Economic Geography

CONTENTS

ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY

1. AN INTRODUCTION TO ...... 01 Origin of Mineral Deposits ...... 48 ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY Extraction of Minerals ...... 49 Branches of Economic Geography ...... 01 Mineralised Regions ...... 51 New Economic Geography ...... 01 Metallic Minerals ...... 52 2. WATER RESOURCES...... 02-20 Mineral Resources: India ...... 58 Metallic Minerals ...... 59 Introduction ...... 02 Non-Metallic Minerals ...... 68 World Water Resources ...... 02 Extent of Water Resources ...... 05 6. ENERGY RESOURCES ...... 75-106 Utilisation and Related Problems ...... 06 Introduction ...... 75 India’s Water Resources ...... 08 Types of Energy Resources ...... 75 Inter-state River Water Disputes in India .....09 Petroleum ...... 77 National Water Policy (2012) ...... 10 Natural Gas ...... 79 Jal Shakti Abhiyan ...... 11 Coal ...... 80 Multipurpose River-Valley Projects in ...... 12 Energy Resources: India ...... 82 India Non-Conventional Energy Sources ...... 104 Ganga-Cauvery River Link ...... 17 Miscellaneous ...... 106 National Water Grid ...... 19 India joined IEA Bioenergy TCP ...... 105 3. FOREST RESOURCES ...... 21-28 Dikshi Small Hydro Power Project ...... 106 What is Forest...... 21 7. MARINE RESOURCES ...... 107-118 Extent of Forest Cover ...... 21 Maritime Zones ...... 107 Types of Forestry Practices ...... 22 Resources: Extent, Distribution and ...... 108 Forest Resources in India ...... 24 Utilisation Types of Marine Resources ...... 108 4. BIOTIC RESOURCES ...... 29-47 Marine Deposits ...... 109 Introduction ...... 29 Marine Energy Resources ...... 111 Livestock ...... 29 Marine Food Resources ...... 112 Livestock Products ...... 45 State of World Fisheries and 5. MINERAL RESOURCES ...... 48-74 Aquaculture (Sofi a) ...... 113 Introduction ...... 48 Marine Resource of India ...... 114 Ores ...... 48 Blue Revolution ...... 115 Chief routes of entry of marine ...... 118 Agricultural Productivity ...... 144 pollutants Agricultural Intensity or Intensity of ...... 144 Cropping 8. WORLD AGRICULTURE ...... 119 Agro-Climatic Regions ...... 144 Introduction ...... 119 Dry Farming ...... 145 World Agriculture Types ...... 119 Problems of Indian Agriculture ...... 146 Classifi cation ...... 120 Miscellaneous ...... 147 Nomadic Herding ...... 120 Cultivation of GM Crops ...... 147 Shifting cultivation/Simple ...... 121 Subsistence Farming Krishi Megh ...... 148 Rudimentary Sedentary Tillage ...... 123 Lakshadweep declared 100% Organic ...148 Intensive Subsistence Tillage ...... 124 Kerala, the fi rst state in the country ...... 148 (dominated by wet paddy) to fi x MSP for vegetables Intensive Subsistence Tillage ...... 124 Direct Seeding of Rice ...... 149 (without paddy dominance) Rashtriya Kamdhenu Aayog ...... 149 Subsistence Crop and Livestock Farming ..124 Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada ...... 149 Mediterranean Agriculture ...... 125 Yojana Livestock Ranching ...... 126 UN World Food Programme ...... 150 Livestock Ranching and Nomadic ...... 126 National Year of Millets ...... 150 Herding Millet Village Scheme ...... 151 Extensive Commercial Grain Farming ...... 127 Water Productivity Mapping of Commercial Livestock and Crop ...... 128 Major Indian Crops...... 151 Farming (Mixed Farming) India’s First Aqua Mega Food Park ...... 152 Commercial Dairy Farming ...... 129 10. INDUSTRIAL REGIONS OF ...... 154-182 Specialized Horticulture and ...... 129 Floriculture (Flower Culture) THE WORLD North American Region ...... 154 Plantation Agriculture ...... 130 European Region ...... 157 9. INDIA: LAND RESOURCES & ...... 131-153 CIS: Commonwealth of Independent ...... 162 AGRICULTURE States Important Facts about Indian ...... 131 Asian Region ...... 163 Agriculture Indian Industrial Regions ...... 167 Land Utilization ...... 132 Industries in India ...... 170 Land-use Changes in India ...... 133 Textile Industries ...... 170 Salient Features of Indian Agriculture ...... 133 Metallurgical Industries ...... 174 Types of Farming ...... 134 Engineering Industries ...... 177 Cropping Pattern ...... 134 Cement Industry ...... 180 First Advance Estimates of Production .....137 of major Kharif crops for 2020-21 Sugar Industry ...... 180 Three largest producing States of ...... 138 Cottage Industries ...... 180 major Crops during 2018-19 Information Technology ...... 181 Determinants of Agriculture ...... 138 Fertilizers ...... 181 Land Reforms ...... 138 Public Sector Undertakings ...... 182 11. TRADE PATTERN ...... 183-201 Shipping ...... 231 Introduction ...... 183 Miscellaneous ...... 235 World Trade Pattern ...... 183 Atal Tunnel ...... 235 Major Trading Blocks ...... 195 Char Dham Pariyojana ...... 235 Trends in India’s Foreign Trade ...... 196 Zoji La tunnel project ...... 235 Foreign Trade ...... 196 Sela pass tunnel ...... 236 India’s largest dry dock at Cochin ...... 236 Composition of Export-Trade of India ...... 197 Shipyard Composition of Import-Trade of India ...... 199 India’s longest elevated road ...... 237 Direction of India’s Foreign Trade ...... 201 Eastern Peripheral Expressway ...... 237 12. TRANSPORT ...... 202-244 Banihal-Qazigund tunnel ...... 238 Importance and Development of ...... 202 Water aerodrome in Chilika Lake ...... 238 Transport Bogibeel Bridge: India’s longest river .....239 Transport Costs and Economic Distance ...202 bridge City Gas Distribution (CGD) Projects .....239 Transport Patterns in the World ...... 202 Noney Bridge: World’s Tallest ...... 240 Inland Waterways ...... 206 Railway Bridge Railways ...... 208 “The Future of Rail” Report ...... 240 Air Transport ...... 213 Gas Trading Hub ...... 242 Pipeline Transport ...... 214 Byorung Bridge: India’s longest ...... 242 Transport and Trade in the Modern Era .....215 300-metre single lane steel cable...... suspension bridge India: Transport ...... 216 Ganga Expressway ...... 243 Railways ...... 216 Kerala to get country’s 2nd ...... 243 Roadways ...... 223 longest rail tunnel for Vizhinjam Port Air Transport ...... 227 Connectivity Water Transport ...... 228 Purvanchal Expressway ...... 244

CHAPTER 1 AN INTRODUCTION TO ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY

Economic geography has been defi ned by the geographers as the study of human’s economic activities under varying sets of conditions which is associated with production, location, distribution, consumption, exchange of resources, and spatial organization of economic activities across the world. It represents a traditional subfi eld of the discipline of geography. However, many economists have also approached the fi eld in ways more typical of the discipline of economics. Economic geography has taken a variety of approaches to many different subject matters, including the location of industries, economies of agglomeration (also known as “linkages”), transportation, international trade, development, real estate, gentrifi cation, ethnic economies, gendered economies, core-periphery theory, the economics of urban form, the relationship between the environment and the economy (tying into a long history of geographers studying culture-environment interaction), and globalization.

Branches of Economic Geography

Thematically, economic geography can be divided into these sub disciplines: ! Geography of resources ! Geography of agriculture: It is traditionally considered the branch of economic geography that investigates those parts of the Earth’s surface that are transformed by humans through primary sector activities. It thus focuses on structures of agricultural landscapes and asks for the processes that lead to these spatial patterns. ! Geography of industry ! Geography of international trade ! Geography of transport and communication ! Geography of ﬁ nance

New Economic Geography

With the rise of the New Economy, economic inequalities are increasing spatially. The New Economy, generally characterized by globalization, increasing use of information and communications technology, the growth of knowledge goods, and feminization, has enabled economic geographers to study social and spatial divisions caused by the rising New Economy, including the emerging digital divide. The new economic geographies consist of primarily service-based sectors of the economy that use innovative technology, such as industries where people rely on computers and the internet. Within these is a switch from manufacturing-based economies to the digital economy. In these sectors, competition makes technological changes robust. These high technology sectors rely heavily on interpersonal relationships and trust, as developing things like software is very different from other kinds of industrial manufacturing—it requires intense levels of cooperation between many different people, as well as the use of tacit knowledge. As a result of cooperation becoming a necessity, there is a clustering in the high- tech new economy of many ﬁ rms. **********