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Fascism in Republican China a Study of Conceptual History

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Fascism in Republican China a Study of Conceptual History Fascism in Republican China A Study of Conceptual History Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Philosophischen Fakultät der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg i. Br. vorgelegt von Zhipeng Cai aus Yancheng, China Wintersemester 2020 /2021 Erstgutachterin: Prof. Dr. Nicola Spakowski Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Daniel Leese Vorsitzender des Promotionsausschusses der Gemeinsamen Kommission der Philologischen und der Philosophischen Fakultät: Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Bernd Kortmann Datum der mündlichen Prüfung: 13. Juli 2021 Table of Contents Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................... iii Note on Romanization ................................................................................................... v List of Figures ............................................................................................................... vi Abstract ........................................................................................................................ vii Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1 Toward an Understanding of Fascism in China ......................................................... 2 The State of the Field ................................................................................................. 7 Methodology and Theoretical Framework ............................................................... 13 Sources and Chapter Outline .................................................................................... 21 Chapter 1 Early Perspectives on Fascism in China, 1921-1929 .................................. 27 Intellectual Context of China ................................................................................... 28 The Entrance of Fascism into China ........................................................................ 34 Intellectuals’ Perspectives on Fascism ..................................................................... 41 Communist Perspectives on Fascism ....................................................................... 52 Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 60 Chapter 2 Fascism in Nationalist Discourse, 1930-1935 ............................................. 62 The Context of the Early 1930s and “Fascist Fever” ............................................... 64 Fascism in Nationalist Discourse ............................................................................. 75 The Role of Fascism ................................................................................................. 97 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 106 Chapter 3 Anti-fascism in Communist Discourse, 1931-1937 .................................. 108 Historical Context .................................................................................................. 110 The Communist Anti-fascist Discourse ................................................................. 114 The Role of the Anti-fascist Discourse .................................................................. 125 The Devolution of the Anti-fascist Discourse ........................................................ 130 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 135 Chapter 4 Fascism and Anti-fascism from an International Perspective, 1935-1939 137 Fascism as Imperialism .......................................................................................... 139 Questioning the League of Nations and the World Order ...................................... 151 i Lessons from Ethiopia and Spain ........................................................................... 159 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 171 Chapter 5 Manufacturing an Anti-fascist China, 1939-1945 ..................................... 173 Anti-fascism as a War Narrative ............................................................................ 175 The Anti-fascist War Narrative as a Source of Political Legitimacy ..................... 188 Anti-fascism as a Strategy in Domestic Struggles ................................................. 194 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 206 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 209 Fascism as a Basic Concept in China ..................................................................... 210 The Contribution of the Chinese Case to the General Understanding of Fascism and Anti-fascism ........................................................................................................... 212 Bibliography .............................................................................................................. 217 Appendix: Zusammenfassung .................................................................................... 234 ii Acknowledgements Completing a dissertation in this difficult time of global pandemic and lockdown has been an intense and challenging experience. I have been working on this project for over four years, since October 2016 when I was accepted as a PhD student by the University of Freiburg. My work would not have progressed so smoothly without the generous help of my teachers, friends, and family over the past few years. I would like to express my deepest appreciation to Professor Nicola Spakowski, my supervisor, for her genuine patience, kindness, and consideration throughout my years of study in Germany. My project has benefitted from her meticulous guidance since its inception. It is under her guidance that I was able to narrow down the topic, formulate the theoretical hypothesis, and establish a proper dissertation structure. Over the course of my studies, whenever I have sent documents to her, she has replied in a timely manner. Always patient with my questions and repeatedly reading drafts of my work, Professor Spakowski has provided numerous insightful ideas and taught me how to become a qualified researcher. I am honored to have been one of her students. I am also especially thankful to Professor Daniel Leese, who allowed me to attend the masters seminar on Theories and Methods of China Studies in the winter semester of 2016/2017, where I gained much knowledge in this field. He also kindly provided information pertaining to academic conferences related to my project, which proved to be helpful. I am very grateful for his participation as a reviewer of my dissertation. My friends and collogues at Freiburg have offered me a great deal of help, in both my daily life and work. Hiking, dining together and playing cards, we have spent many happy times together in the picturesque Black Forest region. I would like to extend particular thanks to Song Guoqing, Yang Yuyu, Dang Xiayin, Zhang Man and Elisabeth Shleep, who have helped me address various difficulties and offered much insightful feedback on my work-in-progress – through PhD colloquiums, writing workshops, and private communication. I have garnered much inspiration from their words. My studies have also significantly benefitted from the kind staff at the institution of China Studies and the librarians at the university library. Their generous assistance has iii enabled me to obtain the necessary books and documents for my research. In particular, I would like to thank Baigulahu Wang, secretary of the institution of China Studies. I am grateful for his patience in handling my numerous everyday matters. I must also express my gratitude to my parents, Cai Yulin and Sun Jinxiu. Since childhood they have given me the freedom to choose my own life path. Whenever I have encountered difficulties or felt low, they have always stood by my side and comforted me. During my PhD studies in Germany, despite being separated by thousands of miles, my parents have been patient in listening to me online. They have been happy to share their lives with me and listen to my news. I cannot imagine how I would have got through the darkest days of my time on the program without their love and unwavering support. Finally, I would like to thank the Chinese Scholarship Council. I was fortunate enough to receive four-year funding from the Council in 2016. Without its generous financial support, I would not have been able to realize my dream of going to Germany to study a PhD and it would not, of course, have been possible to complete this dissertation. Writing a PhD dissertation is an intellectual and emotional challenge, like driving a boat alone in the boundless sea, looking for an island on which to dock. While the completion of this dissertation marks the end of my PhD research, it does not mean that the research process itself is over. Indeed, the dissertation is not perfect, and there are many problems waiting to be solved. In recognition of this fact, I take full responsibility for the mistakes and shortcomings that exist in this dissertation. iv Note on Romanization There are generally two ways to Romanize Chinese words and names into English: the pinyin system, used on mainland China; and the Wade-Giles system, applied in Taiwan. This dissertation primarily employs
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