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Les Personnages De Médecins Et Hommes De Science Dans La Littérature Narrative De Luigi Capuana : Une Approche Morale Valeria Gravina

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Les Personnages De Médecins Et Hommes De Science Dans La Littérature Narrative De Luigi Capuana : Une Approche Morale Valeria Gravina Les personnages de médecins et hommes de science dans la littérature narrative de Luigi Capuana : une approche morale Valeria Gravina To cite this version: Valeria Gravina. Les personnages de médecins et hommes de science dans la littérature narrative de Luigi Capuana : une approche morale. Littératures. Université Côte d’Azur; Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II, 2018. Français. NNT : 2018AZUR2033. tel-02073923 HAL Id: tel-02073923 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02073923 Submitted on 20 Mar 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Les personnages de médecins et hommes de science dans la littérature narrative de Luigi Capuana : une approche morale Valeria GRAVINA LIRCES - EA 3159 Présentée en vue de l’obtention Devant le jury, composé de : du grade de docteur en Langue, littérature et Monsieur Epifanio Ajello, Université de Salerno civilisation italiennes Madame Edwige Comoy Fusaro, Université d’Université Côte d’Azur de Nice Côte d'Azur et de l'université Federico II, Naples Madame Laura Fournier-Finocchiaro, Dirigée par : Madame Edwige Comoy Fusaro Université Paris 8 Monsieur Antonio Saccone, Université de Co-dirigé par : Monsieur Antonio Saccone Naples Federico II Soutenue le : 14 Décembre 2018 2018 Personaggi medici e scienziati nella narrativa di Luigi Capuana: una questione morale Valeria GRAVINA LIRCES - EA 3159 Dottorato di ricerca in Filologia moderna Membri di giuria : presso Università di Nice, Côte d’Azur Professor Epifanio Ajello, Université de Salerno in cotutela con Università di Napoli Federico II Professoressa Edwige Comoy Fusaro, Relatrice: prof.ssa Edwige Comoy Fusaro Université de Nice Côte d'Azur Co-relatore: prof. Antonio Saccone Professoressa Laura Fournier-Finocchiaro, Discussione : 14 Dicembre 2018 Université Paris 8 Professor Antonio Saccone, Université de Naples Federico II 2018 Les personnages de médecins et hommes de science dans la littérature narrative de Luigi Capuana : une approche morale Jury: Rapporteurs: Epifanio Ajello, Université de Salerno Laura Fournier-Finocchiaro, Université Paris 8 Examinateurs: Edwige Comoy Fusaro, Université de Nice Côte d'Azur Antonio Saccone, Université de Naples Federico II Les personnages de médecins et hommes de science dans la littérature narrative de Luigi Capuana : une approche morale Résumé en français Mots-clés: science, littérature et médecine, Luigi Capuana Le XIXème siècle est caractérisé par le progrès de la science et de la médecine: dans une société positiviste qui accorde toute sa confiance à la raison scientifique, la figure du médecin se professionnalise et l'approche thérapeutique change. Cela se reflète dans la littérature qui subit une sorte de «médicalisation». Il y a eu beaucoup d’écrits sur le rapport entre science et littérature, sur le rôle des maladies littéraires – notamment les névroses - et sur les médecins-écrivains; pourtant un aspect a été négligé par les critiques: la morale des personnages de médecins dans la littérature. Cette recherche s'attache justement à la volonté de définir le médecin idéal au XIXème siècle à travers la morale médicale, qui plus tard deviendra déontologie, dans une période où les événements historiques, culturels et scientifiques changent profondément l'idée de «bon» et de «méchant». La recherche fait le jour sur un nouvel aspect de l'oeuvre de Luigi Capuana en tant qu’homme de science «raté». La thèse dresse un catalogue des personnages de médecins dans la production narrative de Capuana dans une taxonomie morale, distinguant les «bons», caractérisés par empathie et professionnalité ; les «méchants», caractérisés par égoïsme et ignorance ; les médecins aux marges, anonymes ou in absentia (à la fonction instrumentale) ; les «savants fous» qui se consacrent à des expériences complètement immorales ; les médecins confesseurs qui utilisent le pouvoir du logos comme une nouvelle approche thérapeutique. Les critères de moralité retenus afin de cataloguer les personnages de médecins ont été établis sur la base de trois idées principales: la morale utilitariste, l'idée portante est que le bonheur individuel dépend du bien-être de la collectivité ; la morale conçue comme «déontologie» professionnelle ante-litteram, à travers les vademecum des médecins théoriciens qui ont traité du médecin idéal et du charlatan dans le XIX siècle ; la morale humaniste de Capuana qui est plutôt liée aux sentiments d'empathie et de philanthropie. Le corpus examiné comprend une partie de la production narrative et romanesque de Capuana entre 1867, date de la publication de sa première nouvelle, Il dottor Cymbalus et 1911, date de la publication du recueil La voluttà di creare. Une partie de la thèse analyse le rôle instrumental du personnage du médecin, en particulier le personnage du Dottor Maggioli, qui apparaît dans plusieurs nouvelles. Il agit dans les textes en tant que médecin narrateur, moteur narratif et plot generator, représentant de la science et de la rationalité, témoin et garant de la vérité, mais surtout alter ego de l'auteur. À travers le Dottor Maggioli, Capuana montre son ouverture par rapport à l'idée de morale: d'un côté il condamne l'immoralité des médecins méchants, de l'autre côté il est attiré, en quelque sorte, par les médecins les plus perfides et les plus diaboliques, qui osent violer les lois de la Nature à travers la science. L'idiosyncrasie entre morale et expérimentalisme se révèle surtout dans les personnages des «savants fous», protagonistes des nouvelles typiquement fantastiques. L'élément fantastique chez Capuana est très particulier par rapport aux romans d'horreur et à la littérature gothique européenne. Le but de Capuana dans ses récits fantastiques n'est pas d'épouvanter le lecteur, mais de lui montrer un autre paradigme de réalité, dans lequel les règles de l'ordo naturalis du monde sont bouleversées, et la rationalité de la science positiviste cède la place aux phénomènes inexplicables, absurdes, et fantastiques. Dans ce monde, la morale change aussi et Capuana trouve un moyen pour justifier les méchancetés de ses personnages. Les expériences sur des cobayes humains (notamment des femmes) n'apparaissent pas aussi diaboliques aux yeux des lecteurs, parce qu'elles sont conçues comme possibles uniquement dans une réalité autre, fantastique. En conclusion dans la production de Capuana les personnages de médecins «bons» sont très rares, alors que les «méchants» sont nombreux, et même les perfides «savants fous» sont en quelque sorte justifiés. En effet la position de Capuana sur la question de la morale dans les sciences n'est pas du tout nette ni constante. Si dans les premières nouvelles, il admet l'expérimentation scientifique au nom du progrès, dans les recueils les plus récents, il aspire à une médecine renouvelée, sur l'exemple de son maître Angelo Camillo De Meis. Cette médecine voit dans la relation médecin-patient une nouvelle approche thérapeutique fondée sur la confiance réciproque et sur l'empathie, mais aussi sur le respect des droits humains et des lois de la Nature. Indice Introduzione 4 1. Un approccio morale al corpus capuaniano 7 2. Contesto storico-letterario 16 3. Il medico nel XIX secolo: una nuova figura sociale 28 4. Mali fisici e mentali nell'Ottocento 39 Prima parte: per una definizione di deontologia medica nel XIX secolo 1.1 I medici trattatisti: Macoppe, De Filippi, Sava, Del Chiappa 54 1.2 Il medico ideale e il ciarlatano nel XIX secolo 59 1.2.1 Religiosità, beneficenza, empatia Vs delirio d'onnipotenza, avarizia, egoismo 61 1.2.2 Semplicità di linguaggio Vs “medichese” 67 1.2.3 Disposizione d'animo verso le donne Vs chiusura e diffidenza verso le donne 70 1.2.4 Sobrietà e austerità Vs vizi e svaghi 78 Seconda parte: scienza e letteratura 2.1 La medicina nella letteratura: il metodo sperimentale 86 2.1.1 Il topos della malattia come strumento narrativo 90 2.1.2 Il personaggio del medico in letteratura 97 2.2 Il caso Capuana: uno scienziato mancato 101 2.2.1 La formazione medico-scientifica 104 2.2.2 Gli studi sulla morale 109 2.2.3 Gli studi in psicologia 111 1 2.2.4 La deviazione verso lo spiritismo 117 2.3 La figura del medico nelle opere di Capuana 125 2.3.1 Il caso del dottor Maggioli 131 2.3.2 Il dottor Maggioli come alter ego di Capuana 135 2.3.3 Il dottor Maggioli come narratore e testimone 143 Terza parte: per una tassonomia morale 3.1 Medici “buoni” nelle novelle di Capuana: empatia e professionalità 154 3.1.1 Giulia 155 3.1.2 Povero dottore! 160 3.2 I personaggi medici al margine: medici “buoni” anonimi 169 3.2.1 Adorata 170 3.2.2 Un consulto 172 3.2.3 I microbi del signor Sferlazzo 177 3.3 Medici “buoni” in absentia 187 3.3.1 Il Caso di Emilio Roxa 188 3.3.2 L'Inesplicabile 193 3.4 Medici “cattivi” nelle novelle di Capuana: egoismo e ignoranza 205 3.4.1 Il medico dei poveri 210 3.4.2 Il muletto del dottore 217 3.4.3 Un caso di sonnambulismo 222 3.5 I medici “cattivi” al margine 234 3.5.1 Storia Fosca e Convalescenza 235 3.5.2 Il Tabbùto 237 3.5.3 La Spina 242 3.6 Lo sperimentalismo a ogni costo: il caso di scienziati e professori 247 3.6.1
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