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Sicilian Intellectual and Cultural Resistance to Piedmont's Appropriation (1860-1920) Giordana Poggioli-Kaftan University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee

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Sicilian Intellectual and Cultural Resistance to Piedmont's Appropriation (1860-1920) Giordana Poggioli-Kaftan University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee University of Wisconsin Milwaukee UWM Digital Commons Theses and Dissertations December 2016 Sicilian Intellectual and Cultural Resistance to Piedmont's Appropriation (1860-1920) Giordana Poggioli-Kaftan University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.uwm.edu/etd Part of the Comparative Literature Commons, and the History Commons Recommended Citation Poggioli-Kaftan, Giordana, "Sicilian Intellectual and Cultural Resistance to Piedmont's Appropriation (1860-1920)" (2016). Theses and Dissertations. 1401. https://dc.uwm.edu/etd/1401 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by UWM Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UWM Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SICILIAN INTELLECTUAL AND CULTURAL RESISTANCE TO PIEDMONT’S APPROPRIATION (1860-1920) by Giordana Poggioli-Kaftan A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Modern Studies at The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee December 2016 ABSTRACT SICILIAN INTELLECTUAL AND CULTURAL RESISTANCE TO PIEDMONT’S APPROPRIATION (1860-1920) by Giordana Poggioli-Kaftan The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 2016 Under the Supervision of Professor Gregory Jay Through my analysis of literary works, I endeavor to bring to the fore a cultural and intellectual counter-hegemonic discourse that came to be articulated by three Sicilian writers in the years following Italy’s unification. Their intent was that of debunking a national discourse that constructed Italian Southerners as “Otherness.” My study focuses on six primary texts, five short stories, and one novel, written at the turn of the twentieth century. These texts include Giovanni Verga’s “What is the King?” and “Freedom”; Luigi Pirandello’s “Madam Mimma,” “The Black Baby Goat,” and “The Other Son”; Luigi Capuana’s Rabbato’s Americani. In order to expand my discussion and bring it to present-day Italy, I also analyze three films: Florestano Vancini’s Bronte: a Massacre that History Books never Reported , Emanuele Crialese’s Golden Door , and the Taviani brothers’ Chaos. My investigation of these works draws upon theories of many different fields of study like postcolonialism, narrative and trauma studies, new historicism, film studies, border studies, and critical race theory. Consequently, the secondary texts I consulted are by many and diverse authors, such as Homi Bhabha, Shail Mayaram, Antonio Gramsci, Michel Foucault, Stuart Hall, Etienne Balibar, Russ Castronovo, Cathy Caruth and Kalì Tal, and Laurie Vickory, Henri Bergson just to mention a few. Above all, I premise my analysis of the literary texts on Michael Rössner ’s theorization that the texts by Verga, Pirandello, and Capuana are conducive to be read through the postcolonial lens because of their ii authors’ subaltern position within the newly formed Italy. I give a postcolonial reading to my primary texts to uncover a counter-hegemonic discourse that, by discrediting the process of unification as a story of freedom and success for all, constructs the piemontizazione, as a colonization of southern territories. I, then, demonstrate how this counter-hegemonic discourse aimed also to debunk a race rhetoric that had been taking shape in nineteenth-century Europe, and created taxonomies of superior and inferior peoples. In Italy, the local race discourse created Southerners as racialized “Otherness” on which Italy’s failures could be conveniently dumped, and against which the real and pure Italian race was to be constructed. Finally, I finish with the analysis of Sicilians’ emigration to America that can be interpreted as resistance, exile, and trauma. Emigration can be read as resistance insomuch as it was the only possible way to defeat any racial construction of Southerners as intrinsically Italy’s “losers.” Likewise, emigration can be read as Sicilians’ exile that is as their punitive banishment from their own island and the trauma that it entails. iii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Map of Italy in 1860 ..................................................................................................... viii Figure 2. Map of Present-day Italy ................................................................................................ ix iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... ii List of Figures ............................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................... vii Introduction ....................................................................................................................................1 Historical Background .........................................................................................................8 Piemontizzazione and Its Discontents ................................................................................12 Resistance to Race Discourse ............................................................................................14 Emigration as Resistance, Exile, and Trauma ...................................................................16 Conclusion .........................................................................................................................21 Chapter 1: Piemontizzazione and Its Discontents ......................................................................25 Rural Masses Exclusion from Italy’s Unification Process in Verga’s “What is the King?” ...........................................................................................................26 The Creation of the Subaltern Subject in Pirandello’s “Madam Mimma” ........................51 Chapter 2: Resistance to Race Discourse...................................................................................81 England vs. Sicily in Pirandello’s “The Black Baby Goat” ...............................................83 Italian Unification’s Blind Spot: Verga’s “Freedom” and Vancini’s Bronte: Chronicle of a Massacre History Books Never Reported ...................................107 Chapter 3: Emigration as Resistance, Exile, and Trauma .....................................................144 “The Third Space” in Capuana’s Rabbato’s Americans and Crialese’s Golden Door ....................................................................................................................146 Historical Traumas and Exile in Pirandello’s “The Other Son” and the Taviani Brothers’ Chaos ..................................................................................................182 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................214 Works Cited ................................................................................................................................220 Curriculum Vitae .......................................................................................................................236 v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am very thankful to Gregory Jay, who kindled my interest in Critical Race Theory and kindly accepted to be my dissertation advisor and mentor, patiently guiding me through the entire Ph.D. process. I express deep gratitude to Robin Pickering-Iazzi and Shelleen Greene, who together with my advisor pushed me to produce better work by refining my rhetorical and writing skills, as well as analyzing deeper and contextualizing better. This work would not have been possible without their unwavering support and encouragement. I am grateful for the outstanding professors I had at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, especially Peter Paik and Andrew Kincaid, who accepted to be part of my committee. A special thanks to Gilberto Blasini for his invaluable piece of advice about writing my dissertation: “Just keep writing.” I am very appreciative to my many friends and colleagues who have showed interest in my work and faith in my ability, helping me with suggestions and praises: Simonetta Milli Konewko, Tina Sanders, Boubakari Diakite, Jeffrey Coleman, Jennifer Vanderheyden, Dinorah Cortès-Velèz, Sandra Pucci, Sally Gendron, Eugenia Afinoguenova, Jane Peterson, Alexandra Crampton, Alessandra Sardoni, Stephen Beal, Kathrine Milko, Anne Passero, and Michela Trovajoli. I owe much gratitude to Carlo Sardoni for patiently and critically reading my dissertation chapters, giving me helpful suggestions and insightful comments, and to Andrea Camilleri for finding time from his busy schedule to meet with me to discuss my work. I am profoundly indebted to my family on both sides of the Atlantic. My parents, Filippo Poggioli and Claudia Moretto, whose moral integrity and dedication to work and family have always been a great example for me to emulate. I also thank them for gracefully accepting my decision to leave my country to start a new life in the United States. vi Lastly, I am very thankful to my husband, Gregory Kaftan, and my children, Alexander, Giulia, Eric, and Elliot, for their caring, joyful, and steady support and enthusiasm during my Ph. D. odyssey. To them I lovingly dedicate my dissertation. vii Figure 1: Map of Italy in 1860. Bloy, Marjie. The Italian Peninsula Before Unification in 1860
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