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New Generation Cadmium‑Free Quantum Dots for Biophotonics and Nanomedicine This document is downloaded from DR‑NTU (https://dr.ntu.edu.sg) Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. New Generation Cadmium‑Free Quantum Dots for Biophotonics and Nanomedicine Xu, Gaixia; Zeng, Shuwen; Zhang, Butian; Swihart, Mark T.; Yong, Ken‑Tye; Prasad, Paras N. 2016 Xu, G., Zeng, S., Zhang, B., Swihart, M. T., Yong, K.‑T., & Prasad, P. N. (2016). New Generation Cadmium‑Free Quantum Dots for Biophotonics and Nanomedicine. Chemical Reviews, 116(19), 12234‑12327. https://hdl.handle.net/10356/83973 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00290 © 2016 American Chemical Society. This is the author created version of a work that has been peer reviewed and accepted for publication by Chemical Reviews, American Chemical Society. It incorporates referee’s comments but changes resulting from the publishing process, such as copyediting, structural formatting, may not be reflected in this document. The published version is available at: [http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00290]. Downloaded on 06 Oct 2021 00:28:06 SGT Page 1 of 288 Submitted to Chemical Reviews 1 2 3 4 5 6 New Generation Cadmium-Free Quantum Dots for 7 8 Biophotonics and Nanomedicine 9 10 11 12 13 14 Gaixia Xu1,5†, Shuwen Zeng2,5†, Butian Zhang2, Mark T. Swihart3*, 15 2* 4* 16 Ken-Tye Yong and Paras N. Prasad 17 18 19 20 1 21 Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education/Guangdong 22 Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P. R. 23 China 24 2 25 School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 26 639798, Singapore 27 3 28 Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, 29 Buffalo, New York 14260, United States 30 4Institute for Lasers, Photonics, and Biophotonics and Department of Chemistry, University at 31 32 Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA 33 5CINTRA CNRS/NTU/THALES, UMI 3288, Research Techno Plaza, 50 Nanyang Drive, Border 34 35 X Block, Singapore 637553, Singapore 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 †These authors equally share the first authorship 47 48 49 50 *Corresponding authors: Mark T. Swihart ([email protected]), Ken-Tye Yong 51 ([email protected]) and Paras N. Prasad ([email protected]) 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 1 ACS Paragon Plus Environment Submitted to Chemical Reviews Page 2 of 288 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Abstract 8 9 10 This reView summarizes recent progress in the design and applications of cadmium-free quantum 11 12 dots (Cd-free QDs), with an emphasis on their role in biophotonics and nanomedicine. We firstly 13 14 15 present the features of Cd-free QDs and describe the physics and emergent optical properties of 16 17 various types of Cd-free QDs whose applications are discussed in subsequent sections. Section 3 18 19 discusses selected specific QD systems, while Section 4 covers preparation of these Cd-free QDs 20 21 22 in a form useful for biological applications, including recent advances in achieving high 23 24 photoluminescence quantum yield (PL QY) and tunability of emission color. Section 5 25 26 summarizes biophotonic applications of Cd-free QDs in optical imaging, photoacoustic imaging, 27 28 29 sensing, optical tracking and photothermal therapy. Section 6 discusses recent progress in the use 30 31 of Cd-free QDs for nanomedicine applications such as drug/gene deliVery, protein/peptide 32 33 delivery, image-guided surgery, diagnostics and medical deVices. Section 7 focuses on the 34 35 36 pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of Cd-free QDs. Section 8 summarizes recent studies on 37 38 the in vitro and in vivo toxicity of Cd-free QDs. Finally, Section 9 proVides perspectiVes on the 39 40 41 overall current status, challenges, and future directions in this field. 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 2 ACS Paragon Plus Environment Page 3 of 288 Submitted to Chemical Reviews 1 2 3 4 5 Table of Contents 6 Table of Contents ...................................................................................................................... 3 7 8 1.0 Introduction and Background ............................................................................................. 5 9 10 1.1 Introduction to Quantum Dots ........................................................................................ 5 11 1.2 Biophotonics applications .............................................................................................. 8 12 13 1.3 applications in Nanomedicine ........................................................................................ 9 14 15 1.4 Pharmacokinetics and Biodistribution .......................................................................... 11 16 1.5 In vitro and in vivo Toxicity.......................................................................................... 12 17 18 1.6 Review Outline ............................................................................................................. 13 19 20 2.0 Features of Cadmium-Free Quantum Dots ....................................................................... 15 21 22 2.1 Quantum Confinement Effects ..................................................................................... 15 23 2.2 Core/Shell architecture ................................................................................................ 17 24 25 2.3 Tunability in the Biological Transparency Window ..................................................... 22 26 27 2.4 Opportunity to Introduce Tunable Plasmonic Features ................................................ 25 28 2.5 Doping to achieve Enhanced Emission from Dopant States ....................................... 26 29 30 2.6 Magnetic Doping to Introduce Magnetic Imaging Capability ...................................... 29 31 32 2.7 Relationship of Quantum Dot Physics, Properties, and Applications .......................... 32 33 3.0 Selected Quantum Dot Systems ........................................................................................ 34 34 35 3.1 InP and InP/ZnS Quantum Dots ................................................................................... 36 36 37 3.2 CuInS2 and CuInS2/ZnS Quantum Dots ....................................................................... 40 38 39 3.3 ag2S and ag2Se Quantum Dots .................................................................................... 44 40 3.4 ZnS-agInS2 (ZaIS) Quantum Dots .............................................................................. 48 41 42 3.5 Silicon Quantum Dots ................................................................................................... 49 43 44 3.6 Graphene Quantum Dots............................................................................................... 51 45 3.7 Doped ZnS/ZnSe Quantum Dots .................................................................................. 54 46 47 3.8 Plasmonic Copper Chalcogenide Quantum Dots .......................................................... 58 48 49 4.0. Preparation of Biocompatible Cadmium-Free Quantum Dots ......................................... 64 50 4.1. InP and InP/ZnS Quantum Dots .................................................................................. 64 51 52 4.2. CuInS2, CuInS2/ZnS and CuInZnS/ZnS Quantum Dots .............................................. 66 53 54 4.3. ag2S and ag2Se Quantum Dots ................................................................................... 70 55 56 4.4. ZnS-agInS2 (ZaIS) Quantum Dots ............................................................................. 79 57 4.5. ZnSe/InP/ZnS Quantum Dots ...................................................................................... 81 58 59 60 3 ACS Paragon Plus Environment Submitted to Chemical Reviews Page 4 of 288 1 2 3 4.6. Inas/InP/ZnSe Quantum Dots ..................................................................................... 82 4 5 4.7. Silicon Quantum Dots .................................................................................................. 83 6 7 4.8. ZnO Quantum Dots ...................................................................................................... 86 8 4.9. WS Quantum Dots ...................................................................................................... 87 9 2 10 4.10. Graphene Quantum Dots............................................................................................ 88 11 12 4.11. Doped ZnS/ZnSe Quantum Dots ............................................................................... 93 13 14 4.12. Plasmonic Copper Chalcogenide Quantum Dots ....................................................... 95 15 5.0. Biophotonic applications ................................................................................................ 99 16 17 5.1. Optical Imaging ......................................................................................................... 102 18 19 5.2. Photoacoustic Imaging ............................................................................................... 117 20 5.3. Biosensing .................................................................................................................. 123 21 22 5.4. Optical Tracking ........................................................................................................ 131 23 24 5.5. Photothermal Therapy ................................................................................................ 139 25 5.6. Multimodal Imaging
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