transition metal boride nanoparticles and complex borohydrides, respectively. Lastly, the RHCs were organized and divided, according to their specific thermodynamical behaviours, in the following three distinct subclasses: “mutually destabilized-RHC” (m-RHC), “single-RHC” (s-RHC), and “additive-RHC (a-RHC). Prior to this research less was known about the reasons hidden behind the positive effects of transition metal halides on hydrogen release and uptake kinetics of RHCs. The insights gained by this work contributes to a much deeper understanding of structural effects of transition metal halides with respect to kinetic behaviour of composite systems and, thus, it provides a guidance for upcoming investigations in this field or of hydride composite systems, in general. This work also offers new destabilization route to further optimize the thermodynamic properties of RHC systems. In addition, this thesis provides a new pathway to synthesize transition metal boride nanoparticles, which opens possibilities to study their effects on dehydrogenation/hydrogenation kinetics in RHC model systems and their own properties with regard to other application fields such as super conductivity etc. at the molecular level. Page II Content 1. MOTIVATION AND SCOPE OF THE WORK ........................................................................ 1 2. THEORY ....................................................................................................................................... 2 2.1. Metal hydrogen interactions .................................................................................................................... 2 2.2. Thermodynamics of metal hydrides ........................................................................................................ 3 2.3. Hydride forming elements.......................................................................................................................
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