“ Model Answer Paper

Model Answer Paper

Time: 2 Hours Total Marks: 40

[Note: Answer to every question must be written on a new page.]

HISTORY

Q.1. (A) i. The Kushana period saw the rise of Mathura school of Art.

ii. Friedrich Max Muller translated the Sanskrit text of ‘Hitopadesh’.

iii. The ‘Indian Museum’ at Kolkata was founded by the Asiatic Society in 1814 C.E.

(B) i. Kathakali – Andhra Pradesh

ii. Ekach Pyala – Annasaheb Kirloskar

iii. Induprakash – Published articles about the nationwide situations

Q.2. (A) i.

Producer/Director Movie a. Kamalabai Mangarulkar Savalya Tandel b. Bhalji Pendharkar Bajirao-Mastani c. Dinkar D. Patil Dhanya te Santaji Dhanaji d. Baburao Painter Sairandhri

ii. René Descartes

Georg Wilhelm Michel Foucault Notable Scholars in Europe Friedrich Hegel Karl Marx

iii.

1 “ Std. X: History and Political Science (B) i. a. The place where old documents, official records, old films, etc. are preserved and stored are called Archives. b. The National Archives of India located in New Delhi. c. Besides, every state in India maintains its archives independently. d. Moreover, some archives are set up with a distinct purpose. For e.g., The National Film Archives of India established in 1964, serves as the media unit of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting of the Government of India. It is headquartered in Pune, Maharashtra.

ii. a. Vishwakosh is also known as Comprehensive Encyclopaedia. b. It is basically of two types - one which includes all subjects, for e.g. ‘Encyclopaedia Britannica’, ‘Maharashtriya Dnyankosh’, ‘Marathi Vishwakosh’, etc. and the second type which includes comprehensive information on one chosen subject, for e.g. ‘Bharatiya Samskruti Kosh’, ‘Vyayam Dnyankosh’, etc. c. With a view to enhance the sphere of Marathi language and literature, the first Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Honorable Shri. Yashwantrao Chavan initiated the compilation of the Marathi Vishwakosh, through Maharashtra Rajya Sahitya Samskruti Mandal. This work was undertaken under the guidance of Tarkteerth Laxman Shastri Joshi. d. It contains knowledge about all the possible subjects in the world. It also contains information about important events in history.

iii. a. In the pre-independence period, newspapers became the first mass medium of circulating information and knowledge among people. b. It brought about social and national awakening among the people and mobilised them against the oppressive British rule. 1. The newspaper Darpan made people aware about the political, economic, social and cultural events of those times. 2. Dnyanoday shed light on the course of events which took place during the Indian War of Independence, 1857. 3. Deenbandhu representing the masses of the Indian society (Bahujansamaj) discussed issues relating to the masses of that period. 4. Kesari and Mahratta newspapers threw light on the social & political issues of that period.

Q.3. i. a. Sometimes toys are used during certain festivals. Their use gives a glimpse of the religious and cultural traditions of a particular country. For e.g. Model forts are made as a part of traditional Diwali celebrations in Maharashtra. Through this tradition, the memory of the importance of forts in the history of Maharashtra is kept alive. b. Similarly, an ivory doll made by Indian craftsmen was found in the excavation of Pompeii, an ancient city in Italy which is dated to 1st century C.E. This artefact throws light on the Indo- Roman trade relations which existed even during the ancient period. It also tells us about cultural contacts which existed between nations in ancient times. Thus, the use of toys by a particular country tell us its cultural history.

ii. a. At every stage of human evolution, man made use of different technologies. For e.g., the technology used for making stone tools differed from the technology used for agricultural production. Here, the knowledge of both science and technology is essential to understand this development. b. Similarly, changes have also taken place in the field of agricultural production, commodity production, architecture, engineering, etc. This mechanisation of production was promoted due to the advancement of science. Therefore, to understand the development of mechanisation, as well as the mutual dependence between science and technology, it is essential to study the history of technology.

iii. a. The concept of natural heritage gives importance to the thought of biodiversity whereas cultural heritage gives importance to human creation. For e.g. western Ghat is the natural heritage whereas many monuments are cultural heritage. b. The historical sites help in understanding the contributions or achievements of our ancestors. Hence, they should be preserved for future generations. Moreover, when a heritage site is declared as a World Heritage site, it makes everyone feel proud about it. Therefore, it is important to take a few primary precautions in order to preserve the historical heritage sites. 22 “ Model Answer Paper iv. a. Mass media is a field of mass communication. It provides the various information. b. The news or information one receives through media might sometimes not represent the exact truth. c. For example-‘Stern’, a German weekly magazine, had purchased a number of so-called handwritten diaries of Adolf Hitler and sold them to various publication companies. This news appeared in print, but later those diaries were proved to be forged. Thus, it becomes clear that any information received through mass media needs to be reviewed critically.

Q.4. i. ‘The History of British India’ published in 1817 was the first book written by a British historian on Indian history. ii. The book, ‘The History of India’, written by Mountstuart Elphinstone, the Governor of Bombay (now Mumbai), was published in 1841. iii. a. Many British officials in India wrote about Indian history. For e.g., ‘The History of British India’, written by James Mill, ‘A History of Mahrattas’ written by Grant Duff and Colonel Todd’s writings about Rajasthan’s history. b. However, all these writings show the British inclination of condemning Indian culture and history. Due to the absence of objective and perspective in their writings, they show a prejudice about various aspects of the Indian culture.

Q.5. i. An activity that is performed for entertainment as well as for physical exercise can be termed as ‘sport’.

Indoor games Outdoor games a. Nature They are played by sitting at one place They are played in an open and wide place. within a closed environment. b. Rules Indoor games have fun rules and it is not They have more technical and sophisticated tough. For e.g. Bhatukali, Sagargote. rules than indoor games. The player ought to Exceptions: chess, carrom, etc. which have follow the rules. technical and sophisticated rules. c. Necessity for prior preparation/fitness In indoor games, less physical energy is As outdoor games take more effort and physical required as compared to outdoor games. energy to play than indoor games, physical fitness is given more importance. d. Environmental restrains No environmental restrains come into factor Certain environmental restrains come into factor in case of indoor games. in case of outdoor games. For e.g. As it is played within a closed For e.g. Cricket matches sometimes get environment, changes in weather do not postponed due to rain. affect the game. e. Examples Bhatukali, Cards, Carrom, Chess, etc. Cricket, Hockey, Football, Kabaddi, Lagori, etc.

ii. Introduction: The new thesis formulated by Karl Marx led to the rise of new school of thought in the latter half of the 19th century. a. According to Karl Marx; 1. History was about living people and not about abstract ideas. 2. The fundamental needs of people and the ownership as well as nature of prevalent means of production to meet those needs, shape human relationships. 3. Also, as different strata of the society may not get equal access to these means; it causes a division of the society into classes, leading to class struggle. b. Karl Marx opined that human history comprised of the history of class struggle, wherein the class owning the means of production economically exploited the rest of the classes. A treatise in form of the book ‘Das Kapital’ written by him is the most referred book all over the world. Conclusion: In this way, through his ‘Class Theory’, Karl Marx gave the world a new perspective of history. 3 “ Std. X: History and Political Science iii. Introduction: Travelling to and staying in places outside the usual environment for a specific purpose and for a fixed period of time is known as ‘tourism’. The types of tourism are as follows: a. Local and Interstate Tourism: 1. Local and Interstate tourism involves residents of one country travelling only within that country. 2. Also, it does not cause difficulties of language, procuring currency and documents. 3. Moreover, this kind of tourism can be planned at the time suitable to the individual. b. International Tourism: 1. International tourism is an important type of tourism. It refers to tourism that crosses national borders. 2. Due to the availability of railway, marine and air transport, it has become easier to travel abroad. There is a trans-European railway route. Marine transport has linked the coastal regions and aviation has brought the entire world closer. 3. Moreover, due to the economic liberalisation policy of the Indian government (1991), the number of people travelling back and forth from India has increased greatly. People nowadays travel for studies, relaxation, sightseeing, shooting of films, professional assignments like meeting, agreements, etc. 4. Various official documents are to be obtained for travelling abroad. c. Historical Tourism: 1. Historical tourism refers to a kind of tourism, where the tour or tour group focusses on the history; history of some place, people, things or events. It helps people satisfy their interest in history. 2. In India, tours are arranged to different historical places and important historical sites such as forts in Rajasthan, ashrams of Mahatma Gandhi and Acharya Vinoba Bhave, important places related to the Indian War of Independence (1857), etc. 3. Gopal Neelkanth Dandekar, a renowned Marathi writer, used to arrange hiking tours to forts in Maharashtra, to explore the sights closely linked to Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj and his achievements. d. Geographic Tourism: 1. Geographic tourism involves visiting places to observe the special geographical features of a region. 2. In order to satisfy this curiosity, tourists visit various natural & animal sanctuaries, beaches and unique geographical wonders like the Crater lake at Lonar & Ranjan Khalge (naturally carved out cavities in rocks) at Nighoj in Maharashtra. e. Health Tourism: 1. Health Tourism involves travelling for the purpose of receiving medical treatment or improving health or fitness. 2. In India, the health services and facilities available are cheaper compared to other countries. Even the standard of these facilities is good, therefore, people from western countries undertake this type of tourism. 3. Besides, tourists from countries with cold climate visit India to get ample sunlight. 4. Learning Yoga and undertaking ayurvedic therapies are some other reasons for this type of tourism. f. Agro-Tourism: 1. Tourism wherein tourists take part in farm or village activities like animal and crop care, cooking and cleaning, handicrafts and entertainment is called as ‘Agro-tourism’. 2. Today Agro-tourism, also known as Agri-tourism, is rapidly developing. It is specially meant for the urban population who have very little exposure to rural life and agriculture. 3. Indian farmers, nowadays, visit distant regions like the agricultural research centres, agricultural- universities and countries like Israel where experimentation in advanced technology of agriculture is carried out. g. Sports Tourism: 1. Sports Tourism, developed in the 20th century, refers to travel which involves attending a sporting event. 2. Various sports events are organised at the international level, national level and state level. 3. Olympics, Wimbledon, World Chess Championship matches and International Cricket Tournaments etc., are some examples of sports events organised at the international level; event like Himalayan Car Rally is organised at the national level and the Maharashtra Kesari Wrestling competitions, etc; are organised at the state level. 44 “ Model Answer Paper h. Tourism based on Special Events: 1. Travelling to and staying in places outside the usual environment for a specific purpose and for a fixed period of time is known as ‘tourism’. 2. People who love to travel, look for special reasons to go on a tour and in the 21st century, it has become common to organise such events. 3. Film festivals, various types of seminars and conferences, international book exhibitions, library festivals, etc., are examples of special events. People from different regions come to attend these events. 4. For instance, every year many literature enthusiasts from Maharashtra come to attend the Akhil Bhartiya Marathi Sammelan [Pan India Literary Convention] which is held annually in different places of India. i. Religious Tourism: 1. People belonging to various caste, religion, creed, etc., visit religious places to worship the different gods and goddesses, saints or to see the art, culture, traditions and architecture. 2. Nowadays, people of various religious communities are spread globally. However, they remain united because of their mythological traditions and the places associated with those traditions. 3. This creates a desire to travel to those places and it gives rise to religious tourism. Religious tourism fosters peace, unity and socio-cultural harmony among people. 4. In order to provide good amenities on the pilgrim routes like Chardham Yatras and Bara Jyotirlingas, Ahilyabai Holkar undertook the constructions by using her personal funds. [Note: Students are expected to write any three types of tourism.]

iv. Introduction: Art history is an independent branch of knowledge. The various professional and research related opportunities available in the field of arts and art history are as follows: i. The field of journalism also provides opportunities for art historians. ii. An expert with deep understanding of art history can help in assessing the exact value of an art object or to ensure that it is genuine. Such an art market functions as an independent field. iii. Some of the important professional opportunities made available by the Heritage Management and Cultural Tourism include Museums and Archives Management, Library Science and

Information Technology, Archaeological Research, Indology, etc. iv. Professional opportunities are available in some of the fields of applied arts like Industry and Advertisement, Interior Design and production of ornamental object, Art Direction for Films and Television etc. v. Also, in Creating attractive Layouts of books and magazines, Calligraphy, Production of greeting cards, invitation cards. Conclusion: Hence, the field of arts provide a wide professional scope for students.

POLITICAL SCIENCE

Q.6. i. The Election Commissioner is appointed by the President.

ii. In Maharashtra 50% seats are reserved for women in local self-governing institutions.

Q.7. i. The above statement is False. Reasons: a. In India, after the 1989 Loksabha Elections, the system of one party emerging as dominant party came to an end. Since then, different parties began to come together to form coalition governments. b. The belief that coalition government brings instability was proved wrong by the political party system in our country. In fact, the coalition government system is stabilised in India. Hence, it is rightly said that coalition politics leads to stability.

ii. The above statement is True. Reasons: a. Democracy ensures representation of people from various sections of the society. b. Electoral process is a method through which people’s participation is ensured. c. However, many a times, corruption seeps in the electoral process in terms of bogus voting, bribing of voters, abduction of voters, etc. This can lead the people to lose confidence in the democratic process. 5 “ Std. X: History and Political Science iii. The above statement is True. Reasons: a. Indian Constitution is dynamic. b. It accepts the necessity of modifications according to changing needs of the society. These changes can be brought about by the process of amendment. c. The Parliament has the power to make these changes. The judiciary has declared that the parliament while amending the Constitution should not alter the ‘basic structure’ of the Constitution. Therefore, it can be said that the Constitution is a living document rather than a closed and static rulebook.

Q.8. (A) i. The Labour movement in India emerged in the background of industrialisation. a. The latter half of the 19th century saw the rise of textile industry and railway companies in India. The workers demanded solutions to issues faced like unstable employment conditions, contract labour, financial insecurity, absence of legal protection, unlimited working hours, insecurity at the workplace, health hazards, etc. b. The railway workers went on strike in 1899 for the fulfilment of their demands. c. Later, in 1920 the first organisation, named All India Trade Union Congress was established for resolving the issues of workers. The Labour movement became more active and organised several agitations in the post-independence period around 1960s and 1970s. d. However, from 1980s, these movements started getting disintegrated. They were mainly affected by Globalisation.

ii. a. The issue of left-extremist naxalism is a major problem in India. b. Initially it began as aggressive movement against the injustice meted out to landless farmers and tribal people. c. However, it has now become a fight, leading to reduced importance of farmers and tribal people. d. Problems of the Naxalite groups have adopted violent measures to oppose government policies by using tactics like attacking the police forces, etc.

(B) i. Shiromani Akali Dal Shiv Sena Assam Gan Parishad

Important regional parties

Dravida Munnetra Jammu and Kashmir National Kazhagam Conference

ii.

Acts Objectives a. Right to Information It promotes transparency and accountability in the working of the government. b. The scheduled castes and Tribes It establishes social justice and equality. (Prevention of Atrocities) Act

Q.9. i. a. The farmers’ movement started in India when the farmers organised themselves against the anti- agricultural policies of the British colonial government. These movements were inspired by the thoughts of Mahatma Phule, Justice Ranade and Mahatma Gandhi. b. The reforms in agriculture, including the tenancy laws and laws relating to tilling of the land, slowed down the farmers’ movement. Later, the Green Revolution, which was aimed at increasing agricultural production and achieving self-sufficiency in food grains, did not benefit poor farmers. Thus, it created a divide between the rich and poor farmers. 66 “ Model Answer Paper c. This dissatisfaction among the poor farmers led to the beginning of farmers’ movement which then became more active and effective. Some of the demands of the farmers’ movements included appropriate pricing of agricultural products, giving the status of an industry to agriculture, accepting the recommendations of Swaminathan Commission, debt relief, debt cancellation, implementation of national policy for agriculture, etc. Some of the important farmers’ organisations in India include Shetkari Sanghatana, Bharatiya Kisan Union and All India Kisan Sabha.

ii. a. To control malpractices during elections and to ensure free and fair elections in India, the Election Commission has adopted several measures. ‘Model Code of Conduct’ is one among them. b. This code is a unique document which explains the rules that are to be followed by the government, political parties and voters before elections and during elections. c. The government also cannot violate these rules. d. Due to strict observance of the ‘Model Code of Conduct’ in past few elections, the common voters have become confident.

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