NOMENCLATURE OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY IUPAC Recommendations 2005 IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements 118 1 2 21314151617 H He 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Li Be B C N O F Ne 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 3456 78910 11 12 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe 55 56 * 57− 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 Cs Ba lanthanoids Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn 87 88 ‡ 89− 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 Fr Ra actinoids Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Uub Uut Uuq Uup Uuh Uus Uuo * 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu ‡ 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry IUPAC RECOMMENDATIONS 2005 Issued by the Division of Chemical Nomenclature and Structure Representation in collaboration with the Division of Inorganic Chemistry Prepared for publication by Neil G. Connelly Ture Damhus University of Bristol, UK Novozymes A/S, Denmark Richard M. Hartshorn Alan T. Hutton University of Canterbury, NewZealand University of Cape Town, South Africa Cover images # Murray Robertson/visual elements 1998–99, taken from the 109 Visual Elements Periodic Table, available at www.chemsoc.org/viselements ISBN 0-85404-438-8 Acatalogue record for this book is availablefrom the British Library # InternationalUnion of Pure and Applied Chemistry,2005 All rights reserved Apart from fair dealing for the purposes of research for non-commercial purposes or for private study, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright,Designs and Patents Act 1988 and the Copyright and Related Rights Regulations 2003, this publication may not be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permissioninwriting of The Royal Society of Chemistry, or in the case of reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency in the UK, or in accordance with the terms of the licences issued by the appropriateReproduction Rights Organization outside the UK. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the terms stated here should be sent to The Royal Society of Chemistry at the address printed on this page. Published for the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry by The Royal Society of Chemistry, Thomas Graham House, Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0WF, UK RegisteredCharity Number 207890 For further information see our web site at www.rsc.org and the IUPAC site at www.iupac.org Typeset by Alden Bookset, Northampton,UK Printed by Biddles Ltd, King’s Lynn, Norfolk, UK Preface Chemicalnomenclature must evolve to reflect the needs of the community that makes use of it. In particular, nomenclature must be createdtodescribe new compounds or classes of compounds; modified to resolve ambiguities which might arise; or clarified where there is confusion over the way in which nomenclature should be used. There is also aneed to make nomenclature as systematic and uncomplicated as possible in order to assist less familiar users (for example, because they are only in the process of studying chemistry or are non- chemists who need to deal with chemicalsatwork or at home). Arevision of Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry, IUPAC Recommendations 1990 (Red BookI)was therefore initiated in 1998, under the guidance of the IUPAC Commission on Nomenclature of InorganicChemistry (CNIC) and then,onthe abolition of CNIC in 2001 as part of the general restructuringofIUPAC, by aproject group workingunder the auspices of the Division of ChemicalNomenclature and Structure Representation (Division VIII). The need to ensurethat inorganic and organic nomenclature systems are, as far as possible, consistent has resulted in extensive cooperation betweenthe editorsofthe revised Red Book and the editorsof Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry, IUPAC Recommendations (the revised ‘Blue Book’, in preparation). At present,the concept of preferred IUPAC names (PINs), an important element in the revision of the Blue Book, has not been extended to inorganicnomenclature (though preferred names are used herein for organic, i.e. carbon- containing, compounds when appropriate). Aplanned future project on inorganic PINswill need to face the problem of choice betweenthe equally valid nomenclature systems currently in use. The present book supersedes not only Red Book Ibut also, where appropriate, Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry II, IUPAC Recommendations 2000 (Red BookII). One of the main changes from RedBookIis the different organization of material, adopted to improveclarity. Thus, Chapters IR-5 (Compositional Nomenclature, and Overview of Names of Ions and Radicals), IR-6 (Parent HydrideNames and Substitutive Nomenclature), and IR-7 (Additive Nomenclature) deal with the general characteristicsofthe three main nomenclature systemsapplied to inorganic compounds. (Note that the notation ‘IR-’isused to distinguish chaptersand sections in the current book from those in RedBook I, prefixed ‘I-’). The next three chaptersdeal with their application,particularly that of additive nomenclature, to three large classes of compounds: inorganic acids and derivatives (Chapter IR-8), coordination compounds (Chapter IR-9) and organometallic compounds (Chapter IR-10). Overall, the emphasisonadditive nomenclature (generalized from the classical nomenclature of coordination compounds) which was already apparent in Red Book Iis reinforced here. Examples are even includedoforganic compounds, from the borderline betweeninorganic and organic chemistry, which may be conveniently named usingadditive nomenclature (although their PINs will be different). One important addition in this book is Chapter IR-10 on Organometallic Compounds. The separation of this material from that on Coordination Compounds (Chapter IR-9) reflects the huge growth in importanceoforganometallic chemistry and the very different v PREFACE problemsassociated with the presence of p -bondedligands. ChapterIR-9 is also considerably changed(cf.Red BookI,ChapterI-10). This revised chapter includes a clarification of the use of the Z and k conventions in coordination and organometallic compounds (Section IR-9.2.4.3); new rules for the orderingofcentral atoms in names of polynuclear compounds (Section IR-9.2.5.6); the bringingtogetherofsections on configuration (Section IR-9.3)and their separation from thoseonconstitution (Section IR-9.2); and the addition of polyhedral symbols for T-shaped (Section IR-9.3.3.7) and see- saw (Section IR-9.3.3.8) molecules, alongwith guidance on how to choose betweenthese shapesand those of closely related structures(Section IR-9.3.2.2). The chapter on Oxoacids and Derived Anions (Red Book I, ChapterI-9) has also been extensively modified. Now called InorganicAcids and Derivatives (Chapter IR-8), it includesthe slightly revised concept of ‘hydrogen names’ in Section IR-8.4 (and some traditional ‘ous’ and ‘ic’names have been reinstated for consistency and because they are requiredfor organic nomenclature purposes, i.e.inthe new Blue Book). The reader facing the problem of how to nameagiven compound or species may find help in several ways. Aflowchart is provided in Section IR-1.5.3.5 which will in most cases guide the user to aSection or Chapter where rules can be found for generating at least one possiblename; asecond flowchart is given in Section IR-9.2.1 to assist in the application of additivenomenclature specifically to coordination and organometallic compounds.Amore detailed subject indexisalso provided, as is an extended guide to possible alternative names of awide range of simple inorganic compounds,ions and radicals(in Table IX). For most compounds,formulae are another important type of compositional or structural representation and for somecompounds aformulaisperhaps easier to construct. In Chapter IR-4 (Formulae) several changesare made in order to makethe presentation of aformula and its corresponding name moreconsistent, e.g. the order of ligand citation(which does not now depend on the charge on the ligand) (Section IR-4.4.3.2) and the order and use of enclosing marks (simplified and more consistent with the usage proposed for the nomenclature of organic compounds) (Section IR-4.2.3). In addition, the use of ligand abbreviations can makeformulae lesscumbersome.Thus, recommendations for the construction and useofabbreviations are provided in Section IR-4.4.4, with an extensive list of established abbreviations given in Table VII (and with structuralformulae for the ligands given in Table VIII). Two chaptersofRed BookIhave been shortenedorsubsumed since in both areas extensive revision is still necessary. First, the chapter on Solids (IR-11) now describes only basic topics, morerecent developments in this area tending to be covered by publications from the International Union of Crystallography (IUCr). It is to be hoped that future cooperation betweenIUPAC and IUCr will leadtothe additional nomenclature required for the rapidlyexpanding field of solid-state chemistry. Second, boron chemistry, particularly that of polynuclear compounds, has also seen extensive development. Again, therefore, only the basics of the nomenclature of boron- containing compounds are covered here ( cf.the separate, more comprehensive but dated, chapter on boron nomenclature, I-11, in RedBook I), within ChapterIR-6 (Parent Hydride Names and Substitutive Nomenclature), while more advanced aspects are left for elaboration in afuture project. Other changes include asectiononnew elements and the procedure by which they are now named (Section IR-3.1)and asimplified coverage of the systematic method for naming vi PREFACE chains and rings (adaptedfrom Chapter II-5 of Red Book II).