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Euzi Rodrigues Moraes O\Iau Rıı Wy \Yı , I{I 79 SOME ASPECTS "0F SYNTACTIC VARIATION IN BRAZILIAN PORTUGUESE. Euzi Rodrigues Moraes Ph. D. Department of Linguistics University of Edinburgh April, 1980. '' Rýý o\ýaU wy \yý 79 , ý{ý ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all I must acknowledge my indebtedness to the Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo and the British Council for sponsoring my studies. I am also indebted to my supervisor, Professor S. Pit Corder, for his assistance and help. His acute perception of my academic motivations and goals and his quick grasp of Portuguese grammar have greatly aided my understanding of the problems I have had to tackle. I was fortunate enough to count on the help of Suzanne Romaine, whose lucid criticisms on my arguments and important suggestions have had a significant influence on my thinking. I am especially grateful to her for her friendship and moral support. Sincere thanks go to Barbara Beste for having competently assisted me in handling the results of the subjective attitude test; to Gillian Schärer, for having kindly offered to read the final draft; and to John Bowie and Moira Calderwood, for checking the translation of the Portuguese data. Inaccuracies and imperfections still remain, but they are entirely my responsibility. have, It is also my duty to acknowledge the contribution of those who assisted-or participated in the data-gathering. Special thanks go to Ana Maria Bernardes da Silveira Rocha, head of the Departamento de Ensino Fundamental of the Brazilian Ministry of Education, and Arabela do Rosärio, former Secretary' of. State for Education, for granting me access to documents which would otherwise be out of my reach. Par- ticular mention must be made of the thorough work done by Teresinha Tristäo Bichara. Thanks to her, I, have'never run short of recorded tapes, in spite of-the distances separating Britain from Brazil. I have also greatly appreciated the cooperation of the patient Brazilians, whether in Britain or in Brazil, who have put up with my never-ending search for language samples, and endured strenuous testing, as. well as'the contribution of my, former Portuguese and French teacher, Professor No Amäncio. de Oliveira, who has supplied. me with information on earlier. studies in. Portuguese. Finally, -thanks are due to-my cousin. Nuzia Gomes Batista, who ac- companied me on my visits to remote villages, and whose double role as a. relative and. vernacular speaker has greatly added to the authenticity of. this research; - and to my nephew Tercio Ribeiro de Moraes, who drove us around and helped with the interviews. The typing was done by Mrs. Hazel Whittley, to whom I am grateful for. her efficiency and useful suggestions. I must not close without expressing my deepest gratitude to my parents, Jose de Paula Moraes`and Dolores Rodrigues de Moraes, whose own diligence and hard work has constantly inspired me to seek new frontiers. 0 DECLARATION I hereby declare that this thesis is entirely my own work and represents my own original thought. Where other works have been cited, the source has been acknowledged. ... ........ ".. "".. ". """" Euzi Rodrigues Moraes iv ABSTRACT This work has a twofold purpose: to show some of the patterns of variation in operation in Brazilian Portuguese (BP) and to establish correlations between the Brazilian linguistic situation and the Portuguese teaching problems. These goals are pursued by means of (a) a sociolinguistic analysis. of parts of the negation and pronoun systems in the variety of BP used in the State of Espirito Santo, and (b) the interpretation of the results of that analysis*in the light of the educational policies enforced by the government and the social structures in which the educational process evolves. My original assumptions are that BP is a post-creole continuum and that' the poor standards of Portuguese teaching in Brazil are brought about by a misapprehension of the linguistic situation as a whole. The work is divided into six parts. In part I the relevant background is information is supplied in three chapters: the first chapter an introduction covering a review of studies in pidgins and creoles, a brief expansion of the concept of, lectal continuum and a report on Portuguese teaching in Brazil. The second chapter is a description of the methodological procedures whereby the data were collected, and the third chapter supplies linguistic background information. In Part II a pilot analysis of the original' data is carried out. In Part III emerging hypotheses are tested against the evidence of additional data. Impli- in cational relationships between variants are then formalized a set of V implicational Part IV is description scales. , a of the subjective attitude test. Results are presented in tables and scales. Part V supplies further information from (a) a test case and (b) two New Testament trans- lations, i. e. a standard translation and a so-called popular one. The test case shows the amount of variation spanned by an individual speaker's repertoire; the New Testament translations supply further evidence as to judgements on formality and informality as well as on social acceptance. Part VI presents a series of conclusions, points to new directions and puts forward an educational proposal. Four appendices accompany the work: one copy of each of the two questionnaires utilized in fieldwork, a copy of the tables showing the total number of responses to the main questionnaire, and a transcription of the language data on which the work is based. N vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABSTRACT i PART I. GENERAL BACKGROUND CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 ... 1.1 Studies in pidgins and creoles: a review 4 1.1.1 Revah (1963) 4 i ... 1.1.2 Valkhoff (1966) 8 ... 1.1.3 Naro (1978) 9 ... 1.2 The lectal continuum. ... 10 1.3 Portuguese teaching in Brazil: background information ... 12 CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGICALPROCEDURES 16 ... 2.1 Preliminary 16 considerations ... 2.2 The 17 pilot study ... 2.3 The fieldwork 18 ... 2.3.1 Scope and size of the corpus ... 19 2.3.1.1 data Recorded ... 19 2.3.1.2 data 21 Written ... 2.3.1.3 Spoken data gathered in participant observation 22' 2.4 The subjective attitude test ... 24 CHAPTER 3: LINGUISTIC BACKGROUNDINFORMATION. NEGATION AND PRONOUNSIN PORTUGUESE: 28 AN OVERVIEW ... 28 3.1 Introduction ... in 28 3.2 Negation pre-modern Portuguese- ... 30 3.2.1 Negation and word order ... 3.3 A historical outline of some pronoun forms 32 32 3.3.1 Historical uses of ele and dele ... 34, 3.3.2 Ele in object position ... vii Page PART II. THE PILOT STUDY CHAPTER 1: NEGATION 38 ... 1.1 Intro ductory 38 considerations ... 1.1.1 -Negation morpheme sequences ... 39 1.1.2 40 Negative concord ... 1.1.3 41 Negative redundancy ... 1.1.4 The 44 negation continuum ... 1.2 Data 44 survey and preliminary analysis ... 1.2.1 The sentence negator NÄ0 and other 44 preverbal negators ... 1.2.1.1 The role of NÄ0 in con- tinuous and discontinuous 45 strings ... 1.2.1.2 NÄ0 47 and word order ... 1.2.1.3 NÄ0 deletion 50 ... 1.2.1.4 NÄ0 and negative adverbials 51 1.2.2 Morphologically unmarked negation ... 52 1.2.2.1, Formally non-negative negators 53 1.2.2.2 Syntax-based negators ... 54 1.2.2.2.1 The negative NP 54 1.2.2.2.2 ALG-forms 56 ... 1.2.2.3 Variation patterns in the negation system ... 57 1.2.3 Lectal congruence within the negation system ... 57 1.2.4 The sentence-final NÄ0 ... 59 1.2.4.1 In double-NÄ0 constructions 59 1.2.4.2 In constructions in which the first negator is a negative , 63 morpheme other than NÄ0 ... 1.2.5 NÄ0 and the negation continuum: from morphologically redundant to morphologically non-negative ... _65 1.2.5.1 Hierarchy of redundancy and 66 concord ... 69 1.2.6 Multiple negation ... 69 1.2.7 NÄO-types ... Vui Page CHAPTER 2: PRONOUNS 73 .. 0 2.1 Preliminary considerations ... 73 2.2 The two continua: some theoretical remarks ... 79 2.3 Analysis 80 ... 2.3.1 Pronoun variants ... 80, 2.3.2 Pronouns and word order ... 83' 2.4 The simplicity/complexity issue in re- lation. to the BP negation and pronoun systems 84 2.5 I A pronoun hierarchy of environmental c on- straints 86 ... 2.5.1 Personal 87 pronouns ... 2.5.2 Possessive hierarchy 89 pronoun ... 2.5.3 Case-levelling in the mesolect ... 91 2.5.4 Basilectal system ... 92 2.5.5 Summary ... 93 PART III. THE MAIN ANALYSIS CHAPTER 1: THEORETICAL: CONSIDERATIONS- 95 ... CHAPTER2: 'ANALYSIS ... 105 2.1 Criteria for the classification of the data 106 2.2 Morphological vs syntax-based negation ... 108 2.2.1 108 Negative concord ... 2.2.2 Negative preposing and postverbal ALG 110 ... 2.2.3 ALG 112 Preverbal ... 2.3 Hierarchies ... 115 115 2.3.1 Redundancy ... 2.3.2 Concord ... 129 2.3.3 Nunca .v jamais .. o em tempo algum 142 2.3.4 Summary 147 . ... 152 2.4 Generic vs specific negative NP. ... 155 2.5 Double-NÄ0 utterances and NÄO-deletion ... 2.5.1 Sentence-final negators '... 155 156 2.5.2 Double-NÄO utterances ... 2.5.3 Sentence-final NÄO in the environment of NEG 157 pv ... , tX N Page 2.5.4 NÄ0-deletion patterns in adult and child language: a comparison between two types of utterances ... 158 2.5.4.1 NÄ0-deleted constructions 159 2.5.4.2 NÄ0-deletion in child language 164: ... 2.6 Variation patterns in the system of negation: ' 168 summary ... 2.7 Pronouns 170 ... 2.7.1 Introduction 170 ... 2.7.1.1 Basilect 171, ..
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