DOCSLIB.ORG

E- 77/Owas AZ-52-Gaa Af77%/Yay 3,433,584 United States Patent Office Patented Mar

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
E- 77/Owas AZ-52-Gaa Af77%/Yay 3,433,584 United States Patent Office Patented Mar March 18, 1969 T. W. SEGAR ET All- 3,433,584 PRODUCTION OF POTASSIUM NITRATE FROM CALCIUM NITRATE Filed March 7, 1966 7/wgs/WINVENTORS Go E- 77/Owas AZ-52-gaa af77%/yay 3,433,584 United States Patent Office Patented Mar. 18, 1969 2 We have discovered a simple economical process for 3,433,584 PRODUCTION OF POTASSUM NITRATE FROM producing KNOs from the reaction of potassium chloride CALCUMNTRATE and calcium nitrate in aqueous solution which results in Thomas W. Segar, Minneapolis, and Ting Sin Go, Rose effective yields as KNO of nearly 100% of theoretical mount, Minn., assignors to St. Paul Ammonia Products, without requiring the addition of reaction or solubility Inc., St. Paul, Minn., a corporation of Minnesota additives. By subjecting the calcium chloride brine result Filed Mar. 7, 1966, Ser. No. 532,169 ing from the reaction of the KCl and Ca(NO3)2 to liquid U.S. C. 23-102 7 Claims liquid extraction with a solvent for calcium nitrate we Int, C. C019/12 have found that nearly all of the unreacted nitrate and po 10 tassium values in the brine can be recovered to provide a procedure which results in practically quantitative yields ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE of potassium nitrate. Insofar as we are aware no one has A process is provided for producing potassium nitrate heretofore combined liquid-liquid extraction with the re from the reaction mixture of potassium chloride and cal action in aqueous medium of potassium chloride and cal cium nitrate in aqueous solution by subjecting the re 5 cium nitrate to increase the effective yield of potassium maining liquid following potassium nitrate precipitation nitrate. The advantages of this procedure are startlingly to liquid-liquid extraction with a solvent for calcium ni significant, transforming a heretofore uneconomical proc trate to recover the nitrate values for reuse while avoid ess into a readily practiced and economically practicable ing any problem of coprecipitation of potassium chloride method for producing potassium nitrate. with potassium nitrate, thereby greatly increasing the 20 In accordance with our invention potassium nitrate is effective yield of potassium nitrate in the process. produced by the reaction of potassium chloride with cal cium nitrate in aqueous solution by a procedure which -ammon eliminates significant loss of nitrate or potassium ions, The present invention relates to the production of po the process comprising precipitating potassium nitrate tassium nitrate and more particularly relates to a method from the calcium chloride brine resulting from the reac for economically producing potassium nitrate from the re tion, 2KCI--Ca(NO3)2 >2KNO--CaCl2, and recovering action of calcium nitrate and potassium chloride in aque the unreacted calcium nitrate from the brine by intimate ous medium. ly contacting said brine with an organic solvent which is Fertilizer grade potassium nitrate, i.e., potassium ni an extractant for calcium nitrate, which extractant is rela trate having a chlorine content of less than one (1%) 30 tively stable in the presence of the nitrate ion, of low percent, has until very recently been obtainable only volatility and relatively insoluble in calcium chloride from natural sources, e.g., from mining or the processing brine. Following extraction the rich solvent, or extractant, of animal wastes. The economical synthesis of potassium is made lean for reuse and the calcium nitrate recovered nitrate has long been sought through the reaction of for further reaction with potassium chloride by back ex calcium nitrate and potassium chloride in aqueous solu traction with water. Following calcium nitrate removal, tion. This route has many attractions because of its innate the unreacted potassium chloride remaining in the brine simplicity. The attractions are enhanced if the KNO3 is recoverable by precipitation upon concentrating the production is linked with the production of phosphoric now Ca(NO3)2 free brine in known manner. acid, or phosphatic fertilizers, by the nitric acid acidula In carrying out the process to obtain potassium nitrate tion of inorganic phosphate rock since the major by 40 of maximum purity the potassium chloride to calcium product of this acidulation reaction is calcium nitrate nitrate mol ratio, 2KCl/Ca (NO3)2, should be from about tetrahydrate Ca(NO3)2.4H2O). 0.7 to 1.0. Preferably the mol ratio is less than stoichio Heretofore, the production of potassium nitrate by the metric, being from about 0.8 to about 0.9. If less than 0.7, the maximum amount of potassium nitrate is not reaction in aqueous solution of precipitated and if the mol ratio is greater than about 1, then the potassium chloride tends to precipitate. has not been successful, either because the potassium ni The weight ratio of water to reactants trate yield has been too low or the procedures proposed to raise the yield have been too expensive. The yield of KNO is ordinarily only about 65% since beyond this point KCl coprecipitates. It has heretofore been proposed in the initial aqueous solution should be maintained at to increase the yield by the addition of an alcohol to about 0.7 to about 1.1. The preferred weight ratio is aqueous Ca(NO3)-KCl solution, thereby reducing the from about 0.8 to about 1; this results in a potassium solubility of the potassium nitrate in the solution and nitrate yield of about 65% of theoretical. The less water increasing the yield, e.g. (German Patent No. 606,385, 5 5 used the higher the yield of KNO3 in this initial reaction, November 1934). It has also been proposed to add am but potassium chloride also tends to precipitate. Of monia gas to the residual liquor following potassium course, the more water used the lower the yield of potas nitrate precipitation therefrom (e.g., U.S. Patent No. sium nitrate. 1,835,704, issued Dec. 8, 1931). More recently ion ex Following precipitation of potassium nitrate, a calcium change through a sulfonated styrene resin (e.g. U.S. 60 chloride brine remains containing in weight percent, in Patent No. 2,751,280, issued Feb. 19, 1956), has been addition to water, about 65% calcium chloride (CaCl2), proposed. While all of these procedures are effective, they about 17% potassium chloride (KCl) and about 17% raise other problems. Thus, the addition of alcohol to calcium nitrate Ca(NO3)2, the latter two compounds rep increase crystallization of KNO3 from calcium chloride resenting unreacted portions. brine while increasing KNO3 crystallization to about 65 Temperature also effects the potassium nitrate yield and 85%, also requires redistillation of the alcohol for reuse, while the highest crystallization of KNO (about 68%) which becomes economically unattractive. The addition occurs at about -23 C., at temperatures of about -15 of NH3 in water results in undesirable nitrogen losses. C. KCl also precipitates; thus, a practical low temperature With ion exchange, the sulfonated styrene used is initially 70 range of KNO crystallization is from about 5 C. to expensive and an intricate alternating flow pattern neces about -10° C. At room temperature, e.g., 25 C., to sitating a large number of exchange columns is required. about 30% of the potassium nitrate precipitates and the 3,433,584 3 4 remaining 35% of the approximately 65% precipitated is augmented with suitable piping, heat exchangers, centri takes place at temperatures down around -10° C. fuges, evaporators and other auxiliary components to After precipitation of the KNO by crystallization, the make the process. unreacted calcium nitrate and potassium chloride in the Lines 11, 13, and 15 feed into the main line 17 conduct brine can be readily recovered for reuse, the unreacted ing calcium nitrate tetrahydrate to the reacting vessel 12. calcium nitrate by the liquid-liquid extraction procedure Line 11 carries calcium hydroxide as a neutralizing agent of this invention and the potassium chloride by known to neutralize any free acids which may still remain in concentration procedures. the calcium nitrate tetrahydrate, presuming that the calci To recover the unreacted calcium nitrate by liquid um nitrate tetrahydrate by-product of a nitric-phosphate liquid extraction, an organic liquid solvent must be chosen process is used as the nitrate source. Line 13 is the potas as an extractant in which calcium nitrate is soluble, which 10 sium chloride feed and line 15 is a recycling line returning is stable in the presence of the nitrate ion, which is of potassium chloride and calcium nitrate for recycling low volatility, and of insignificant solubility in the calcium through the reactor 12. Steam is provided to heat the re chloride brine. We have discovered that tributyl phosphate actor 12 to a temperature of approximately 70° C. to satisfies all of these requirements and is an excellent ex assure dissolution of the reactants and completion of the tractant for calcium nitrate which, even when calcium ni reaction. The principal reactions are: trate rich, is quite stable and readily handled under ordi nary conditions. It is practically insoluble in calcium chlo ride brine and is readily made lean for reuse for further ex traction by the simple expedient of back extracting with 20 The resulting reaction liquor is then fed through line Water. 19 through a heat exchanger 20 wherein it is cooled by Liquid-liquid extraction is ideally suited for continuous heat exchange with calcium chloride brine from which potassium nitrate production, the calcium chloride brine the potassium nitrate crystals have been removed which being contacted by counter-current flow with the ex brine is brought from the crystallizer 14 through line 21 tractant in a solvent (extractant) to feed (brine) ratio in through the heat exchanger 20 and out therefrom through parts by weight of about 3:1 to 6:1.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Genetic Basis for Nitrate Resistance in Desulfovibrio Strains
    ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE published: 21 April 2014 doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00153 Genetic basis for nitrate resistance in Desulfovibrio strains Hannah L. Korte 1,2,SamuelR.Fels2,3, Geoff A. Christensen 1,2,MorganN.Price2,4, Jennifer V. Kuehl 2,4, Grant M. Zane 1,2, Adam M. Deutschbauer 2,4,AdamP.Arkin2,4 and Judy D. Wall 1,2,3* 1 Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA 2 Ecosystems and Networks Integrated with Genes and Molecular Assemblies, Berkeley, CA, USA 3 Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA 4 Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA Edited by: Nitrate is an inhibitor of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB). In petroleum production sites, Hans Karl Carlson, University of amendments of nitrate and nitrite are used to prevent SRB production of sulfide that California, Berkeley, USA causes souring of oil wells. A better understanding of nitrate stress responses in Reviewed by: the model SRB, Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough and Desulfovibrio alaskensis G20, Dimitry Y. Sorokin, Delft University of Technology, Netherlands will strengthen predictions of environmental outcomes of nitrate application. Nitrate Wolfgang Buckel, inhibition of SRB has historically been considered to result from the generation of small Philipps-Universität Marburg, amounts of nitrite, to which SRB are quite sensitive. Here we explored the possibility Germany that nitrate might inhibit SRB by a mechanism other than through nitrite inhibition. *Correspondence: We found that nitrate-stressed D. vulgaris cultures grown in lactate-sulfate conditions Judy D. Wall, Department of Biochemistry, University of eventually grew in the presence of high concentrations of nitrate, and their resistance Missouri, 117 Schweitzer Hall, continued through several subcultures.
    [Show full text]
  • Potassium Nitrate
    Common Name: POTASSIUM NITRATE CAS Number: 7757-79-1 RTK Substance number: 1574 DOT Number: UN 1486 Date: March 1998 Revision: November 2004 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------- HAZARD SUMMARY WORKPLACE EXPOSURE LIMITS * Potassium Nitrate can affect you when breathed in. No occupational exposure limits have been established for * Contact can cause eye and skin irritation. Potassium Nitrate. This does not mean that this substance is * Breathing Potassium Nitrate can irritate the nose and not harmful. Safe work practices should always be followed. throat causing sneezing and coughing. * High levels can interfere with the ability of the blood to WAYS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE carry Oxygen causing headache, fatigue, dizziness, and a * Where possible, enclose operations and use local exhaust blue color to the skin and lips (methemoglobinemia). ventilation at the site of chemical release. If local exhaust Higher levels can cause trouble breathing, collapse and ventilation or enclosure is not used, respirators should be even death. worn. * Potassium Nitrate may affect the kidneys and cause * Wear protective work clothing. anemia. * Wash thoroughly immediately after exposure to Potassium Nitrate. IDENTIFICATION * Post hazard and warning information in the work area. In Potassium Nitrate is a transparent, white or colorless, addition, as part of an ongoing education and training crystalline (sand-like) powder or solid with a sharp, salty effort, communicate all information on the health and taste. It is used to make explosives, matches, fertilizer, safety hazards of Potassium Nitrate to potentially fireworks, glass and rocket fuel. exposed workers. REASON FOR CITATION * Potassium Nitrate is on the Hazardous Substance List because it is cited by DOT. * Definitions are provided on page 5.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of the Patents and Literature on the Manufacture of Potassium Nitrate with Notes on Its Occurrence and Uses
    UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Miscellaneous Publication No. 192 Washington, D.C. July 1934 A REVIEW OF THE PATENTS AND LITERATURE ON THE MANUFACTURE OF POTASSIUM NITRATE WITH NOTES ON ITS OCCURRENCE AND USES By COLIN W. WHITTAKER. Associate Chemist and FRANK O. LUNDSTROM, Assistant Chemist Division of Fertilizer Technology, Fertilizer Investigationa Bureau of Chemistry and Soils For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D.C. .....-..- Price 5 cents UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Miscellaneous Publication No. 192 Washington, D.C. July 1934 A REVIEW OF THE PATENTS AND LITERATURE ON THE MANUFACTURE OF POTASSIUM NITRATE WITH NOTES ON ITS OCCURRENCE AND USES By COLIN W. WHITTAKER, associate chemist, and FRANK O. LUNDSTROM, assistant chemist, Division of Fertilizer Technology, Fertilizer Investigations, Bureau oj Chemistry and Soils CONTENTS Page Production of potassium nitrate —Contd. Page Processes involving dilute oxides of Introduction } nitrogen 22 Historical sketch 3 Absorption in carbonates, bicarbon- Statistics of the saltpeter industry 4 ates, or hydroxides 22 Potassium nitrate as a plant food 8 Conversion of nitrites to nitrates 23 Occurrence of potassium nitrate 9 Processes involving direct action of nitric Production of potassium nitrate 11 acid or oxides of nitrogen on potassium Saltpeter from the soil 11 compounds 23 In East India 11 Potassium bicarbonate and nitric In other countries 12 acid or ammonium nitrate 23 Chilean high-potash nitrate 13 Potassium hydroxide or carbonate Composting and
    [Show full text]
  • Pesticides and 738-F-91-103 Environmental Protection Toxic Substances September 1991 Agency (7508W) R.E.D
    United States Pesticides And 738-F-91-103 Environmental Protection Toxic Substances September 1991 Agency (7508W) R.E.D. FACTS Inorganic Nitrate/Nitrite (Sodium and Potassium Nitrates) Pesticide All pesticides sold or used in the United States must be registered by Reregistration EPA, based on scientific studies showing that they can be used without posing unreasonable risks to people or the environment. Because of advances in scientific knowledge, the law requires that pesticides which were first registered years ago be reregistered to ensure that they meet today's more stringent standards. In evaluating pesticides for reregistration, EPA obtains and reviews a complete set of studies from pesticide producers, showing the human health and environmental effects of each pesticide. The Agency imposes any regulatory controls that are needed to effectively manage each pesticide's risks. EPA then reregisters pesticides that can be used without posing undue hazards to human health or the environment. When a pesticide is eligible for reregistration, EPA announces this and explains why in a Reregistration Eligibility Document, or RED. This fact sheet summarizes the information in the RED for inorganic nitrate/nitrite, or sodium and potassium nitrates. Use Profile Sodium and potassium nitrates are pyrotechnic fumigants used as rodenticides, predacides and insecticides. Each compound is combined with other pesticide active ingredients (sulfur and carbon) and loaded into fumigant gas cartridges, which are designed to be ignited and placed in pest burrows. The ignited cartridge bombs produce toxic gases which are lethal to target rodents, skunks, coyotes and ground-nesting wasps. Both sodium and potassium nitrates are naturally occurring, common chemical compounds.
    [Show full text]
  • Appropriate Ammonium-Nitrate Ratio Improves Nutrient Accumulation and Fruit Quality in Pepper (Capsicum Annuum L.)
    agronomy Article Appropriate Ammonium-Nitrate Ratio Improves Nutrient Accumulation and Fruit Quality in Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Jing Zhang 1, Jian Lv 1, Mohammed Mujitaba Dawuda 1,2, Jianming Xie 1,*, Jihua Yu 1, Jing Li 1, Xiaodan Zhang 1, Chaonan Tang 1, Cheng Wang 1 and Yantai Gan 3 1 College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Yingmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou 730070, China; [email protected] (J.Z.); [email protected] (J.L.); [email protected] (M.M.D.); [email protected] (J.Y.); [email protected] (J.L.); [email protected] (X.Z.); [email protected] (C.T.); [email protected] (C.W.) 2 Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University for Development Studies, Tamale P.O. Box TL 1882, Ghana 3 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Swift Current Research and Development Centre, Swift Current, SK S9H 3X2, Canada; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-138-933-357-80 Received: 15 September 2019; Accepted: 21 October 2019; Published: 26 October 2019 + Abstract: Ammonium (NH4 ) and nitrate (NO3−) are the two forms of inorganic nitrogen essential for + physiological and biochemical processes in higher plants, but little is known about how the NH4 :NO3− + ratio may affect nitrogen metabolism. This study determined the effect of NH4 :NO3− ratios on plant growth, accumulation, and distribution of nutrient elements, fruit quality, enzyme activity, and relative expression of genes involved in nitrogen (N) metabolism in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). In a + pod experiment, the NH4 :NO3− ratios of 0:100, 12.5:87.5, 25:75, 37.5:62.5, and 50:50 were arranged + in a complete randomized design with three replicates.
    [Show full text]
  • Chile's Mining and Chemicals Industries
    Global Outlook Chile’s Mining and Chemicals Industries Luis A. Cisternas With abundant mineral resources, Chile’s Univ. of Antofagasta Edelmira D. Gálvez chemicals industries are dominated by mining, Catholic Univ. of the North with many of its operations among the world’s most productive and important. hile’s chemicals industries consist of 300 companies producer. Chilean mining continues to reach unprecedented and some 400 products, with sales representing 4% levels — not only the mining of copper, but particularly Cof the nation’s gross domestic product (GDP) and of nonmetallic ores. Recent growth has been supported by about 25% of all industrial contributions to the GDP (1). favorable economic policies and incentives for foreign inves- Chile’s major chemical exports include methanol, inorganic tors that were intended to overcome the lack of domestic compounds (nitrates, iodine, lithium products, sodium investment after Chile’s return to democracy in the 1990s. chloride), combustibles (gasoline, diesel, fuel oil), algae Chile’s main metallic and nonmetallic ore deposits are derivatives, and plastic resins (polypropylene, low-density located in the country’s northern regions, which are rich in polyethylene). However, the mining industry — consisting copper, gold, silver, and iron deposits, as well as salt lake of 100 large and medium-sized companies and more than mineral byproducts such as nitrates, boron, iodine, lithium, 1,600 mining operations (2) — dominates Chile’s chemical- and potassium. Chile’s abundance of mineral resources is industry landscape. These companies’ primary products remarkable: Its reserves constitute 6.7% of the world’s gold, include molybdenum, rhenium, iron, lithium, silver, gold, 12.1% of the molybdenum, 13.3% of the silver, 27.7% of the and — most important — copper.
    [Show full text]
  • Potassium Nitrate Safety Data Sheet 75426 According to Federal Register / Vol
    Potassium Nitrate Safety Data Sheet 75426 according to Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 58 / Monday, March 26, 2012 / Rules and Regulations Date of issue: 11/19/2004 Revision date: 06/26/2013 Supersedes: 05/08/2013 Version: 1.1 SECTION 1: Identification of the substance/mixture and of the company/undertaking 1.1. Product identifier Product form : Substance Substance name : Potassium Nitrate CAS No : 7757-79-1 Product code : LC19818 Formula : KNO3 Synonyms : niter / nitrate of potash / nitrate of potassium / nitre / nitric acid potassium salt / saltpeter / saltpetre / vicknite BIG no : 10150 1.2. Relevant identified uses of the substance or mixture and uses advised against Use of the substance/mixture : For laboratory and manufacturing use only. 1.3. Details of the supplier of the safety data sheet LabChem Inc Jackson's Pointe Commerce Park Building 1000, 1010 Jackson's Pointe Court Zelienople, PA 16063 - USA T 412-826-5230 - F 724-473-0647 [email protected] - www.labchem.com 1.4. Emergency telephone number Emergency number : CHEMTREC: 1-800-424-9300 or 011-703-527-3887 SECTION 2: Hazards identification 2.1. Classification of the substance or mixture GHS-US classification Ox. Sol. 3 H272 Skin Irrit. 2 H315 Eye Irrit. 2A H319 STOT SE 3 H335 2.2. Label elements GHS-US labelling Hazard pictograms (GHS-US) : GHS03 GHS07 Signal word (GHS-US) : Warning Hazard statements (GHS-US) : H272 - May intensify fire; oxidiser H315 - Causes skin irritation H319 - Causes serious eye irritation H335 - May cause respiratory irritation Precautionary statements (GHS-US) : P210 - Keep away from heat, hot surfaces, open flames, sparks.
    [Show full text]
  • Potassium Nitrate Safety Data Sheet According to Federal Register / Vol
    Potassium Nitrate Safety Data Sheet according to Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 58 / Monday, March 26, 2012 / Rules and Regulations Date of issue: 11/19/2004 Revision date: 09/12/2019 Supersedes: 02/13/2018 Version: 1.3 SECTION 1: Identification 1.1. Identification Product form : Substance Substance name : Potassium Nitrate CAS-No. : 7757-79-1 Product code : LC19818 Formula : KNO3 Synonyms : niter / nitrate of potash / nitrate of potassium / nitre / nitric acid potassium salt / saltpeter / saltpetre / vicknite 1.2. Recommended use and restrictions on use Use of the substance/mixture : For laboratory and manufacturing use only. Recommended use : Laboratory chemicals Restrictions on use : Not for food, drug or household use 1.3. Supplier LabChem, Inc. Jackson's Pointe Commerce Park Building 1000, 1010 Jackson's Pointe Court Zelienople, PA 16063 - USA T 412-826-5230 - F 724-473-0647 [email protected] - www.labchem.com 1.4. Emergency telephone number Emergency number : CHEMTREC: 1-800-424-9300 or +1-703-741-5970 SECTION 2: Hazard(s) identification 2.1. Classification of the substance or mixture GHS US classification Oxidizing solids Category 3 H272 May intensify fire; oxidizer Skin corrosion/irritation Category 2 H315 Causes skin irritation Serious eye damage/eye irritation Category 2A H319 Causes serious eye irritation Specific target organ toxicity (single exposure) Category 3 H335 May cause respiratory irritation Full text of H statements : see section 16 2.2. GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements GHS US labeling Hazard pictograms (GHS US) : Signal word (GHS US) : Warning Hazard statements (GHS US) : H272 - May intensify fire; oxidizer H315 - Causes skin irritation H319 - Causes serious eye irritation H335 - May cause respiratory irritation Precautionary statements (GHS US) : P210 - Keep away from heat, hot surfaces, open flames, sparks.
    [Show full text]
  • Isolation and Characterization of Denitrifying Halophilic Bacteria from Bahr Al-Milh Salt Lake, Karbala, Iraq
    Journal of Applied Biology & Biotechnology Vol. 6(04), pp. 32-36, July-August, 2018 Available online at http://www.jabonline.in DOI: 10.7324/JABB.2018.60406 Isolation and characterization of denitrifying halophilic bacteria from Bahr Al-Milh Salt Lake, Karbala, Iraq Maryam Hosseini, Mushtaq T Sh. Al-Rubaye*, Javad Fakhari, Fateme Babaha Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: Nitrogen fixation is considered as a significant biological process, which is important in agricultural and environmental Received on: December 05, 2017 implications. Herein denitrifying bacteria from Bahr Al-Milh Salt Lake, Karbala, Iraq, was reported using molecular Accepted on: January 29, 2018 and phenotypical characteristics. Samples were collected from eastern parts of the Bahr Al-Milh. The strains were Available online: May 22, 2018 grown in different saline concentrations of nutrient broth (2.5–22.5%). Nitrate and nitrite reduction activities were assessed for all the isolates. Molecular analysis was performed by BLAST alignment and MEGA7 software. The 16S Key words: rRNA sequences of newly found strains were submitted in the GenBank database. 218 strains were isolated, 76.6% Halophiles, Nitrate reductase, of which were nitrate reductase and 25.5% nitrate-nitrite reductase (NiR) positive strains. 68% slightly and 32% Nitrite reductase, moderately halophilic bacteria were found. Isolates with nitrite reduction activity belonged to five genera including Screening. Bacillus, Halobacillus, Idiomarina, Oceanobacillus, and Virgibacillus. The isolates with the ability of producing nitrate-NiR consisted of bacteria in genera Halobacillus and Halomonas. Apart from industrial and biotechnological applications, the present information might be useful to fertilize the saline soil for agricultural aims.
    [Show full text]
  • Characterization of Sodium and Potassium Nitrate Contaminated Polyaniline-Poly (Ethylene Oxide) Composites Synthesized Via Facile Solution Casting Technique
    materials Article Characterization of Sodium and Potassium Nitrate Contaminated Polyaniline-Poly (Ethylene Oxide) Composites Synthesized via Facile Solution Casting Technique Salma Bilal 1,2,*, Muhammad Arif 1,*, Muhammad Saleem Khan 1 and Anwar-ul-Haq Ali Shah 3 1 National Centre of Excellence in Physical Chemistry, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan 2 TU Braunschweig Institute of Energy and Process Systems Engineering, Franz-Liszt-Straße 35, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany 3 Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan * Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected] (S.B.); [email protected] (M.A.); Tel.: +49-531-39163651 (S.B.); +92-919216766 (M.A. and S.B.) Received: 2 June 2019; Accepted: 3 July 2019; Published: 5 July 2019 Abstract: Fabrication of composites by developing simple techniques can be an effective way to modify some properties of individual materials. The present study relates to facile synthesis of sodium nitrate (NaNO3) and potassium nitrate (KNO3) contaminated polyaniline (PANI) and poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO) composites without using any additives, plasticizers, or fibers. The physic-chemical and rheological properties of synthesized composites were analyzed. The composites showed enhancement in both storage and loss modules in comparison with the polymer matrices. The dynamic viscosity of the synthesized materials has inverse relation with that of temperature and shear stress. Rheological analysis reveals a continuous drop off in viscosity by increasing shear stress. The flow behavior was affected little by temperature. However, the overall results showed a shear thinning effect suggesting that polymer composites show non-Newtonian behavior. The addition of NaNO3 and KNO3 had a profound effect on shear viscosity of the materials, although the overall shear thinning behavior prevails.
    [Show full text]
  • Potash, Soda Ash, and Borates 3
    Energy and Environmental Profile of the U.S. Mining Industry Potash, Soda Ash, and Borates 3 Potash, soda ash and borates are industrial minerals. They are used primary as feedstock for other industries. They are used to make fertilizers, glass, chemicals and other materials used throughout manufacturing industries. For example, the agricultural industry relies heavily on potash and borates as fertilizers. It is the dependence of these manufacturing industries that make industrial minerals so important. Forms of Potash Potash is used primarily as an agricultural fertilizer because it is a source for soluble potassium. Potash denotes a variety of mined and manufactured salts, all containing the element potassium in water-soluble form. Potash can be potassium chloride [KCL, or muriate of potash (MOP)], potassium sulfate [K2SO4, or sulfate of potash (SOP), a . manufactured product], potassium/magnesium sulfate [K2SO4 MgSO4, or sulfate of potash magnesia (SOPM)], potassium nitrate (KNO3 or saltpeter, a manufactured product), or mixed sodium/potassium nitrate (NaNO3+KNO3, or Chilean saltpeter). The term potash was originally applied to potassium carbonate/potassium hydroxide crystals that were recovered in iron “pots” from leaching wood “ashes” with water.1 Forms of Soda Ash Soda ash is the trade name for sodium carbonate (NA2CO3), a chemical refined from the mineral trona or from sodium carbonate-bearing brines (both referred to as natural soda ash) and manufactured from one of several chemical processes (referred to as synthetic soda ash). It is an essential raw material in glass, chemicals, detergents, and other 2 important industrial products. 1 Department of Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Industry Survey, Potash, p.1, 1997 2 Department of Interior, U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Section 9 of 22 (9E – Nitrogen Fertilizer Guide)
    Section 9 of 22 (9e – Nitrogen Fertilizer Guide) CHEMICAL Pounds of FORMULA & Nitrogen per 100 FERTILIZER FERTILIZER pounds of fertilizer % N % P2O5 % K2O TYPE GRADE(S): Urea CO(NH2)2 45-0-0 to 46-0-0 45 46 45 to 46 0 0 Ammonium NH4NO3 33-0-0 to 34-0-0 33 34 33 to 34 0 0 Nitrate URAN (Urea + CO(NH2)2 & NH NO 28 32 28 to 32 0 0 4 3 Ammonium Nitrate) 28-0-0 to 32-0-0 Ammonium (NH4)2SO4 21-0-0-24S 21 21 0 0 Sulfate Ammonium (NH4) 2S2O3 12-0-0-26S 12 12 0 0 Thiosulfate Monoammonium NH4H2PO4 11-48-0 to 11-52-0 11 11 48 to 52 0 Phosphate Diammonium (NH4)2HPO4 0 18-46-0 to 21-53-0 18 21 18 to 21 46 to 53 Phosphate Ammonium (NH4) 3HP2O7 0 10-34-0 to 11-37-0 10 11 10 to 11 34 to 37 Polyphosphate Calcium Ca(NO3)2 15-0-0-24Ca 15 15 0 0 Nitrate Potassium KNO3 13-0-44 13 13 0 44 Nitrate Sodium NaNO3 16-0-0 16 16 0 0 Nitrate Anhydrous NH3 82-0-0 82 82 0 0 Ammonia Aqua NH4OH 20-0-0 to 25-0-0 20 25 20 to 25 0 0 Ammonia (NITROGEN FERTILIZER GUIDE – Page 1 of 2) rudy.garcia.2000 Agronomy Tech Note 76 (http://www.nm.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/handbooks/iwm/nmiwm.html) NOTE: All major soil nitrogen transformations are mediated by various soil microorganisms.
    [Show full text]