New Zealand's Native Trees

Contents To our grandchildren: Lucas & Noah Dawson; Angelina, William and Lucas Hayter; Grace, Francis and Elliot Lucas The authors and contributors Brachyglottis 162 to the second edition 7 Carmichaelia 180 Publisher’s notes and Carpodetus 190 acknowledgements to the Clianthus 192 second edition 9 Coprosma 196 Authors’ preface and Cordyline 232 acknowledgements to the Coriaria 246 first edition 11 Corokia 248 About the book 12 Corynocarpus 251 Map of the North Island 14 Discaria 254 Map of the South Island 15 Dodonaea 256 Dracophyllum 258 INTRODUCTION 17 Dysoxylum 280 Elaeocarpus 284 CONIFERS 36 Elingamita 288 Introduction to conifers 38 Entelea 290 First published in 2011 by Craig Potton Publishing Agathis 46 Fuchsia 292 Reprinted 2011, 2012; with corrections 2013 Dacrycarpus 56 Fuscospora 394 This revised version published in 2019 by Potton & Burton Dacrydium 62 Geniostoma 312 Potton & Burton Halocarpus 66 Griselinia 314 319 Hardy Street, PO Box 221, Nelson, New Zealand Lepidothamnus 72 Hedycarya 320 pottonandburton.co.nz Libocedrus 74 Hoheria 322 Text © John Dawson and Rob Lucas (unless specified otherwise) Manoao 79 Homalanthus 336 Photographs © Rob Lucas (unless specified otherwise) Phyllocladus 81 Ixerba 338 ISBN: 978 0 947503 98 7 Podocarpus 88 Knightia 340 Prumnopitys 96 Kunzea 344 Cover image: ‘Mist over Lake Mapourika’, © Andris Apse Laurelia 370 Printed in China by Everbest Printing Co. Ltd TREE FERNS 102 Leptecophylla 374 Introduction to tree ferns 104 Leptospermum 377 This book is copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of private study, research, Cyathea 110 Leucopogon 383 criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part may be reproduced by any process without the permission of the publishers. Dicksonia 118 Litsea 385 Lophomyrtus 388 FLOWERING TREES 122 Lophozonia 393 Introduction to flowering trees 124 Melicope 397 Ackama 132 Melicytus 400 Alectryon 136 Meryta 416 Alseuosmia 140 Metrosideros 418 Archeria 142 Mida 436 Aristotelia 144 Myoporum 438 Ascarina 149 Myrsine 442 Avicennia 152 Neomyrtus 456 Beilschmiedia 157 Nestegis 458 Olearia 464 Pollination of kakabeak 193 Ozothamnus 516 Domatia 197 Pennantia 518 Tree species of Coprosma 198–9 Piper 522 Coprosma arborea and Pisonia 528 C. spathulata 201 The authors and contributors to the second edition Pittosporum 530 Stipules 209 Plagianthus 558 Unusual growth features of Planchonella 562 cabbage trees 238 Pomaderris 564 Cabbage tree sudden decline 239 DR JOHN DAWSON (1928–2019) was Associate Professor of Botany Pouzolzia 570 Cabbage tree moth 239 at Victoria University until his retirement in 1988. John devoted much of the last 30 years to research, writing botanical papers and books, Pseudopanax 572 Pulvini 281 and enthusiastically sharing his botanical knowledge through public Pseudowintera 598 Cauliflory and ramiflory 283 outreach. John ran many adult education courses on New Zealand Quintinia 602 What is treeline? 296–7 native plants and, until his recent illness, guided countless groups Raukaua 604 Southern beeches 298–9 around Otari Native Botanic Garden in Wellington. He was passionate Rhopalostylis 610 Masting 300–1 about the New Zealand flora, especially Metrosideros, the Apiaceae Schefflera 614 Inside a beech forest 302 –303 genera, and the native vascular plant species of trees, climbers and Solanum 616 Thieving from a thief 303 epiphytes and their biogeography and ecology. John was the author of many scholarly papers on Sophora 619 Mistletoes 308 aspects of the New Zealand flora, and authored several books, including Forest Vines to Snow Streblus 636 Scale insect–honeydew– Tussocks: The story of New Zealand plants (1988) and Seasons in the Forest (with photographs by Syzygium 642 sooty mould 309 Brian Enting, 1990). John also undertook research in New Caledonia on Myrtaceae, its largest Toronia 644 Pollinators of Hoheria 323 family, and in two substantial papers he formally described about a quarter of the c. 250 species Urtica 646 Rewarewa and hīnau 343 there. John’s work in botany has been widely recognised. He was a Fellow of the Linnean Society Veronica 648 Kānuka and mānuka 345 of London (FLS), and in 2016 he was awarded Landcare Research’s Allan Mere, a prestigious Vitex 660 Trunk buttresses 373 award to botanists who have made an outstanding contribution to New Zealand botany. Weinmannia 663 Mānuka blight 382 Mānuka and mycorrhizae 382 ROB LUCAS lectured in horticulture at The Open Polytechnic of Appendix 668 Cyttaria fungus on silver beech 396 New Zealand until his retirement in 2006. He has been photographing Glossary 670 The māhoe stripper 413 plants for several decades, and his photographs have been widely Bibliography and further reading 673 Melicytus orarius 415 published in books and magazines. He is the author of Managing Index 681 Australian Myoporum 441 Pests and Diseases: A Handbook for New Zealand Gardeners (2005), Sexual expression and flower and co-author (with Isobel Gabites) of The Native Garden: Design TEXTBOXES variation in Nestegis 459 themes from wild New Zealand (1988). Beech gaps 25 Black and white maire 460 New Zealand’s conifers 38 Hybrids in Olearia 470 Inside a kauri forest 48 Olearia cymbifolia 498 John Dawson and Rob Lucas are co-authors of Lifestyles of New Zealand Forest Plants (1993); Kauri dieback 52 Moths and the twiggy olearias 511 New Zealand Coast and Mountain Plants: Their communities and lifestyles (1996); the award- Epiphytes 54 Kawakawa moth 524 winning Nature Guide to the New Zealand Forest (2000); The Nature of Plants: Habitats, challenges Freshwater swamp forests 60 Pittosporum cornifolium 550 and adaptations (2005); New Zealand’s Native Trees (2011), which won the New Zealand Post’s Rimu and kākāpō 65 Plagianthus and Hoheria 561 illustrated non-fiction award and its Book of the Year in 2012, and Field Guide to New Zealand’s Native Trees (2012) Libocedrus bidwilli and L. plumosa 78 Pomaderris hamiltonii and Mountain tōtara and lowland tōtara 94 Pomaderris kūmeraho 567 DR BARRY SNEDDON lectured in botany and managed the H.D. Gordon Herbarium at Cyathea and Dicksonia 104 Five-fingers as epiphytes 575 Victoria University of Wellington until retiring in 2000. He then worked for seven years as a Epiphytes on tree ferns 107 Juvenile and adult forms 587 collection manager at the herbarium of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. His Tree ferns 108 Patē and five-finger 614 main botanical interests are taxonomy, the seed-plant flora of New Zealand and herbaria. He has Hutu and pukatea 150 Kōwhai caterpillar and moth 625 published research papers on the genera Clematis and Colobanthus, and authored the treatment The lifestyle and ecology Witches’ broom on Streblus 639 of Microseris in Flora of Australia. of mangroves 154 Tree nettle and butterflies 647 Tree daisies 163 Pūriri moth (Aenaturs virescens) 662 Magpie moth and Brachyglottis 177 Tōwai and makamaka 666 7 DR PATRICK BROWNSEY is a leading authority on the ferns of New Zealand, Australia and the Publisher’s notes and acknowledgements Pacific. He is a Research Fellow at the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa in Wellington, and is currently working with staff at Te Papa and Landcare Research in Christchurch to prepare to the second edition an electronic Flora of New Zealand. New Zealand’s Native Trees was first published in 2011 to widespread acclaim, subsequently DR PETER DE LANGE is an Associate Professor within the School of Environmental and winning the New Zealand Post Book Awards in 2012 for the categories Illustrated Non-Fiction Animal Sciences, Unitec Institute of Technology, Auckland. Previously, Peter worked for the and Book of the Year. It was reprinted with corrections in 2013, and went out of print in 2017. New Zealand Department of Conservation for 27 years as their Threatened Plant Scientist. His It was an easy decision to publish a second edition – this is clearly a book of considerable research interests include biosystematics, cytology, ethnobotany, threatened plant management, significance – but also because the botanical names of some of the trees in the first edition have and threat classification systems. A Fellow of the Linnean Society (FLS), Peter is the author of 18 changed, and ten or more new species have been described. The second edition addresses these books and 190 scientific papers. He has a particular interest in the conservation and documentation name changes and includes the new species. of island floras, and he has worked on Norfolk Island, Rarotonga, the Kermadec and Chatham Several essentially shrubby species have been included that occasionally reach tree stature (for islands and many of the smaller offshore islands of northern New Zealand. example, the streamside tree daisy, Olearia cheesemanii (whose absence in the first edition drew comment from the public) as have a few indisputably shrubby species in order to complete their PROF. PHIL GARNOCK-JONES is a plant taxonomist and Emeritus Professor of Botany at genus or compare them with a similar species. Victoria University of Wellington. After completing his PhD at the University of Canterbury on Since 2011, the author-photographer Rob Lucas has taken a host of new images of New Zealand’s the taxonomy of Parahebe (now included in Veronica), he worked for 20 years at Botany Division, native trees and many of these images have been added to the book, particularly to increase the DSIR, mostly on Flora of New Zealand, Volume 4. Between 1994 and 2009, he was Professor of coverage of species that were under-represented by figures in the first edition, and also some Plant Science at VUW, and taught botany and evolution. He has published more than 100 papers, iconic trees such as pōhutukawa, and the northern and southern rātā. mostly on the taxonomy and phylogeny of New Zealand plants. The following trees or shrubs have undergone name changes at the genus or species level since the first edition: DR MARK LARGE is a biologist with an interest in fern evolution and paleobotany spanning 35 years.

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