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Royal Holloway, University of London ROYAL HOLLOWAY UNIVERSITY OF LONDON 2016 Imago Urbis: Federico De Roberto’s Catania Sebastiano Arena Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy A B S T R A C T The aim of this dissertation is to analyse the relationship between the city, literature and geography in order to study the birth of Catania as a modern city as seen through Federico De Roberto’s newspaper articles, his novel I Viceré and his guidebook to Catania. The analysis of the three literary genres can help to understand the relationship between the writer and his idea and depiction of the city. To this end, it will be useful to analyse, firstly, the connections between urban space and society, and the descriptions of the city through its literary transposition; secondly, the relationship between the leading characters of a novel and the urban space they inhabit; and lastly, the relationship between literature, history and geography. I will firstly concentrate on De Roberto’s 1880s articles about his city to demonstrate the image of Catania that De Roberto was promoting in order to understand his attitude as a journalist towards its cityscapes and his ideological viewpoint. Then, I will examine De Roberto’s novel, I Viceré (1894), as an iconographic source and as a meta- language, by which I mean that I will consider the novel both as a reflection on and of Catania and as a work of literature in which the reader can interpret the narrative to discover the connections between urban space and society. Then, I will study De Roberto’s guidebook to Catania to compare the urban space as represented in I Viceré with that he wanted to promote to a tourist audience. To do so, I will compare De Roberto’s Catania with that of previous and contemporary guidebooks in order to find the stereotypes, agreements and discords in describing the city. Finally, I will analyse the six articles De Roberto wrote in 1927 for the local paper Giornale dell’Isola, dealing with Catania’s artistic heritage, to demonstrate De Roberto’s love for Catania and his battle to gain respect and international consideration for his city. The study and comparison of a novel, a guidebook and various newspapers articles, and the visual analysis of the photos contained in the guidebook to Catania will lead us to discover that De Roberto’s conception of the cityscape of Catania was strictly symbolic and profoundly linked to the past, although the author lived in a period in which Catania was developing as a modern city and was beginning to be known as the ‘Milan of the South’. Moreover, the above-mentioned works by De Roberto will help us to understand the value that the writer placed on urban space in his portrayals of the city. 1 C O N T E N T S INTRODUCTION p. 4 CHAPTER 1 De Roberto and Catania: a methodological approach 1. 1. The city: theoretical approaches p. 15 1. 2. The city and the flâneur p. 24 1. 3. A flâneur in Catania p. 27 1. 4. The city and the Italian novel p. 30 1. 5. The static city versus the modern city: London, an English case-study p. 37 1. 6. De Roberto’s Catania (1861-1927) p. 41 CHAPTER 2 The City in De Roberto’s articles 2. 1. De Roberto reporter p. 47 2. 2. The city in the 1880-1883 articles p. 53 2. 3. Etna: a symbol of De Roberto’s philosophy of history p. 59 2. 4. The Museo Biscari: a site of memory p. 65 CHAPTER 3 The City in I Viceré 3. 1. The cityscape of the Uzeda: history and geography p. 71 3. 2. Space and history: ‘La storia è una monotona ripetizione.’ p. 77 3. 3. The family and the crowd: the privatization of public space p. 82 3. 4. The palazzo: ‘Composto di quattro o cinque diversi pezzi di fabbrica p. 91 messi insieme…’ 3. 5. The monastero: ‘Immenso, sontuoso, era agguagliato ai palazzi reali…’ p. 97 2 CHAPTER 4 The City in De Roberto’s guide to Catania 4. 1. Introduction: De Roberto’s guida artistica p. 103 4. 2 De Roberto’s guide to Catania p. 116 4. 3. Illustrazioni: images and ideas of Catania p. 121 4. 4. A stereotype: a city under the volcano p. 142 4. 5. History and change: the guide and I Viceré p. 147 CHAPTER 5 Decadence and rebirth 5. 1. Catania between the Past and Modernity, De Roberto’s 1927 articles p. 157 CONCLUSION p. 167 APPENDIX 1. G. Pagano’s letter to De Roberto, Palermo, 1880 p. 175 2. F. De Roberto, ‘La città di Catania’, Lo Statuto, 1881 p. 176 BIBLIOGRAPHY p. 179 3 I N T R O D U C T I O N The aim of this research is to understand Federico De Roberto’s contribution to the relationship between literature and the city. A Sicilian writer, De Roberto (1861-1927) is the author of I Viceré (1894), as well as of a guidebook to his home town Catania (1907), and various newspaper articles on it. However, Catania has never been taken into autonomous consideration in the scholarly studies of De Roberto. This can be explained, firstly, by its relatively scarce presence in his I Viceré; secondly, by a generally different focus in Italian literary criticism, aimed at exploring the relationship between literature and history rather than literature and geography; and, lastly, by the hypothesis that De Roberto’s Catania did not correspond to the real Catania and to the city that his contemporaries wanted to promote. My research will contrast these established readings: moving from the idea that the representation of Catania, even when it is to some extent ‘hidden’ or ‘partial’, can be a key to understanding De Roberto’s literary – and ideological – view of his urban space, as well as to better understand the history of Catania itself, I will re-read all De Roberto’s production on Catania in the light of recent studies on the relationship between literature and the city. It will then be possible to argue that a) the presence of Catania in De Roberto’s I Viceré is symbolically more relevant than is usually understood; b) the focus on history of Italian criticism can be enriched by a geographical perspective; c) De Roberto’s image of Catania was purposely different from the usual image of the city in his time because of his precise ideology, as expressed through the different media of fiction, guidebook and reportage. In this dissertation the importance of the city is explored with regards to the role and significance Catania had to De Roberto. For this reason my work is organised in order to shed light on De Roberto’s three different representations of the city: the social and eventful city in his newspaper articles (1880s), the symbolic/metaphoric city in I Viceré (1894), the classic and modern city of his guidebook Catania and his last articles (1907 and 1927 respectively), in order to map out both the narrative symbolic place and the bourgeois city of the fin-de-siècle. Consequently, it will be possible to comprehend how De Roberto interpreted and represented Catania, and to analyse his Weltanschauung. Even though scholars have underlined how close to historical events the urban space in I Viceré 4 is and the importance of De Roberto’s work as a journalist, there is not a complete study that examines De Roberto’s production on Catania. De Roberto’s first portrayal of his home town is ‘La Città di Catania’, an article the young, promising journalist and writer published in 1881 for Lo Statuto, a Palermitan paper (this article and the letter written by the Editor of Lo Statuto, which I discovered while researching, are published in the appendix for the first time). In November 1880 Giacomo Pagano, Director of Lo Statuto, asked De Roberto to write a report on ‘Catania che si trasforma’ so as to highlight the transformation Catania was undergoing in order to meet the needs and requirements of new commerce and new society in the late nineteenth century.1 In his report Pagano referred to Catania as De Roberto’s home town. Although he was born in Naples in 1861 and only arrived in Catania when he was a child, De Roberto always felt at home in Catania. With Naples, Catania was part of the Kingdom of the two Sicilies and its way of life and habits were very similar to those of Naples, i.e. Catania, like Naples, was a place which attracted many European travellers, who could experience the natural beauty of Etna and the Ionian Sea, Baroque buildings and Greco-Roman ruins in the framework of their Grand-Tour. In De Roberto’s report – which is a panegyric on the modern city – Catania is spacious, with large streets and beautiful squares; its cityscape is strictly linked to Mount Etna, which is described as huge and superb. Moreover, the city’s life is frenzied and lively: ‘dapertutto un’attività, un affaccendarsi continuo, un perenne scambio di servigi materiali e morali, insomma tale cambiamento, tali miglioramenti, tali innovazioni, tale trasformazione da non ci si poter più raccapezzare’.2 De Roberto describes a city characterised by a modern cityscape and life: Catania is a city that can provide visitors with modern facilities and services. This is the first representation of what will indeed be a leitmotif, and a ‘character’ itself, in the writer’s works: not only is this city the centre stage of the Uzeda family in his masterpiece I Viceré, but it is also the nostalgic and modern city of the guidebook to Catania and the subject of various articles De Roberto wrote during his life.
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