Fertilizer Mineral Occurrences in the Asia Pacific Region
East-West Resource Systems Institute X East-West Center, Honolulu, Hawaii
FERTILIZER MINERAL OCCURRENCES IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC REGION
Edited by Annabelle I.N. Lee
FERTILIZER MINERAL OCCURRENCES IN THE
ASIA-PACIFIC REGION
edited by
Annabelle I. N. Lee
The East-West Center East-West Resource Systems Institute 1777 East-West Road Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
Published: February 1980
CONTENTS
Preface v
Australian gas discoveries. By Evelyn Nicholas 1
Australian phosphate rock deposits and occurrences.
By Peter J. Cook . . 5
Bangladesh gas fields. By Mesbahuddin Ahmed 13
Phosphate, potash and natural gas of Fiji. -By H.G. Plummer 15
A note on the known resources of phosphate and potash in India.
By V.N. Sant and A. Pant 20
Fertilizer raw materials of Indonesia. By F. Hehuwat 34
A brief summary on the alunite deposits in South Korea.
By Hi Soo Moon 44
Fertilizer mineral resources of Malaysia. By Peck Chin Aw 47
Occurrences of phosphatic rocks in.Nepal. By J.M. Tater 53
Phosphate, potash and natural- gas occurrences in Pakistan. By Asrarullah 66 The occurrence of rock phosphate deposits in Sri Lanka in relation
to the Precambrian basement. By D.E. de S. Jayawardena .... 78
Phosphate and natural gas of Thailand. By Thawat Japakasetr .... 89
Maps of the Asia-Pacific Region 92
Map 1. Iran region 93
Map 2. Afghanistan and Pakistan regions 94
Map 3. India, Sri Lanka, and Nepal regions 95
Map 4. Bangladesh and Burma regions 96
Map 5. Thailand, Laos, Kampuchea, and Vietnam regions 9 7
Map 6. Malaysia and Brunei region 98
Map 7. Indonesia region 99
Map 8. Philippines region 100
-t -M Map 9. Papua New Guinea region 101
Map 10. Western Australia region 102
Map 11. Eastern Australia region 103
Map 12. New Zealand region 104
Map 13. Western China region ; 105
Map 14. Eastern China region 106
Map 15. Taiwan, China region 107
Map 16. Western Pacific Ocean region 108
Map 17. Eastern Pacific Ocean region . : 109
Map 18. Japan and Korea regions ; 110
Natural gas occurrences in The Asia-Pacific Region . Ill
Onland phosphate occurrences in The Asia-Australia Region 124
Insular phosphate occurrences in the Circum-Pacific Region 140
Submarine Phosphorites . 142
Potash occurrences in The Asia-Pacific Region 144
References cited for fertilizer mineral occurrences 146
iv PREFACE
The major fertilizer minerals are phosphate, potash and natural gas (nitrogen source). Of these minerals, the supply of phosphate is the most critical to the production of fertilizers. Up until twenty years ago it was believed by most people that few major phosphate deposits occurred in the Asia-Pacific region and that the potential for finding economically substantial deposits was very low. The predicted potential seems to have been a self-fulfilling prophesy. Since the discovery of large deposits was unanticipated, there were few exploration projects and consequently, no new deposits were found.
Beginning in about 1960, newly developed geologic knowledge of phos• phorite and its geologic habitat-was applied to the Asian and Pacific regions, resulted in the discovery of several major deposits including the Duchess deposit of Australia and the Udaipur deposit of India. Despite the discovery of these major accumulations, the idea still persists that the Asia-Pacific region does not have substantial phosphate deposits and that the global distribution of such deposits is very unequal.
A workshop on fertilizer raw material resources was held in Honolulu, Hawaii at the East-West Center during August 20-24, 1979 to review and assess the existing resources and potential for finding more deposits of fertilizer raw materials in the Asia and Pacific regions. As a part of this effort, representative participants were asked to submit papers on the major fertilizer mineral occurrences in their countries for the purpose of compil• ing a map of identified fertilizer mineral occurrences.
This volume presents these papers as a supplement to the Proceedings of the Fertilizer Raw Materials Resources Workshop. They give an overall view of the distribution of fertilizer mineral occurrences in the region, as well as details on the individual deposits. In addition, this volume contains a compilation of fertilizer mineral occurrences in a series of maps of the Asia and Pacific region. A list of the occurrences accompanies these maps. For each occurrence, available information was listed in the following order:
Location and name of the deposit
Type of occurrence
Age of the producing rock unit, stratigraphic name of the rock unit
References
Much of the information on the mineral occurrences came from the country papers submitted for the project. The rest was obtained from the United Nations Mineral Development Series publications, the American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG) yearly surveys of foreign petroleum develop• ments, and other publications on the mineral deposits in the Asia-Pacific region. Because the country papers were prepared for the purpose of compiling a list of mineral occurrences and to show their distribution throughout the Asia-Pacific region, some are simply lists or tables of known occur• rences whereas other papers are detailed discussions of the mineral occur• rences in their respective countries. In several cases, the accompanying maps and illustrations were too large or detailed for publication in this volume and therefore were excluded. Maps that showed only the location of mineral deposits (information that would be repeated in the overall distri• bution maps) also were excluded.
The phosphate and natural gas occurrences were plotted, using circle (O) and square (•) symbols to represent their locations. Because natural gas occurrences are found in sedimentary basins, basin boundaries have been indicated on the maps. Potash occurrences (the triangle (A) symbol) are indicated only on the Pakistan, Thailand and Australia maps. In the other countries, areas of high potential for potash accumulations are shown. These areas are sedimentary basins deemed prospective for substantial accu• mulations (see panel report on potash in the Proceedings of the Fertilizer Raw Materials Resources Workshop).
Most of the work done in compiling and preparing this volume for publication was accomplished while I was on leave from my grant from the East-West Center. During that leave period, I was employed by the U.S. Geological Survey to complete this report.
I wish to express sincere appreciation to Richard P. Sheldon, Research Associate of the East-West Center and Geologist of the U.S. Geological Survey who initiated this project and whose helpful guidance and ideas were invaluable to the successful completion of this compilation. I also wish to thank Asrarullah, Director General of the Pakistan Geological Survey; Peck Chin Aw, Senior Geologist of the Malaysia Geological Survey; Evelyn Nicholas of the Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics, Australia; and Arthur J. G. Notholt, Principal Geologist of the Institute of Geological Sciences, London for their helpful suggestions and review of the lists of mineral occurrences. The clerical support of the Resource Systems Institute staff and by Mae Jones of the U.S. Geological Survey was greatly appreciated.
Annabelle I. N. Lee Editor January 3, 1980
vi AUSTRALIAN GAS DISCOVERIES
by Evelyn Nicholas*
LAT. LONG, AGE OF NAME OF DRILLING WELL NAME BASIN (deg. S) (deg. E) OCCURRENCE FORMATION ACTIVITY
G iImore no. 1 Adavale 25 21'33" }M°W}B" Devonian Log Creek Fm. gas discovery
Mereenie no. 1 Amadeus 23°59'10" 131°30'10" Ordoviclan Pacoota Ss. gas discovery
Palm Valley no. 1 Amadeus 2k 00'00" 132 46'20" Ordovi cIan Stairway Ss. gas discovery Horn Valley Ss Pacoota Ss.
Pelicen no. 1 Bass 40o20'20" 145°50'37" early Eocene Eastern View gas/condensate Coal Measures discovery
Petrel no. .1 Bonaparte Gulf Late Permian Hyland Bay Fm. gas discovery .
0 , Sunrise no. 1 and Bonaparte Gulf 9 35 2V' 128°09' IV late Middle Petrel Fm. gas discoveries Troubadour no. 1 9°1»V03" 128°07'38" Jurass ic
Tern no. t Bonaparte Gulf 13 13'15" 128°03'53" Late Permian Hyland Bay Fm. gas discovery
Boxleigh no. 1 Bowen-Surat 27°37,39" U9O03'26" TrlassIc Showgrounds Ss. gas discovery
Cabawin no. 1 Bowen-Surat 27°29'46" 150°11'22" Permian 'Klanga Fm.1 gas/condensate discovery
Ktncora no. 3 Bowen-Surat 27 02'53" Early Jurassic Evergreen Fm. gas discovery
Rolleston no. 1 Bowen-Surat 148°37'52" Early Permian Freitag Fm. gas discovery Late Permian Peawaddy Fm.
Roma area. Twenty-five fields are located within the area delineated by the following four wells
, Pleasant Hills no. 2 Bowen-Surat 26°23 20' li*9 00*09' Triassic Showgrounds Ss. gas discovery
Wallumbilla South no. 1 Bowen-Surat 26°38,5V' l49°n'00' Perm!an Tinowon Fm. gas discovery
Snake Creek no. 1 Bowen-Surat 26°50' 35* 149 07'18" TriassIc Showgrounds Ss. gas discovery
Pringle Downs no. 1 Bowen-Surat 26°40'40' l48o42'50" Early Jurassic Evergreen Fm. oil/gas discovery
'Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics, Australia National University, Canberra, Australia AUSTRALIAN GAS DISCOVERIES (cont.)
LAT. LONG, AGE OF NAME OF DRILLING WELL NAME BASIN (deg. S) (deg. E) OCCURRENCE FORMATION ACTIVITY
Si1ver Springs no. 1 Bowen-Surat 27°36'00" 149°06'12" TrlassIc Showgrounds Ss gas discovery
M Scott Reef no. 1 Browse o 121°49'29 Jurassic and unnamed gas/condensate l4 0V3V' Trtass i c dlscovery
1 Angel no. Carnarvon , Late Jurassic Barrow Fm. gas/condensate 19°3O 20" dlscovery
, Barrow no. 26 Carnarvon M 115°25 32" Late Jurassic - Barrow Fm, gas discovery 20°43'4l Early Cretaceous
0 Dockrell no. 1 Carnarvon 19°ii7' i v n5 46' 17" Mesozoic gas/condensate/ot1 dIscovery
Goodwyn no. 1 Carnarvon 19°4T37" 1 15053'4V' Triasslc Mungaroo Fm. gas/condensate discovery North Rankin no. 1 Carnarvon n6°07'30" gas/condensate n Triass ic Mungaroo Fm. 19°35'55 discovery
Rankin no. 1 Carnarvon Triasslc Mungaroo Fm. gas/condehsate/ol1 dIscovery
Spar no. 1 Carnarvon 20o36,52,, 1H»°53'06" Mesozoic gas discovery
Tidepole no. 1 Carnarvon \SokS,07n n5°53,06M Mesozotc gas/condensate/ol1 discovery
West Tryal Rocks no. t Carnarvon 20°13'45" n5°02'0V' Triasslc Mungaroo Fm. gas discovery
Big Lake no. 1 Cooper 26°12,36" l40°20'07" Permian GIdgealpa Group gas discovery
Brolga no. 1 Cooper 27°35,36" l40°01'28" Permian GIdgealpa Group gas/condensate dIscovery
Brumby no. 1 Cooper 28°2V27" l40o59'35n Pe rm i an Gldgealpa Group gas discovery
Burke no. 1, Cooper 28°07,/»6" 140°57'17" Permlan GIdgealpa Group gas discovery AUSTRALIAN GAS DISCOVERIES (cont.)
LAT. LONG, AGE OF NAME OF DRILLING WELL NAME BASIN (deg. S) (deg. E) OCCURRENCE FORMATION ACTIVITY
Coonatie no. 1 Cooper 27°29'06M 140°20'15" Permi an Gi dgealpa Group gas/condensate d i scovery
Daralingie no. 1 Cooper 139°58'30" Permian G idgealpa Group gas discovery
Delia no. 1 Coope r 28°06'3V' 140°40'25" Permian Gidgea1 pa Group gas discovery
Dul1i ngar i no. 2 Cooper 28°08M6" 140°53'27" Permian G i dgea1 pa Group gas discovery'
EpsiIon no. 1 Cooper 28°08'45M 141°09'2V' Permi an GIdgea1 pa Group gas discovery
Fly Lake no. 1 Cooper 27°38'13" 139°56'48" Permian Gidgea1 pa Group gas/condensate discovery
Gidgealpa no. 2 Cooper 27056'4V' 1ii0°03'02" Permian Gi dgea1 pa Group gas discovery
0 Kanowana no. 1 Cooper 270i*7'57" 139 58'42" Permian GidgeaI pa Group gas/condensate discovery
Kidrrjn no. 1 Coope r 28°1V2V 140°J*9'27" Permi an Gldgealpa Group gas discovery
Me r r i ne 1 i a no. 5 Coope r 27°46'30" 140°09'18" Permi an Gidgealpa Group gas discovery
Moomba no. 1 Coope r 28°09'09" li*0°l6' 11" Permi an G idgealpa Group gas discovery
Moorari no. 1 Cooper 27°34'19" 140°07'43" Permian Gidgea1 pa Group gas/condensate discovery
Mudrangie no. 1 Cooper 27°37'46" 1W°16,45" Perm!an Gidgealpa Group gas discovery
Munkarie no. 1 Cooper 28°27'38" 140°55'27" Permian GIdgealpa Group gas discovery
Nanur no. 1 Cooper 28°iril" l40o25'56" JurassIc Mooga Formation gas discovery
Roseneath no. 1 Cooper 28°09'48" H»1°lVii3" Permian Gidgealpa Group gas discovery AUSTRALIAN GAS DISCOVERIES (cont.)
LAT. LONG, DRILLING WELL NAME BASIN AGE OF NAME OF (deg. S) (deg. E) OCCURRENCE FORMATION ACTIVITY
Strzeleeki no. 1 Cooper 28°13'07M 140°38,16" Permian Gidgealpa Group gas discovery
Tirrawarra no. 1 Cooper 27°i»0,35" 140°07'45M Permian Gidgealpa Group ol 1/gas dis• covery
Toolachee no. 1 Cooper In 25'58" 1*0°46'5V Permlan Gldgealpa Group gas discovery
Wo1 go11 a no. 1 Cooper 28°10,*.8" t8* 55" Permi an Gidgealpa Group gas discovery
Barracouta A - Platform Gippsland 38°17'53" H*7%>'37" Eocene Latrobe Group gas/oil pro• ducing field
Golden Beach no. 1A Gippsland 38015'33" l47O25'20" Eocene Latrobe Group gas discovery
Marl in A - Platform Gippsland 38°13'56" Hi8°13'16" Eocene Latrobe Group gas producing field
Snapper no. 1 Gippsland 38 12'03" 148°00'49" Eocene Latrobe Group gas discovery
Tuna no. 2 Gippsland 38°10l52" 148°23' IV Eocene Latrobe Group gas/ol1 discovery
Turrum no. 2 Gippsland 38°1V39" 148014,55" Pa 1 eocene Latrobe Group gas discovery
Dongara no. 1 Perth 29 15'00" 114°50'07" Triasslc 'Basal Sandstone*. gas discovery
Gingin no. 1 Perth 31°08,32" 115 *9B 35' Early Jurassic Cockleshel1 gas discovery Gully Fm.
Mondarra no. 1 Perth 29 18'51" 115 06'55" Triasslc 'Basal Sandstone' gas discovery
Yardarino no. 1 Perth 29 12'22" 115 03'38" Triasslc 'Basal Sandstone' gas/ol1 discovery AUSTRALIAN PHOSPHATE ROCK DEPOSITS & OCCURRENCES
by Peter J. Cook*
RESERVES IF MINING LAT. LONG. CLASS OF STATE BASIN KNOWN (millio n ACTIVITY NAME DEPOSIT AGE OF DEPOSIT (deg. S) (deg.E) tonnes rock) (if any) pelletal Duchess, tPfm? Qld. Georgina 21°50' 140° phosphorite 504 suspended Cambrian it II H Ardmore, " 21°40' 139°20' nil
II Quite Ck, " • 21°50' 139°10' II mediurn nil
Lady Annie/,, II pelletal & Jane 19°40' 139°10' mlcrosphorltc 486 pilot plant
1 II Sherrin Ck," II 20° 139° microsphorite large nil
•i II II Lily Ck, • • 20°10' 138°50' • 250
D Tree, ii 19°45' 138°50' large II
Riversleigh," II • 19°05' 138°40' medium
Phamtom H H Hills, • 18°50' 138°30'
Mt. H N H • 18°40' 138°40' • Jennifer, " IWlffii, - II 18°45' 138°25' II II M
Mt. II lS^O' 138°20' • M li II O'Connor. Highland •i 18°35' 138°10' • 11 II II Plains.
II II Wonarah, " II 19°50' 136°20' • large
H II N Alexandria, " II 19°50« 136°20' •
Alroy, " II 19°20' 136°05' - II II
Hoi bourne Is. II • 20° 148°20' guano small terminated Recent?
Bramble Cay. H - 9° 143°50' II small terminated Recent?
St. Ann's II Bov/en 23° 145° sedimentary small nil 1 Dev-Carb.
*Senior Research Fellow in Economics Geology, Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University. AUSTRALIAN PHOSPHATE ROCK DEPOSITS * OCCURRENCES
RESERVES IF MINING LAT. LONG. CLASS OF STATE BASIN KNOWN (millio n ACTIVITY AGE OF DEPOSIT NAME DEPOSIT (deg. S) (deg.E) tonnes rock) (if any)
n Banana-Cracow Bowen 25°25' 150°20' sedimentary smal 1 nil Permian nodular Miocene - Continental Shelf H 25° 153° phosphor!t*»- ? nil Recent Carrarra Beetle Ra., Ck Fm. N.T. Georgina 18°30' 138° sedimentary small • ntl Cambrian
II Rum Jungle j 13°50' 133°30' sedimentary? small mining Precambrian
II Lee Point Money Shoal j 12°20' 130°50' sedimentary small i nil Cretaceous
Fannie Bay n | 12°30* 130°40' sedimentary, small nil
Bathurst Island II i n°30* 130°20' sedimentary small !
Ringwood, Areyonga II n Fm. Amadeus \ 23°50' 135° microsphorite small U Proterozolc i n pelletal & n II Amadeus j 23°40' 133°10* ne3u^r... large Ordovlcian
McDonnell Ra., " H Amadeus j 23°30' 132° - large? H Ordovlcian - Mud Tank if 23° 135O05' igneous smal 1 •i Precambrian pelletal & II nodular ^ n Amaroo, Nora Fm. Georgina 21°40' 135°10' phosphorite smal 1 Ordovlcian?
Smithton Tas. Tasman 40°40' 145° sedimentary small H Cambrian?
St. Mary's Tas. Tasman 41°35' 148°10' sedimentary small H "? Rail ton Tas. Tasman 42° 147° sedimentary small? II "? Mathi nna Tas. Tasman 41°25' 147°55' sedimentary small II II 7 Molong N.S.W. - 33° 148°50' cave guano smal 1 terminated Recent Canowindra N.S.W. - 33°35' 148°40' small terminated • II
Ashford Cave n N.S.W. - 29°10« 151°10' cave guano smal 1 terminated AUSTRALIAN PHOSPHATE ROCK DEPOSITS & OCCURRENCES
[RESERVES IF MINING LAT. LONG. CLASS OF STATE BASIN KNOWN (milUo n ACTIVITY AGE OF DEPOSIT NAME (deg. S) (deg.E) DEPOSIT tonnes rock) (if any)
Willi Willi Caves N.S.W. Tasman 31° 152°40' cave guano small terminated Recent nodulcr black N.S.W. II Moruya Tasman 35°50' 150°10' shales nil ?Cambrian i N.S.W. Sydney 33°40' 151°20' Triassic Mona Vale • l • n H Mootwingee N.S.W. 31°20' 142°20' Cambro-Ordovlcian
H N.S.W. Tasman Geo 35°40' 150o10' small Ordovician Batemans Bay •
II II Mansfield Vic. 37° 146° " terminated II
n ,, II Howquahiver Vic. 37°10' 146° " • terminated
n II Buiumwaal Vic. 36°40» 146o20l nil H
II ! H Waratah Bay Vic. 33°50' 146°
H II j II Geelong Vic. Otway 38°15' 144°20' Tertiary
Wei 1 ington Caves N.S.W. - 32°30' Il49° cave guano - terminated Recent i II •1 i II Bellarine Penin. Vic. - 38°15' 144°35' • ?
Kapunda S.A. Adelaide Geo 34°20' 138°55' sedimentary • small scale? Cambrian?
II Angaston O n « 34 30" 139° nil
II Marum Island - 34°30' 136°20" guano • terminated Recent
•I Bickers Islets - 34°30' 134° guano II
II n H Wool tana Caves - 30°30' 139°20' guano •
H Oroparinna - 31°15' 138°50* guano • II II
H Lower Hermitage - 34°50l 138°45' guano • AUSTRALIAN PHOSPHATE ROCK DEPOSITS & QCCURRENCES
MINING LAT. I LONG. CLASS OF RESERVES IF STATE BASIN KNOWN (millio r ACTIVITY AGE OF DEPOSIT NAME DEPOSIT (deg. S) (deg.E) tonnes rock) (if any) Orroroo S.A. Adelaide Geo 32°45' 138°40' sedimentary smal 1 terminated Recent
CI inton II n 34°15' 138° i II -
Abrolhos Is. W.A. 29° 114° guano II
n II Ashmore Reef W.A. 13° 122° guano "
Offshore guyots N.S.W. - 33° 153° sedimentary nil "? » •
II i Continental Shelf Tasmania - 41° 144° ? II "? o Perth Area W.A. - 32° 116 j cave guano smal 1 ! Dandaragan W.A. Perth Basin 30°40' 115°40' j sedimentary j large? II Cretaceous-
Murchison River W.A. 27°30' 115°30' • sedimentary j small? Cretaceous? i i ! 1 j ! , i SELECTED PHOSPHATE REFERENCES - AUSTRALIA
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PRITCHARD, P.W., BARRIE, J., & JAUNCEY, W., 1966. Examination of the Rum Jungle phosphate deposits 1962-1964. Bur. Miner. Resour. Aust. Rec. 1966/199 (unpubl.).
REID, H.J., 1944. Holbourne Island phosphate deposits. Qld..Govt. Min. J., 45(512), 153-4.
RUSSELL, R.T., 19G7. Discovery of major phosphate deposits in northwestern Queensland. Qld. Govt. Min. J., 68(786), 153-7.
RUSSELL, R.T., & TRUEMAN, N.A., 1971. The geology of the Duchess phosphate deposit, northwest Queensland, Australia. Econ. Geol., 66, 1186-214.
11 ROGERS, O.K. & KEEVERS, R.E., 1976. Lady Annie - Lady Jane phosphate deposits, Georgina Basin, Queensland. In C.L. Knight (Ed) Economic Geology of Australia and Papua New Guinea. Aust. Inst. Mining Metall. Melbourne, 4, 251-265. \ SHELDON, R.P., 1966. Preliminary appraisal of the Australian continent for sedimentary phosphate deposits. Bur. Miner. Resour. Aust. Rec. 1966/16 (unpubl.).
SMITH, K.G., 1972. Stratigraphy of the Georgina Basin. Bur. Mineral Resour. Aust. Bull. 111.
SOUTHGATE, P.N., 1979. Middle Cambrian hypersaline environments along the eastern margin of. the Georgina Basin In Cook, P:J.,- & Shergold, J.H., (Eds.) Proterozoic - Cambrian phosphorites ANU Press, Canberra, p.28.
THOMSON, L.D., & RUSSELL, R.T., 1971. Discovery, exploration and investigations of phosphate deposits in Queensland. Proc. Aust. Inst. Min. Metall. 140, 1-19.
TRUEMAN, N.A., 1971. A petrological study of some sedimentary phosphorite deposits. Aust. Mineral. Dev. Labs. Bull 11, 1-71.
TWELVETREES, W.H., 1917. Phosphate deposits in Tasmania. Geol. Surv. Tas., Miner. Resour. 3.
VON DER BORCH, C.C., 1970. Phosphatic concretions and nodules from the upper continental slope, northern New South Wales. J. geol. Soc. Aust., 16, 755-9.
WELLS, A.T., RANFORD, L., FORMAM, D.J., COOK, P.J., & SHAW, R.D., 1970. Geology of the Amadeus Basin. Bur. Miner. Resour. Aust. Bull. 100.
WHITE, W.C., & WARIN, O.N., 1964. Survey of phosphate deposits in South-West Pacific and Australian waters. Bur. Miner. Resour. Aust. Bull. 69.
YEATES, A.N., 1971. An appraisal of the New England Geosyncline for phosphate. Bur. Miner. Resour. Aust. Rec. 1971/47 (unpubl.). BANGLADESH GAS FIELDS
MESBAHUDDIN AHMED •
The search for petroleum in Bangladesh started in the early years of the present century. The first well was drilled in 1910. Though no oil has been found so far, nine gas fields have been discovered including one in the offshore area. The gas fields are Chhatak, Sylhet (Haripur), Kailas Tila , Rashidpur, and Habiganj in Sylhet district, Titas and Bakhrabad in Comilla district, Semutang in the Chittagong district, and the offshore field of Kutubdia, west of Chittagong. A brief description of each field is given below.
Chhatak,—A northwest-southeast trending faulted anticline about 8 miles long and 3 miles wide forms the small Chhatak field. This is lo• cated about 35 miles northwest of Sylhet town. The field has been in production since 1960 for fuel supply to the cement and paper pulp plants at Chhatak and domestic supply in the plant areas. Only one hole was drilled and gas was found in Bokabil and upper Bhuban beds of Miocene age at a depth of 3550 to 3&61 feet from the surface. The reserves were estimated at 0.04 x 10 standard cubic feet (SCF) and production till the end of 1977 was 0.013 x 10 SCF.
Further exploration in this field has been started recently.
Sylhet.—A complex, northeast-southwest trending anticline only a few miles northeast of Sylhet town forms the Sylhet field. It is about 6 miles long and 4 miles wide. This field has been in production since 1961 to supply gas to the fertilizer complex at Fenchuganj and for domestic supply to Sylhet town. Six wells have been drilled in this field, and two gas-bearing sand beds of the Bokabil Formation occur at depths of 3771 to 4216 feet and 4296 to 4476 feet. The reserves have been placed at 0.34 x 1012 SCF, and production till the end of 1977 was 0.069 x 10 SCF.
Kailas Tila.—Kailas Tila field, located about 12 miles south of Sylhet town, comprises an anticline 14 miles long and 4 miles wide with a north-south trend. One well was drilled in this field. The gas-bearing beds are in Bokabil and upper Bhuban at depths of 9628 to 9729 feet.and 11647 to 11675 feet. The reserves have been estimated at 0.60 x 10 SCF. The field, discovered in 1962, has not been put in production.
Rashidpur.—A narrow north-south anticline about 45 miles south- southwest of Sylhet town forms this field. The anticline is 25 miles long
Director General, Geological Survey of Bangladesh, Dacca, Bangladesh and 3 miles wide and plunges at both ends. Two wells were drilled on this structure and both encountered gas. The gas-bearing beds are Bokabil and upper Bhutan at depths of 9104 to 9116 feet. The reserves were put at 1.06 x 10 SCF. This field, discovered in 1961, has not been exploited.
Habiganj.—The Habiganj field is located about 75 miles northeast of Dacca and consists of an asymmetric anticline 16 miles long and 5 miles wide with a north-south trend. Only one well as been drilled on this structure and has been in production since 1969 for supply to a power plant at Shahazi Bazar and to surrounding tea estates. The gas- producing beds are in Bokabil and upper Bhuban a£ depths of 4650 to 4865 feet. The reserves were estimated at 1.28 x 10. SCF, and cummulative production up to the end of 1977 was 0.028 x 10 SCF.
Titas.—Most of the gas now produced in Bangladesh comes from the Titas field located near Brahmanbaria, a town about 50 miles east- northeast of Dacca. The structure is a north-south trending asymmetri• cal anticline 15 miles long and 9 miles wide. Bokabil and upper Bhuban sands at depths of 8587 to 8977 feet are the gas-producing horizons. Four wells have been dyilled in Titas field, and the reserves have been estimated at, 2.25 x 10 SCF. Production till the end of 1977 was 0.115 x 10 SCF. This field supplies gas to a number of power plants, fertilizer plants, industries, and is for domestic use in Dacca city and several other towns.
Bakhrabad.—Bakhrabad field, located about 35 miles east of Dacca, consists of an asymmetrical anticline, 38 miles long and 6.3 miles wide, trending north-south. The structure has three culminations. One well was drilled in the southernmost culmination and gas was found. The re• serves have been estimated at 1.50 x 10 SCF. The gas-bearing horizons are Bokabil and upper Bhuban at depths of 7111 to 7141 feet and 8040 to 8060 feet. This field has not been exploited yet.
Semutang.—An asymmetric anticline with a northwest-southeast trend, located east of Sitakund in Chittagong district, forms the Semutang field. It is 16 miles long and 3 miles wide. Five wells were drilled and two encountered gas. The gas-bearing sands are in the Bokabil Formation at depths of 3212 to 3258 feet and 4196 to 5553 feet. The reserves have been estimated at 0.08 x 10 SCF. This field has not been exploited.
Kutubdia.—The only offshore gas field in Bangladesh is Kutubdia, discovered by Union Oil Company several years ago. It is located about 60 miles southwest of Chittagong, in the Bay of Bengal. The structure, well- defined at depth but only slightly so in shallower sedimentary sections, is about 12 miles long and 6 miles wide. The upper Bhuban beds, at depths of 8730 to J260 feet, are the gas-bearing beds. The reserves have been put at 2.0 x 10 SCF. This field also has not been exploited.
REFERENCES Petrobangla, 1978, The Bangladesh challenge. Snarapregetti, et al., 1976, Bangladesh energy study: Montreal Engineering ADB/UNDP Project BLD/73/038/B/01/45.
14 PHOSPHATE, POTASH AND NATURAL GAS
OF FIJI
H. G. Plummer
Phosphate
The main Fiji occurrences and deposits are in the Lau group of islands. The islands are primarily composed of late Miocene volcanics, andesite, basalt, and some dacite overlain in places by late Miocene detrital limestone. The limestone may have eroded from reefs formed upon volcanics-based atolls or patch reefs.
The phosphate deposits are described as loams, nodules, and oolites, often found in cavities and cracks in between limestone pin• nacles of late Miocene age. In the most important deposit, on Tuvutha, they also occur as clays overlying andesite as well as limestone. The limestone at Tuvutha is dolomitic (15 to 20% MgO).
A review of previous investigations on the Lau Islands phosphate deposits was carried out by Colley (1975). This was done to estimate the probable accuracy and reproducibility of the results stated and to indicate which deposits warranted more detailed investigation to verify tonnages and grades available. His conclusions were that tonnage esti• mates of phosphatic rock had been proved in a sufficient manner only on Ongea Ndriki (77,000 tons, 25 to 30% P^) and Vanua Vatu <80 to 140,000
? Ic was> now v tons, about 30% 2°c)• e er» evident that a large phosphate deposit in excess of 1 million tons probably existed on Tuvutha.
A further detailed study of the Tuvutha phosphate deposits was carried out by Rodda (report in prep.). He proved a minimum amount of 1 "phosphatic clay ' of: 430,000 tons averaging 16.7% P205, an additional 1,193,000 tons averaging 8.8% P 0 , and a further 213,000 tons averag• 1 ing 4.5% P205. *
The deposits are quoted as minimum values because 19 of a total 180 sites augered did not reach bedrock at 11.6 m, the length of the longest auger. Most holes showed little variation of phosphate content with depth, although in the richest area, Nggilo (approximately 160 m x 120 m), there was a definite layering of values. The top layer of 2 to the next a er 4 m thickness averaged 22% P2°5» l y of 2 to 7 m thickness averaged 16 to 17% and Dottom layer of about 5 to 7 m thickness, averaged 12% P„0 . Staargaard (1962) published analyses of the clays
Assistant Director of Mineral Development, Mineral Resources Department, Suva, Fiji. from Tuvutha which contained RO (31 to 42%, R = P + Al), FeJD (13
to 19%), Si02 (5 to 10%), L.O.I. (17 to 20%), and Ti02 (1.4 to 1.9%). The Tuvutha clays are therefore also bauxitic and have a relatively high iron content. Comments in other early reports about other depo• sits in the Lau Islands mention the probable deleterious effect of relatively high iron and aluminium contents on the phosphate tenor. Staargaard (1962) also suggested that the calcium aluminium phosphate minerals identified in Tuvutha samples were crandallite or pseudo- wavellite. Other minerals mentioned were geothite, gibbsite, boeh- mite, unidentified clay minerals, and possibly hematite.
As regards to the mode of formation of the phosphate occurrences, evidence is suggestive of them being guano-derived though no primary guano remains. At Tuvutha, the deposits occupy the center of the is• land within a depression approximately 60 m lower than encircling cliffs which rise 200 m above sea level. The Miocene and Tertiary are known to be phosphate deposit-generating times testifying that certain oceanic conditions were suitable. Upwellirig could have resulted against the line of volcanoes formed along the north-south trending Lau Ridge, thus encouraging bird life. The bauxitic association pro• bably points to later leaching and reconstitutiori of phosphatic com• pounds. Tuvutha is of an atoll shape. Rennell Island', an atoll in the Solomon Islands, is also bauxitic. This suggests a link between phosphate/bauxite formation in atollic situations.
Chemical analysis data were scanned to examine the phosphate and magnesium content of limestones, calcareous rocks, and other sedimen• tary rocks. In the case of limestones, only the Lau (Tuvutha) group was high in MgO (15 to 20%). All the mainland limestones were low, usually less than 1% MgO, except in the case of a rather impure type in the Wainimala Group at Masovatova which has 10% MgO. In all these limestones (Lau and Mainland) theP 2°5 content was less than 1% and often much less than this. In rocks of various groups and formations (Vunda Beds, Suva Marl, Lami Limestone, Thuvu Sedimentary Group, Nandi Sedimentary Group, Mbarotu Sandstone, Waindina Sandstone, Wainimala
Group, Singatoka Sedimentary Group), the P2°5 content was less than 1% P^O^ and usually much below this, even though the acid soluble content was appreciable.
Potash
There are no known potash reserves in Fiji of the bedded marine evaporites type. Bligh Water, situated between the northern coast of Viti Levu and the Yasawa line of islands, occasionally could have had an area of restricted circulation/dessication since Miocene times. Logs of offshore wells for oil prospecting will no doubt show the pre• sence or absence of evaporites. No reports of glauconite have been made.
16 Natural Gas
Exploration for natural gas is concurrent with oil exploration. Intensive exploration for oil is currently taking place in the shallower offshore areas of Fiji. There are several aspects of this exploration that are of great geologic interest. From seismic data and geological reasoning it is known that up to 6,000 m of sediments of Miocene to Recent age exist offshore above basement rock. These sediments may contain both cap (sealing) rocks, for example, marls, mudstones, and tuffs; and reservoir rocks, viz. sandstones and reefal (patch, barrier and fringe) material. Considerable thicknesses of Miocene limestones crop out in two areas on land. Offshore limestone reefal thicknesses could be 300 ra or more. Seismic interpretation has indicated such structures exist, and the present reef manifes• tations in Fiji offshore areas may have been repeated at intervals throughout Miocene and Pliocene times.
In Curie Point studies, heat gradient profiles calculated from magnetic data strongly indicate that there had been a sufficient heat regime operating in some offshore areas to generate oil or gas hydro• carbons if primary hydrocarbon substances were present in the host rocks. In fact, the heat gradient is somewhat on the high side in places (85°C per km) so that gas rather than oil might have resulted. Many suspected oil and gas seeps have been reported and photographed by sightings from low-flying aircraft. Some of these have been fol• lowed up from sea craft and by diving, and in some cases samples have been confirmed as containing hydrocarbons. Confirmed oil seeps occur in Tonga (Nuku-alofa) approximately five miles from the volcanic line. Other gas deposits nearby are the Maui field in New Zealand and the gas/distillate occurrence in the Gulf of Papua New Guinea.
Four tracts totalling 30,000 sq km are under license in Fiji for oil prospecting, and it is anticipated that drilling may commence in early 1980. Gas, if found relatively close to the mainland, may be cheap to bring ashore for its use in electrical generating facilities and other industries. Consideration is likely to be given for its use as a raw material for a fertilizer industry.
17 SELECTED ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
ON PHOSPHATE IN FIJI
Cassidy, N. G., 1952, The fertilizer value of Lau (Ongea Ndriki) phosphate: Fiji Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Journal, v. 23, no. 1, p. 24-25.
Colley, H., 1975, A review of investigations carried out on phosphate deposits in the Lau Group: Fiji Mineral Resources Division, note BP9/13 [unpublished]. Compiles tonnages and grades given by various authors for the deposits, and assesses their worth (thoroughness of survey and therefore reliability of estimates).
Guest, N. J., 1957, Preliminary observations on phosphate deposits, southern Lau Islands: Fiji Geological Survey, note 17 [unpublished].
Higgs, R. , 1954, Phosphate in Lau Group, interim summary of available information: Fiji Geological Survey, note 115 [unpublished].
Little more than a table.
Houtz, R. E., 1958, Phosphate deposits of Tailevu, Viti Levu: Fiji . Geological Survey, note 36 [unpublished].
Bat guano in cave; once mined.
, 1958, Geology of north Tailevu, Viti Levu: Fiji Geological Survey Bulletin, no. 1.
Brief mention of the bat guano that was once mined from a cave..
Houtz, R. E., and Phillips, K. A., 1963, Interim report on the economic geology of Fiji: Fiji Geological Survey Economic Report, no. 1.
Howling, G. E., 1959, Phosphate sample results: Overseas Geological Survey, Mineral Resources Division, rept. M6290/64 [unpublished].
Ibbotson, P., 1958, Preliminary observations of the economic geology of northern Lau, Fiji: Fiji Geological Survey, note 54 [unpublished]. Mentions results of observations and qualitative tests on various islands but is very cursory and contains surprising errors of fact.
Kennedy, E. M., 1965, Vanua Vatu phosphate: Fiji Department of Mines Report [unpublished].
Overseas Geological Survey, 1960, Phosphate Soils from Fiji: Mineral Resources Division, rept. M6290/64 [unpublished].
The main report, Howling!s was preliminary and the same reference number was used. Gives results of analyses.
18 Ratuyawa, S. N., 1959, Report on Lau trip: Fiji Geological Survey, note 67 [unpublished]. A diary mentioning locations and results of qualitative tests for phosphate on various islands in Lau.
Rodda, Peter, 1976, Report on the phosphate survey, Tuvuca, 1975: Fiji Mineral Resources Division Report no. 1 [unpublished].
Estimates tonnage and grade based on preliminary survey (augering).
, 1977, Phosphate on Tuvuca - final results of survey: Fiji Mineral Resources Division, note BP1/16 [unpublished]. Refined figures, after completion of survey (closer spacing to holes, and completion to bedrocks or limit of auger of some holes not previously completed.
(in preparation), The phosphate deposits of Tuvutha, Lau: Fiji Mineral Resources Division Economic Investigation, no. 3.
Simonyi, J. S., 1963, Preliminary report on investigations on the phosphate deposits on Vanua Vatu Island in the Lau Group: Fiji Department of Agriculture Report [unpublished]. Mainly on beneficiation and plant trials but gives results of analyses before and after beneficiation (by calcining).
Singh, A., and Simonyi, J. S., 1971, Report on the investigation of Lau phosphate: Fiji Department of Agriculture Report [unpublished].
Most of the geological section is taken directly from previous reports, but many new analyses are given. Much of the report deals with field trials.
Warin, 0. N., 1960, Report on investigations for phosphate deposits, Fiji Islands, 1959: Australia Bureau of Mineral Resources Records, 1960/60 [unpublished].
White, W. C, and Warin, 0. N., 1964, A survey of phosphate deposits in the south-west Pacific and Australian waters: Australia Bureau of Mineral Resources Bulletin, no. 69, 173 p.
19 A NOTE ON THE KNOWN RESOURCES OF PHOSPHATE AND POTASH
IN INDIA
V.N. Sant and A. Pant*
The known phosphate and potash occurrences and deposits in India listed in this note are based on available published literature. A selected bibliography is also given.
Phosphate'.—The phosphate occurrences and deposits include veins of apatite, beds of phosphorite (sedimentary phosphate), and guano. While the apatite mineralization is confined to the Precambrian hard rocks, the phos• phorite occurs in rocks of different geological ages from Precambrian to Eocene. The presence of phosphatic nodules in the Cretaceous rocks of coastal Tamil Nadu and Jurassic rocks of the Mussoorie area in Uttar Pradesh have been known since the last century. Similarly the presence of apatite in Bihar and Andhra Pradesh has been known for many years. However, a large number of promising occurrences and deposits were discovered in the 1960!s after the systematic application of the "oceanic upwelling" concept of phosphate formation. Most of the phosphate occurrences are located in Precambrian, Jurassic and Creto-Eocene rocks. Of these, those associated with the Precambrian Aravalli rocks of Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh are most promising, followed by those in the Jurassic Tal Formation of Uttar Pradesh. The rest of the occurrences and phosphogenic areas are either minor or need further investigation. Minor deposits of guano are known to occur on a few islands of the Lakshadweep group.
Potash.—No commercially exploitable potash deposits have so far been identified. Potassium nitrate is locally collected from the saline efflo• rescences called 'Reh1 from the Indo-Gangetic plains. Potash-rich brines are known from some parts of the Runn of Kutch.
Resources
Phosphate.—The known Indian phosphate resources total nearly 100 million tons, varying in grades from 10 to over 30 percent of P^c* of this, nearly 60 percent are from the stromatolitic phosphorites of the Precambrian Aravalli belt of Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh, with a contribution of nearly ave 18 million tons of low grade (5 to 8 percent of P2^5^ ^ been reported from the Vindhyan rocks of Bihar.
A sizable portion of the known phosphate resources require beneficiation for upgrading the material for utilization in industries. Phosphate from the Mussoorie area of Uttar Pradesh has the advantage of being directly
Geology Division, Mineral Exploration Corporation Ltd.,. Nagpur, India Geological Survey of India, Lucknow, India usable in the acidic soils and for long duration crops. It is also reported that phosphate from the Bhawanathpur area in Bihar is also suitable for direct application in acidic soils of.the Chotta Nagpur area in Bihar.
Potash.—In some solar salt works potassium salts are recovered as by-products.
Known Phosphate Occurrences
Apatite
Precambrian
Kasitpatnam (Sitharamapur area), Visakhapatman district, Andhra Pradesh Geological set up: Apatite magnetite vermiculite veins occur as shear fracture and (or) joint fillings within charnockitic gneisses and associated pyroxene granite, calc-granulites, quartzite and leptinite.
Reserves: 1,680,000 tons, 35 to 42 percent of P20 References: Geological Survey of India, 1975; Mahendra, 1975; Shukla, 19 76.
Nandup, Sunrgi, Kulamara and Pathargora areas, Singhbhum district, Bihar Geological set up: Apatite magnetite veins and aggregates of apatite, quartz, chlorite, etc., localized along the shear zone . of the phyllites and schists of the iron ore stage of the Iron Ore Series.
Reserves: 1,094,165 tons, 14 to 19 percent of ?2®5 References: Agarwal, 1945; Dunn, 1937, 1941a, 1941b; Geological Survey of India, 1974; Shukla, 1976.
Newania, Udaipur district, Rajasthan Geological set up: Apatite veins and strianges within carbonatite bodies in the Untala granite. Reserves: 30,000 tons, 32 to 35 percent of P^ References: Phadake and Jhingran, 1968; Sethi, 1969.
Chapoli area, Jhunjhunu district, Rajasthan Geological set up: Apatite as stringers and disseminations in quartz veins, amphibolites and pegmatites which are associated with garnetiferous biotite schist.
Reserves: 37,000 tons, about 15 percent of ?2®$ References: Sethi, 1969; Shukla, 1976.
21 Apatite - Precambrian (continued)
Sevathur, North Arcot district, Tamil Nadu Geological set up: Disseminations of apatite crystals within carbonatite bodies Reserves: 190,000 tons, 10 to 30 percent of P^
References: Geological Survey of India, 1974; Shukla, 1976.
Hungenekal area, Dharmapuri district, Tamil Nadu Geological set up: Disseminated crystals of apatite in carbonatites which are associated with pyroxenites and syenites Reserves: 50,000 tons, 36 percent of P^
References: Geological Survey of India, 1974; Shukla, 1976.
Beldih, Kutni, Mednitanr, Chirugora and Panrkidih, Purulia district, West Bengal
Geological set up: Quartz apatite and apatite magnetite quartzite veins along shear zones within phyllites, schists, and granitic rock.
Reserves: Beldih, 59,000 tons of 14 to 30 percent of P2°c;
Chirugora, 40,000 tons of 6.72 percent of P20- and 20,000 tons of
; Kutnl 16.16 percent of P2°5 » 46,000 tons of 10.52 percent of References: Geological Survey of India, 1974; Shukla, 1976.
Phosphorite
Precambrian
Chelima, Karnool district, Andhra Pradesh
Geological set up: Phosphatic quartzite in the Cumbum Formation of the Cuddapah Super-group Reserves: n.a.
References: Geological Society of India, 1978.
Khatamba-Kelkua-Amlamal-Piplod, Jhabua district, Madhya Pradesh Geological set up: Phosphatic stromatolites associated with chert and dolomite of the Aravalli Super-group
Reserves: about 5.7 million tons, 10 to over 30 percent of P20^ References: Banerjee and Basu, 1979; Basu, 1976; Basu and Banerjee, 1975; Khan, 19 79; Khan and others, 1976; Lodha and others, 1976; Munshi and others, 1974; Shukla, 1976.
22 Phosphorite - Precambrian (continued)
Pithorgarh, Almora district, Uttar Pradesh Geological' set up: Phosphatic stromatolites associated with the Gangolihat Formation dolomites Reserves: n.a. References: Patwardhan, 1973a, Singh, 1969; Valdiya, 1969, 1972.
Lalitpur area, Lalitpur district, Uttar Pradesh Geological set up: Phosphorite associated with brecciated massive quartzite of the Bijawar Group Reserves: not available References: Pant and others, 1979
Jhamarkotra, Maton, Kanpur, Kharbariaka Gurha, Dakan Kotra; Neemach Mata, Badgaon, Sisarma, and other occurrences, Udaipur district; and Sallapat, Ram ka Munna Jher Moti, Banswara district; Rajasthan Geological set up: Phosphatic stromatolite horizons associated with the dolomitic marble and jaspery brecciated quartzite of the Aravalli Super-group. Reserves: Jhamarkotra, 49.19 million tons of 13 to over 30 percent
of P205; Maton, 5.4 million tons of 21 to 29 percent of P2°c; Kanpur, 3.9 million tons of 11.6 percent of • Kharbariaka
Da an K Gurha, 1.3 million tons of 10 to 25 percent of P2^5' ^ °tra, ; Neemacn 2.78 million tons of 10 to 20 percent of P2°5 Mata,
2.0 million tons of 15 to 25 percent of P2 5» Badgaon, 1.0 million
tons of 15 to 25 percent of ?20^; Sisarma, 0.7 million tons of 8
to 10 percent of P20^ References: Adhia, 1969; Agarwal, 1976; Agarwal and Subramanyan, 1976; Banerjee, 1971a, 1971b, 1971c, 1975, 1978, 1979; Bardhan and others, 1968; Chatterjee, 1968; Chauhan, 1970, 1973, 1975; Choudhuri, 1979; Choudhuri and others, 1968; Choudhuri and others, 1978; Geological Survey of India, 1968; Ghosh and Biswas, 1973; Jhingran and Subramanian, 1976; Kalluraya and Rath, 1976; Kapur and Rao, 1976; Krishna Rao and Rao, 1971; Mahajan and others, 1973; Muktinath, 1967, 1974; Muktinath and Sant, 1967, 1968; Muktinath and others, 1969; Pandya and Chauhan, 1976; Puri and Rath, 1973; Sant, 1979; Sant and Sharma, 1971; Sethi, 1969; Shukla, 1976; Singh and others, 1978; Srivastava and Agarwal, 1978; Srivastava and Dwivedi, 1978; Thakkar, 1976; Verma and Burman, 1975, 1978.
Bhawanathpur area, Palamau district, Bihar Geological set up: Phosphatic horizon associated with calcareous shale underlying the Kajrahat limestone of the Vindhyan Super-group Reserves: 87.8 million tons, 5 to 7 percent of P^^ References: Shukla, 1976
23 Paleozoic
Birmania, Jaisalmer district, Rajasthan Geological set up: Phosphatic sandy shale and phosphatic limestone of the Birmania Formation
Reserves: 3.5 million tons, 12.91 percent of P2^5 References: Deshmukh, 1979; Muktinath, 1967; Sant and Sharma, 1971; Sheldon, 1966; Srikantan and others, 1969.
Jurassic
Godpar-Gadhsisa, Sadanbari and Jhura area, Kutch district, Gujarat Geological set up: Phosphatic concretionary horizon within ferruginous sandstone of the Bhuj Formation Reserves: not available References: Muktinath, 1974
Nigalidhar, Korgai and Solan areas, Sirmur, Simla and Solan districts, Himachal Pradesh Geological set up: Phosphatic quartzite of the Krol chert and shale member of the Lower Tal Formation Reserves: not available References: Agarwal, 1970; Dass, 1963; Joshi, 1970.
Maldeota, Durmala, Partibba-Chamasari, Bhusti-Jamthialgaon-Jalikhal, Bagi-Mathiagaoh blocks and other occurrences, Mussoorie area, Dehradun and Tehri districts, Uttar Pradesh Geological set up: Bedded chert and shale of the chert member of the Lower Tal Formation Reserves: Maldeota West, 5.13 million tons of 18.6 percent of ; P205; Maldeota East, 0.235 million tons of 28.2 percent of P2°5 Durmala, 4.58 million tons of 27.8 percent of P^cS Partibba-
Chamasari, 2.79 million tons of 18.3 percent of P205; Bhusti- Jamthialgaon-Jalikhal area, 2.0 million tons of 26 to 33 percent
of P2^V Total of all occurrences and deposits: 18.2 million tons
of 10 to 27 percent of P2°5- References: Balasundaram, 1971; Banerjee and Narain, 1976; Chatterjee, 1967, 1968; Dass, 1963; Geological Survey of India, 1968; Ghosh, 1968; Jaggi and others, 1976; King, 1885; Muktinath and Chakravorty, 19 72; Pant and others, 1979; Patwardhan, 1969, 1973b, 1979; Patwardhan and Ahluwalia, 1975; Pareek, 1973a, 1973b, 1976; Raha and Gururaja, 1970; Raha, 1972; Krishna Rao and Rao, 1971; Ravi Shankar, 1971, 1975, 1976.
24 Cretaceous
Nambakhurichi-Varagupadi area, Tiruchirapalli district, Tamil Nadu
Geological set up: Phosphatic nodules associated with calcareous shales and a sandy clay horizon of the Uttatur stage.
Reserves: 2.0 million tons, 21 to 26 percent of Vfl^
References: Balasundaram, 1971; Das Gupta, 1922; Geological Survey of India, 1968; Jhingran, 1954; Krishnan, 1942; Shukla, 1976.
Cretaceous-Eocene
Fatehgarh, Jaisalmer district, Rajasthan
Geological set up: Ferruginous phosphatic sandstone of the Fatehgarh Formation
Reserves: not available
References: Deshmukh, 1976, 1979; Muktinath, 1967; Sant and Sharma, 1971.
Eocene
Khasi-Jaintia-Garo hills, Meghalaya
Geological set up: Phosphatic nodules associated with dark shale of the Kopili Formation
Reserves: not available
References: Balasundaram, 1971; Chakraborti and Talukdar, 1969; Chakraborty and others, 1973.
Guano
Laccadive-Amindivi Islands
Geological set up: Guano deposits
Reserves: 92,000 tons, 13.11 percent of P205
References: Geological Survey of India, 1968; Mukherjee and Dhruva Rao, 1970; Shukla, 1976.
25 REFERENCES
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33 FERTILIZER RAW MATERIALS IN INDONESIA
F. HEHUWAT*
ABSTRACT
This paper is a brief summary of the availability or potential avail• ability of fertilizer raw materials in Indonesia. Of the three main types of fertilizer, namely phosphate, potash, and ammonia (urea), only the raw material for ammonia (urea) is available in sufficient quantities. Esti• mates of natural gas reserves vary widely, but a reasonable assumption is 56,085 billion standard cubic feet (BSCF), comprising 4,909 BSCF of asso• ciated gas and 51,085 BSCF of non-associated gas. Indonesian production of natural gas amounted tp 312,603 million standard cubic feet (MMSCF) ln 1976. Its consumption pattern was as follows: Own (producers) use 32.43%, fertilizer 4.52%, carbon black and liquified petroleum gas (LPG) 1.01%, refinery 2.45%, flared 59.59%. Domestic production of nitrogenous ferti• lizer exceeded 2,200,000 metric tons in 1978, of which about 500,000 metric tons were exported. Phosphogenic sediments have been indicated to occur at several localities on Java and Irian Jaya, but investigations until now have failed to locate deposits of any size. Although phosphate fertilizer is produced in the country, the raw materials for this are imported. Leucite-bearing volcanic rocks are possible raw materials for producing potash fertilizer.
INTRODUCTION
Indonesia is an agrarian country. Future developments, as expressed in its development plans, indicate that the main emphasis will still be on the development of the agricultural sector. This is in spite of the anti• cipated gradual increase of the industrial sector's share in the gross national product (GNP). To cope with its growing population, the increase of production of rice is to be achieved by intensifying production of existing rice growing areas, and by extensifying these areas. In the seventies, the average yield of rice was approximately 2.5 metric tons/ hectare. This production figure can be considered low when compared with rice production figures for developed countries. One likely reason for this low yield per hectare is the much lower fertilizer consumption per hectare compared to that of more advanced countries. With more than 8 million hectares under rice cultivation, and, bearing in mind the exten- sification and intensification programs as described in the development plans, there will be a huge increase in demand for fertilizer in Indonesia in the coming years. In the following discussion, fertilizer production and availability or potential availability of fertilizer raw materials will be reviewed with special emphasis on nitrogenous, phosphate and potash fer• tilizers.
*Director, National Institute of Geology and Mining, Bandung, Indonesia Table 1. Natural gas reserves in Indonesia (from Directorate of Oil and Gas, pers. comm., 1977)
Location of field "Wet" Gas (BSCF) "Dry" Gas (BSCF)
North Sumatra Pertamina Unit 1 375 113 Mobil Oil 10,417 Asamera 113
South Sumatra Pertamina Unit 2 346 300 Caltex 52 116 Stanvac 105 359
West Java Pertamina Unit 3 170 82 Iiapco 281 Arco 539 1,069
East Java Lemigas 22 Cities Service 69
East Kalimantan Pertamina Unit 4 344 232 Union Oil 733 Total Indonesia 1,674 Huffco 48 6,261 Tesoro 38
Irian Jaya Phillips 22 205
Others Agip (offshore South China 29,000 Sea) Different fields 3,000
Total Indonesia 4,909 51,176
Total Indonesia, Agip 4,909 22,176 excluded
35
Fig. 1 Important gas fields of Indonesia
36
Nitrogenous Fertilizer
Considering the importance of the agricultural sector, it was logical that Indonesia developed its domestic fertilizer industry. Production in• creases over the past decade of nitrogenous fertilizer have been quite spectacular. While production of urea in 1971 amounted to 104,750 metric tons, production in 1978 exceeded 2,200,000 metric tons, of which approxi• mately 500,000 metric tons were exported.
It is expected that within the next 2 to 4 years,- the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) fertilizer plant will start producing an additional 570,000 metric tons annually. As far as the feed stock for the fertilizer industry is concerned, Indonesia can boast substantial reserves of natural gas. Table 1 lists the location and the size of these occurren• ces. The figures in Table 1 are in some cases on the conservative side. The Mobil Oil deposit in North Sumatra (the Arun field) might have a re• serve of 28,000 BSCF while the Huffco deposit in East Kalimantan (the Badak field) might have reserves up to 7,500 BSCF.
Although there seems to be adequate reserves of natural gas, competi• tion for its use has increased. Table 2 shows the consumption pattern of natural gas production in Indonesia.
Table 2. Use of natural gas in Indonesia in 1970 and 1976
Use (percent) 1970 1976 Used by producer 32.98 32.43 Carbon black and LPG 3.45 1.01 Fertilizer 4.57 4.52 Other uses 0.03 2.45 Flared 58.97 59.59 Production (MMSCF) 108,561 312,603 Fertilizer production 1,000 metric tons) 98.4 365.3
Although this competition does not seem obvious from the available data shown in Table 2, one should bear in mind that since 1976, fertilizer production has increased six fold. This competition is very much depen• dent on the proximity of consumers. In the West Java region, city gas, the fertilizer industry, electricity generation and heavy industries (iron and steel and cement) are competing for limited resources. Figure 1 in• dicates the locations of the more important gas provinces. Although, like oil, natural gas is mainly produced in the back-arc basins, exploratory wells have indicated the occurrence of hydrocarbons in the interarc basins of the Sunda Arc System. The Union Oil well Meulaboh, drilled in 1970, which tested 7.0 million standard cubic feet per day (MMSCFPD), is con• sidered encouraging as it indicated the possibility of a new natural gas province.
38 Phosphate Fertilizer
As has been the case with nitrogenous fertilizer, the demand for phos• phate fertilizer in Indonesia has risen dramatically over the past decade. Import of these fertilizers amounted to 37,500 metric tons in 1972, and this figure rose to 320,945 metric tons in 1975. A phosphate fertilizer plant is in the final stages of construction, its design capacity being 330,000 metric tons triple super phosphate (TSP), 80,000 metric tons di- ammonium phosphate (DAP), and 50,000 metric tons compound fertilizer (NPK) annually. All raw materials for this plant will be imported.
Domestic production of phosphate rock consists solely of cave phos• phate, of which 7,600 metric tons were mined in 1976. This phosphate is usually sold in a ground form to plantations.
Phosphate-bearing sediments (marine phosphorites) are known from at least two areas, East Java and Irian Jaya. The East Java deposit contains horizons of nodules and concretions in which the P90(. content of the sedi• ments is variable. Until now, no deposits of any interest have been lo• cated.
Potash Fertilizer
] Data on imports of potash fertilizer are scarce. In 1974 imports of NPK amounted to 86,077 metric tons. No potash deposits are known from Indonesia, although some evaporites do occur in the Bird's Head of Irian Jaya, in the basal Tertiary of the Salawati oil basin. Evaporites are . also known to occur in the Gulf of Thailand, and some of the formations may extend to the Indonesian continental shelf in the South China Sea. Leucite- bearing volcanic rocks have been mentioned as a possible source for potash. They occur in the back-arc region of the Sunda Arc. The ^0 content of the Indonesian volcanic rocks in this suite averages 6 percent, with a maxi• mum value of 9.5 percent. The 6 percent of potash oxide would correspond with a 28 percent of leucite content. Figure 2 indicates the occurrences of leucite-bearing rocks and evaporites as is known from well data.
39
Fig. 2 Leucite-bearing rock occurrences in Indonesia.
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Hariadi, N. and Soeparjadi, R.A., 1975, Exploration of the Mentawai block, west Sumatra: Annual Convention of the Indonesian Petroleum Associa• tion, 4th, Proceedings, p. 55-65.
41 Hollis, D.I., and Berven, R.S., 1974, The petroleum geology evaluations of the sedimentary basins of Irian Jaya, Papua New Guinea: private publication.
Kenyon, Ch.S., 1977, Distribution and morphology of Early Miocene reefs, East Java Sea: Annual Convention of the Indonesian Petroleum Asso• ciation, 6th, Proceedings, p. 215-238.
Koesoemadinata, R.P., 1969, Outline of the geological occurrence of oil in Tertiary basins of west Indonesia: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 53, p. 26-38.
Luki, S. and Muchsin, S., 1975, Stratigraphy and sedimentation in the Kutei Basin, Kalimantan: Annual Convention of the Indonesian Petroleum As• sociation, 4th, Proceedings, p. 41-61.
Magnier, P. and Samen, B., 1975, The Handil Oil Field in east Kalimantan: Annual Convention of the Indonesian Petroleum Association, 4th, Pro• ceedings , p. 41-61.
Melford, M.E., Cargile, L.L. and Siagian, M.B., 1975, Development of the Arun Gas Field: Annual Convention of the Indonesian Petroleum Asso• ciation, 4th, Proceedings, p. 173-188.
Mertosono, S. and Nayoan, G.A.S., 1974, The Tertiary basinal area of central Sumatra: Annual Convention of the Indonesian Petroleum Association, 3rd, Proceedings, p. 63-76.
Pulunggono, A., 1974, Recent knowledge on hydrocarbon potentials in the sedimentary basins of Indonesia: in Circum-Pacific Energy and Mineral Resources: American As sociation of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, Memoir 25, p. 239-249.
Schwartz, C.M., Laughbaum, Jr., G.H., Samsu, B.A., Armstrong, J.D., 1973, Geology of the Attaka Oil Field, east Kalimantan: Annual Convention of the Indonesian Petroleum Association, 2nd, Proceedings, p. 195-215.
Soentantri, B., Samuel, L., Nayoan, G.A.S., 1973, The geology of the oil• field in northeast Java; Annual Convention of the Indonesian Petroleum Association, 2nd, Proceedings, p. 149-175.
Soepraptono, 1973, Review of the results of petroleum exploration in offshore areas of Indonesia, 1966-1972: Committee for Co-ordination of Joint Prospecting for Mineral Resources in Asian Offshore Areas, 10th session, Report, p. 125-131.
1973, The status of petroleum exploration in the offshore areas of Indonesia: Committee for Co-ordination of Joint Prospecting for Mineral Resources in Asian Offshore Areas (CCOP) Technical Bulletin, v. 7, p. 75-79.
42 Suwahjudi, M., 1975, Geology of the Pungut and Tandung Oil Fields - central Sumatra: Annual Convention of the Indonesian Petroleum Association, 4th, Proceedings, p. 165-179.
Vincelette, R.R., 1973, Reef exploration in Irian Jaya, Indonesia: Annual Convention of the Indonesian Petroleum Association, 2nd, Proceedings, p. 243-277.
Visser, W.A., and Hermes, J.J., 1962, Geological results of the exploration for oil in Netherlands New Guinea: Verh. Kon. Ned. Geol. Mijnb. Gen. (Verhandelingen Koninklijke Nederlandse Geologisch Mijnbouwkundig Geneeskunde?), v. 20, 165 p.
Weeda, J., 1958, Oil basins of east Java habitat of oil: American Asso• ciation of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 42, p. 1359-1364.
Leucite - Bearing Rocks
Dienst v.d. Mijnbouwkundig Indonesia, 1939, Delfstoffen op Java: Versl. en Med Indonesia Delfstoffen en hare Toep., no. 22, p. 45-47.
Foden, J.D. and Varne, R., 1979, Petrogenetic and tectonic implications, of near co-eval calcalkaline to highly alkaline volcanism on Lombok and Sumbawa in the eastern Sunda Arc: Paper presented at ESCAP CCOP - IOC SEATAR Ad Hoc Working Group Meeting on the Geology and Tectonics of Eastern Indonesia.
Hutchinson, Ch., S, 1979,Review of the Indonesian volcanic arc: Paper presented at ESCAP CCOP - IOC SEATAR Ad Hoc Working Group Meeting On the Geology and Tectonics of Eastern Indonesia.
Van Bemmelen, R.W., 1949, The geology of Indonesia: The Hague, Government Printing Office, 732 p.
Van Leeuwen, Th.M., 1979, Neogene stratigraphy of the Biru area, Sulawesi: Paper presented at ESCAP CCOP - IOC SEATAR Ad Hoc Working Group Meet• ing on the Geology and Tectonics of Eastern Indonesia.
Willems, H.W.V., (no date), On the magmatic provinces in the Netherlands East Indies.
Phosphate Rock
d'Audretsch, F.C., Kluiving, R.B., and Oudemans, W., 1966, Economic geolo• gical investigations of NE Vogelkop (Western New Guinea): Verh. Kon. Ned. Geol. Mijnb. Gen., pt. 23., 151 p.
Department of Perindustrian Dasar/Pertambangan, 1961, Laporan Tahunan- (annual report) 1961: Bandung, Djawatan Geologi, p. 90-98.
Hehuwat, Frederick, 1975, Marine phosphorite deposits: Committee for Co• ordination of Joint Prospecting for Mineral Resources in Asian Offshore Areas, 12th session, Proceedings, p. 282-286.
Van Bemmelen, R.W., 1949, The geology of Indonesia vol. 2A: The Hague, Government Printing Office, p. 175-179. 43 A BRIEF SUMMARY ON THE ALUNITE DEPOSITS
IN SOUTH KOREA
Hi Soo Moon
Jeonranamdo and Gyeongsangnamdo are known alunite provinces in South Korea. In the past, Kim (1970), Park (1974), and Cho and Moon (1974, 1975) surveyed the alunite deposits as part of an exploration project for fertilizer and alumina raw materials that was sponsored by the government of the Republic of Korea.
The purpose of investigating ways of utilizing alunite as fertilizer raw materials was to examine alumina and potassium sulfate production from alunite by the potassium alum process. The tests were conducted by the Korea Research Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM) in 1978. The experimental results pointed out that recovery efficiency was very high. By weight, 90 percent of alumina and 85 to 89 percent of potassium values are recovered from the alunite ore but the economical value is still uncertain. A feasibility study on establishing more practical data for alumina and on determining the economics of potassium sulfate production as a by-product will be conducted.
The geological setting of the alunite province is mainly volcanic and sedimentary rocks of volcanic origin. Tuff, andesite, porphyrite, rhyolite, and other volcanic rocks of Cretaceous age represent different episodes of volcanic activity during the Cretaceous period.
* The main area of nonmarine deposition of Cretaceous strata on the South Korean peninsula is known as Gyeongsang Basin. The Gyeongsang System of Cretaceous age in this region unconformably overlies a basement which in parts is the Ryeongnam Massif of Precambrian age. The same Cretaceous rocks were scattered over the Jeonman area, an area not directly connected to the main basin. The Gyeongsang System is divided into two series, the Bulgugsa and Silla Series. The Bulgugsa Series rests unconformably upon the Silla Series.
In the above two series, alunites are scattered within the intermediate and acidic tuff layers. The dominant host rocks are subaerially deposited rhyolitic tuff, andesitic tuff and breccia. These deposits appear as layered deposits that have a limited vertical extent. The dips of the bedding of the tuffaceous rocks are gentle, resulting in good stratigraphic control. Although a lateral mineral assemblage cannot be clearly distinguished in all deposits, _ _ Division of Non-metallic Mineral, Korea Research Institute of Geosience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM), Korea the general distribution of alteration zones suggests that all these deposits have some type of alteration such as silicification and kaolinitization, as well as alunite and pyrophyllite zones.
Alunite deposits are usually aggregates of small alunite granules, kaolinitic clay, and chalcedonic silica. Some deposits contain dumortierite and jarosite as minor accessory minerals. Pyrite is particularly common in the alteration zones. In surficial parts it is oxidized to jarosite or hematite. All the alunite deposits^in Korea are considered to be formed by low-temperature hydrothermal alteration of tuffaceous rocks. By drilling, alunite reserves of four major deposits in Korea (see map) are estimated to be 37,412,000 metric tons containing 18 to 25 percent of Al^ and 3 to 5 percent K90.
REFERENCES
Cho, H.I., and Moon, H.S., 1975, Report on the alunite deposit in the Ogmai san area: Geological and Mineral Institute of Korea, Report of Geology and Mineral Exploration, v. 3, pt. 1, p. 163-186 [in Korean].
1978, Alunite deposits in South Korea: Korea Research Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources Bulletin, no. 2, p. 1-105 [in Korean].
Kim, K.B., 1970, Report of the alunite deposits in Chollanamdo: Korea Geological Survey Bulletin, no. 12, p. 171-234 [in Korean].
Moon, H.S., 1975, A study on genesis of alunite deposits of Jeonnam area: Korea Institute of Mining Geology Journal, v. 8, no. 4, p. 183-202 [in Korean].
Moon, H.S., and Cho, H.I., 1974, Report on the Gasao South alunite deposit: Geological and Mineral Institute of Korea Report [unpub.] [in Korean],
Park, B.C., 1974, Study of alunite deposits in Dogcheon area: Geological and Mineral Institute of Korea, Report of Geology and Mineral Exploration, v. 2, pt. 2, p. 141-160 [in Korean].
45
I . Jonqsondo 7. Whang son-Bugog Young sediments 8 other igneous rocks
2. Jungryong-ri 8 Mason + 4- Granite 8 schistose gron.te (igneous)
3. Gosodo South 9. Gimhae- Deogbong Pyongan system 4. Gosodo North 10. G wong do Paloeozoic yyy^ Joseon system sediments 5 Dogcheon 11. Mireung do Crystalline schist 8 granite-gneiss 6. Og moe son
Distribution map of Alunite Deposits in South Korea. 46 FERTILIZER MINERAL RESOURCES OF MALAYSIA
PECK CHIN AW*
INTRODUCTION
Malaysia, being essentially an agricultural country, needs an ever increasing amount of fertilizers to improve crop yields. Currently, all requirements of potash and nearly all"of phosphate are met by imports. Part of the nitrogen fertilizer requirement is locally produced. The only known source of fertilizer is guano which is exploited on a small scale in some of the states.
Neither phosphorite nor potash" is known to occur in Malaysia. How• ever, no thorough prospecting has been carried out for either type of mineral ore. With better knowledge of phosphate and potash geology, there is a greater likelihood of finding phosphate and potash occurrences in the country.
Natural gas deposits either associated or hot associated with oil occur in the South China Sea (See Figure).
GUANO OCCURRENCES
Guano occurs in most of the limestone caves (See Figure and Table 1). The P2°5 content of the guano ranges from 10 to 30 percent. In Peninsu• lar Malaysia, guano is exploited as a cottage industry in the states of Kedah, Kelantan, Pahang, and Perils. The guano is obtained from the cave floor by hand labor. It Is placed in sacks and sold without drying or beneficiation. The guano is mainly used by farmers in rice nurseries to promote the growth of rice seedlings.
In Sarawak, the guano reserves from Niah Caves are estimated to be 28,200 long tons (Wilford, 1951). The guano deposits originate chiefly from the accumulation of bat and swift droppings and remains of insects which lived in them. The deposits are of two types. The first type is called guano which is a soft, moist, friable, dark brown substance which gives off ammonia. It has the consistency of wet sawdust and contains chitinous insect remains and a black clay-like substance. The second type is called "fossil" guano and rock phosphate which underlies the first type and overlies the limestone bedrock. The surface guano con• tains about 5 percent of nitrogen and 4.5 percent of 1*2^5* '^ne "f°ssH" guano and rock phosphate contain an average of 23 percent of 1*2^5' ^ne guano from Niah caves has been exploited since 1928.
*Senior Geologist, Industrial Minerals Division, Malaysia Geological Sur• vey, Perak, Malaysia Figure I. Location of Guano and natural gas occurrences in Malaysia
Table 1. Locations of guano occurrences in Malaysia
AREA LONGITUDE LATITUDE (in degrees East) (in degrees North)
Peninsular Malaysia
Chuping 100°13? 6028'
Bt. Baling 100o55' 5°40V
Dalam Wang 101o53' 6°12! Gunong Keriang 100°20V 6°12'
Kota Jin 102°29? 3°53' Gua Setir 101°55V 5°40' Gua Musang 101°54V - 4°53'
Sab ah
Batu Sapad 118°10! 4°42V
Madai 118°9! 4°43V
Baturong 118°00! 4°43' Siput 118°20' 4°35'
Tempadong 118°9' S°5h'
Gomantong 118°V 5°31f
Llan lie'll' 5°29f
Punan Batu 116°12' 4°48f
Sarawak
Melinau 114°46y 4°02'
Niah 113°49! 3°48f
Selabor 110°27V 0°55!
Sta'at 110°10f l°25f
Bidi 110o5' 1°21'
49 Guano is found in caves elsewhere in Sarawak. The reserves are not known and most of them have not been exploited.
In Sabah, about 20,500 long tons of guano occur In the two caves of Madai (Fitch, 1955) and Gomantong (Halle and Wong, 1965). Guano also occurs in at least six other caves, but their reserves are not known. None of the deposits in Sabah has been developed. Most of the guano deposits are found in caves where edible bird nests are collected. These caves are privately owned and the owners do not allow mining of the guano for fear of upsetting the collection of bird nests.
NATURAL GAS OCCURRENCES
The gas reserves as given by Petronas, the National Petroleum Corpo• ration of Malaysia, are shown in Table 2. Some of the associated gas from Sarawak is being piped to land for domestic and minor industrial use. The associated gas from Sabah and Peninsular Malaysia is not being utilized, though there are plans to use it for industries.
Table 2. Gas reserves of Malaysia (from Mohammad Ayob, written comm.)
AREA NON-ASSOCIATED GAS ASSOCIATED GAS (trillion cu ft) (trillion cu ft)
Sabah 0.5 1.3
Sarawak 14.4 2.2
Peninsular 6.6 2.3 Malaysia
The bulk of the non-associated gas occurs in the Central Luconia gas fields in Sarawak. Most of it will be piped to the liquified natural gas (LNG) plant which is being set up in Bintulu, Sarawak. According to a news report, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) nations have agreed to set up a urea plant as a joint venture project near the LNG complex in Bintulu. The plant is planned for a daily production of 1,300 tons of urea. The project is sche'duled for completion In 1983.
POTENTIAL OCCURRENCE OF PHOSPHORITE
As the country is being progressively mapped, its geology and strati• graphy are becoming better known. Some of the areas which appear favor• able for phosphorite deposition warrant detailed studies using modern prospecting techniques based on exploration elsewhere. Areas underlain by the following formations deserve attention.
50 Machinchang Formation.—The Formation is made' up of shallow marine elastics of Late Cambrian age which are overlain comformably by a thick shelf limestone of Ordovlcian to Silurian age (Jones,1913). It can be divided into three units, viz., a basai unit of interbedded subgreywacke and argillite (1080 m); a middleunit of thickly current-bedded sandstone, minor conglomerate and mudstone (900 m); and a top unit of "passage beds'1 consisting of sandstone, shale and limestone (30 ra).
Mahang Formation.—Mahang Formation was mapped and interpreted by Burton (1967) as an euxinic fades. The rocks were initially deposited under open platform and shelf conditions and later in an environment of restricted circulation. The age of the rocks range from Late Ordovician to Early Devonian. The rocks consist mainly of carbonaceous shale with minor amounts of sandstone, chert and limestone. The association of black shale and chert may be significant in the search for phosphorite in the area.
Karak Formation.—The Karak Formation with its type area to the east of Kuala Lumpur and the Main Range granite in Peninsular Malaysia is at least of Late Devonian age (Jaafar, 1976). The formation consists mainly of argillite with minor amounts of conglomerate, sandstone, chert, and greywacke. Tuff and limestone occur in the upper part of the unit. This formation also has an associated black shale and chert.
POTENTIAL OCCURRENCE OF POTASH
The Late Triassic orogeny in Peninsular Malaysia produced a few lagoonal or barred basins in the central part of the country. The rocks commonly referred to as the Terabeling Formation (Koopmans, 1968) were deposited in Late Triassic time under marine conditions and in Jurassic to Early Cretaceous time under nonmarine conditions. The rocks consist of red polymictic conglomerate, massive sandstone, and red shale. In places, thin lenses of fresh water limestone occur at the top of the succession (H.P. Khoo, personal comm.).
Although no evidence of evaporite or potash has been found, the rocks are llthologically similar to the Khorat Group (Kulasing, 1975) In Thailand where rock salt and gypsum have been found.
SUMMARY
To date, phosphorite and potash have not been found in Malaysia, though there are favorable lithologic associations for their occurrences. Associated and non-associated gas deposits occur in the offshore areas. Only some of the associated gas is currently being used. There is an ASEAN joint venture project for urea which is scheduled for completion by 1983.
51 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I wish to thank Dr. Mohammad Ayob of Petronas for information on the gas occurrences and my colleague, Mr.. Lim Peng Siong, for information on the guano reserves of Sabah.
REFERENCES
Burton, K., 1967, The Mahang Formation - a mid Palaeozoic euxinic facies from Malaya, with notes on its conditions of deposition and paleogeo- graphy: Geol. en. Mijnb., v. 46, p. 167-187.
Fitch, F.H., 1955, The geology and mineral resources of part of the Segama Valley and Darvel Bay area: British Borneo Geological Survey Memoir 4.
Haile, N.S., and Won, N.P.Y., 1965, The geology and mineral resources of Dent Peninsular Sabah: Borneo Geological Survey, Malaysia Memoir 16.
Jaafar Bin Ahmad, 1976, The geology and mineral resources of the Karak and Temerloh areas, Pahang.
Jones, C.R., 1973* Lower Paleozoic, in Gobbett, D.J., and Hutchison, C.S., eds., Geology of Malay Peninsular, Chap. 3: New York, John Wiley and Sons.
Koopmans, B.N., 1968, The Tembeling Formation - a lithostratigraphic des• cription: Geological Society of Malaysia Bulletin, v. 1, p. 23-43.
Kulasing, P., 1975, Khorat Group, proceedings of the conference on the geology of Thailand: Chiang Mai University, Department of Earth Sciences, Special Publication no. 1, v. 1.
Wilford, G.E., 1951, Phosphate deposits in the Niah Caves: British Borneo Geological Survey Annual Report, p. 32-41.
52 OCCURRENCES OF PHOSPHATIC ROCKS IN NEPAL
* J. M. Tater
ABSTRACT
The geological setting of Nepal Himalaya suggests that the Midland, Kathmandu, and Tethys Groups of rocks have had miogeosyncllnal-type sediment• ation during early Paleozoic time. The Midland Group is more extensive compared to the latter two and, because of its easier accessibility, has been investigated for phosphorite near the carbonate sequence at its southern margin with the Main Boundary Thrust. Phosphatic rocks were found in a zone of shale-dolomite-cherty limestone, generally underlain and over• lain by'argillites and (or) quartzites. Chemical analyses of a large number of samples have indicated a low p20^content, being generally less than 1 percent and occasionally about 5 percent.
INTRODUCTION
Large sections of the Himalayan Mountain Chain, extending for about 2500 km, have been covered by various geological and geophysical studies. The Nepal Himalaya, which lies in the central part of the Chain and spans a length of over 800 km, has primarily been investigated by field mapping. The search for phosphatic rocks in Nepal began in 1966 when Dr. Richard P. Sheldon of the U. S. Geological Survey studied some of the field outcrops in the western and far-western parts of the country and looked at available information in unpublished reports. He suggested that some of the litho- logical settings could be attributed to miogeosynclinal conditions, and therefore warranted a search for sedimentary phosphatic rocks. On his advice, the Department of Nepal Geological Survey (presently the Department of Mines and Geology) began investigations in selected areas. In 1970, the Department asked Dr. Y. Kazitsin of the U.S.S.R. to investigate the possible presence of phosphorite in eastern Nepal where occurrences of Paleozoic ostracods have been reported on the basis of departmental regional mapping. Kazitsin's findings established the presence of low-grade phosphatic layers between Takure and Barahkshetra in eastern Nepal. In some of the nodules embedded in the shaly rock, the P^O^ content was as high as 30 percent, but the phosphatic layers were found to be thin and erratic. The trend of these occurrences was almost WNW-ESE, parallel to the Main Boundary Thrust. In subsequent years, search continued along that extension, but the 1*2^5 content was found to be generally low or nil.
In the meantime, more regional geological mapping work in different parts of the country were completed. Existence of various rock types such as low- and high-grade metamorphic rocks, marine and continental sedimentary
Deputy Director General, Department of Mines and Geology, Kathmandu, Nepal deposits, mafic to silica-rich igneous rocks, have been established. Some of the rocks included diverse invertebrate fossils as well as some plants and vertebrate fossils. But generally, the lithologic units were poor to barren in fossil content and have undergone complex tectonic movements. A study has been taken up by the Department of Mines and Geology to identify possible horizons of phosphatic rocks on the basis of available field and laboratory information.
Geological Setting
Six lithostratigraphic units span the geological time scale from Precambrian to Recent. The oldest of these^ the Himal Group, is considered to be Precambrian ln age. The Group is composed of highly metamorphosed rocks such as gneisses and schists, with feldspathization in places. The lower parts of the Kathmandu and Midland Groups are late Precambrian, with their remaining thicknesses made up of lower Paleozoic rocks. The Kathmandu Group has identifiable invertebrate index fossils, but the Midland Group has very poor fossil preservation on account of its tectonic setting. It has been assigned a late Precambrian to Devonian age. The Tethys Group, largely consisting of marine argillaceous and carbonate sediments, ranges in age from middle Paleozoic to the end of the Mesozoic. The Group has good preser• vation of such fossils as graptolites, brachiopods, and ammonites and has a number of datable marker horizons. The Surkhet Group occupies a narrow zone mostly in the western Nepal region and is considered to be Late Jurassic to middle Paleogene in age. It has an angular unconformity at its base and generally consists of shales and limestones. The Siwalik Group is made up of fluviatile deposits that were carried by high velocity rivers subsequent to the final phase of the main Himalayan orogeny. The Group ranges from middle Paleogene to early Quarternary In age and consists mainly of shales and sandstones. Besides the above groups, granites, paragranites and partly metamorphosed basic igneous rocks are present in various parts. The alluvium of the Terai area, valley deposits, and river terraces were deposited and formed in Recent times.
The Himalayan orogeny involved considerable shortening of the crust in which rocks were deformed and modified in the process. The possible relation• ships of the rocks to the north and south of the Himalayas have been studied by many investigators. In recent years, considerable information has been made available because of subsurface studies in India. South of the sub- Himalaya, five basins have been recognized, and their demarcation is based on the intervening basement ridges (Fig. 1). These basins are (from west to east): the Indus Basin, the Punjab Basin, the Ganga Basin, the Bengal Basin, and the Brahmaputra Basin. Though the basement in the Indus Basin has a large cover of Mesozoic and Cenozoic sediments, the basement in the Ganga Basin is directly overlain by the Middle Siwalik rocks. In the case of the Punjab Basin, the possibility of an intervening zone of pre^Cenozoic sediments has been considered. To the east, the presence of Mesozoic and Cenozoic sedimentary rocks, including Jurassic Rajmahal Traps and Miocene sediments, have been reported in the Bengal Basin (Sengupta, 1966). Further to the east in the BrahmaputraBasin, Karunakaran and Ranga Rao (1976) sug• gested the presence of Gondwana rocks beneath the Neogene sediments. As a whole, the subsurface stratigraphy to the south of the Himalayas indicates
54 GEOLOGICAL CROSS-SECTIONS
Basement Rldgss i I-Di In I - Lahore-Sa r godha Ridge, 2-De I b\-Muzaf (or nogar
Ridge, 3- Faizabad Ridge, 4 - Mo n ghy r-Saha rsa Ridge. Location of Wells.
I Zlra, M-Adompgr, Ill-UJhonl, Vlll-Tllhor, IX-Raxoul, X-Purneo.
—I Archean basement, 2-V indhyan Group, 3- Gondwana, 4 -Mesozoic,
5- Rojmahal Trap, 6- Paleogene, 7-Paleocene, 8- Neogene-No locene
Fig. 1 Geological cross-sections through the Indo-Gangetic plains (after Rao, 1973).
55 that the basement was overlain by rocks ranging in age from Precambrian to Miocene, and that the stratigraphic hiatus met in drill holes could be attributed to the local nondeposition or erosion.
A belt of flysch sediments ranging in age from Triassic to Paleocene and mixed with oceanic crustal material such as volcanics, melanges and ultrabasic slabs, crops out beyond the northern border of Nepal, north of the Tethyan rocks (Gansser, 1978). The belt is highly1 tectonized and has been referred to as Suture Zone. The Zone extends for almost the entire length of the Alpine-Himalayan mountain chain, spanning a distance of over 2500 km. Considered to be a major structural element, it is not a continuous feature, and there usually occurs parallel to subparallel ophiolite-bearlng belts north of the main Suture Zone. The evolution of the Zone reflects the relative motions of large lithospheric plates such as the Indian Plate and complex microplates to the north. A comparison of the behavior of the regions to the south and north of the Suture Zone indicates that the Tibetan area north of the Himalayas behaved in a completely different manner from the Indian Shield mass to the south (Gansser, 1979).
Stratigraphy
The six lithostratigraphic units (Tater, et al,, 1977) follow the general trend of the Himalayas. Some of them extend over almost the entire length of Nepal. These units have formally been called groups, and they incorporate the corresponding series, formations, nappes, etc., of earlier workers.
Siwalik Group.—The Siwalik Group includes all rocks formerly called Siwalik of middle Miocene to early Pleistocene age. The Group extends over the entire length of Nepal and has longitudinal extension to the east as well as to the west where it has been referred to as Siwalik rocks. A three-fold division of the Siwalik rocks has been attempted, and the use of the terms, Lower Siwalik Group, Middle Siwalik Group and Upper Siwalik Group, has been established. In the Surkhet area, the Middle Siwaliks are divided into two subunits (Tater, et al., 1977): Upper Middle Siwalik (MS-) and Lower Middle Siwalik (MS^. The lithology of the Siwaliks is as follows:
Upper Siwalik (US): Coarse, boulder conglomerates with irregular bands and lenses of sandstone and thin intercalations of yellow, brown, and grey sandy clays. Upper contact fault bounded. Thickness 1500 m to 3000 m.
Upper Middle Siwalik (MS^): Fine- to medium-grained, arkosic pebbly sandstones with lesser amounts of grey to dark-grey clays and occa• sionally silty sandstones and pebble conglomerates. Thickness: 600 m to 1500 m.
Lower Middle Siwalik (MSJ: Medium- to coarse-grained, friable arkosic sandstones and fine- to medium-grained, hard, massive grey shales, and thin sands of pseudoconglomerates and claystones. Plant and animal fossils present in clays and shales. Thickness: 2000 m to 3000 m.
56 Lower Siwalik (.LSI: Fine-grained, hard grey sandstones interbedded with purple-red, evenly chocolate-colored shales, nodular maroon clays, pseudoconglomerates, and clayey^ shales. Plant fossils are present in shales. Lower contact fault bounded. Thickness: 1800 m to 3300 m.
Surkhet Group.—The Surkhet Group is identifiable in southwestern Nepal as a narrow strip running parallel to the Main Boundary Thrust. In its eastern continuation it crops out discontinuously for about 70 km. The Group invariably overlies the Precambrian Lakharpata Limestone with an angular unconformity along the Main Boundary Thrust, except at its western• most extension where it lies directly on the Siwaliks. The top of the Group is faulted along the Ranimata Thrust which brings it in direct contact with the older Midland Group. In the area where the type section was defined, the Surkhet Group was divided into the Suntar Khola Formation and Swat Khola Formation (Tater, et al., 1977): .
Suntar Khola Formation (Sn. F.): Fine- to medium-grained, greenish- grey to grey sandstones and purple shales with intercalations of green splintery shales. Thickness: 200 m to 1500 m.
Swat Khola Formation (Sw. F.J: Grey to dark grey, carbonaceous, crumpled shales with bands and lenses of fine-grained fossiliferous limestones (Nummutites sp., Assilina sp., etc.) ; ferrugenous quartzites at the base. Thickness: 120 m to 750 m.
Tethys Group.—This Group, consists of limestones, dolomites, shales, sandstones, conglomerates, and minor slates and low-grade crystalline schists. It overlies a rather complex crystalline basement which is bounded further down by the Main Central Thrust. The stratigraphy of the Group is well known, and in Nepal it extends from Cambrian to Cretaceous in age. Well-preserved remains of trilobites, graptolites, brachiopods, corals, crinoids, and ammonites are present and have been studied by many paleonto• logists, particularly by Waterhouse (1978). The Group consists of platform- type deposits (miogeosynclinal) with a general thickening northwards (eugeosynclinal). In Nepal, the rocks of the Group were confined to the Mustang and Langu Basin which were structurally bounded.
Kathmandu Group.—The Kathmandu Group outcrops in the shape of a large spoon in central Nepal. It has been subdivided into an upper carbonate subgroup and a lower clastic subgroup. The upper subgroup has been assigned an age of middle Paleozoic, more specifically Ordovician to early Devonian age. It consists of a lower calcareous facies (Chandragiri Limestone), a middle arenaceous facies (Chitlang Formation), and an upper calcareous facies (Godavari Limestone). The lower clastic subgroup has been assumed to be of late Precambrian to Cambrian age and consists of fine- to medium-grained grey sandstones and quartzites with intercalations of calcareous phyllites and sandstones, argillaceous limestones, sericitic and black phyllites, and shales. The Group overlies the Suparitar Series or the older tectonically disposed Bhimphedi Series (or their equivalents) of the Midland Group. The contact is assumed to be a thrust fault; however, Arita, et al. (1973) consider it an unconformity. At some places along the southern margin, it overlies the Siwaliks in direct contact with the Main Boundary Thrust. In
57 the central parts, the Group is overlain by the Pleistocene lake sediments of the Kathmandu Valley.
Other stratigraphic names associated with the name Kathmandu are also in use, such as Kathmandu Nappe and Kathmandu Complex. However, they are considered entirely different from the Group described above. Unlike other Kathmandu groupings, the Kathmandu Group does not include the schists and gneisses of central Nepal.
Midland Group.—The Midland Group consists of phyllites and quartzites of different hues, gametiferous schists and gneisses, stromatolite-bearing dolomitic limestones, slates, and grayish-white to pink limestones and marbles. The Group, though nearly unfossiliferous, has been assigned a Precambrian to middle Paleozoic age, and has the widest outcrop compared to other lithological groups in Nepal. It is tectonically complex; younger formations have often been repeatedly overthrust by older rocks. Major lithological units, the Bhimphedi Series and Suparitar Series, and the Kathmandu Nappe and Nuwakot Nappe, are part of this Group. As a rule, rocks having a higher grade of metamorphism have been assigned a lower strati^ graphic position. In eastern Nepal, recovery of broken tests of ostracods with lower Paleozoic affinities from a grey argillaceous dolomite (Tater, 1968) was very suggestive of the continuation of the Midland Group into middle Paleozoic time. However, the occurrence of coaly or carbonaceous matter in some of the layers is indicative of a possible Gondwana age for some of these units (Auden, 1965; Tater, 1968). Recently, Bashyal (1978) recorded the presence of such plant fossils as Schizoneura gondwanesis Feistm and Glossopteris indica Schimp in a one-meter thick coaly bed in black quartzite. The plant fossils are known as Damuda flora in Indian geology and have been assigned a Permian age. It may therefore be reasonable to assume that the Midland Group has a larger time span in eastern Nepal, or conversely, a separate, overlying stratigraphic unit needs to be identi• fied formally. Many of the phosphorite occurrences described later ln this paper belong to the rocks with Gondwana affinities (Barahkestra Formation of Bashyal, 1978).
Himal Group.—The Himal Group occupies large areas in the central and northern regions of the country and extends through the entire length of the country. It consists mainly of banded kyanite, garnet-mica and sillimanite- mica gneisses, calc-silicate rocks, quartzites, schists, marbles, and amphi- bolites. Migmatites and augen structures also occur frequently. Field workers have often subdivided the Group into two units; the lower crystal• line unit consisting mainly of gneisses and migmatites with augen structures and the upper crystalline unit consisting mainly of quartzites, schists, phyllites, and amphibolites. This subdivision is not necessarily true for the entire country. The equivalent names to the east in India are Darjeeling Gneisses and Daling Schists in the Darjeeling region and Siang Group and Sela Group in the Arunachal Pradesh region. To the west of Nepal, the equivalents are Vaikrita Group and Martoli Formation in the Garhwal-Kumaon region of India.
58 The Himal Group is overlain by the Tethys Group to the north, and its base is identified as the'Main Central Thrust. In most places the Thrust fault is not conspicuous and in fact appears as a zone whose thickness varies from zero to a few thousand meters. The zone consists mainly of mica phyllitic schists, green schists, green and black phyllites, garnet-mica-chlorite phyllitic schists often bearing rotated garnet por- phyroblasts, quartzites and minor amphibolites. Occasional occurrences of graphitic phyllite and mylonitic augen gneiss is a special characteristic of the zone; the augen gneiss is strongly sheared and intensely foliated with flaky biotite and rauscovite.
Phosphorite Occurrences
The investigated phosphorite occurrences are primarily localized in eastern Nepal along the southern boundary of the Midland' Group close to the Main Boundary Thrust (Fig. 2). They extend over a distance of about 160 km, and lie on either side of Barahkshetra, a village located along the Sun Kosi River. The Main Boundary Thrust passes just north of this village. The phosphorite occurrences to the east of Barahkshetra extend up to Takure, a distance of about 30 km, and those to the west of Barahkshetra extend up to Tangsar, a distance of about 130 km. The occurrences of Barahkshetra- Takureregion have been more intensively studied since they were first dis• covered. The low-grade phosphorites were generally found in or along the subunits b and c of Sanguri Formation (Tater, 1968). A more or less regular belt, 10 to 30 meters thick, of clastic and carbonate rocks such as black shale, limestone, chert, and marl is recognizable. The belt is a part of the margins of the southern position of the Paleozoic basin. It has been observed by systematic chemical analyses that the phosphate-bearing rocks of the belt are not consistent in their ^2^5 content» occasionally reaching 5 percent but seldom more than that. There are marked lithological varia• tions as well, and intraformational conglomeratic bodies have also been seen (Singh, 1970).
Barahkshetra area.—Four horizons of phosphorite rocks are present in this area. The lowest horizon (H-l) consists of quartzitic sandstone and sandy shale; the shale has lenticles of siderite and shows a weak phosphatic concentration (^2^5 is less than 1 percent). The next horizon (H-2) consists of carbonaceous phyllite, cherty dolomite, bituminous shale, and quartzite. The chemical analyses showed a content as high as 3 percent in some of the samples from this horizon. Horizon H-l is about 45 m and H-2 is about 20 m thick. H-2 is overlain by a 2-m thick "conglomerate unit and is then followed by horizon H-3 that consists of pink to chocolate-brown dolomite, chert, shale with sheared bodies of bituminous shale, and quartzite. H-3 has a variably low P~0 concentration; its highest percentage value falling about 5 percent. H-3 Is also overlain by conglomerate, about 3 m thick, which is then followed by the 45- to 50-m section of the H-4 horizon. H-4 consists of purple to violet clay, marl, chert, black shale with sheared bodies of bituminous shale, and quartzite. In H-4, .like H-3, the ?2®5 percentage does not exceed five. Higher in the\strati'graphic section, H-4 is overlain by quartzites and argillites.
59 1 •
8d9E Figure 2. Locations of phosphorite occurrences in Nepal Barahkshetra-Tangsar region.—The Barahkshetra region extends over a distance of about 130 km between the villages of Barahkshetra and Tangsar, and lies north of the Main Boundary Thrust. The formation immediately to the north of the Main Boundary Thrust consists of siliceous white to dark- grey dolomite, with layers of greenish quartzitic sandstone, white quartzite, and green to purple-colored shales. It has no formal formation name but is persistent throughout the region (Bashyal, 1973). Generally, the outcrop is thicker (thickness up to 600 m) in the eastern part of the region and thins down to a constant thickness of 100 m in most of the western part. This variation in thickness can be attributed to the Main Boundary Thrust. To the north of this formation, argillites with lesser amounts of dolomite, carbonaceous phyllite, and cherty limestone crop out along the length of the region. The thickness of the argillites attains a maximum of 200 m, but it is generally variable because of folding. The carbonaceous and calcareous rocks are particularly frequent at its base, in contact with the previously described siliceous dolomite. The phosphorite occurrences are located along this basal part. The argillites are overlain by garnetiferous quartz-mica schists .throughout the region.
Phosphorite occurrences crop out along the contact between the siliceous dolomite and argillites of the Midland Group. Individual occurrences have been traced over 4 km along the contact. The P20,_ content is generally less than 1 percent though occasionally it has been greater than 5 percent. The zone bearing the phosphatic rocks is about 30 m thick and is fairly persistent throughout the region. It contains layers of argillites interbedded with irregular beds and lenses of carbonaceous shale, dolomite, cherty limestone, quartzite, and chloritic phyllite. A slight degree of metamorphism in the phosphate rock-bearing zone can be discerned; the zone commonly has shales and sandstones in the eastern part of the region while chloritic phyllite is more common in the western part. The P?0 content is less than 1 percent for most of the channel samples examined to a depth of 1.5 m. In the western part, the presence of phosphatic nodules with up to 6.38 percent of ^2^5 nas also been recorded.
Other regions.—Investigations for phosphatic rocks elsewhere in Nepal have also been carried out in the formations that crop but close to the Main Boundary Thrust. However, to the west of Tangsar the ?2^5conten t or" tne rocks has been extremely poor. In isolated cases, 1^5 up to 1 Percent have been recorded. A few occurrences in the rocks of the Surkhet Group were found north of Dang and in Khulia Khola northwest of Chisapani in western Nepal. These occurrences were in Eocene shales and carbonates and were generally content poor in P2^s » though over 4.5 percent ?2®5 was reported from Khulia Khola. Kazitsin (1970) recorded the occasional presence of phosphatic con• centrations in some of the shales and sandstones of the Siwalik Group in central Nepal. These concentrations never exceeded 1 percent of P2^5' anc* were generally present in rocks that cropped out within a distance or 30 m south of the Main Boundary Thrust.
61 In more recent work, Bashyal (1978) advanced support for establishing a separate formation by the name of Barahkshetra Formation. He assigned it a Perrao-Carboniferous age on the basis of such Gondwana flora as Schizoneura gondwanesis Feistm and Glossopterls indlca Schimp. Though these flora were not identified in the Barahkshetra region but rather in the Takure area which is about 30 km to the east, formational continuity has been observed in the field. The base of the proposed Barahkshetra Formation consists of sand• stone that includes debris of pre-existing volcanic rocks. X-ray analyses of this debris show the presence of alpha quartz, microcline, orthoclase, ankerite, ilmenite, and chlorite. The absence of albite suggests that the debris was derived from calc-alkaline trachyte-type volcanic rock (Bashyal, 1978). The Barahkshetra Formation thus includes subunits b and c of the Sanguri Formation and the phosphate-bearing rocks (H-l to H-4). Chemical analyses of field samples taken from H-l, H-3, and H-4 showing the distribu• tion of major elements and trace elements are given in Table 1.
Takure region.—A 10- to 15-ra thick phosphate rock-bearing formation crops out over a distance of about 1600 m. The formation consists of shale, calcareous shale, chert, and glauconltlc sandstone. The percentage generally falls between 1 and 2, and in a few isolated cases, may range up to 20 percent of P-O^Kayastha, 1971). The phosphorite horizon is localized between the overlying dolomite and the underlying quartzite. The Main Boundary Thrust nearby occasionally cuts off the dolomite and quartzite causing discontinuity in outcrop pattern of the phosphorite horizon. A lithologic description of the region is given below.
Lichology Thickness (in meters)
Biotite schist, grey to greyish-white, medium-grained; often massive and Impregnated with porphyroblastic grains of quartz and feldspar. Lenses and dikes of amphibolites present 300
Quartzite, white to bluish-white, massive 80
Phyllite, grey to dark-grey, medium-grained; often crumpled and calcareous; occasional coaly material and pyrite mineralization
(less than 0.5 percent of P?0 recorded In isolated samples) 75
Dolomite, grey to cream-colored, laminated. Associated with minor shales; often carbonaceous at base (1 to 2 m thickness)
and having variable P205 content 20
Quartzite, white 20-30
Main Boundary Thrust
Siwalik Sandstone and shale
62 Table 1. Chemical analyses results of field samples
\^ Sample from H-l H-3 H-5 Ma j or \. Elements \^ (in percent) ^\
Si 0„ 46.0 67.98 43.66 11.15 13.84 0.61 A12°3
Fe203 12.01 5.29 0.10 Mn 0 0.11 0.08 trace
MR 0 5.49 1.77 11.44 Ca 0 4.58 0.62 16.70
Na 20 0.78 2.09 trace
K„0 5.62 3.56 0.08 Ti 0„ 5.81 0.66 0.08
0.86 0.17 trace P2°5 Loss on
ignition 6.31 3.20 25.0 Total % 98.72 99.26 97.67
Trace Sample (in ppm) H-l . H-3 H-5
Ba 2254 590 46 Co 49 18 27 Cr 514 77 26 Cu 18 12 16 Ni 185 52 41 Sr 1024 131 50 V 264 130 42 Rb 182 167 110
(The analyses were conducted by quantometre in CRPG at Nancy, France.)
63 CONCLUSION
The search for phosphorite in Nepal has focused on the region of the Midland Group carbonates that crop out close to the Main Boundary Thrust. All results have indicated low phosphatic concentrations. With the help of paleogeographic reconstructions based on the investigations of regional mapping, the Department of Mines and Geology will evaluate the results obtained thus far. It hopefully will be possible to delineate areas of higher phosphatic concentrations.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The result of phosphorite investigations carried out by the Department of Mines and Geology are available in unpublished form at its library. The author wishes to acknowledge his sincere appreciation to Mr. M. N. Rana, director general, for permitting the use of these reports in preparation of this paper.
REFERENCES
Arita, K., Ohta, Y., Akiba, C., and Maruo, Y., 1973, Kathmandu region, in Geology of Nepal Himalayas: Hashimoto, S. and others, eds., Tokyo, Saikon, p. 99-145.
Auden, J.B., 1965, Feasibility study of irrigation development in the Terai Plain: Food and Agricultural Organization geological report [unpub.].
Bashyal, R.P., 1973, Report on the geology of phosphorite basin of Barahkshetra-Tangsar area: Nepal Geological Survey [unpub.].
1978, Les Miveaux Phosphates du Bas Himalaya au Southeast Nepal [thesis]: Docteur 3eme Cycle, Paris, P. et M. Curie University.
Gansser, A., 1978, Structural map of Himalaya and Tibet: Kathmandu, Nepal, Department of Mines and Geology, scale: 1:5,000,000.
1979, The significance of the Himalayan Suture Zone, ^n Inter- union Commission on Geodynamics special report no. 47: Tectonophysics special vol., Tater, J.M., ed., Amsterdam [in press].
Karunakaran, C., and Ranga Rao, A., 1976, Status of exploration for hydro• carbons in the Himalayan region - contributions to stratigraphy and structure: Himalayan Geology Seminar, sec. 3, New Delhi, September 13-17, p. 1-72.
Kayasth, N.B., 1971, Report on phosphorite-bearing horizon of Takure- Barahkshetra area: Nepal Geological Survey [unpub.].
Kazitsin, Y., 1970, Non-metallic resources and prospects for development of a rock products industry in Nepal: Nepal Geological Survey [unpub.].
64 Rao, M.B.R., 1973, The subsurface geology of the Indo-gangetic plains; Geological Society of India Journal, v. 14, p, 217-242,
Sengupta, S., 1966, Geological and geophysical studies In part of Bengal Basin: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bull., v. 43, p. 2675-2700.
Singh, V., 1970, Preliminary investigation of phosphorite rocks of Barahkshetra and Dharan area: Nepal Geological Survey [unpub.].
Tater, J.M., 1968, The geology of Dharan Dharkuta map-area: Nepal Geological Survey [unpub.].
Tater, J.M., Kayastha, N.B., and Shrestha, J.N., 1977, The geological map of Nepal: Kathmandu, Nepal, Department of Mines and Geology, scale: 1:1,000,000.
Waterhouse, J.B., 1978, Permian brachiopoda and mollusca from northwest Nepal: Brisbane (Australia), University of Queensland, Department of Geology and Mineralogy.
65 PHOSPHATE, POTASH AND NATURAL GAS OCCURRENCES IN PAKISTAN
Asrarullah*
PHOSPHATE
Previous Work
The first published record by Stanin and Hasan (July 1966) presented bleak prospects of finding phosphate in Pakistan. The next serious search was undertaken in 1971 when Mr. Latif of Punjab University found phos• phorite in 1970 while working on the geology of Hazara at Kakul for his doctoral thesis. N. A. Bhatti and Mirza Talib Hasan of the Geological Survey of Pakistan (G.S.P.) conducted detailed investigations on phosphate deposits of the Kakul and Mirpur areas (1972). M. T. Hasan and Ishaq Ghaznavi (G.S.P.) conducted investigations in the Sirbun Hill area in 1973. Ghaznavi and Tahir Karim conducted further investigations in the Dalola, Lagarban and Kalu-de-3andi areas of Hazara Division in 1975.
Phosphate occurrences of little economic significance have been re• ported from many other parts of Pakistan. The occurrences are mostly nodular and bedded forms ranging in age from Cambrian to Eocene. Table 1 lists the mode of occurrences and ^2^5 Percentages of different phos- phogenic provinces.
The occurrences are found in the provinces of North West Frontier Province, Punjab, Sind, and Baluchistan. In view of the latest research on a nitrogen phosphate generator, these occurrences can be of economic interest in the near future. The only economic deposits discovered so far are located In the Hazara Division of the North West Frontier Pro• vince of Pakistan.
Phosphate Deposits of Hazara
General Description.—The phosphate deposits of Hazara are of sedi• mentary origin. These phosphorite deposits cover an area of 160 sq km in the northern part of the North West Frontier Province of Pakistan between lat. 34°5! and 34°22» and long. 73°0* and 73°23\
Collophane, dahlite and minor amounts of francolite are the principal phosphate minerals while glauconite, dolomite, iron oxide, and pyrite are the common impurities in the Hazara phosphorite. These impurities vary throughout the phosphorite deposit.
Director General, Geological Survey of Pakistan Table 1. Mode of phosphate occurrence and P^O,. content of some phospho^onlc areas
Niosphogenic area Type of occurrence Formation and Age P^O^ content (In percent)
Baluchistan Province:
Lasbela nodules In shales Jakkar Group, Pal eocene 5-15 Lo rn1a1 nodules Moghal Kot Formation, Cretaceous 5
North West Frontier Province:
Kohat-Nizampur-Cherat nodules in shale Chichali Formation, Upper Jurassic and Luinishiwal Formation, Upper Creta• ceous 10 - 15 Hazara Division bedded in dolomite and silty heds Abbottabad Formation and Hozira Formation, Cam• brian 10-30 Dera Ismail Khan nodules ln shale Chichali Formation, Upper Jurassic n.a, Parachinar Agency and Tirah n.a. Chichali Formation, Upper Jurassic 5-10 Khyber Agency apatite in carbonatite n.a. 5-10
Punjab Province:
Dera Ghazl Khan nodules Ghazij Shale, n.a. 5-20 Kala Chitta layers (bedded?) Chichali Formation n.a, Salt Range Lumshiwal Formation Lower Cretaceous n.a.
Sind Province:
Dadu layers Gaj Formation, Miocene 10 - 15 Karachi nodules in shale Chichali Formation, n.a. Upper Jurassic; Lumshiwal Formation, n.a. Lower Cretaceous; and nodules Tion Formation, Eocene n.a. Nagarparkar n.a. n.a. n.a.
Sub-surface extension of Birmania Formation of Rajasthan, India, Permian age.
67 The lower-most part of the Hazira/Galdanlan Formation* of Cambrian age and the upper cherty dolomite part of the Abbottabad Formation are phosphatic in the Hazara area. The deposits are generally pelletal though the lithology may vary greatly in the area. The entire horizon contains at least 10 to 15 percent of and may range as high as 30
percent of P2°5'
At some places in the Hazira Formation, for example, Dalola, the phosphorite is dense and dark and the pellets are not well developed. The black color is due to organic material. In some places the pellets were deformed and obliterated during diagenesis. The pellets are gen• erally oolitic or nodular and are ovoid in shape. They are completely phosphatized, and thus structures are not well defined. The oolites have concentric structure. There is a large range of pellet sizes between beds and between localities. The cementing materials aredolomltlc and in places, mlcrocrystalline silica-phosphate. Grains of quartz, calcite, dolomite, pyrite, glauconite, and some clayey minerals are commonly in• cluded among the pellets.
Most of the phosphate pellets appear to have been originally calcium carbonate or aragonite. The aragonite or calcium carbonate has been com• pletely or partially replaced by phosphate minerals. In thin sections spicules are present, particularly in the Sirbun Hill area samples. The spicules are needle-like and curved. They have been identified as Hyo- lithid fossils of Cambrian age. The spicules have been phosphatized though some are siliceous and calcareous.
Economic deposits exist over a distance of 35 km in the Kakul to Dalola areas along the contact between the upper cherty dolomite part of the Abbottabad Formation and the lower part of the Hazira Formation (see Table 2). The two major lithologies are: (a) cherty phosphorite of the Abbottabad Formation; and (b) calcareous silty phosphorite of the Hazira/Galdanian Formation.
Mining and Utilization of Hazara Phosphorite.—In 1975, Sarhad De• velopment Authority engaged British consultants from the Powell & Dufferin National Coal Board to conduct detailed exploration, and studies for ex• ploitation of the Hazara phosphorite deposits. In 1978, the consultants applied for a further extension to carry out detailed exploration in the Lagarban and Delola areas. They also prepared a conceptual mining plan for feasibility studies based on an annual production rate of 306,000 tons per annum of beneficiated ore at an average grade of 26 percent of P„0^. Mine development depends greatly on the grade, size, and ore qual• ity of the material.
Currently the consultants have developed a mine at Kakul that has two levels of mining. The two adits have an elevation difference of 19 meters. The first and second adits are 546 m and 485 m long, respectively. Up until December 31, 1978, 15,300 metric tons of phosphorite have been mined. The most recently reported rate of mining is 166 metric tons per month.
The Hazira and Galdanian Formations are laterally equivalent rock units
68 Table 2. Probable and proved reserves of phosphorite in Hazara
Dip Depth Proved Probable (m) Reserves Reserves (million (million tons) tons) Kakul-Mlrpur 91 high to medium grade" 0.4 low grade^ 0.68
Lagarban (North) high to medium grade 0.8 low grade 1.7
Kalude-Bandi 152 eastern phosphorite' 1.9 western phosphorite 6.4
Dalola 91 low to medium grade 2.3 low grade^ 6.9
Sirbun 1.9 low grade
TOTAL .1 . ?. 21.78
Total reserves are 22.98 million tons
*High to medium grade contains 25 to 34 percent of P-0,.. 2 Low grade contains less than 25 percent of P2^5*
A test mine at Lagarban is also being developed. Detailed benefici• ation tests still remain to be carried out. The rock is hard to grind and at places contains impurities. The impurities are detrimental to normal sulphuric acid processing, and have to be reduced by beneficiation which raises the cost of production. Tests done by TVA on Kakul phosphates showed that the phosphorite is inert and thus less reactive and amenable to treatment processes. Upgrading the ore will be expensive and will ad• versely affect the economics of production.
For mining development purposes, the consultants drilled a total of 31 holes in the area; 2091 m at Kakul, 1415 m at Lagarban, and 401 m at Dalola. In addition, the first and deepest drill hole in Kakul was drilled by the G. S. P. in 1973. About 0.4 million tons of proved phosphate re• serves occur in Kakul up to a dip depth of 78 m.
69 Carbonatites
The Loe-Shilroan carbonatite deposit occurs In the topographic sheet 34 N/4 area in the North West Frontier Province of Pakistan. The car• bonatite has intruded into slate, phyllite and marble of the Landikotal Formation of Paleozoic age. Four mineralogical types of carbonatites have been recognized: sovite which is a calcitic carbonatite, a phosphate- bearing mica carbonatite, a phosphate-bearing amphibolitic (mainly glaucophane) carbonatite, and a strontium carbonatite.
In the eastern part of the outcrops, the phosphate-bearing car• bonatites are estimated at 45 million tons of which 1.8 million tons (4.0 percent) are phosphate. In the western part, ore reserves have been estimated at 14 million tons of which 0.8 million tons (5.5 percent) are phosphate.
POTASH ROCKS
Introduction
The Salt Range Formation of Cambrian age in the Salt Range and the Dhariala brine in the Punjab have the best potential for potash mineral oc• currences. The Salt Range has long been an area of geologic interest. Warth (1891), Wynne (1878), Stuart (1919), Gee (1934, 1945 and 1950), and Christie (1941) are some of the significant early workers. Further investigations have been done by Schindewolf and Seilacher (1955), Asrarullah (1963), and Alam and Asrarullah (1972). The Saline Series or the Salt Range Formation has long been known for Its halite deposits. Potash was first discovered by Warth (1891). Later work described the potassium salts in the Khewra mine and Nurpur area (Christie, 1941) and the presence of potassium salts in the Warcha and Kalabagh salt mines (Stuart, 1919).
Khewra Deposits
The Salt Range is about the only place in Pakistan where low-grade potash ore has been found in association with halite deposits. The Salt Range Formation, formerly known as the Saline Series, is the oldest rock unit in the area. The formation has been subdivided into the following members (Alam and Asrarullah, 1972, p. 2):
Sahwal Marl Member: (a) Bright red marl beds (3.0 to 91 m [ 10 to 300 ft]) (b) Dull red marl beds (more than 37 m [ 120 ft]) Bhandar Kas Gypsum Member: More than 76 m (250 ft) Billianwala Salt Marl Member: Base not exposed (over 610 m [2000 ft])
In the Khewra area, the potash deposits occur in the salt marl beds that separate the various salt seams. Alam and Asrarullah (1972, p. 3)
70 recognized seven potash-bearing horizons which are, from top to bottom, 1.5 m (5 ft), .53 m (1.75;eft),, -.1.8 m (6 f t), 10 m (34 ft), 2.1 m (7 ft), and .91 m (3 ft) thick, respectively.
Dhariala Brine Deposit.
The Attock Oil Company in 1952 drilled Dhariala Well No. 1 in the Punjab. An unusually thick section of Precambrian salt was found from 480 to 2596 m (1575 to 8518 ft). At 1201 m (3939 ft), brine flowed to the surface at a rate of 1,500 barrels per hour. On an average, the brine was found to contain, by weight, 6.7 percent of potassium chloride, 16.5 percent of magnesium chloride, 4.6 percent of calcium chloride, 5.7 per• cent of sodium chloride, and small quantities of sulphate derivatives.
The surface of the Dhariala-Khajura fold is characterized by narrow, linear or arcuate alignments of subparallel folds and thrust faults. The exposed rocks belong to the Ranikot, Laki, Bhadrar and Kamlial Forma• tions of Tertiary age. The subsurface interpretation indicates a thrust fault zone with a contorted section overlying a section with no discernable dip. The surface and subsurface geological interpretation is that the Dhariala Well was drilled on a thrust fault-controlled surface fold.
The potassium content of the Dhariala brine is considerably higher than those .of Salt Lake (Utah, USA), Salt Flats (Utah, USA), Searles Lake (California, USA), the Dead Sea, and sea water. The salts are chloride salts which are simpler and less costly for the recovery and purification of potassium.
The potash minerals occur as specks, streaks, thin seams, and lenticles of limited extent in the salt and salt marl beds. Some of the potash and salt marl beds are brecciated; small pieces, of potash and salt marl are set in a marly matrix.
The salt marl varies from 1.40 to 5.0 percent of K„0, and rocks with• out the salt marl vary from 1.40 to 18.80 percent of K^O. The potassium minerals in the ores are sylvite, kyanite, langbeinite, kieserite, poly- halite, and mirabilite. The associated common minerals and materials include halite, silica, and clays. Most of the potash-bearing lenticles contain sulphate minerals. Sylvite is present in one potash-bearing salt marl bed.
Reserves and Grade.—Although seven potash-bearing zones were iden• tified (Alam and Asrarullah, 1972, p. 4), reserves and grades have been estimated for only two,- namely, PK-1 and PK-4, which have the best econo• mic potential (see Table'3). Some potash and salt have already been mined, and most of the remaining "reserves are in pillars which may not be easily recoverable.
The Dhariala brine deposit is still in the early stages of explora• tion, the Williams Brothers Engineering' Company of Tulsa, Oklahoma (1978), evaluated tne "existing surface and subsurface data from wells
71 Table 3. Reserves and grades of potash ores In the PK-1 and PK-4 beds. (Alam and Asrarullah, 1972, Tables 2 and 3)
2 Length* Average Exposed Average Beds Seams Reserves (ft) thick- height grade (tons) ness (ft) (ft) (X KjO)
PK-1 A 1,300 6.5 70 29,575 2.80
B 1,300 13,0 70 59,150 9.35
C 1,300 14.0 70 63,700 8.40
PK-4 A 800 4.0 10 1,600 2.30
B 800 5.0 10 2,000 10.50
The length, thickness and height for the purpose of the above mentioned reserves are exposed dimensions measured in underground mines. 2 The tonnage factor was 2,0 based on an average specific gravity of 2.3.
and recommended a number of studies to assess the potential of the deposit with regard to potassium and other byproducts production.
NATURAL GAS
Although some of the natural gas fields of Pakistan were known since 1925, most of them were developed between 1951 and 1975. The known and developed fields are located in the Potwar and Sulaiman sedimentary basins ln the Punjab, Sind and Baluchistan provinces. The known gas fields of Pakistan are located at Mari, Jacobabad, Khandkhot, Sari, Pirkoh, Khairpur, Uch, Mazarani, Kothar, Dhodak, Zin, Sui, Hundi, and Rodho. In addition, small amounts of gas are produced from some oil fields in the Potwar region.
The natural gas in the known fields mentioned above occurs in forma• tions of Cretaceous, Paleocene and Eocene ages (see Table 5). The Pab Sandstone is the gas-bearing horizon of Cretaceous age, while the Ranikot, Dunghan and Laki Limestone Formations of Paleocene and Eocene ages also have natural gas.
The total reserves of natural gas in the 14 fields listed in Table 4 is about 20.5 to 21.5 trillion cu ft. The Sui field is largest with about 9 trillion cu ft of gas. In some of the fields, the gas is rich to very rich in carbon dioxide and in others, low to very low in methan. (See Table 5.)
The present total production of gas, estimated at about 170,000 mil• lion cu ft per year, comes mainly from the Sui, Mari, and Dhulian fields with only a very small amount coming from oil fields.
72 Table 4. Dates of discoveries, ownerships and coordinates of the known gas fields of Pakistan
Name Spud in Date Operated by Coordinates
Mari 29.12.1956 ESS0 27°56,35,t .4 69°45'10.<4 "
Khairpur n.a. Pakistan Petro• leum Limited (PPL) 27°30' N, 68°47f E.
Zin 23.1.1953 PPL 28°56!10" N, 68045!43" E.
Jacobabad 8.5.1958 PPL 28°20,52" N, 68°38l15n E.
Uch 15.2.1955 PPL 28°38l30" N, 68°37f15M E.
Sui 10,10.1951 PPL 28°38l30n N, 69°12,21" E.
Kandkhot ^ 7.3.1959 PPL 28°17!50" N, 69°20t40" E.
Mazarani 21.8.1958 PPL/Hunt 27o40t31" N, 67°30?27" E.
Hundi 21.9.1969 Oil and Gas Development Corporation (O.G.D.C.) 25°12! N, 67°42f E.
Sari 1.8,1965 O.G.D.C. 25°14!50" N, 67°32f16" E.
Kothar 2.8.1972 25°21,10" N, 67°43'55" E.
Rod ho 10.1.74/73 O.G.D.C. 30°44!26" N, 70°26?31" E.
Pirkoh 25.10,1975 O.G.D.C. 29°08,32" N, 69°05,37" E.
Phodale 30.9.1975 O.G.D.C, 30°55,20" N. 70°22T39" E.
73 Table - 5 Chemical Composition and Stratigraphic Distribution of the different natural gas deposits in Pakistan
—t"*~1
CARBON H S GROSS M DEPTH 2 RESERVES H > sod O LOCATION IN DIOXIDE GRAINES HEATING TCF r* METHANE ETHANE PROPANE BUTANE & NITROGEN o ra % 100 FT. VALUE METERS % % % HTHFR 7. X rtL. MARI 700 71.2 0.2 19.5 9.0 0.1 723 4.00 KHAIRPUR 640 12.2 0.2 0.1 16.9 70.6 2.0 130 1.00 tr* ZIN 975 14.1 0.4 0.15 0.15 8.5 44,1 13.3 484 0.10 ra JACOB- 0 1035 25.0 0.5 0.1 0.5 38.6 37.0 SMALL > n ABAD m CO ra UCH 1260 27.3 0.7 0.3 0.3 25.2 46.6 ' 33.5 308 2.70 M S3 > t-3 m SUI 1340 88.52 0.89 0.26 0.37 2.46 7.35 92,2 9330 +9.00 O KANDH. S3 ra pa KOT. 1370 79.2 1.1 0.2 0.4 16.6 2.5 30.8 842 +0.50 0 MAZARANI 1920 87,0 2,5 0.1 1.2 8.0 0,3 10.7 976 0.09 RODHO 1150 82.0 7.57 3,75 2.96 1.52 2?20 NIL 1129 0.01.3 5 c I_I 2 w 1UNDI 1180 79-40 1.62 0,42 0.06 17,04 1.46 830 +0.05 O M Kfl LO & i-3 H O SARI 1243 80.01 1.88 0.73 0.23 15.25 1.87 870 +0.065 O O O S3 53 M ra raS3 COTHAR 1517 80.75 3.81 1.48 0.35 12.34 m ra 1.23 NIL 915 SMALL ra H 10DH0 1441 82.78 6.20 2.70 1.87 4.05 1.80 NIL 1080 CO 'IRKOH . 0
)HODAK CO ra
4 to 5.00 \CE0U S o. I> ss ra
Compiled by: M.A.R. Ghori 20.51 REFERENCES
Ahmad, Riaz, and All, S.T., 1977, Occurrence of phosphate in Loe-Shilman Carbonatite: Geological Survey of Pakistan Information Release no. 161.
Ahmad, Zaki, 1969, Directory of mineral deposits of Pakistan: Geological Survey of Pakistan Records, v. 15, pt. 2, 220 p.
1975, Geology of mineral deposits of Baluchistan: Geological Survey of Pakistan Records, v, 36, 178 p.
Alam S.G., and Asrarullah, 1972, Potash deposits of salt mine, Khewra, Jhelum district, Punjab, Pakistan: Geological Survey of Pakistan Records, v. 21, pt. 2, rept. 4, 14 p.
Asrarullah, 1963, Rock salt resources of Pakistan: Pakistan Geographical Review, v. 18, no. 1, p.
1972, Rock salt resources of Pakistan: CENTO Symposium on Industrial Minerals and Rocks held at Lahore, Pakistan, p. 303-313.
Bhatti, M.I., Khan, I., and Karimullah, 1954, A survey of potash resources in West Pakistan: Science and Industry, v. 4, no. 1, p, 21-24.
Bhatti, N.A., and Hasan, M.T., 1972, Phosphate deposits of Kakul Mirpur area, Hazara, Northwest Frontier Province, Pakistan: Geological Survey of Pakistan Information Release no. 151.
Borchert, H., and Nuir, 0., 1954, Salt deposits - the origin, metamorphism and deformation of evaporites: London, Van Nostrand, 338 p.
Bradshaw, E.J., and Crookshank, H., 1950, The search for oil in Pakistan: Geological Survey of Pakistan Records, v. 2, pt. 1, 14 p.
Christie, W.A.K., 1941, Notes on the salt deposits of the Salt Range: Geological Survey of Pakistan Records, v. 44, pt. 4, p. 241-264.
Gee, E.R., 1934, Recent observations on the Cambrian sequence of the Punjab Salt Range: Geological Survey of Pakistan Records, v. 68, pt. 1, p. 115-120.
1945, The age of the saline series of the Punjab and Kohat, in Symposium on the Age of the Saline Series in the Salt Range of the Punjab: India National Academy of Science Proceedings, v. 14, sec. B, p. 269-311.
1950, On the problem of saline series, Salt Range, Punjab: Geological Society of London Quarterly Journal, v. 105, pt 2, p.
75 Ghaznavi, M.I., and Tahir, Karim, 1978, Phosphorite deposits of Dalola, Hazara, Northwest Frontier Province: Geological Survey of Pakistan Information Release no.
1978, Phosphorite deposits of Kalude Bandi and Lagardan area, Hazara, Northwest Frontier Province: Geological Survey of Pakistan Information Release no.
Godsey-Earlougher (a division of Williams Brothers Engineering Company), 1978, Exploration of evaporite minerals in specified areas of the Salt Range, Pakistan: Report prepared for the Punjab Mineral Deve• lopment Corporation, Lahore, Pakistan.
(no date), Report for commercial development of Salt Range brine minerals, Khewra, Pakistan: Report prepared for the Punjab Mineral Development Corporation.
Heron, A.H., and Crookshank, H., 1954, Directory of economic minerals of Pakistan: Geological Survey of Pakistan Records, v. 7, pt. 2, 146 p.
Hunting Survey Corporation, 1960, Reconnaissance geology of part of West Pakistan: Report prepared for the Government of Pakistan by the Government of Canada, Toronto, Canada, 550 p.
Jones, C.L., (no date), Potash in Cambrian evaporites, Salt Range, West Pakistan: Report prepared for the Geological Survey of Pakistan, 19 p.
Jones, C.L., and Asrarullah, 1968, Potential for potash and other evaporite mineral resources in West Pakistan: U.S. Geological Survey Open- File Report PK-46, 17 p.
Kalinin, N.A., 1959, Problems of oil and gas geology in India: Interna• tional Geological Congress, 22nd, Proceedings, pt. 1, sec. 1, p. 245-271.
Middlemiss, C.S., 1891, Notes on the geology of the Salt Range of Punjab with a reconsidered theory of the origin and age of salt marl: Geological Survey of India Records, v. 24, pt. 1, p. 19-42.
Pascoe, E.H., 1920, Petroleum in the Punjab and Northwest Frontier Province: Geological Survey of India Memoirs, v. 40, p. 331-493.
Pinfold, E.S., 1953, West Pakistan, in the world's oil fields - the eastern hemisphere, in A Science of Petroleum, v. 6, pt. 1: London, Oxford University Press.
Pinfold, E.S., and others, 1947, Scientific problems in the development of the oil fields in northwest India: National Institute of Science, India Transactions, v. 2, no. 8, p. 231-240.
Rahman, H., 1963, Geology of petroleum in Pakistan: World Petroleum Con• gress, 6th, Frankfort, June, 1963, 27 p. 76 Reeves, F., 1946, Outline for regional classification of oil possibilitie American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 30, no. 1, p. 111-119.
Schindewolf, O.H., and Seilacher, A;, 1955, Beltrage zur Kenntnis des Kambriums ln der Salt Range (Pakistan): Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Mainz, Mathematischnaturlische Klasse, no. 10, p. 261-446.
Stanin, and Hasan, M.S., 1966, Phosphate occurrences in Pakistan: Geolo• gical Survey of Pakistan Information Release.
Stuart, M., 1919, The potash salt of the Punjab Salt Range: Geological Survey of India Records", v. 50, pt. 1, p. 28-56.
Tainsh, H.R. and others, 1959, Major gas fields of West Pakistan: Ameri• can Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 43, no: 11, ' p. 2675-2700.
Warth, H, 1891, Analysis of dolomite f rom the Salt Range: Geological Survey of India Records, v. 24, pt.. 1, p. 69-82.
Wynne, A.B., 1878, On the geology of the Salt Range in the Punjab: Geological Survey of India Memoirs, v. 14, 314 p.
77 THE OCCURRENCE OF ROCK PHOSPHATE DEPOSITS IN SRI LANKA
IN RELATION TO THE PRECAMBRIAN BASEMENT
D. E. de S. Jayawardena*
ABSTRACT
Two significant discoveries of rock phosphate in Sri Lanka have been made during recent years by the Geological Survey Department. The Eppawela rock phosphate deposit located ln the northwest of the island and the Seruwila copper~magnetite prospect on the northeast which has fluorapatite have stimulated much interest in the relationship between the two major lithological zones of the Precambrian basement in Sri Lanka. These facies are the high-grade granulite facies, chamockites and metasediments, and the amphibolite facies, gneisses and metamorphosed granites. It is be• lieved that a structural discontinuity exists between these two litho• logical zones in the east and a major dislocation is suspected in the northwest of the island. The geology of Sri Lanka is summarized in light of recent findings of the emplacement of the two phosphate deposits at the margins of these two lithological zones.
INTRODUCTION
Sri Lanka is located 30 km east of the southern tip of India at long. 81°E and lat. 8 S (Fig. 1). The island has an area of 66,000 sq km and is 435 km long and 225 km wide. The main physiographic divisions of the island are as follows:
1. The low-lying coastal plain has low relief and is transversed by rivers which have reached their base level of erosion in the coastal plain. The general relief of the coastal plain ranges from 152 m with erosional remnants up to 305 m above mean sea level.
2. The central highlands show increased drainage patterns and marked relief abounding in numerous strike ridges, hills and mountains. The highlands rise steeply from the coastal plain and the northeast mountain range (Pidurutalagala) Is at an elevation of 2524 m above mean sea level.
Sri Lanka is located in the monsoon region of Southeast Asia and has a humid tropical climate. Three major climatic divisions, a wet zone, a dry zone, and an intermediate zone have been delineated by the rainfall
*Deputy Director, Geological Survey Department, Sri Lanka
Figure 1. Location of Sri Lanka relative to India
patterns. The average rainfall varies from 127 cm in the northwestern and southeastern parts, to over 508 cm on the southwest slopes of the hill country. The average temperature varies between 21 to 27 C.
Over 90 percent of the surface area of the island is underlain by high-grade metamorphic rocks of Precambrian age. Granites and granitoid rocks of igneous origin are occasionally associated with the high-grade metamorphic rocks. Sedimentary rocks of Miocene age occur in the north• west and northern coastal stretch of the island. The main lithological unit in the Miocene is massive limestone of marine origin which is over• lain by Pleistocene deposits such as red earth and gravels. Two insig• nificant pockets of Jurassic rocks are located in the northwestern coastal stretch and are composed of sandstones, grits, brown shales, and black carbonaceous shales. These sediments appear to have been deposited in deep-faulted blocks, and drilling has revealed that the sediments are over 366 m thick with features showing cyclic sedimentation.
THE PRECAMBRIAN IN SRI LANKA
The Precambrian basement complex in Sri Lanka has been subdivided into two broad lithological zones based mainly on the grade of metamor- phism (Fig. 2):
1. The charnockite-metasedimentary series which is mainly confined to the central hill massif is composed of charnockites (hypers- thene-bearing rocks), quartzites, marbles, and metasedimentary rocks rich in aluminous minerals such as garnet and sillimanite. Cordierite gneisses and wollastonite-scapolite-bearing rocks are also seen occasionally. These rocks are in the granulite facies of metamorphism.
79 Fig.2
GEOLOGICAL MAP OF SRI LANKA
RECENT I • i | (Lorgt dot* mdicott P!ti»foc«r« PLEISTOCENE I « ; 1 ovtrtylnf Mioctnt a RrtcambrMn r#ck»)
MIOCENE
JURASSIC Ml 1 [• METASEOIMENTS He n LIMEST0NESSD0LOMITES H z < ES23QUARTZITE S a m E3 COROIERITE 6NEISSES * m(A m < WOLL ASTON IT E-SC A POLITE 9 S] ROCKS rjj uJ BlOTlTE t HORNSLENDE "] a a. S3 BI0TITE-8NEISSES * w < m r" [S3 GRANITES '
B AT T I C A.LOA
COLOMBO
30 MILES
80 2. The Vijayan Series identified in the eastern half of the island Is mainly composed of biotite and hornblende biotite gneisses, metamorphosed granites and granitic gneisses. These rocks are mainly of the almandine-amphibolite facies.
3. Granites and zircon granites of probable igneous origin are interspersed in the crystalline basement and their ages are about 600 to 800 m.y. Dolerite dikes of uncertain age are seen cutting both the charnockite-metasedimentary series and the Vijayan Series.
The relationship between the charnockite-metasedimentary series and the Vijayan Series is subject to debate. The two main schools of thought advocate a retrogressive metamorphic episode giving rise to a transition zone (Cooray, 1961) or a structural discontinuity (Katz, 1978). In out• lining the theory of structural discontinuity, Katz (1978) believed that the granulite facies rocks of the charnockite-metasedimentary series of Sri Lanka were emplaced within a tensional aulacogen formed by the split• ting of a craton composed of Vijayan gneisses. Subsequent volcanism and high-grade metamorphism associated with mantle swelling converted these sediments into granulite facies rocks. During the next episode of trans• form tectonics, granulite facies rocks moved against the Vijayan series rocks along a steeply dipping tectonic linear fault zone which forms the boundary between the two major series.
EMPLACEMENT OF PHOSPHATE DEPOSITS ('CARBONATITES1)
The emplacement of the Eppawela rock phosphate deposit and the Seruwila copper-magnetite prospect which has fluorapatite is confined to the northwestern and southeastern boundaries of the charnockite- metasedimentary and Vijayan Series. It appears that two major faults exist along the boundaries of the major lithological zones. Short descriptions of the two phosphate occurrences appear below in order to elucidate the tectonics of the Precambrian basement complex.
THE EPPAWELA ROCK PHOSPHATE DEPOSIT
The Eppawela rock phosphate deposit is located in the northwestern quadrant of Sri Lanka and lies within the administrative district of Anradhapura. The distance from Colombo to Eppawela via Kurunegala along an all-weather hard surfaced road is 115 km. The deposit forms six elevated hillocks rising to a maximum altitude of 174 m above mean sea level. The apatite in a brecciated zone that forms a capping material on these hillocks is of economic significance. Detailed exploration by the Geological Survey Department has proved a reserve of 25 million tons of rock phosphate with an average grade of 33 percent of ?2^5' Mineralo- glcal studies have shown that the apatite is a chlorine-rich fluorapatite that occurs as large green crystals with maximum lengths of .91 m. The brecciated zone is mainly composed of green apatite bound together by martite and geothite. Secondary carbonate apatite (francolite) and a mettallic mineral, probably magnetite, are also present. The mineral
81 Table 1. Chemical analysis of the martite sample.
Percent of Sample
Ti02 20.0
MgO 2.6
CaO 1.2
0. 14 A12°3
V 0.21 2°5
Nb205 0. 14
Zr02 0.025
martite was identified by x-ray emission spectrography at the Institute of Geological Sciences, London, and was found to contain 0.14 percent
of Nb00c (Table 1).
The chemical analyses of the brecciated apatite-bearing rock are content s aue to tne given in Table 2. The variation in the P2^5 ^ variable modal composition of apatite. A zone of hard lamprophyric brec• cia and a softer zone, rich in martite and geothite, have been identified. Fresh carbonatite is seen exposed to the south of the deposit, and chem• ical analyses of a representative sample are given in Table 3. Figure 3 shows the limits of the brecciated zone in relation to the surrounding lithology. The brecciated zone was earlier identified as a leached zone, but this determination was changed upon further investigation.
Utilization of the Rock Phosphate of Eppawela
The phosphate is presently being exploited on a small scale for tea crops in place of imported rock. The solubility of the Eppawela rock is given in Table 4. The acidic soil in the highland tea plantations helps
to liberate the P20^ In sufficient quantities for the material to be used as a. direct applicant. Tests are currently being conducted at the Inter• national Fertilizer Development Center (IFDC) In Alabama, U.S.A., on the manufacture of thermal and water soluble acid and super phosphates. The fusion of the Eppawela rock with serpentinite to produce fused magnesium phosphate (FMP) fertilizer is also being investigated in Alabama.
Emplacement of the Eppawela Deposit
It is not clear whether the Eppawela rock phosphate deposit is a carbonatite or was formed due to remobilization of a metamorphosed lime• stone under conditions of orogenic stress and elevated temperatures. The abrupt termination of the elevated hillocks containing the phosphate rock
82 Table 2. Chemical analyses of the Eppawela leached apatite-bearing rocks
Rock Sample
EP/l/P EP/2/P EP/3/P
sio2 0.50 0.30 0.60
0.95 2.23 7.05 A,2°3 FeO 0.70 0.70 0.54 3.72 2.30 7.70 Fe2°3
Ti02 0.78 0.78 0.60 36.60 36.04 33.00 P2°5 CaO 52.30 51.60 A3.63
MgO 0.20 0.23 0.29
SrO 0.66 0.65 0.60
BaO 0.13 0.26 0.62
Na20 0.09 0.08 0.19
K20 ni 1 nil ni 1
co2 ni 1 ni 1 nil
F 2. AO 2.43 1.74 CI 0.88 1.04 0.98 nil ni 1 ni 1 U3°8
Th02 0.02 0.03 0.01
H20 1.46 2.65 3.60
Tota 1 101.39 101.32 101.15
Loss of 0 for F 1.01 1. 10 0.86 Loss of 0 for CI 0.21 0.24 0.22
Tota 1 100.17 99-98 100.07
83 EPPAWALA CARBONATITE COMPLEX LIMITS Of THE LEACHED PHOSPHATE ROCK Fig. 3 •0*24t «*>tSE tOtC'E
m Biotite Gneiss /. . . /
Dicfcvewo
Cole Gneiss
Vein Quortz Alty owel untmtwO
Observed"Leoched Zone'Rock Observed Leoched Zone Reck Fioot BoundOry (m ftitw) Boundory
Cnornock itt Fresh Corbonefite
J Granite Gneiss J; /.'[ Ouortzite
SCALE 2 INCHES = i MILE
84 Table 3. Variation limits 0f chemical analyses of Eppawela carbonatite samples.
Percent of Sample
sio2 0.58 - 1.67
T102 trace
0.01 - 0.04 A12°3
Fe203 0.53 - 1.71
FeO nil
MgO 3.93 - 8.29
CaO 44.36 - 49.46
nil
K20 nil
5.97 P2°5 trace -
L. 0. I.3 33.85 - 43.49
a + C02, H20 , S, F, and CI
indicates swelling of the upper mantle which appears to be due to carbonate magma that originated from the upper mantle. This magma probably moved to the upper levels of the earth's crust along deep-seated fractures or faults. The Eppawela phosphate rock appears to be emplaced along such a deep-seated fracture. The above observations bear indirectly on the hypothesis of the presence of a structural discontinuity between the two major lithological zones.
THE SERUWILA COPPER-MAGNETITE PROSPECT IN NORTHEAST SRI LANKA
The occurrence of copper-magnetite ore along the east in the boundary between the charnockite-metasedimentary and Vijayan Series was discovered in 1971 by the Geological Survey Department. The mineralogical studies carried out have helped in identifying the minerals in the ore zones. The order of mineralization presently recognized is:
Oxide Group - Magnetite Phosphate Group - Apatite Silicate Group - Araphibole Pyroxene Scapolite 85 Table 4. Results of solubility tests^ on the Eppawela apatite-bearing rock
Total P20^ content = 33-0%
1 2 3
1st Week 4.20 12.73 0. 12
2nd Week 4.37 13-24 0.11
3rd Week 4.37 13-24 0.10
4th Week 4.75 14.40 0.10
5th Week 4.75 14.40 0.10
After stirring for 4.30 13-03 0.15 four hours con- t i nuous1y
Sample Number P^tpct.) 3 2 1
EP/i/P 36.60 0.13 9-59 3- 38
EP/2/P 36.04 0.21 9-18 3-3**
EP/3/P 33-0 0.43 10.70 3-55
1 Whole rock sample in 2% citric acid solution, ^^5 'n Percent
2 Whole rock sample in 2% citric acid solution, percent of soluble P^O^ of
the total P20^ content
3 Whole rock sample in rain water, P20^ content in percent tSolubility in ammonium citrate according to Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (U.S.A.)
86 Sulphide Group - Pyrite
Chalcopyrite
The apatite was found to be about 25. percent of the nonmagnetic fraction and may be economically significant. Detailed exploration in this area is being done by the-Geological Survey Department in collabora• tion with the Bureau de Recherches Geologiques et Minieres (BRGM) in France. The mineralization is confined to an area of about 39 sq km. Apatites separated from the ores were analyzed and found to be fluorapatite with a trace of chlorine. . ,
CONCLUSIONS
The discovery of rock phosphate in Sri Lanka in significant amounts has stimulated detailed studies of these deposits in order to unravel the mode of emplacement and geological significance of such rocks. The car• bonatite occurrence at Eppawela contains a brecciated zone rich in apatite. Total resources are estimated at 50 million tons with proved reserves at about 25 million tons that have an average grade of 33 percent of ^2^5" The unusual chemical composition and low solubility are major drawbacks in the utilization of this rich phophate rock as base for the manufacture of water soluble acid and superphosphate. Feasibility studies presently being conducted at the IFDC will identify the type of phosphate fertilizer that can be manufactured. The Seruwila copper-magnetite-fluorapatite ore will be a valuable source material for pure fluorapatite after apatite is separated from the ore. Present exploration has indicated that the fluorapatite constitutes about 25 percent of the nonmagnetic fraction of the ore.
The geological significance of the emplacement of the two rock phosphate occurrences in the Precambrian crystalline complex of Sri Lanka has a direct bearing on the present controversy of the relationship of the two major lithological zones. This geological phenomena may be a good exploration tool for locating carbonatite deposits in a Precambrian terrain.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This paper is presented with the kind permission of the Acting Director, Geological Survey Department, Sri Lanka. The author wishes to express a deep sense of gratitude to the Resource Systems Institute, East-West Center, Hawaii, for sponsoring his participation at the Fer• tilizer Raw Materials Resources Workshop, Fertilizer Flows Preparatory Conference, and the Field Workshops in the U. S. A. in connection with the IGCP Project 156 on phosphorites during the period August 6-31, 1979.
87 REFERENCES
Cooray, P.G., 1961, An introduction to the geology of Ceylon: Colombo, National Museums of Ceylon, 324 p. de S. Jayawardena, D.E., 1976, The Eppawela carbonatite complex in northwest Sri Lanka (Ceylon): Geological Survey Department, Economic Bulletin, no. 3.
Katz, M.B., 1978, Tectonic evolution of the Archean granulite facies belts of Sri Lanka - South India: Geological Society of India Journal, v. 19, no. 5, p. 185-205.
88 PHOSPHATES AND NATURAL GAS
OF THAILAND
Thawat Japakasetr
Phosphate Deposits
Most of the phosphate deposits found in Thailand are small guano deposits, a; few of which are being mined. Recent investigations of a phosphate deposit in the Roi Et Province in northeast Thailand have led to current prospecting of that deposit.
Eight occurrences of phosphate have been found in Thailand, but only four of them are of fair quantity. These four deposits are briefly described below.
Ban Sob Moei, Mae Tha District, Lamphun Province.—Outcrops of phosphate rock were found on the flat plains.near Mae Moei River, covering about 0.25 sq km. The reserves are about ,50,000 tons o'f P70_. This is the biggest phosphate deposit that has yet been found in Thailand. The production per year varies from 2,000 to 7,500 tons. "*-"
Khao Phak Mah> Ratburi Province.—Phosphate rock occurs in caves and in pockets in limestone. The reserves are very small, about 5,000 tons. The production from 1974 to .1975 was. about 4,900 tons. The mine is currently not in production.
Khao Cha-Ngoke, Chon Daen District, Phetchabun Province.—The reserves of this deposit were estimated at about 10,000 tons, with I^O^ contents of 10 to 30 percent. Only 3,200 tons were produced in 1977.
Ban Lao Kham> Roi Et Province.—Phosphate was found as cementing material in sandstone in an area of about 40,000 sq m. The phosphatic unit had a thickness of about 1 m, and occurred about 2 to 3 m below the surface. Reserves are estimated at about 80,000 tons of approximately 20 percent of P,0 .
Natural Gas
Exploratory drilling for oil and natural gas in the Gulf of Thailand was started in June, 1971. Up to April, 1979,.49 exploratory wells were
Geologist, Economic Geology Division, Department of Mineral Resources, Rama VI Road, Bangkok 4, Thailand drilled in 19 blocks covering the gulf area (see table). Only two structural areas within four of these blocks contained natural gas and condensate.
Union Oil Company of Thailand discovered natural gas in 11 wells, of which 8 wells were in one structure that covered an area of about 110 sq km. The natural gas reserves were estimated as 1 to 2.2 trillion cu ft. They can produce at rates of 150 to 250 cu ft per day, and will last 20 years.
Texas Pacific Thailand, Inc. also discovered natural gas in 8 wells drilled in another structure which covered an area of about 180 sq km. The reserves were estimated as 2 to 3.4 trillion cu ft.
In 1976, two companies, Esso and Union Oil Company of Thailand, put down the holes of 5 and 6 wells in the Andaman Sea, respectively. None have been reported as containing sufficient amounts of natural gas or oil.
Three oil wells were found in the Gulf of Thailand in 1973 and 1974, but the quantity is not sufficient for production.
REFERENCES
Achalabhuti, C., 1978, Thailand natural gas development project: Natural Gas Organization of Thailand, 16 p.
Department of Mineral Resources, 1978, Petroleum activities in Thailand 1977-1978: Mineral Fuels Division, 28 p.
Sekthera, S., 1974, Phosphate: Department of Mineral Resources, Economic Geology Division, Economic Geology Bulletin, no. 4, p. 35.
Udomugsorn, P., 1978, Nitrogen fertilizer resources of Thailand—lignite, oil, natural gas: Paper presented at the seminar on Industrial Fertilizer and Agriculture, Bangkok, 9 p. [in Thai].
90 SUCCESSFUL WELLS DRILLED IN THE GULF OF THAILAND1
CONCESSION WELL WELL LATITU0E LONGITUDE DATE COMPANY BLOCK NUMBER NAME (deg. N) (deg. E) COMPLETED FINDINGS
Union B - 12 4 12 - 1 9°07'30M 101°18'54" Jan. 29. 1973 gas condensate
Tenneco B - 15 7 15-B-1X 8°05'16" 102°17'06" June 2, 1973 oi 1
, , H BP B - 16 10 16-B-l 7°53 26" 102°26 26 Mar. 4, 1974 gas & condensate
Union B - 13 13 13 - 1 8°53'29" 10i°23'23" May 21, 1974 gas condensate
1 Amoco B - 6 16 6 - 2 11°18'07" 101°13'34" Aug. 29, 1974 oi
Union B - 12 17 12 - 2 9°09'14" 101°13'08" Oct. 6, 1974 oil, gas £ con• densate
Union B - 12 24 12 - 5 9°08'27" 101°19'13" July 2, 1975 gas e condensate
Union B - 12 26 12-6 9°04'50" 101°I9'04" Aug. 24, 1975 gas s condensate
Union B - 10 32 Platong-1 9°42'59" 101°23'29" June 12, 1376 gas condensate
Union B - 13 3* 13 - 4 8°57'13" 101°32'35" Oct. 28, 1976 gas condensate
Texas Pact fic B - 15 35 15-B-4X 8°oroo" 102°19'06" Oct. 15, 1976 gas s condensate (Tenneco)
Texas Pad f ic B - 15 37 15-B-5X 8°01'5V' 102°2r37" May 29, 1977 gas & condensate
Texas Pacific B - 16 38 16-0-1 7°56'40" 102°2T34" Nov. 9. 1977 gas & condensate
M Texas Pacific B - 15 40 15-B-6X 8°00'38 102°20'19" Mar. 19, 1978 gas & condensate
Texas Paci fic B - 16 41 16-E-1 7°59'25" 102°19'19" . May 4, 1978 gas & condensate
Union B - 12 42 12 - 7 9°02'17" 101°19'27" Oct. 14, 1978 gas & condensate
Texas Pacific B - 15 43 15-B-7X 6°02'37" 102°22,35" Nov. 2, 1978 gas e condensate
Un ion B - 12 44 12 - 9 9°10'38" 101°19'45" Nov. 29, 1978 gas & condensate
Texas Pac i fi c B - 15 45 15-B-8X 8°02'00" 102°I9'32" NOV. 28, 1978 gas t condensa te
Un ion B - 12 46 12 - 8 9°i6'n" 101°19'54M Jan. 28, 1979 gas conriensa te
Un ton B - 12 47 12 - 10 9°04'09" l0lol8'06" Mar. 24, 1979 gas condensate
Un i on B - 12 48 12 - 11 9O03'50" 101°20'02" Apr. 24, 1979 gas
After Department of Mineral Resources, 1978, Petroleum activities in Thailand 1977-1978: Mincr.il Fuels Division, p. 21-26.
91 MAPS OF THE ASIA-PACIFIC REGION
LEGEND
o • A small occurrences (less than 1,000,000 tons) or size unknown
O • medium occurrences (1,000,000 to 10,000,000 tons)
Q • large occurrences (greater than 10 million tons)
O phosphate • natural gas A potash
sedimentary basin boundaries
\~2^\Sj political boundaries
prospective basin for potash occurrences
submarine rise boundary
90* 96 °
Map 4 Bangladesh and Burma Regions
96
97
20°S 110 120° 10°S 130° 140
Map 7 Indonesia Region
Map 9 Papua New Guinea Region
140° 150° 160°
Map 11 Eastern Australia Region
103
90° 100°
Map 13 Western China Region
105
106
Map 17 Eastern Pacific Ocean Region
110 NATURAL GAS OCCURRENCES IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC REGION
1. Masupora gas field, Hokkaido, Japan 15. Fujikawa gas field Fletcher, 1979 gas, condensate reservoir late Miocene, Shiiya Formation 2. Toyatomi gas field, Hokkaido, Japan Ikebe and others, 1967; Fletcher, 1979 Katahira and Ukai, 1976
3. Ukawa gas field, Honshu, Japan 16. Kumoide gas field Ikebe and others, 1967 early Pliocene, Nishiyama Formation Kujiraoka, 1967 4. Honjo-oki IA1 exploration well, west of Honshu, Japan (offshore) 17. Sekihara gas field gas discovery Pliocene, Haizume and Nishiyama Caldwell, 1975 Formations Kujiraoka, 1967 5. Akita gas fields, Akita sub-basin, Japan 18. Katagai, Myohoji, Higashi- • post middle Miocene Kashiwazaki and Yoshii gas fields Ikebe and others, 1967; Fletcher, 1979 middle Miocene and early Pliocene, Nanatani and Nishiyama Formations 6. Oishi gas field, Honshu, Japan Katahira and Ukai, 1976 Ikebe and others, 1967 19. Kubiki field 7. Yamagata gas field, Honshu, Japan gas and oil field Ikebe and others, 1967 late Miocene, Nanatani to Teradomari Formation 8. Aga Oki SI-1 exploration well, west of Ikebe and others, 1967 Honshu, Japan (offshore) gas show 20. Meiji gas field middle Miocene, Shiiya Formation Ikebe and others, 1967 Tanner and. Kennett, 1972 21. Iwaki 3-6 exploration well, east• ern Honshu, Japan (offshore) Niigata sub-basin, Japan (9-20) gas show Caldwell, 1975 9. Nakajo-Shiunji gas field late Miocene to early Pliocene, Shiiya 22. Iwaki gas field, eastern Honshu, to Nishiyama Formation Japan (offshore) Katahira and Ukai, 1976 Grunau and Gruner, 1978
10. Higashi-Niigata gas fields 23. Kami Tajima 1 exploration well, early Pliocene, Nishiyama Formation Niigata prefecture, Japan Katahira and Ukai, 1976 . gas show middle. Miocene 11. Niigata gas field Scheidecker, 1977 Ikebe and others, 1967 24. Asakawa gas field, Niigata pre- 12.. Aga Oki gas field (offshore) - fecture, Japan Grunau and Gruner, 1978 Grunau and Gruner, 19 78
13. Okozu gas field 25. Odagiri gas field Ikebe and others, 1967 Ikebe and others, 1967
14. Higashi-Sanjo gas fields 26. Imizu gas field late Miocene, Nanatani Formation Fletcher, 1979 Ikebe and others, 1967 Kazusa basin, Japan (27-38) 44. and 45. Miyazaki gas fields Kawai, 1967 Grunau and Gruner, 1978
Otaki gas field 46. Shanghai field, Yellow Sea Basin, Pliocene, Otadai and Kiwada Formations China shallow gas field 28. Mobara gas field • Miocene, Pliocene, and Pleisto• Plio-Pleistocene, Otadai, Kiwada and cene Uraegase Formations Meyerhoff and Willums, 1976
29. Togane gas field 47. Chekiang province, Yellow Sea Plio-Pleistocene, Otadai and Umegase Basin, China Formations over 2,000 shallow gas wells Miocene, Pliocene, and Pleistocene 30. Naruto gas field Meyerhoff and Willums, 1976
31. Yokoshiba gas field Pliocene, Kiwada Formation Szechwan Basin, China (48-57) Meyerhoff and Willums, 1976 32. Yawata gas field 48. Shih-you-kou - Tung-ch'i field 33. Chiba gas field gas and oil production Plio-Pleistocene, Kakinokidai to Middle Triassic, Chia-ling-chiang Umegase Formation Suite; Early Permian(?)
34. Yotsukaido gas field 49. Ch'an-yuan-pi field Pliocene, Kiwada and Otadai Formations gas field with some condensate present 35. Narita gas field Middle Triassic, Chia-ling-chiang Suite; Early Permian, Mao-kou 36. Narashino gas field Suite Plio-Pleistocene, middle Kazusa Group 50. Kao-mu-tin Field 37. Funabashi gas field gas field Miocene to Pleistocene, Kazusa Group Middle Triassic, Chia-ling-chiang Suite; Early Permian, Mab-kou 38. Koto gas field Suite Plio-Pleistocene, middle Kazusa Group 51. Na-hsi field 39. Shimizu gas field gas production Fletcher, 1979 Middle Triassic, Chia-ling-chiang Suite; Early Permian, Mao-kou 40. Sagara gas field Suite Fletcher, 1979 52. Na-hsi field 41. Yaizu gas field gas production Fletcher, 1979 Early Permian
42. Hamada-1 exploration well, west of 53. Huang-kuan-shan field gas production Honshu, Japan (offshore) gas show Middle Triassic, Chia-ling-chiang Tanner and Kennett, 1972 Suite
43. Agi-A-1 exploration well, west of 54. Teng-ching-kuan field Honshu, Japan (offshore) Middle Triassic, Chia-ling-chiang gas discovery Suite Tanner and Kennett, 1972 gas production
112 55. Sheng-teng-shan field 67. Fankopeng-3 exploration well, gas production Taiwan, China Middle Triassic, Chia-ling-chiang gas show Suite; Early Permian, Mao-kou Ho and Lee, 1963 Suite 68. Chingtsohu gas field, Taiwan, 56. Huan-chia-ch'an field China gas production Fletcher, 1979 Middle Triassic, Chia-ling-chiang Suite 69. Chiting - Yunghoshan area, Taiwan, China 57. Chi-liu-ching field gas discovery Middle Triassic, Chia-ling-chiang Bowman, 1974; Tanner and Kennett, Suite 1972 gas production 70. Chinshui field, Taiwan, China 58. Yu-k'a field, Tsaidam Basin, China gas and condensate production shut-in gas field middle to upper Miocene; Miocene, Hung-hsiao-kao Suite Kuechulin, Chuhuangkeng, Shihtl, Meyerhoff and Willums, 1976 Taliao, and Mushan Formations Ho and Lee, 1963; ESCAP, 1975 59. Ma-hai field, Tsaidam Basin, China shut-in gas field 71. Chuhuangkeng field, Taiwan, China Miocene, Chun-siao Suite gas and oil production Meyerhoff and Willums, 1976 Miocene; Chuhuangkeng, Taliao and Mushan Formations 60. Yen-hu field, Tsaidam Basin, China Ho and Lee, 1963; ESCAP, 1975 shut-in gas field Pliocene, Kuang-kou Suite 72. Paishantun, Taiwan, China Meyerhoff and Willums, 1976 gas discovery Tanner and Kennett, 1972 61. Yan-chi-hai field, Dzungaria Basin, China 73. Tiehchenshan, Taiwan, China shut-in gas field gas field Miocene, Tu-shan-tze Series Miocene; Chuhuangkeng Formation, Meyerhoff and Willums, 1976 Piling and Talu Shales Ho and Lee, 1963; Grunau and 62. Kumger Field, Tarim Basin, China Gruner, 1978 shut-in gas field Miocene and Jurassic 74. Taishi-1 exploration well, Taiwan, Meyerhoff and Willums, 1976 China oil and gas discovery 63. Kosaptok field, Tarim Basin, China Fletcher, 1979 shut-in gas field Miocene and Jurassic 75. Yichu field, Taiwan, China Meyerhoff and Willums, 1976 gas show Pliocene, Liuchungchi Formation 64. Hsiao-lien-shan field, Tsaidam Basin, Ho and Lee, 1963 China gas production 76. Tungtzechiao field, Taiwan, China early Pliocene, Kuang-kou Suite gas seeps Meyerhoff and Willums, 1976 Miocene (?); Ailiaochao and Chutouchi Formations 65. Shantzechiao-3 well, Taiwan, China Ho and Lee, 1963 gas production Fletcher, 1979 77. Liuchungchi field, Taiwan, China gas production 66. Chutung field, Taiwan, China late Miocene to early Pliocene, gas production Niaotsui Formation upper Miocene; Kueichulin and Hopai . Ho and Lee, 1963 Formations Ho and Lee, 1963
* 113 78. Niushan field, Taiwan, China 91. Mandurriao, Hollo and New Lucena, gas production Philippines late Miocene to early Pliocene, gas show Liuchungchi Formation Philippines Bureau of Mines, 1976 Ho and Lee, 1963 92. Malabuyoc and Alegria, Cebu, 79. Wanchiu WA-1 well, Taiwan, China Philippines gas production gas and oil show Fletcher, 1979 Miocene Philippines Bureau of Mines, 1976 80. Chutouchi Field, Taiwan, China gas show 93. 102A-20 and 102A-21 exploration Tanner and Kennett, 1972 wells, Philippines (offshore) oil and gas shows 82. Napalin - 1 exploration well, Tanner and Kennett, 1972 Taiwan, China gas production 94. Cotabato, Philippines Ho and Lee, 1963 gas show middle Miocene, Pliocene 83. Chienchiuliao - 1 well* Taiwan, Philippines Bureau of Mines, 1976 China gas production 95. South Cotabato, Philippines Fletcher, 1979 gas show Oligocene 84. Kunshuping - 1 well, Taiwan, Philippines Bureau of Mines, 1976 China gas production 96. Sulu Sea (offshore) Fletcher, 1979 gas and oil show Miocene 85. F-l exploration well, Taiwan, Philippines Bureau of Mines, 1976 China (offshore) gas discovery 97. Sulu Sea (offshore) Caldwell, 1975 gas and oil show Philippines Bureau of Mines, 1976 86. Tabuk and Apayao, Philippines gas and oil show 98. Sulu Sea (offshore) lower Miocene gas show Philippines Bureau of Mines, 1976 Oligocene to Miocene Philippines Bureau of Mines, 1976 87. Parasilis, Mt. Province, Philippines gas show 99. Cayagan de Sulu (offshore) Lubugan Formation gas show Philippines Bureau of Mines, 1976 Oligocene to Miocene Philippines Bureau of Mines, 1976 88. Aurora Bondoc Peninsula, Philippines strong gas shows 100. Cayagan de Sulu (offshore) Miocene, Vigo Formation gas show Philippines Bureau of Mines, 1976 Oligocene to Miocene Philippines Bureau of Mines, 1976 89. Filipino-1 exploration well, Visayan Sea, Philippines (offshore) 101. Southwest Palawan (offshore) oil and gas shows gas and oil show Scheidecker, 1977 Philippines Bureau of Mines, 1976
90. Fe Banlayan and Daanbantayan, Cebu, 102. Sampagulta exploration well, Reed Philippines Bank, South China Sea oil and gas shows, gas wells gas and condensate show Oligocene to lower Miocene, Malubog Scheidecker, 1977 Formation Philippines Bureau of Mines, 1976
114 103. Iehi field, Papua New Guinea 116. Marlin A-Platform (offshore) gas discovery gas producing field Lower Cretaceous elastics Eocene, Latrobe Group Gillespie, 1967 117. Snapper no. 1 exploration well 104. Barikewa gas field, Papua New Guinea (offshore) Lower Cretaceous elastics gas discovery Gillespie, 1967 Eocene, Latrobe Group
105. Kuru field, Papua New Guinea 118. Tuna no. 2 exploration well (off• gas discovery shore) lower to middle Miocene limestones gas and oil discovery Gillespie, 1967 Eocene, Latrobe Group
106. Bwata field, Papua New Guinea 119. Turrum no. 2 exploration well gas discovery (offshore) lower to middle Miocene limestones gas discovery Gillespie, 1967 Paleocene, Latrobe Group
107. Puri gas discovery, Papua New Guinea Bowen-Surat Basin, Australia Grunau and Gruner, 1978 Nicholas, 1979
108. Uramu gas discovery, Papua New 120. Cabawin no. 1 exploration well Guinea gas and condensate discovery Grunau and Gruner, 1978 Permian "Kianga Formation"
109. Pasca gas field, Papua New Guinea 121. Silver Springs no. 1 exploration Grunau and Gruner, 1978 well gas discovery, field currently in 110. Kapuni gas field, New Zealand production gas and condensate production Triasslc, Showgrounds Sandstone McBeath, 1976 122. Boxleigh no. 1 exploration well 111. Maui gas field, New Zealand (off• gas discovery, field currently in shore) production gas and condensate production Triassic, Showgrounds Sandstone McBeath, 1976 123. Kincora no. 3 exploration well 112. New Plymouth, New Zealand gas discovery, field currently in gas seeps production DuBois, 1979 Early Jurassic, Evergreen Formation
113. Pelican no. 1 exploration well, Roma area: Twenty-five gas discoveries Bass basin, Australia (Cook and Nicholas, 1979) within the gas and condensate discovery area delineated by the following wells early Eocene, Eastern View Coal 124-127): Measures Nicholas, 19 79 124. Pleasant Hills no. 2 exploration well Gippsland Basin, Australia gas discovery Nicholas, 1979 Triassic Showgrounds Sandstone
114. Barracouta A-Platform (offshore) 125. Wallumbilla South no. 1 explora• oil and gas producing field tion well Eocene, Latrobe Group gas discovery Permian, Tinowon Formation 115. Golden Beach no. 1A exploration well (offshore) 126. Snake Creek no. 1 exploration well gas discovery oil and gas discovery Eocene, Latrobe Group Early Jurassic, Evergreen Forma• tion
115 127. Pringle Downs no. 1 exploration well 140. Gidgealpa no. 2 exploration well oil and gas discovery gas discovery, field currently in Early Jurassic, Evergreen Formation production Permian, Gidgealpa Group 128. Rolleston no. 1 exploration well gas discovery 141. Kanowana no. 1 exploration well Early Permian, Freitag Formation; gas and condensate discovery Late Permian, Peawaddy Formation Permian, Gidgealpa Group
129. Gilmore no. 1 exploration well, 142. Kidman no. 1 exploration well Adavale Basin, Australia gas discovery gas discovery Permian, Gidgealpa Group Devonian, Log Creek Formation Nicholas, 1979 143. Merrimelia no. 5 exploration well gas discovery Cooper Basin, Australia Permian, Gidgealpa Group Nicholas, 1979 (130-153) 144. Moomba no. 1 exploration well 130. Big Lake no. 1 exploration well gas discovery, field currently in gas discovery, field currently in production production Permian, Gidgealpa Group Permian, Gldgealpa Group 145. Moorari no. 1 exploration well 131. Brogla no. 1 exploration well gas and condensate discovery gas and condensate discovery Permian, Gidgealpa Group Permian, Gidgealpa Group 146. Mudrangie no. 1 exploration well 132. Brumby no. 1 exploration well gas discovery gas discovery Permian, Gidgealpa Group Permian, Gidgealpa Group 147. Namur no. 1 exploration well 133. Burke no. 1 exploration well gas discovery gas discovery Jurassic, Mooga Formation Permian Gidgealpa Group 148. Munkarie no. 1 exploration well 134. Coonatie no. 1 exploration well gas discovery gas and condensate discovery. Permian, Gidgealpa Group Permian, Gidgealpa Group 149. Roseneath no. 1 exploration well 135. Daralingie no. 1 exploration well gas discovery gas discovery Permian Gidgealpa Group Permian, Gidgealpa Group 150. Strzelecki no. 1 exploration well 136. Delia no. 1 exploration well gas discovery gas discovery Permian, Gidgealpa Group Permian Gidgealpa Group 151. Tirrawarra no. 1 exploration well 137. Dullingari no. 2 exploration well oil and gas discovery gas discovery Permian, Gidgealpa Group Permian, Gidgealpa Group 152. Toolachie no. 1 exploration well 138. Epsilon no. 1 exploration well gas discovery gas discovery Permian, Gidgealpa Group Permian, Gidgealpa Group 153. Wolgolla no. 1 exploration well 139. Fly Lake no. 1 exploration well gas discovery gas and condensate discovery Permian, Gidgealpa Group Permian, Gidgealpa Group
116 Amadeus Basin, Australia 165. Rankin no. 1 exploration well Nicholas, 1979 (154-155) gas, condensate and oil discovery Triassic, Mungaroo Formation 154. Palm Valley no. 1 exploration well gas discovery 166. Spar no. 1 exploration well Ordovlcian, Stairway Sandstone, Horn gas discovery Valley Siltstone, Pacoota Mesozoic Sandstone (main reservoir) 167. Tidepole no. 1 exploration well 155. Mereenie no. 1 exploration well gas, condensate and oil discovery gas discovery Mesozoic Ordovician, Pacoota Sandstone 168. West Tryal Rocks no. 1 exploration Perth Basin, Australia well Nicholas, 1979 (156-159) gas discovery Triassic, Mungaroo Formation 156. Gingin no. 1 exploration well gas discovery 169. Scott Reef no. 1 exploration well, Early Jurassic, Cockleshell Browse Basin, Australia .(off• Gully Formation shore) gas and condensate discovery 157. Dongara no. 1 exploration well Jurassic and Triassic gas discovery Nicholas, 19 79 Basal Triassic sandstone Bonaparte Gulf Basin, Australia 158. Yardarino no. 1 exploration well Nicholas, 1979 (170-172) gas and oil discovery Basal Triassic sandstone 170. Tern no. 1 exploration well (off• shore) 159. Mondarra no. 1 exploration well gas discovery gas discovery Late Permian, Hyland Bay Formation Basal Triassic sandstone 171. Petrel no. 1 exploration well Carnarvon Basin, Australia (offshore) Nicholas, 1979 (160-168) gas discovery Late Permian, Hyland Bay Formation 160. Angel no. 1 exploration well (offshore) 172. Sunrise no. 1 and Troubadour no. 1 gas and condensate discovery exploration wells (offshore) Late Jurassic, Barrow Formation gas discoveries Late to Middle Jurassic, Petrel 161. Barrow no. 26 exploration well Formation gas discovery, field currently in production 173. Mamberamo no. 1 well, Irian Jaya, Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous, Indonesia Barrow Formation Hehuwat, 1979
162. Dockrell no. 1 exploration well 174. Gesa wells, Irian Jaya, Indonesia gas, condensate and oil discovery Hehuwat, 1979 Mesozoic 175. E-l exploration well, Irian Jaya, 163. Goodwyn no. 1 exploration well Indonesia (offshore) gas and condensate discovery non-commercial gas well Triassic, Mungaroo Formation post middle Miocene Bowman, 1974 164. North Rankin no. 1 exploration well gas and condensate discovery 176a. Salawati N-IX exploration well, Triassic, Mungaroo Formation Irian Jaya, Indonesia gas discovery post Eocene Scheidecker, 1977
117 176b. 59-133 exploration well, Irian Jaya, 188. Pamaguan no. 1 and Tunu-1 explo• Indonesia suspended gas well ration wells, Mahakan offshore, post Eocene Indonesia Fletcher, 1978 gas discovery middle Miocene 177. TBC-IX and TBA-2X exploration wells, Caldwell, 1975; Fletcher, 1978 Irian Jaya, Indonesia (offshore) gas discovery 189. Klandasan-1 exploration well, East International Petroleum Encyclopedia, Kalimantan, Indonesla 1979 gas show Miocene 178. Muna wells, Sulawesi, Indonesia Scheidecker, 1977 (offshore) Hehuwat, 1979 190. Lamaru-1 exploration well, East Kalimantan, Indonesia 179. Bonge-1 exploration well, Sulawesi, gas well Indonesia Bowman, 1974 gas discovery Miocene 191. Bunyu Tapa-3 and Tutupan Timur-5 Scheidecker, 1977 exploration wells, Kalimantan, Indonesia 180. gas fields gas and condensate show International Petroleum Encyclopedia, Miocene 1979 Fletcher, 1978
181. Bunyu district, East Kalimantan, 192. Jatibarang area, Java, Indonesia Indonesia (offshore) gas field gas field Hehuwat, 1979 Hehuwat, 1979 193. Cemara Selatan-1 exploration well, 182. Tarakan area, East Kalimantan, Java, Indonesia Indonesia gas show gas discovery Fletcher, 1978 Bowman, 1974 194. Arjuna field, Java, Indonesia 183. Sepinggan-1 exploration well, East (offshore) Kalimantan, Indonesia (offshore) gas field gas discovery Hehuwat, 1979 Bowman, 1974 195. Gantar-1 exploration well, Java, 184. Panyalitan field, Badak district, Indonesia East Kalimantan, Indonesia gas show gas field Bowman, 1974 Hehuwat, 1979 196. JJ-1 exploration well, Java, 185. Serang-1 exploration well, East Indonesia (offshore) Kalimantan, Indonesia (offshore) gas show gas discovery pre-Tertiary Bowman, 1974 Caldwell, 1975
186. Mahakan area, East Kalimantan, 197. Rama field, Java, Indonesia Indonesia (offshore) (offshore) gas field International Petroleum Encyclope• Hehuwat, 1979 dia, 1979
187. Dian gas field (offshore) 198. Limau field, Sumatra, Indonesia International Petroleum Encyclopedia, gas field 1979 Hehuwat, 1979
118 199. Dewas field, Sumatra, Indonesia 211. NSB-C1 exploration well, Sumatra, oil and gas field Indonesia (offshore) Eocene and Oligocene , gas well Tanner and Kennett, 1972; Fletcher, . Caldwell, 1975 1978 212. Arun Field, Sumatra, Indonesia 200. Teras-IA exploration well, Sumatra, gas field. Indonesia Hehuwat, 1979. gas show Tanner and Kennett, 1972 213. Terubuk field, South China Sea, Indonesia (offshore) 201. Jambi area, Sumatra, Indonesia gas and oil field gas field Caldwell, 1975; International Hehuwat, 1979 Petroleum Encyclopedia, 1979
202. Sengetl exploration wells, Sumatra, 214-221. natural gas occurrences, Sabah, Indonesia Malaysia (offshore) gas wells associated and non-associated gas Caldwell, 1975 Aw, 1979
203. Minas fields, Sumatra, Indonesia 222. Samarang field, Sabah, Malaysia gas and oil fields (offshore) Hehuwat, 1979 associated gas Aw, 19 79 204. Pelita-1 exploration well, Sumatra, Indonesia 223. Petrel, Brunei (offshore) gas discovery gas discovery pre-Tertiary Scheidecker, 1977 Fletcher, 1978 224. 0sprey-2X exploratory well, Brunei 205. Bagandelada South no. 1 explora• (offshore) tion well, Sumatra, Indonesia gas discovery gas well Fletcher, 1978 Tanner and Kennett, 1972 225. Danau-3X exploratory well, Brunei 206. Wampu exploration wells, Sumatra, (offshore) Indonesia gas discovery gas show Fletcher, 1979 Bowman, 1974 226. Scout Rock-4 exploratory well 207. Rantau fields, Sumatra, Indonesia Brunei (offshore) gas field gas discovery Hehuwat, 1979 Scheidecker, 1977
208. Meulaboh no. 1 exploration well 2, 227. Southwest Ampa field, Brunei Sumatra, Indonesia (offshore) Hehuwat, 1979 gas production Fletcher, 1979; Grunau and Gruner, 209. Sus Timor and Beritang exploration 1978 wells, Sumatra, Indonesia gas show 228. Egret East-IX exploratory well, Miocene Brunei (offshore) Fletcher, 1978 oil and gas discovery Fletcher, 1979 210. Kuala Simpang-3 exploration well, Sumatra, Indonesia 229. Fulmar 1-X exploratory well, gas well Brunei (offshore) Bowman, 1974 gas and condensate discovery Fletcher, 1978
119 230-249. natural gas occurrences, 277. Pyaye, Burma Sarawak, Malaysia (offshore) gas discovery associated and non-associated gas Fletcher, 1979 Aw, 1979 278. Pyaye gas field, Burma 250-262. natural gas occurrences, Penin• gas field sular Malaysia, Malaysia (offshore) Miocene, Pyawbwe clay and Kyaukkok associated and non-associated gas sandstone Aw, 1979 Brown and Dey, 1975; Government of Burma, 1963 263-267. natural gas occurrences, Penin• sular Malaysia, Malaysia (offshore) 279. Pakaukpin field, Burma non-associated gas gas show Aw, 1979 Okhmintaung Stage of the upper Oli• gocene 268. Block 12, Gulf of Thailand, Thailand Brown and Dey, 1975 (offshore) gas wells 280. Yenanma field, Burma post Oligocene gas show Fletcher, 1979; Japakasetr, 1979a Brown and Dey, 1975
269. Block 17, Gulf of Thailand, Thailand 281. Ondwe field, Burma (offshore) gas show subcommerclal gas well Oligocene Scheidecker, 1977 .Brown and Dey, 1975
270. Block 16, Gulf of Thailand, Thailand 282. Palanyon field, Burma (offshore) oil and gas field gas condensate discovery Pyawbwe clays, lower Miocene Fletcher, 1978; Japakasetr, 1979a Brown and Dey, 1975
271. Block 15, Gulf of Thailand, Thailand 283. Minbu field, Burma (offshore) mud volcanoes gas condensate discovery Brown and Dey, 1975 Fletcher, 1978; Japakasetr, 1979a 284. Yenangyaung field, Burma 272. Block 10, Gulf of Thailand, Thailand oil and gas field (offshore) Miocene to Oligocene gas wells Brown and Dey, 1975 Fletcher, 1977; Scheidecker, 1977 285. Chauk field, Burma 273. Block 5, Gulf of Thailand, Thailand oil and gas field (offshore) middle Oligocene oil and gas shows Brown and Dey, 1975 Fletcher, 1979; Japakasetr, 1979a 286. Yenangyat field, Burma 274. Wells 3 and 4, Burma (offshore) oil and gas field gas discovery Padaung Stage, middle Oligocene Grunau and Gruner, 1978 Brown and Dey, 1975
275. Syriam, Burma 287. Lanywa gas field, Burma gas discovery middle Oligocene Grunau and Gruner, 1978 Brown and Dey, 1975
276. Hmawbi, Burma 288. Indau field, Burma gas discovery oil and gas field Grunau and Gruner, 1978 lower Miocene Brown and Dey, 1975
120 289. Chhatak field, Bangladesh 303. Nepalganj Basin, Nepal Miocene Bokabil and upper Bhuban beds gas show Ahmed, 1979 Tertiary Tater (personal communication) 290. Sylhet field, Bangladesh Miocene Bokabil Formation 304. Mannar Island, Sri Lanka Ahmed, 1979 gas show Miocene Limestone 291. Kailas Tila field, Bangladesh Jayawardena (personal communica• gas discovery tion) Miocene Bokabil and upper Bhuban Formation 305. South Bassein, India (offshore) Ahmed, 1979 gas field Eocene-Oligocene 293. Habiganj field, Bangladesh Chaube, 1979 gas field Bokabil and upper Bhuban Formations 306. North Bassein, India (offshore) Ahmed, 1979 oil and gas field Eocene-Oligocene 294. Titas field, Bangladesh Chaube, 1979 gas field Miocene Bokabil and upper Bhuban 307. Bombay High, India (offshore) Formations Eocene-Miocene Ahmed, 1979 Chaube, 1979
295. Bakhrabad field, Bangladesh 308. East Bombay High exploration test, gas discovery India (offshore) Miocene gas discovery Ahmed, 1979 Fletcher, 1979
296. Hijla muladi-1, Bangladesh 309. South Tapti gas fields, India gas discovery (offshore) lower Miocene gas discovery Grunau and Gruner, 19 78 Oligocene, Miocene Fletcher, 1978 297. Noakhali, Bangladesh gas discovery 310. Hazira gas field, India lower Miocene gas field Grunau and Gruner, 1978 Oligocene Chaube, 1979 299. Jaldi gas field, Bangladesh lower Miocene 311. Olpad gas field, India Grunau and Gruner, 1978 gas field Miocene 300. Kutubdia field, Bangladesh (off• Chaube, 19 79 shore) gas discovery 312. Matwan-Sisodra, India Miocene upper Bhuban beds oil and gas field Ahmed, 1979 Eocene Chaube, 1979 301. Kathmandu Basin, Nepal gas show 313. Anklesvar field, India Pleistocene oil field Tater (personal communication) Eocene-Miocene Chaube, 1979 302. Muktinath Basin, Nepal gas show 314. Dabka-Gajera field, India Mesozoic oil and gas field Tater (personal communication) Eocene Chaube, 19 79
121 315. Cambay field, India 327. Khandhkot field, Pakistan gas field gas field Eocene-Miocene Eocene Laki Formation Chaube, 1979 Asrarullah, 1979
316. Nawagam field, India 328. Jacobabad field, Pakistan oil field gas field Paleocene and Eocene Eocene Laki Formation Chaube; 1979 Asrarullah, 1979
317. Sanand field, India 329. Uch field, Pakistan oil and gas field gas field Eocene Eocene Laki Formation Chaube, 1979 Asrarullah, 1979
318. Kalol field, India 330. Sui field, Pakistan oil and gas field gas field Eocene Eocene Laki Formation Chaube, 1979 Asrarullah, 1979
319. Sobhasan gas field, India 331. Zin field, Pakistan oil and gas field gas field Eocene Eocene laki Formation Chaube, 1979 Asrarullah, 197-
320. Manhera gas field, India 332. Pirkoh, Pakistan gas field gas field Paleocene Cretaceous Pab Formation Chaube, 1979 Asrarullah, 1979
321. Sari field, Pakistan 333. Rodho field, Pakistan gas field gas field Paleocene Ranikot Formation Paleocene Dunghan Limestone Asrarullah, 1979 Asrarullah, 1979
322. Hundi field, Pakistan 334. Dhodak, Pakistan gas field gas field Paleocene Ranikot Formation Cretaceous Pab Formation Asrarullah, 1979 Asrarullah, 1979
323. Kothar field, Pakistan 335. Kwaya Kogerdaph field, Tadzik gas field Basin, Afghanistan Paleocene Ranikot Formation gas field Asrarullah, 1979 Lower Cretaceous, Hauterivian Sandstone 324. Mazarani Field, Pakistan Scheidecker, 1977 gas field Eocene laki Formation 336. Yatim Dagh field, Tadzik Basin, Asrarullah, 1979 Afghanistan gas field 325. Khairpur field, Pakistan Lower Cretaceous, Hauterivian gas field Sandstone Eocene Kipthar Formation Scheidecker, 1977 Asrarullah, 1979. 337. Hodja-Gugerdag 326. Mari field, Pakistan gas field gas field. Lower Cretaceous, Hauterivian Eocene Kipthar Formation Sandstone Asrarullah, 1979 Scheidecker, 1977
122 338. Kwaja Borham field, Tadzik Basin, 352. Pazanan field, Iran Afghanistan producing gas wells gas field Hasson and others, 1977, 1978 Lower Cretaceous, Hauterivian Sandstone 353. Ardeshir field, Iran (offshore) Scheidecker, 1977 producing gas wells Hasson and others, 1978 339. Ak-Darza, Afghan-Tadzhik Basin gas field 354. Milatun MT-1 exploration well, Iran Lower Cretaceous, Hauterivian Kharai gas discovery Sandstone Hasson and others, 1978 Scheidecker, 1977 355. Aghar field, Iran 340-341. Gas fields in Karakum Basin gas discovery Afghanistan Hasson and others, 1978 Fletcher, 1979 356. Dalan DL-1 exploratory well, Iran 342. Sarakhs field, Iran gas discovery gas production Permian International Petroleum Encyclopedia, Hasson and others, 1977, 1978 1979 357. Kuh-e-Mand MD-3 exploratory well, 343. Gorgan field, Iran Iran gas production gas discovery International Petroleum Encyclopedia, Hasson and others, 1977 1979 358. Pars field, Iran (offshore) 344. Sarajeh field, Iran producing gas well gas production Hasson and others, 1977 International Petroleum Encyclopedia, 1979 359. Kangan field, Iran producing gas well 345. Halush gas field, Iran Hasson and others, 1977 Hasson and others, 1978 360. Nar field, Iran 346. Samand SM-2 gas well, Iran producing gas wells gas discovery Hasson and others, 1977 Permian Hasson and others, 1978 361. Varavi (Zalemi) gas field, Iran Hasson and others, 1978 347. Tang-e-Bijar (Kangiran?), Iran producing gas wells 362. Bavush, Iran Hasson and others, 1977 gas show Aptian, Dariyan Formation 348. Naft Safid field, Iran Hasson and others, 1978 producing gas wells Hasson and others, 1977 363. Sarkhun field, Iran producing gas well 349. Mamatain MA-10 exploration well, Iran Hasson and others, 1978 suspended gas well Middle and Lower Cretaceous 364. Gavarzin field, Iran Hemer and others, 1979 gas production International Petroleum Encyclope• 350. Ahwaz A2 101 exploration well, dia, 1979 Iran gas discovery 365. Salakm field, Iran Lower Cretaceous gas production Hemer and others, 1979 International Petroleum Ency• clopedia, 1979 351, Marun MN123 exploratory well, Iran gas well 366. Agha Jari AJ140 exploration well, Lower Cretaceous Iran Hemer and others, 1979 Suspended gas discovery Lower Cretaceous Hemer and others, 1979
123 ONLAND PHOSPHATE OCCURRENCES IN THE ASIA-AUSTRALIA REGION
From south of Kazerun northwest• 11. Naka Levy Post, Karachi division, wards for about 300 miles to Pakistan near Masjed Soleyraan, Iran phosphatic nodules pelletal phosphorite Paleocene, Jakkhar, Group upper Eocene, Pabdeh Formation British Sulphur Corporation, 1971 Namin and others, 1965; Notholt, 1968 12. Dera Ismail Khan division, Pakistan phosphatic nodules Dogombadan, Iran Upper Jurassic, Chichali Formation pelletal phosphorite Asrarullah, 1979 upper Eocene, Pabdeh Formation Namin and others, 1965 13. Rawalpindi division, Pakistan phosphatic nodules Dehloran, Iran Eocene, Patak Formation phosphatic pebbles in a glauco- British Sulphur Corporation, 1971; nitic marly bed Notholt, 1968 Upper Cretaceous, Gurpi Formation Namin and others, 1965 14. Karim Kach Khwar, Quetta division, Gilan-e-Gharb area, Iran Pakistan phosphatic glauconitic limestone phosphatic nodules lower Eocene Late Cretaceous, Moghal Kot Formation Namin and others, 1965 British Sulphur Corporation, 1971
A 120-mile belt in the Elburz 15 Abbottabad area, Hazara division, Mountains, Iran Pakistan. Important occurrences in pelletal phosphorite this area are a) Sirbun, b) Kakul- Upper Devonian, Geirud Formation Mirpur, c) Lagarban, and d) Dalola. Namin and others, 1965; Notholt, cherty phosphorite and silty calcare• 1968 ous phosphorite Cambrian, Abbottabad and Hazira/ Azerbaijan to Kuh-e-Forghum, Iran Galdanian Formations pelletal phosphorite Asrarullah, 1979 Upper Devonian, Geirud Formation Notholt, 1968 16, Kohat-Nizampur-Cherat, Peshawar divi• sion, Pakistan Yazd, Iran phosphatic nodules pelletal phosphorite Upper Jurassic, Chichali Formation; Upper Devonian, Geirud Formation Lower Cretaceous, Lumshiwal Forma• Notholt. 1968 tion Asrarullah, 1979
Farrashband, Fars province, Iran 17. Loe-Shilman deposit, north of Bannu phosphatic pebble bed district, Pakistan Upper Cretaceous and Paleocene, phosphate-bearing carbonatite lower Pabdeh Formation Precambrian (?) Namin and others, 1965; Notholt, Asrarullah, 1979 1968 18. Loralai district, Baluchistan province, Firuzabad, Iran Pakistan phosphatic pebbles in a glauconitic phosphatic nodules marly bed Cretaceous, Moghal Kot Formation Upper Cretaceous, Gurpi Formation Asrarullah, 1979 Namin and others, 1965; Notholt, 1968 * 19. Dera Ghazi Khan division, Pakistan phosphatic nodules Gerishk, Afghanistan Eocene, Ghazij shale cave guano Asrarullah, 1979 ECAFE, 1967 20. Srikakulura district, Andhra 31. Jhabua district, Madhya Pradesh, India Pradesh, India phosphatic stromatolites igneous apatite Precambrian Aravalli Supergroup Krishnaswamy, 1972 Basu, 1976; Basu and Banerjee, 1975; Khan, 1979 21. Sitharamapur area, Kasitpatnam, Visakhapatnara district, Andhra 32. Dungarpur, Rajasthan, India Pradesh, India apatite-bearing schist apatite-magnetic-vermlculite veins Kr i s h n a swamy, 1972 Precambrian Mahendra, 1975 33. Udaipur district, Rajasthan, India. Important occurrences in this area 22. Valdavur, Tamil Nadu, India include Jhamarkotra, Dakan Kotra, phosphatic concretions and nodules Maton, Kanpur, Kharbariaka Gurha, Upper Cretaceous (Senonian and Neemach mata, Badgaon, Sisarma, Maestrichtian), Ariyalur stage Berawas, Bhila, and Jhameshwar. Notholt, 1968 phosphatic stromatolites Precambrian, Aravalli Supergroup, 23. Cuddalore, Tamil Nadu, India Matoon Formation phosphatic nodules Banerjee, 1971b, 1971c; Muktinath, 1967; Krishnaswamy, 1972; Narasimhan, Muktinath and Sant, 1967; Muktinath 1960-1961 and others, 1969; Pandya and Chauhan, 9 1976 24. Kottagudie area, Tamil Nadu, India apatite-pegmatite 34. Birmania, Jaisalmer district, Rajasthan, Krishnaswamy, 1972 India phosphatic sandy shale and phosphatic 25. near Quilon, India (offshore) limestone phosphatic nodules Paleozoic, Birmania Formation British Sulphur Corporation, Deshmukh, 1979; Muktinath, 1967; Sant 1971; Pant, 1979 and Sharma, 1971; Srikantan and others, 1969 26. Sevathur, North Arcot district, Tamil Nadu, India 35. Poonch (Punch), Kashmir, India carbonatite-raica-pyroxenite soil phosphatic nodules and apatite crystals in car• Dhall and Pathak, 1969 - 1970; bonatite bodies Krishnaswamy, 1972 Krishnaswamy, 1972; India Geolo• gical Survey, 1974; Shukla, 1976 36. Riasi, Kashmir, India phosphatic nodules Krishnaswamy, 1972; Singh and Sharma, 27. Channapatna, Mysore, India 1964-1965 apatite in pockets Krishnaswamy, 1972 37. Udhampur, Kashmir, India phosphatic nodules 28. Arsikere, Mysore, India Krishnaswamy, 1972; Singh and others, apatite in pockets 1970-1971 Krishnaswamy, 1972 38. Nigalidhar, Korgai and Solan areas, 29. Hole Narsipur, Mysore, India Solan, Sirmur, and Simla districts, apatite in pockets Himachal Pradesh, India Krishnaswamy, 1972 phosphatic quartzite Jurassic, lower Tal Formation, Krol Member 30. Amba Dongar in Berbada Valley, Agarwal, 1970; Dass, 1963; Joshi, 1970 Gujarat, India apatite in carbonatite body 39. Jagadhri (Tehri Garhwal), Uttar Pradesh, British Sulphur Corporation, 1971 India phosphatic nodules Jurassic, Tal Formation Krishnaswamy, 1972; Ghosh, 1968
125 40. Mussoorie area, Dheradun and Tehri 49. Chelima, Karnool district, Andhra districts, Uttar Pradesh, India, Pradesh Important occurrences in this phosphatic quartzite area include Maldeota, Durmala, Precambrian, Cuddapah Supergroup, Partibba-Chamsari, Bhusti- Cumbum Formation Jamthialgaon-Jalikhal areas, Geological Society of India, 1978 Masran, and Bagl-Mathiagaon areas. 50. Sallapat and Ram ka Mimna Jher Moti, phosphorite Banswara district, Rajasthan, India Jurassic, lower Tal Formation phosphatic stromatolites Chatterjee, 1967; Pareek, 1973; Precambrian, Aravalli Supergroup Patwardhan, 1973, 1979; Banerjee, 1971a; Sant and Sharma, Ravi Shankar, 1971, 1976 1971; Shukla, 1976
41. Pithorgarh, Minora district, 5it Lalitpur district, Uttar Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, India India phosphatic stromatolites phosphorite Precambrian, Gangolihat Dolomite Precambrian, Bijawar Group Patwardhan, 1973; Valdiya, 1972 Pant and others, 1979
42. Hirapur, Madhya Pradesh, India 52, Kutch district, Gujarat, India. Im• phosphorite % portant occurrences in this area Precambrian, Bijawar Group, include Godpar-Gadhsisa, Sadanbari, Gangau Formation and Jhura area, Pant, 1979 phosphatic concretions Jurassic, Bhuj Formation 43. Singhbhum district, Bihar, India. Muktinath, 1974 Important occurrences in this area include Nandup, Sunrgi, 53, Nambakhurichi-Varagupadi area, Kulamara, and Pathargora areas. Tiruchirapalli district, Tamil Nadu, apatite-magnetite veins India Precambrian, Dharwar System phosphatic nodules Agarwal, 1945; Dunn, 1937; Upper Cretaceous, Uttatur stage Notholt, 1968 Balagopal and Choudhuri, 1969; India Geological Survey, 1974; Notholt, 1968 44. Purulia district, West Bengal, India. Important occurrences 54. Fatehgarh, Jaisalmer district, in this area Include Beldih, Rajasthan, India Kutni, Mednitanr, Chirugora, ferruginous phosphatic sandstone and Panrkidih. Cretaceous-Eocene, Fatehgarh Formation quartz-apatite and apatite- Deshmukh, 1979; Muktinath, 1967; Sant magnetite-quartzite veins and Sharma, 1971 India Geological Survey, 1974 55. Khasi-Jaintia-Garo Hills, Meghalaya 45. Hazaribagh, Bihar, India district, Assam, India apatite In mica-bearing pegma• phosphatic nodules tites Eocene, Kopili Formation Notholt, 1968 Chakraborti and Talukdar, 1969; Chakraborti and others, 1973 46. Raniganj, Bihar, India apatite in mica-peridotite dikes 55^ Newania, Udaipur district, Rajasthan, Notholt, 1968 India apatite veins 47. Giridih, Bihar, India Precambrian, Untala granite apatite in mica-peridotite dikes Dutta, 1969-1970; Sethi, 1969 Notholt, 1968 57. Chapoli area, Jhunjhunu district, 48. Hungenekal area, Dharmapuri dis• Rajasthan, India trict, Tamil Nadu, India apatite associated with garnetiferous apatite in carbonatite body schist Precambrian Precambrian India Geological Survey, 1974; Sethi, 1969; Shukla, 1976 Shukla, 1976
126 58. Bhawanathpur area, Palamau 68. . Tawa Khola, Nepal district, Bihar, India phosphatic shales phosphatic horizon associated Eocene to Oligocene, Surkhet Group with calcareous shale Tater, 19.79 Precambrian Shukla, 1976 69,. near Tawa-Khola, Nepal phosphatic shales 59. Laccadive-Amindivi Islands, Eocene to Oligocene, Surkhet Group India Tater, 1979 guano Mukherjee and Rao, 1970 70. Barahkshetra area, Nepal phosphatic nodules 60. Eppawela deposit, Sri Lanka Barahkshetra Formation, Perrao- apatite crystals in a brec• Carboniferous ciated zone Tater, 1979 Precambrian Jayawardena, 1976, 1979 71. Pakokku district, Burma phosphatized coprolitic nodules and 61. Seruwila deposit, Sri Lanka crustacean fragments fluorapatite in copper-mag• upper Eocene, Yaw Stage netite ore Notholt, 1968 Precambrian, Vijayan Series Jayawardena, 1979 72. Amherst district, Burma cave guano 62. Thuligad, Nepal ECAFE, 1967 phosphatic rocks Eocene to Oligocene, Surkhet 73. North Andaman, Andaman Islands, India Group (offshore) Tater, 1979 phosphatic and slightly ferruginous nodules 63. Khulia Khola, Nepal Notholt, 1968 phosphatic shales and carbo• nates 74. Surat Thani province, Thailand Surkhet Group, Eocene phosphatic shales Tater, 1979 Devonian and Carboniferous ECAFE, 1967 64. near Khulia Khola, Nepal phosphatic rocks 75. Khao Khlong Wan, Thailand Eocene, Surkhet Group phosphate pockets in the Rat Burl Tater, 1979 limestone of Permian age Pleistocene (?) 65. near Gwar Khola, Nepal Notholt, 1968 phosphatic rocks Eocene to Oligocene, Surkhet 76. Khao Phak Mah, Ratburi province, Group Thailand Tater, 1979 phosphate in limestone and caves Japakasetr, 1979 66. Gwar Khola, Nepal phosphatic shales 77. Khao Cha-Ngoke, Chon Daen district, Late Precambrian to Paleo• Phetchabun province, Thailand zoic, Midland Group phosphate rock Tater, 1979 Japakasetr, 1979
67. Northeast of Bhairawa, Nepal 78. Ban Sob Moei, Mae Tha district, phosphatic shales and sand• Lamphun province, Thailand stones phosphate rock Siwalik Group Japakasetr, 1979 Tater, 1979
127 79. Ban Lao Kham, Roi Et province, 89. Bt. Baling, Peninsular Malaysia, Thailand Malaysia phosphate cement guano Japakasetr, 19.79. Aw, 1979
80. along the Song Ma River, 90. Dalam Wang, Peninsular Malaysia, Than Hoa area, Vietnam Malaysia concretionary or compact guano phosphate rock, phosphatic Aw, 1979 pisolites upper Paleozoic 91. Gua Setir, Peninsular Malaysia, Notholt, 1968 Malaysia guano 81. Ham Rong, Nam Phat, Thuong Aw, 1979 Hoa and Yen Son, south of Hanoi, Vietnam nodular and vein-like masses 92. Gua Musang, Peninsular Malaysia, of phosphate Malaysia upper Paleozoic guano Notholt, 1968 Aw, 1979
82. Lao Gal, northern Tonkin, 93. Kota Jin, Peninsular Malaysia, Vietnam Malaysia granular apatite, apatite dis• guano seminated in quartzite, and Aw, 1979 apatite-bearing calc-schists Cambro-Ordovician, Coc-Xan series 9.4, Gunong Staat, Sarawak, Malaysia Notholt, 1968 guano and phosphate rock Aw, 19.79; Notholt, 1968 83. Vinh Thinh, Tonkin, Vietnam earthy phosphate and phos• 95, Bidi, Sarawak, Malaysia phatized limestone guano upper Paleozoic Aw, 19.79 Notholt, 1968 96, Lohang Batu caves, Gunong Selabor, 84. Slsophon, Kampuchea Sarawak, Malaysia Notholt, 1968 guano and phosphate rock Aw, 1979; Notholt, 1968 85. Phnom Sampou, Battambang province, Kampuchea 97, Niah caves, Sarawak, Malaysia concretionary phosphate bat and swift guano and phosphate Notholt, 1968 rock Aw, 1979; Notholt, 1968 86. Tuk Meas, Kampot province, Kampuchea 98, Melinau, Sarawak, Malaysia phosphate filling fissures and guano cavities in limestone of Carbo- Aw, 19.79. Permian age Notholt, 1968 99.. Punan Batu, Sabah, Malaysia guano 87. Chuplng, Peninsular Malaysia, Aw, 1979 Malaysia guano 100. Lian, Sabah, Malaysia Aw, 19.79 guano Aw, 1979 88. Gunong Keriang, Peninsular Malaysia, Malaysia 101. Batu Sapad, Sabah, Malaysia guano guano Aw, 1979 Aw, 1979
128 Madai, Baturong and Pidtong 114. Irian Jaya, Indonesia caves, Tawau residency., phosphorites Sabah, Malaysia Hehuwat, 1979 cave guano and phosphate rock 115. Arafura Sea, near the Tanlmbar Aw, 1979; Notholt, 1968 Islands, Indonesia (offshore) phosphatic sediments Baturong, Sabah, Malaysia Jongsma, 1974; Hehuwat, 1975 guano Aw, 1979 116. Christmas Island (Indian Ocean) Siput, Sabah, Malaysia phosphate guano Barrie, 1967; Trueraan, 1965 Aw, 1979 117. Southern Hainan Island, China Tempadong, Sabah, Malaysia sedimentary phosphorite guano Cambrian Aw, 1979 Chang and Chao, 1978
Gomanton caves, Sandakan 118. Mengci area, Yunnan province, residency, Sabah, Malaysia China cave guano and phosphate rock apatite Aw, 1979 Lower Cambrian, Koksan suite Bushinskii, 1969 Goemai Mountains, Balembang province, Indonesia 119. near Guangnan, Yunnan province, apatite in limestone China Cretaceous sedimentary phosphorite ECAFE, 1967 Devonian Chang and Chao, 1978 Tangkuban Parahu volcano, near Tjlater, Java, Indonesia 120. Debao area, Kwangsi province, phosphatic sinter China Notholt, 1968 sedimentary phosphorite Devonian Adjibarang area, near Tjilatjap, Chang and Chao, 1978 Java, Indonesia limestone breccia cemented and 121. Yu Jiang area, near Heng Xian, partly replaced by phosphate Kwangsi province, China Notholt, 1968 sedimentary phosphorite Devonian Kromong Mountains near Tjirebon, Chang and Chao, 1978 Indonesia cave phosphate (?) 122. west of Chiang men, Kwangtung ECAFE, 1967 province, China nodular phosphorite More than 100 caves in western pre-Devonian or Cambro-Sinian, and northern Rembang Hills, Lungshan complex Java, Indonesia Bushinskii, 1969 cave guano Notholt, 1968 123. Kueilin area, Kwangsi Chuang province, China Eastern Java, Indonesia nodular phosphorite marine phosphorite (nodules and Sinian, Towshanto suite; Lower concretions) Cambrian, Shuikow suite Miocene Bushinskii, 1969 Hehuwat, 1975 124. north of Lochang, Kwangtung Parigi, Seluwasi, Indonesia province, China ECAFE, 1967 nodular or shaly phosphorite Lower Cambrian Bushinskii, 1969
129 125. southwest of Wenpingzhen, 134, near Wansjian, Hunan and Kweichow Yunnan province, China provinces, China sedimentary phosphorite sedimentary phosphorite Cambrian Precambrian (Sinian) Chang and Chao, 1978 Chang and Chao, 1978
126. near Huize, Yunnan province, 135, near Zhijiang, Hunan province, China China ' sedimentary phosphorite sedimentary phosphorite Cambrian Precambrian ("Sinian) Chang and Chao, 1978 Chang and Chao, 1978
127. near Dongchuan, Yunnan pro• 136, north of Huaihua Xian, Hunan vince, China province, China sedimentary phosphorite sedimentary phosphorite Cambrian Precambrian CSinian) Chang and Chao, 1978 Chang and Chao, 19.78
128. north of Anshun, Kweichow 137. near Anjiang, Hunan province, China province, China sedimentary phosphorite sedimentary phosphorite Precambrian CSinian) Cambrian Chang and Chao, 1978 Chang and Chao, 1978 138, Southern Suehfeng Shan area, Hunan 129. northwest of Guiyang, province, China Kweichow province, China nodular phosphorite, granular and sedimentary phosphorite aphanitic phosphorite Cambrian Lower Cambr ian, Precambrian (S ini an) Chang and Chao, 1978 Bushinskii, 1969; Notholt, 1979
130. east - northeast of 139. Northern Suehfeng Shan area, Hunan Guiyan, Kweichow province, province, China China phosphatic nodules and granules sedimentary phosphorite Lower Cambrian; Precambrian (Sinian), Cambrian, Precambrian Towshanto suite (Sinian) Bushinskii, 1969; Notholt, 1979 Chang and Chao, 1978 140. Chayuanpu deposit, Chaling, Hunan 131. north of Leigong Shan, near province, China Taigong, Kweichow province, granular and aphanitic phosphorite China Precambrian (Sinian) sedimentary phosphorite Bushinskii, 1969 Cambrian Chang and Chao, 1978 141. Northeast of Changsha, Hunan province, China 132. Chin ping CSan chiang), sedimentary phosphorite Kweichow province, China Precambrian (Sinian) phosphorite lenses in argil• Chang and Chao, 1978 laceous shales Lower Cambrian 142, Huang Shui area, south of Yihuang, Bushinskii, 1969 Kiangsi province, China sedimentary phosphorite 133. south of Fanjing Shan, Kweichow Precambrian CSinian) province, China Chang and Chao, 1978 sedimentary phosphorite Cambrian 143. northeast of Fuzhou, Fukien province, Chang and Chao, 1978 China metamorphosed phosphate Chang and Chao, 1978
130 144. Southwest of Guiqi, Kiangsi 154. north of Badong, Hupeh province, province, China China sedimentary phosphorite sedimentary phosphorite Precambrian (Sinian) Cambrian Chang and Chao, 1978 Chang and Chao, 1978
145. south of Hekou, Kiangsi 155. north of Jiaochangba, Hupeh province, China province, China sedimentary phosphorite sedimentary phosphorite Precambrian (Sinian) Precambrian CSinian) Chang and Chao, 1978 Chang and Chao, 1978
146. north of Yushan, Kiangsi 156. near Shangkan, Hupeh province, province, China China sedimentary phosphorite sedimentary phosphorite Cambrian Precambrian (Sinian) Chang and Chao, 1978 Chang and Chao, 1978
147. near Wusheng, Chekiang province, China 157. Han River area, south, of Xiangfan, sedimentary phosphorite Hupeh province, China Cambrian bedded phosphorite Chang and Chao, 1978 Lower Cambrian; Precambrian CSinian), Towshanto suite 148. Northern Chiuling Shan area, Bushinskii, 1969; Notholt, 1979 Kiangsi province, China phosphate nodules in argilla• 158. Dahong Shan area, Hupeh province, ceous shales China Lower Cambrian (?), Kuanyingtang sedimentary phosphorite suite Precambrian (Sinian) Bushinskii, 1969; Notholt, 1979 Chang and Chao, 1978
149. Northern Qianyang region, Hunan 159. east of Erlangtian, Hupeh province, province, China China sedimentary phosphorite metamorphosed phosphate Precambrian (Sinian) Chang and Chao, 1978 Chang and Chao, 1978 160. near Hongan, Hupeh province, China 150. Near Guzhang in the Wuling Moun• metamorphosed sedimentary phospho• tains, Hunan province, China rites sedimentary phosphorite pre-Sinian Precambrian (Sinian) Bushinskii, 1969 Chang and Chao, 1978 161. Northeast of Taihu, Anhwei province, 151. Northwest of Sang chih, Hunan China province, China metamorphosed phosphate bedded phosphorite Chang and Chao, 1978 Lower Cambrian Bushinskii, 1969 162. near Wangjiang, Anhwei province, China 152. Huangling anticline, near metamorphosed phosphate Yicheng, Hupeh province, China Chang and Chao, 1978 sedimentary phosphorite Precambrian (Sinian) 163. Chaoxian area, Anhwei province, China Chang and Chao, 1978 metamorphosed phosphate Chang and Chao, 1978 153. near Xunjiaya, Hupeh province, China 164. near Zhujiang, Kiangsu province, sedimentary phosphorite China Precambrian (Sinian) sedimentary phosphorite Chang and Chao, 1978 Cambrian Chang and Chao, 1978
131 165. west of Chengxi Hu, Anhwei 175. near Tongzi, Kweichow province, province, China China sedimentary phosphorite sedimentary phosphorite Cambrian Cambrian Chang and Chao, 1978 Chang and Chao, 1978
166. Southeast of Fengtai, Anhwei 176. West of Tongzi In the Dalou province, China Mountains, Kweichow Oolitic and conglomeratic province, China phosphorite sedimentary phosphorite Lower Cambrian, Mantow suite Precambrian (Sinian) Bushinskii, 1969; Notholt, 1979 Chang and Chao, 1978 177 near Chengxian, Kansu province, 167. near Wanyuan, Szechwan pro• China vince, China sedimentary phosphorite sedimentary phosphorite Devonian Precambrian (Sinian) Chang and Chao, 1978 Chang and Chao, 1978 178. north of Liuba, Shensi province, 168. north of Zhongha, Szechwan China province, China sedimentary phosphorite sedimentary phosphorite Devonian Devonian Chang and Chao, 1978 Chang and Chao, 19.78 179 near Mlanxian, Shensi province, China 169. Jiuding Shan area, near sedimentary phosphorite Hanwang, Szechwan province, Precambrian CSinian) China Chang and Chao, 1978 sedimentary phosphorite Devonian 180. Northern Micang Shan, near Chang and Chao, 1978 Zhoujiaping, Shensi province, China sedimentary phosphorite 170. West of Omei Shan, Szechwan Cambrian province, China Chang and Chao, 1978 sedimentary phosphorite Cambrian 181. near Diangasi, Kansu province, China Chang and Chao, 1978 sedimentary phosphorite Devonian 171. east of Ebian, Szechwan Chang and Chao, 1978 province, China bedded granular phosphorite 182. Near Longxian, Shensi province, Lower Cambrian, Leipo suite China Chang and Chao, 1978 sedimentary phosphorite Cambrian 172. Yangtze River area, near Chang and Chao, 1978 Leibo, Szechwan province, China 183. North of Baoji, Shensi province, bedded granular phosphorite China Lower Cambrian, Leipo suite sedimentary phosphorite Bushinskii, 1969 Cambrian Chang and Chao, 1978 173. near Zhongshu, Kweichow province, China 184, near Qlanxian, Shensi province, sedimentary phosphorite China Cambrian sedimentary phosphorite Chang and Chao, 1978 Cambrian Chang and Chao, 1978 174. Zunyi area, Kweichow province, China 185. Northern Qinling Shanmo (mts.), bedded phosphorite Shensi province, China Lower Cambrian; Precambrian quartzitic conglomeratic phosphorite (Sinian), Sung Ling suite and bedded phosphorite Bushinskii, 1969 Lower Cambrian Bushinskii, 1969: Notholt, 1979
132 186. Southwest of Guoluezhen, Honan 197. east of Heichengzhen, Ningsiahui, province, China province, China sedimentary phosphorite sedimentary phosphorite Cambrian Cambrian Chang and Chao, 1978 Chang and Chao, 1978 187. Eastern Zhongtiao Shan, near 19.8, west of Bayan, Tsinghai province, Pinglu Xian, Shansi province, China China igneous apatite sedimentary phosphorite Chang and Chao, 1978 Cambrian Chang and Chao, 1978 199. south of Zhongning, Ningsiahui province, China 188. near Unxi, Hupeh province, sedimentary phosphorite China Cambrian sedimentary phosphorite Chang and Chao, 1978 Precambrian (Sinian) Chang and Chao, 1978 200. Southern Holan Shan, NIngsia Hui autonomous region, China 189. west of Nanhuatang, Hupeh phosphatic conglomerate province, China Lower Cambrian sedimentary phosphorite Bushinskii, 1969; Notholt, 1979 Cambrian Chang and Chao, 1978 201. Wutai Shan area, Shansi province, China 190. near Baisang, Hupeh pro• bedded and nodular phosphorite vince, China sedimentary phosphorite Precambrian (Sinian) Cambrian Bushinskii, 1969, Notholt, 1979 Chang and Chao, 1978 202. Northeast of Yuxian, Shansi province, China 191. near Paofeng, Honan province, metamorphosed phosphate China Chang and Chao, 1978 bedded quartzitic phosphorite Lower Cambrian 203. Northwest of Baoding, Hopeh pro• Bushinskii, 1969 vince, China metamorphosed phosphate 192. near Pingding Shan, Honan Chang and Chao, 1978 province, China sedimentary phosphorite 204. Southwest of Beijing, Hopeh pro• Cambrian Chang and Chao, 1978 vince, China igneous apatite Chang and Chao, 1978 193. Song Shan area, near Dengfeng, Honan province, China metamorphosed phosphate 205. Northern Holan Shan, Ningsia Hui Chang and Chao, 1978 autonomous region, China conglomeratic phosphorite Lower Cambrian 19.4. Hsin an, Kiangsu province, Bushinskii, 1969; Notholt, 1979 China metamorphosed sedimentary 206. near Baiyunebo, Inner Mongolia phosphorites (Neimunggu province), China Upper Proterozoic, Yungtai metamorphosed phosphate suite Bushinskii, 1969 Upper Proterozoic, Payunopo System Bushinskii, 1969 195. near Cilal Shan, Shantung province, China 207. near Zhuozi, Neimunggu (Inner igneous apatite Mongolia) province, China Chang and Chao, 1978 igneous apatite Chang and Chao, 1978 196. Northeast of Duancun, Shansi province, China metamorphosed phosphate Chang and Chao, 1978
133 208. Southwest of Jining, Neimunggu 220, Yongyu in South Pyongyang, North (Inner Mongolia) province, China Korea. igneous apatite residual soil phosphate and apatite Chang and Chao, 1978 veins in mica-schists and lime• s-tones of the Yonchon System 209. near Datong, Shansi province, China Notholt, 1968 igneous apatite Chang and Chao, 1978 221, near Dandong, Llaoning province, China 210. east of Jining, Neimunggu (Inner metamorphosed phosphate Mongolia) province, China Chang and Chao, 1978 Metamorphosed phosphate Chang and Chao, 1978 222, near Kuahdian, Llaoning province, China 211. Near Xinghe, Neimunggu (Inner metamorphosed phosphate Mongolia) province, China Chang and Chao, 1978 igneous apatite Chang and Chao, 1978 223, near Liuhe, Kirin province, China metamorphosed phosphate 212. south of Zhangjiakou, Hopeh Chang and Chao, 1978 province, China igneous apatite 224, east of Huinan Xian, Kirin province, Chang and Chao, 1978 China metamorphosed phosphate 213. Northeast of Zhangbel, Hopeh. Chang and Chao, 1978 province, China igneous apatite 225. Southwest of Kulunzhen, Kirin pro• Chang and Chao, 1978 vince, China metamorphosed phosphate 214. near Dagezhen, Hopeh province, Chang and Chao, 1978 China metamorphosed phosphate 226. Nuluerhu Shan, west of Chaoyang, Chang and Chao, 1978 Llaoning province, China metamorphosed phosphate 215. north of Miyun, Hopeh pro*- Chang and Chao, 1978 vince, China igneous apatite 227, west of Ningan, Heilungkiang Chang and Chao, 1978 province, China metamorphosed phosphate 216. south of Chengde, Hopeh pro• Chang and Chao, 1978 vince, China igneous' apatite 228, near Linkou, Heilungkiang province, Chang and Chao, 1978 China metamorphosed phosphate 217. near Miyun, Hopeh province, Chang and Chao,. 1978 China sedimentary phosphorite 229. Pel Shan area, Chekiang province, Precambrian CSinian) China Chang and Chao , 1978 bedded and nodular phosphorites Lower Cambrian 218. Llaoning province, China Bushinskii, 1969 fluorapatite ore bodies in a tillite sedimentary unit 230. north of Qingguandu, Hunan and Hupeh Precambrian CSinian), Tiao provinces, China yu tal suite sedimentary phosphorite Bushinskii, 1969 Precambrian CSinian) Chang and Chao, 1978 219. Kacha-do deposit, Korea Bay, North Korea apatite-bearing dlopside rock Notholt, 1968
134 231. Funlu Shan area, west of Wiiyang, 241. near Bachu, Sinkiang province, Honan province, China China sedimentary phosphorite sedimentary phosphorite Cambrian lower Cambrian Chang and Chao, 1978 Chang and Chao, 1978
232. near Huailai, Hopeh. province, 242, Mao Island, Penghu Islands, Taiwan, China China sedimentary phosphorite phosphatic clay and phosphatized Precambrian (Sinian) rock Chang and Chao, 1978 Ho and Lee, 1963; Notholt, 1968
233. near Shimian, Szechwan province, 243 Mienhua Island, Taiwan, China China phosphatic clay and phosphatized sedimentary phosphorite rock Cambrian Ho and Lee, 1963; Notholt, 1968 Chang and Chao, 1978 244. Agno and Mabini, Pangasinan province, 234. Huidong area, Szechwan province, Luzon, Philippines China cave guano and phosphatized lime• sedimentary phosphorite stone Cambrian Notholt, 1968 Chang and Chao, 1978 245, near Libmanan, Camarines Sur pro• 235. near Wuding, Yunnan province, vince, Philippines China cave guano and phosphatized lime• sedimentary phosphorite stone Precambrian (Sinian) Notholt, 1968 Chang and Chao, 1978 246 Marilima cave deposit, near Virac, 236. Kunming - Chinning (Kunyang) Catanduanes, Philippines area, Yunnan province, China guano and phosphatized rock bedded phosphorite, phosphate Notholt, 1968 nodules Lower Cambrian, Leipo suite 247. near Escalante, Negros Occidental, Wang, 1942; Ho, 1942; Bushinskii, Philippines 1969 earthy masses of phosphatized lime• stone 237. east of Pei Shan, Kansu province, Notholt, 1968 China sedimentary phosphorite 248, Four caves near Toboso, Negros Cambrian Occidental, Philippines Chang and Chao, 1978 phosphatized soil mixed with guano Notholt, 1968 238. west of Pei Shan, Kansu province, China 249, near San Carlos, Negros Occidental, sedimentary phosphorite Philippines Cambrian oolitic phosphate and phosphatic Chang and Chao, 1978 concretions Miocene and Pliocene (?) 239. Western Kuluko Shanmo (mts,), Notholt, 1968 Sinkiang province, China bedded aphanitic phosphorites 250, Cave deposits, Iloilo province, Lower Cambrian Panay, Philippines Bushinskii, 1969 cave guano and phosphate rock Notholt, 1968 240. near Koping (Kelpin), Sinkiang province, China 251, Pupug caves, near Mabini, Bohol, bedded or nodular phosphorite Philippines Lower Cambrian cave guano Bushinskii, 1969 Notholt, 1968
135 252. Ashmore Reef, Western Australia, 264. Brothers Islands, Australia Australia guano guano, Recent Hutchinson, 1950 Hutchinson, 195(1 265. Marum Island, Sir Joseph Banks Group, 253. Browse Island, Australia Australia guano and phosphate rock guano, Recent Hutchinson, 1930 Barrie, 1965a
254. Adele Island, Australia 266. Bickers Islets, South Australia, guano Australia Hutchinson, 1950 guano, Recent ECAFE, 1967 255. Lacepede Islands, Australia guano 267. McDonnell Range, Northern Territory, Hutchinson, 1950 Australia phosphatic nodules, sandstones and 256. Murchinson River, Western siltstones, Ordovician Stairway Australia, Australia Sandstone phosphorite, Cretaceous Cook, 1963 Low, 1959 268. George Gill Range, Northern Territo• 257. Geralton, Western Australia, ry, Australia Australia phosphatic nodules, sandstones and phosphate rock, Jurassic Colalura siltstones, Ordovician Stairway Sandstone Sandstone British Sulphur Corporation, 1971 Cook, 1963
258. Houtman!s Abrolhos, Western 269. Ringwood, Northern Territory, Australia, Australia Australia guano and phosphate rock, Recent phosphorite, Upper Proterozoic Barrie, 1965a; Woodward, 1917 Cook, 1963
259. Dandaragan, Western Australia, 270. Mud Tank, Northern Territory, Australia Australia phosphate nodules and phospha• Igneous apatite, Precambrian tized wood, Cretaceous Crohn and Gellatly, 1969 Matheson, 1948 271. Barrow Island, Australia 260. Lake Weelhamby, Western Australia, guano Australia Hutchinson, 1950 biogenic phosphatization of igneous rock 272. Amaroo, Northern Territory, Hutchinson, 1950 Australia phosphorite, Ordovician (?) 261. Perth area, Western Australia, Cook, 1979 Australia cave guano, Recent 273. Sleisbeck and Coronation Hill, South Cook, 1979 Alligator River Valley, Australia phosphorite, Precambrian 262. Recherche Archipelago, Australia Barrie, 1965 guano Hutchinson, 1950 274. Rum Jungle, Northern Territory, Australia 263. Islands in the Great Bight, phosphorite, Precambrian Castlemalne Australia Hill Beds guano Pritchard and Cook, 1965 Hutchinson, 1950
136 275. Fannie Bay and Lee Point, 297, Oroparinna, South Australia, Northern Territory, Australia Australia phosphorite, Cretaceous guano, Recent Kemezys, 1968 Cook, 1979
276. Bathurst Island, Northern Ter• Flinders Range, South Australia, ritory, Australia Australia pelletal and concretionary phos• phosphorite, Cambrian Parachilna phates, phosphatic nodules, Formation phosphatized limestone, Callen, 1971 Cretaceous Kemezys, 1968 298. Clinton, South Australia, Australia phosphate rock as fillings in solu• 277. Islands in Shark Bay, Australia tion cavities and fissures in guano limestone, Recent Hutchinson, 1950 Cook, 1979
278. Bramble Bay, Australia 299. Myongpa-Kapunda-Carrieton, South guano, Recent (?) Australia, Australia Hutchinson, 1950 phosphorite, Lower Cambrian Blissett and Callen, 1967; Callen, 279. Raine Island, Queensland, 1970a, 1970b Australia guano Kapunda, South Australia, Australia Hutchinson, 1950 Deposits occur at St. John's, Moculta, Tom's, Koonaga and St. 280. Alroy, Queensland, Australia Kitt's Deposit phosphorite, Cambrian phosphatic nodules, phosphatic Cook, 1979 material deposit Dickinson and Broadhurst, 1943; Jack, 281. Alexandria - Wonarah, Queens• 1919; Broadhunt, 1943b land , Australia phosphorite, Middle Cambrian 300. Lower Hermitage, South Australia, Wonarah and Burton Beds Australia Howard, 1972; Howard and Perrino, guano, Recent 1976 Cook, 1979
282-294. Georgina Basin, Queensland, 301. Orroroo, South Australia, Australia Australia. Important deposits phosphorite, Recent occur at Duchess, Ardmore', Dickinson, 1943 Quita Creek, Lady Annie, Lady Elder Rock, Paratoo Siding, Australia Jane, Sherrin Creek, Lily Creek, biogenic phosphatization of igneous D Tree, Riversleigh Phantom rock Hills, Mt. Jennifer, Babbling Hutchinson, 1950 Brook Hill, Mt. O'Conner, High• land Plains. 302. Olary region near Flinders Range phosphorite, Middle Cambrian igneous apatite Beetle Creek Formation Campana and King, 1958 de Keyser, 1969; de Keyser and Cook, 1972; Howard and Cooney, 303. Mootwingee, New South Wales, 1976; Russell and Trueman, Australia 19.71; Rogers and Keevers, 19.76 phosphorite, Cambro-Ordovician Cook, 1979 295. St. Ann's, Queensland, Australia Phosphorite, Devonian-Carboni• 304. Bulumwaal, Victoria, Australia ferous phosphorite, Ordovician Cook, 1979 Cook, 1979
296. Wooltana Caves, South Australia, 305. Mansfield district, Victoria Australia Australia. Deposits occur at cave guano, Recent Phosphate Hill, Howe's Creek and ECAFE, 1967 Whitfield, phosphorite, Ordovician and Upper Cambrian Howitt, 1923
137 306. Howquahiver, Victoria, Australia 319, Moruya, New South Wales, phosphorite, Ordovician Australia Cook, 1979. phosphorite, Cambrian (?) Cook, 19.79 307. Beaumaris, Port Phillip, Victoria, 320, Batemans Bay, New South Wales, Australia Australia phosphatic concretions, Miocene phosphorite, Ordovician Bowler, 1963; Singleton, 1941 Cook, 1979 308. Geelong district, Victoria, Australia 321, Canowindra, New South Wales, phosphatic nodules, Tertiary Australia Coulson, 1932 phosphate rock as pockets and fil• lings in limestones, Recent 309. Bellarine Peninsula, Victoria, Barrie, 1965a; Raggatt, 1928 Australia cave guano, Recent 322, Molong district, New South Wales, Cook, 1979. Australia Deposits occur at Gamboola, Nandillyan, Lareas Lee, 310. Princetown, Victoria, Australia Vale Head, and Borenore. phosphatic nodules, Miocene cave guano and phosphate rock as Baker, 1945 pockets in Silurian limestone, Recent 311. Waratah Bay, Victoria, Barrie, 1965a; Raggatt, 1928 Australia 1 phosphorite, Late Ordovician 323, Wellington Caves, New South Wales, Kenney, 1943 Australia cave guano and bone breccia, Recent 312. Sea Elephant Rock near King Barrie, 19.65a; Raggatt, 1928 Island, Australia guano, Recent 124, Mona Vale, New South Wales, Australia Hutchinson, 1950; Twelvetrees, phosphorite, Triassic 1917 Cook, 1979
White Rock, Garden and Slopen 325. Offshore guyots, New South Wales, Islands Australia (submarine) guano phosphorite, Recent (?) Twelvetrees, 1917 Marshall, 19.71; von der Borch, 19.70
313. Continental Shelf, Tasmania, 326. Willi Willi Caves, New South Wales, Australia (submarine) Australia phosphorite, Recent (?) earthy bat guano, Recent ^ Garrand, 1977 Barrie, 1965a
314. Smithton, Tasmania, Australia 327. Ashford Caves, New South Wales, phosphorite, Cambrian (?) Australia Twelvetrees, 1917 bat guano, Recent Barrie, 1965a; Raggatt, 1928 315. Blenkhorn's Quarry, Railton, Tasmania, Australia 328. Banana-Cracow, Queensland, Australia phosphatic limestone, Cambrian (?) phosphorite, Permian Twelvetrees, 1917 Cook, 1979
316. Mathinna, Tasmania, Australia 329. Continental Shelf, Queensland, phosphorite, Cambrian (?) Australia (submarine) Twelvetrees, 1917 phosphorite, Recent (?) Cook, 1979 317. St. Mary's, Tasmania, Australia phosphorite, Cambrian (?) 330. Lady Elliot Island Twelvetrees, 1917 guano Hutchinson, 1950 318. Mt. Chappell, Pelican and Cat Islands, Australia 331. Holbourne Island, Queensland, guano Australia Hutchinson, 1950 guano and phosphatized limestone, Recent (?) Reid, 1944; Hutchinson, 1950 138 385 Kagoshima prefecture Japan 395, Yamagata prefecture, Japan phosphate phosphatic nodules ECAFE, 1967 Tertiary Notholt, 19.68 386 Mlyazaki prefecture, Japan phosphatic nodules 396, Niigata prefecture, Japan Tertiary phosphatic nodules Notholt, 1968 Tertiary Notholt, 1968 387 Sinpung deposits, near Tanchon, South Hamgyong 397, Akita prefecture, Japan province, North Korea phosphatic nodules compact aggregates of apatite Tertiary with minor amounts of mag• Notholt, 1968 netite, pyrrhotite and biotite Precambrian, Mach'onnyong Series Notholt, 1968, 1978
338. Songjin, North Korea apatite in limestone Precambrian, Mach'onnyong Series Notholt, 1968
389. Sangpochi-dong, near Kilchu, North Korea apatite in a zone of contact metamorphism Notholt, 1968
390. Toba, Mie prefecture, Japan lenticular and nodular phospha• tic beds associated with manganese ore Paleozoic ECAFE, 1967; Notholt, 1968
391. near Suwa, Nagano prefecture, Japan iron phosphate associated with bog iron deposits Notholt, 1968
392. Yamanashi prefecture, Japan phosphatic nodules Tertiary Notholt, 1968
393. east of Noto Peninsula, Ishikawa prefecture, Japan. Important occurrences in this area In• clude Hiuchidani, Oyaemondani, Noto Shima, Sichimi, Usetsu, Takai, and Hamada sedimentary lenses of phosphate Miocene, Nanao Group ECAFE, 1967; Notholt, 1968
394. Ibaraki prefecture, Japan phosphatic nodules Tertiary Notholt, 1968
139 INSULAR PHOSPHATE OCCURRENCES CIRCUM-PACIFIC REGION
332. Bird Islet (Wreck Reef) 345. Tloriori deposit, Chatham Islands, guano New Zealand Hutchinson, 1950 phosphorite nodules Paleocene, Tioriort Group 333. lies Chesterfields Watters, 1968 guano Hutchinson, 1950 346. Santa Catallna Phosphatic clay 334. lies Huon White and Warin, 1964 guano Hutchinson, 1950 347. Rennell Phosphate 335. Mare Grover, 1958 guano Plummer, 1979 348. Bellona Oolitic and incoherent phosphate 336. Walpole Island White and Warin, 1964 guano Hutchinson, 1950 349. Laughlan guano 337. White Island Plummer, 1979 guano Hutchinson, 1950 350. Nauna Phosphatic clay 338. Cape Kidnapper White and Warin, 1964 guano Hutchinson, 1950 351. Purdy Islands (Bat, Mole, and Mouse) Phosphatic Crust 339. New Plymouth White and Warin, 1964 phosphate In fissures Hutchinson, 1950 352. Wuvulu Phosphatic clay 340. Clarendon in east Otago, Hutchinson, 1950 New Zealand White and Warin, 1964 phosphatic sandstone and phosphorite 353. Aua Lower Miocene, Clarendon Phosphatic crust Sand Hutchinson, 1950 MacPherson, 1945; Watters, White and Warin, 1964 1968; Willett, 1946 354. Manu 341. The Snares Phosphatic guano, phosphatic mud guano Hutchinson, 1950 Hutchinson, 1950 White and Warin, 1964
342. Antipodes Islands 355. Sae guano Phosphatized sand Hutchinson, 1950 White and Warin, 1964
343. Bounty Islands 356. Greenwich Atoll (includes 14 phos• Hutchinson, 1950 phatic islands) Hutchinson, 1950
357. Ngatik rock phosphate, phosphatic nodules Hutchinson, 1950 358. Udot 370. The Shinan Islands, Including North. Phosphate Danger-Reef, West York, Thi-tu, Flat, Hutchinson, 1950 Loaita, Itu Aba, Nam Yit, Sin Cowe, Spaatly Islands 359. Gaferut guano Phosphate Hutchinson, 1950 Hutchinson, 1950 371. Paracel Islands, including Tree, Rocky, 360. Saipan, Tinian and Aguijan Woody, Lincoln, North Reef, Pattle, Islands Robert, Money, Drummond, and Duncan earthy and rock phosphate, Islands phosphatic clay guano and phosphate Hutchinson, 1950, Rodgers, Hutchinson, 1950 1948 372. Tung-sha-tao 361. Rota Sandy or earthy phosphate granular and nodular phos• Hutchinson, 1950 phate, phosphatic soil Hutchinson, 1950 373. Okino Daito Jima Rodgers, 1948 calcium and aluminum phosphate Hutchinson, 1950 362. Palau Islands: Including Rodgers, 1948 Angaur, Peleliu, Eil Malk, Urukthapel 374. Kita Daito Jima earthy phosphate, phosphatic Aluminum phosphate nodules Hutchinson, 1950 Hutchinson, 1950 Rodgers, 1948
363. Fais 375. Kuchino Shima earthy phosphate, phosphatic granular phosphate nodules Hutchinson, 1950 Hutchinson, 1950 Rodgers, 1948 376. Kaminone Sho guano 364. Sonsorol Islands Hutchinson, 1950 earthy, sandy and tuffaceous phosphates 377. Kikaigashima Hutchinson, 1950 Phosphate Hutchinson, 1950 365. Tobi earthy phosphate, phospha• 378. Yoron Jima tized sand, phosphatic nodules Phosphate Hutchinson, 1950 Hutchinson, 1950
366. Ajawi 379. Tori Shima phosphorite?, nauruite-like Guano, phosphate rock phosphate Hutchinson, 1950 Hutchinson, 1950 380. Ajuni Jima 367. Baar's Phosphate guano Hutchinson, 1950 Hutchinson, 1950 381. Okinawa 368. Batu Kapal cave guano guano Hutchinson, 1950 Hutchinson, 1950 382. Miyako Jima 369. Amboina Bay phosphate in limestone fissures, cave guano and phosphate guano Hutchinson, 1950 middle Pleistocene(?) Hutchinson, 1950
141 383. Tarama Jima 441. Palmyra earthy and rock phosphate phosphatized coral Hutchinson, 1950 442. Fanning Island 384. Hateruma Shima phosphatized sand Phosphate in limestone fissures, Hutchinson, 1950 superficial phosphate Hutchinson, 1950 443. Washington guano 404. Marcus (Minami Tori Shima) Hutchinson, 1950 guano, phosphatic soil, granular phosphate 444. Christmas Island Hutchinson, 1950 phosphatic soil Hutchinson, 1950 425. Johnston Island guano 445. Jarvis Island Hutchinson, 1950 guano Hutchinson, 1950 Hawaiian Leeward Islands (429, 431-435, 439-440) 446. Maiden Island Hutchinson, 1950 guano Hutchinson, 1950 429 Midway guano 447. Starbuck Island guano 431 Lisiansky Hutchinson, 1950 guano 448. Coral Island 432. Laysan Hutchinson, 1950 phosphatized coral sand 449. Herghest Rocks 433. Gardner guano Phosphate as fracture fillings Hutchinson, 1950
434. French Frigate Shoals 455. Caroline Island guano guano Hutchinson, 1950 435, Necker guano 481. Blkar atoll earthy phosphate' 439. Nihoa Hutchinson, 1950 guano
440, Kaula guano
SUBMARINE PHOSPHORITES
344. Chatham Rise, New Zealand 400. Winterer Guyot (submarine) phosphatized limestone phosphatic nodules Cretaceous Miocene Baturin, 1978 Cullen and Singleton, 1977 Norris, 1964; Reed and 401. Thomas Washington Seamount Hornibrook, 1952 phosphatized limestone Cenomanian-Turonian - middle Eocene 399. Pike Seamount Bacturin, 1978 phosphatized limestone Cenomanian - late Cretaceous Baturin, 1978 402. Isakov Seamount 419. Jacqueline Guyot Phosphatized rudist lime• Lutitic phosphorite, phosphatized stones coquina Early Cretaceous Cenomanian-Turonian Baturin, 1978 Baturin, 1978
403. Makarov Seamount 420. Shepard Guyot phosphatized rock phosphatized limestone Cenomanian-Turonian - C enomanian- Turo ni an Middle Eocene Baturin, 1978 Baturin, 1978 421. Station 6352 405. Scripps Guyot Late Cretaceous phosphatized lutite Baturin, Shumenko and Dubinchuk, Middle Eocene 1977 Baturin, 1978 422. Cape Johnson Guyot 406. Lamont Guyot phosphatized foraminiferal partially phosphatized limestone limestone Middle Eocene Eocene Baturin, 1978 Baturin, 1978 423. A Guyot 407. Miami Guyot phosphatized chalk phosphate cement, Early.Eocene phosphatized limestone Baturin, 1978 Eocene Baturin, 1978 424. Station 6349 Late Cretaceous 408. Wilde Guyot Baturin, Shumenko and Dubinchuk, partially phosphatized 1977 limestone Middle Eocene 426. Station 6343 Baturin, 1978 Late Cretaceous Baturin, Shumenko and Dubinchuk, 409-412. Mid-Pacific Seamounts 1977 Garrand, 1977 427. Klnmel Seamount 413. 20°42,N, 170°E Seamount Washington, 1971 Bezrukov and Andruschenko, 1969 428. A Seamount Washington, 1971 414. Menard Guyot phosphatized limestone 430. Milwaukee Bank Cenomanian-Turonian Pleistocene Baturin, 1978 Baturin, Shumenko and Dubinchuk, 1977 415-416. Mid-Pacific Seamounts Garrand, 1977 436. Mussorgskl Seamount Washington, 1971 417. 22°8'N, 175°22'E Seamount Bezrukov and Andruschenko, 1969 437. Rachmaninoff Seamount Washington, 1971 418. Mid-Pacific Seamounts Garrand, 1977
143 POTASH OCCURRENCES IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC REGION " "
Khorat Plateau Q.-9) 12. Warcha salt mine,. Pakistan potassium salts
1. Vientiane, Laos Asrarullah, 1979; sylvite Japakasetr, 1979b 13. Kalabagh salt mine, Pakistan potassium salts 2. Sri Chiengmai district, Asrarullah, 1979 - Thailand sylvite 14. Northampton, Western Australia, Japakasetr, 1979b Australia jarosite lode with up to 46% alunite 3. Udon Than!, Thailand Simpson, 1919 sylvite Japakasetr (personal commu• 15. Gingin, Western Australia, Australia nication) greensand beds with up to 40% glau- conite 4. Wanorn Niwat district, Barrie, 1965b Thailand sylvite 16. Lake Campion, Western Australia, Japakasetr, 1979b Australia . . lake sediments containing, up to 60% 5. Khon Kaen, Thailand alunite sylvite Barrie, 1965b Japakasetr, 1979b 17. Mt. Palmer and Yellowdine, Western 6. Chaturapak-Piman district, Australia, Australia Thailand lake sediments with up to 59% alunite sylvite Hobson, 1944 Japakasetr, 1979b 18. Kanowna, Western Australia, Australia 7. Yasothon, Thailand alunite as nodules and veins in sylvite kaollnitized sedimentary rocks Japakasetr, 1979b Barrie, 1965b
8. Bamnet Narong district, 19. Ravensthorpe and Caglan River areas, Thailand Western Australia, Australia sylvite jarosite Japakasetr, 1979b Barrie, 1965b
9. Khorat, Thailand 20. Sheoak Flat Wells and Stansbury, sylvite South Australia, Australia Japakasetr, 1979b nodular masses and irregular layers of alunite 10. Dhariala brine deposit, Tertiary Pakistan Jack, 1918 salt brine containing potas• sium chloride 21. Carrlckallnga Head and Rapid Bay, Precambrian South Australia, Australia Asrarullah, 1979 alunite as nodules disseminated in shaly or slaty rocks 11. Khewra mine, Pakistan Upper Proterozoic, Cambrian salt marl containing sylvite, Jack, 1917 kainite, and other potash minerals 22. Rocky Point and Point Addis near Cambrian, Salt Range Forma• Anglesea, New South Wales, Australia tion, Billianwala Salt Marl jarosite Member Eocene-Oligocene, Demons Bluff Forma• Asrarullah, 1979 tion Ulrich, 1866, Barrie, 1965b 23. Bulahdelah, New South Wales, 16. Amadeus basin, Australia Australia Cambrian alunite, leticular to pipe• Karrie, 1965b like masses Booker, 1950 17. Adavale basin, Australia Devonian Sedimentary Basins with High Barrie, 1965b Potential for Potash Occurrences 18. Gyeongsang basin, South Korea 1. Khorat-Sakhon-Nakhon basins, known alunite province Thailand and Laos Cretaceous Moon, 1979 2. Muktinath basin, Nepal
Mesozoic
3. Nagaur basin, India
4. Potwar basin, Pakistan Late Precambrian to Cambrian 5. Kohat-Bonnu basin, Pakistan Tertiary
6. Yunnan basin, China Triassic to Cretaceous
7. Szechwan basin, China Triassic to Cretaceous
8. Chinghai area, China salt lakes
9. Shensi basin, China Triassic to Jurassic
10. Peninsular Malaysia, Malaysia Late Triassic, Tembeling Formation
11. Selawati basin, Irian Jaya, Indonesia halite beds at 1,000 feet depth lower Paleocene (?)
12. Bonaparte Gulf basin, Australia Devonian Barrie, 1965b
13. Canning basin, Australia Silurian to Devonian Barrie, 1965b
14. Carnarvon basin, Australia Silurian Barrie, 1965b
15. Officer and Arckaringa basins, Australia Cambrian Barrie, 1965b
145 REFERENCES CITED FOR FERTILIZER MINERAL OCCURRENCES
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1971b, Aravallian stromatolites from Udaipur area, Rajasthan, India: Geological Society of India Journal, v. 12, no. 4, p. 349-355.
1971c, Precambrian stromatolitic phosphorite of Udaipur, Rajasthan, India: Geological Society of America Bull., v. 82, p. 2319-2330.
Barrie, J., 1965, Natural phosphates, In McLeod, I.R., ed., Australian Mineral Industry; The Mineral Deposits: Bureau of Min. Res. Australia Bull. no. 72, p. 479-486.
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Basu, P.C., and Banerjee, D.M., 1974, Petrographic studies of Precambrian phosphorites of Jhabua district, Madhya Pradesh, [abs.], ±n Banerjee, D.M., and others, eds., Symposium on Sediments, Sedimentation, and Sedimentary Environments: University of Delhi, p. 268-275. Baturin, G.N., 1978, Phosphorites on seamounts, in Chap. Ill, Phosphorites: English translation, 28 p.
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Resources Review,x South Australia, v. 127, p. 93-102.
Booker, F.W., 1950, Progress report on alunite deposits at Bulahdelah: Geol. Survey N.S.W., geol. Reps. 1939-45, p. 75-78
Bowler, 1963, complete reference not available.
Bowman, J.D., 1974, Petroleum developments In Far East in 1973: American Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., v. 58, p. 2124-2156.
British Sulphur Corporation, 1966, World Survey of Potash: London, British Sulphur Corporation, 93 p.
1971, World Survey of Phosphate, 3rd edition: London, British Sulphur Corporation, 180 p.
Broadhunt, 1943, complete reference not available.
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156 THE EAST-WEST CENTER—officially known as the Center for Cul• tural and Technical Interchange Between East and West—is a national educational institution established in Hawaii by the U.S. Congress in 1960 to promote better relations and understanding between the United States and the nations of Asia and the Pacific through cooperative study, training, and research. The Center is administered by a public, nonprofit corporation whose international Board of Governors consists of distinguished scholars, business leaders, and public servants. Each year more than 1,500 men and women from many nations and cultures participate in Center programs that seek cooperative solu• tions to problems of mutual consequence to East and West. Working with the Center's multidisciplinary and multicultural staff, partici• pants include visiting scholars and researchers; leaders and profes• sionals from the academic, government, and business communities; and graduate degree students, most of whom are enrolled at the Univer• sity of Hawaii. For each Center participant from the United States, two participants are sought from the Asian and Pacific area. Center programs are conducted by institutes addressing problems of communication, culture learning, environment and policy, popula• tion, and resource systems. A limited number of "open" grants are available to degree scholars and research fellows whose academic in• terests are not encompassed by institute programs. The U.S. Congress provides basic funding for Center programs and a variety of awards to participants. Because of the cooperative nature of Center programs, financial support and cost-sharing are also provided by Asian and Pacific governments, regional agencies, private enter• prise and foundations. The Center is on land adjacent to and provided by the University of Hawaii. 1777 East-West Road, Honolulu, Hawaii 96848 THE EAST-WEST RESOURCE SYSTEMS INSTITUTE is directed to the overall goal of understanding how nations can maintain ade• quate, equitable, and reliable access to resources. The Institute consists of a broad study of three interrelated programs: Food Systems, Energy Systems, and Raw Materials Systems. International research groups are collaborating with RSI staff to analyze and conduct research on these systems. A series of data bases and information exchange facilities is now being developed to support their studies. On an interdisciplinary basis, the various teams will ex• plore these problems stressing their interrelationships in both local and international terms in the Asian and Pacific region.
Food Systems conducts research on the institu• tional and policy aspects of improving food security in the Asia-Pacific region; examines the complex interactions of administrative, technological, and social issues involved in developing food systems in marginal areas; and explores alternate food systems with special emphasis on food and the city, food sys• tems based on water environments, and institutional and policy aspects of biological nitrogen fixation.
Energy Systems provides analyses of the vulner• abilities of nations to disruptions in the flow of fuels; collects and analyzes data on energy supply, demand, and flows, especially those in rural areas; evaluates alternative development policies on a variety of en• ergy systems and develops energy indexing method• ologies and information exchange both within and among nations.
Raw Materials Systems is concerned with the identification and evaluation of policy and strategy options that will benefit nations from the exploration and development of their mineral resource potential. The main research areas are: mineral assessment for national planning, innovative government-trans• national company arrangements, uncertainties in future commodity trade, and case histories of mineral projects.