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Os Carvalhais Marcescentes Do Centro E Sul De Portugal

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Os Carvalhais Marcescentes Do Centro E Sul De Portugal UNIVERSIDADE DE ÉVORA & INSTITUTO SUPERIOR DE AGRONOMIA - U.T.L. OS CARVALHAIS MARCESCENTES DO CENTRO E SUL DE PORTUGAL - ESTUDO E CONSERVAÇÃO - CARLOS MAGNO MARTINS VILA-VIÇOSA ORIENTAÇÃO CIENTÍFICA: ORIENTADOR: PROFESSOR DOUTOR CARLOS JOSÉ PINTO GOMES CO-ORIENTADOR: PROFESSOR DOUTOR FRANCISCO MARÍA VÁZQUEZ PARDO CO-ORIENTADORA: DOUTORA CATARINA ISABEL RODRIGUES MEIRELES MESTRADO EM GESTÃO E CONSERVAÇÃO DE RECURSOS NATURAIS ÉVORA, 2012 UNIVERSIDADE DE ÉVORA & INSTITUTO SUPERIOR DE AGRONOMIA - U.T.L. OS CARVALHAIS MARCESCENTES DO CENTRO E SUL DE PORTUGAL - ESTUDO E CONSERVAÇÃO - CARLOS MAGNO MARTINS VILA-VIÇOSA LICENCIADO EM BIOLOGIA DISSERTAÇÃO APRESENTADA À UNIVERSIDADE DE ÉVORA PARA OBTENÇÃO DO GRAU DE MESTRE EM GESTÃO E CONSERVAÇÃO DE RECURSOS NATURAIS ORIENTAÇÃO CIENTÍFICA: ORIENTADOR: PROFESSOR DOUTOR CARLOS JOSÉ PINTO GOMES CO-ORIENTADOR: PROFESSOR DOUTOR FRANCISCO MARÍA VÁZQUEZ PARDO CO-ORIENTADORA: DOUTORA CATARINA ISABEL RODRIGUES MEIRELES MESTRADO EM GESTÃO E CONSERVAÇÃO DE RECURSOS NATURAIS ÉVORA, 2012 "HÁ QUEM PASSE PELO BOSQUE E APENAS VEJA LENHA PARA A FOGUEIRA." LEON TÓLSTOI AGRADECIMENTOS Várias pessoas estão intimamente relacionadas com a realização desta tese, que directa ou indirectamente me apoiaram, com incentivos, informação e disponibilização de diversos meios que contribuíram para o trabalho que aqui se apresenta. A todos eles, um muito obrigado pela colaboração. Agradeço ao meu orientador Professor Doutor Carlos Pinto Gomes pelos conhecimentos transmitidos, pela paciência naquelas acesas discussões sobre aquele indicador, o andar ômbrico ou o potencial daquele local, bem como da espécie a eleger no território biogeográfico abordado. Agradeço-lhe ainda ter-me proporcionado trabalhar e apresentado a melhor equipa de verdadeiras e únicas colegas Paula Mendes, Catarina Meireles e Mafalda Veigas. Agradeço-lhe por fim as lições de vida dadas, a troca de experiências e a facilitação de informação, que consiste hoje em dia na maior lacuna da relação “mestre-aluno”, nomeadamente nas disciplinas botânicas em Portugal, e também o esforço em deixar-me surgir no panorama científico nacional, deixando-me publicar a informação que trabalho. Agradeço profundamente ao Professor Doutor Francisco Vázquez Pardo, pelo enorme contributo ao nível taxonómico do género Quercus desenvolvido nesta tese. Graças a ele redescobri todo o potencial e interesse das ciências taxonómicas, bem como se incrementou exponencialmente o valor e pertinência desta tese. Saliente-se também a facilitação de informação que em Portugal permanece mistificada através do proteccionismo territorial das escolas botânicas portuguesas, permitindo o “salto” qualitativo neste sentido. À Doutora Catarina Meireles, por ter aceitado co-orientar esta tese, dando corpo e ordem a um conjunto de “ideias soltas”, com o elevado rigor científico a que nos acostumou. Pelos ensinamentos e pronta disponibilidade no debate de conceitos em fitossociologia e ciências da vegetação. Ao Professor Doutor Mário Lousã, pelo apoio, pronta disponibilidade e ensinamentos na prolífica saída de campo a inventariar os carvalhais de Viburno tini-Querecetum roboris e os cercais de Arisaro simorrhini-Quercetum broteroi. A sua amabilidade na cedência de informação e conhecimento, resultantes da sua vasta experiência foram de valor incalculável. Ao Professor Doutor Salvador Rivas-Martínez pelos ensinamentos acerca da taxonomia do género Quercus, a par dos acesos debates sobre a sinfitossociologia do Distrito Monchiquense, que em saídas de campo se tornaram imprescindíveis para o explanado nesta tese. Ao Professor Doutor José Carlos Costa pela amabilidade, pronta cedência e troca de informação, a par da transmissão de conhecimentos sobre a Flora do Distrito Monchiquense, que em saídas de campo vieram complementar a informação obtida nesta tese. Ao Professor Doutor Paulo de Oliveira, pela cedência de informação e por “baralhar” ainda mas as minhas ideias na discussão das hibridações e introgressão no género Quercus, salientando a dicotomia entre conceitos genéticos e botânicos. À minha colega e amiga Engª Mafalda Veigas pela troca de conhecimentos em fitossociologia, apoio e motivação para a elaboração desta tese. Não posso ainda deixar de agradecer às entidades patronais que antecederam a minha incursão no mundo da investigação, que nas pessoas do Eng. Ricardo Lopes e da Dr.ª Teresa Saraiva, sempre me apoiaram apesar das minhas “distracções fitossociológicas”, já encetando os trabalhos desta tese, proporcionando-me meios e apoio técnico e pessoal. Agradeço também a todos os meus colegas de trabalho, principalmente ao Luis Marques, Ricardo Alves, Joel Amorim, Cláudia Matos e Arlindo Rim, pela camaradagem e por terem de parar o carro, para fazer “só mais aquele inventário…” A todos os meus amigos que apesar de tudo me continuam a “aturar”, apoiando-me sempre. Ao arquitecto Ricardo Canas pela referenciação geográfica das formações marcescentes da Serra do Caldeirão. Ao meu colega de licenciatura e “irmão” Luis Morgado, por me acompanhar nesta viagem conjunta de (tentar) trabalhar em ciências botânicas e afins, sempre com companheirismo, aconselhamento e apoio, acompanhados de bons momentos de amizade e vivência social. À Paula Mendes por todo o apoio, companhia e dedicação nos anos que antecederam a realização desta tese. Pelo incentivo em trabalhar as ciências da vegetação e pelo rigor científico que a caracteriza, e especialmente pelo conhecimento que me transmitiu em cartografia e em sistemas de informação geográfica, cujo valioso contributo está bem explanado nesta tese. Sem ela nunca teria sido possível começar e chegar até aqui. Quero principalmente agradecer à minha família pelo apoio e paciência, nomeadamente nesta aventura de ser Biólogo em Portugal e por continuarem a acreditar em mim. Finalmente, mas naturalmente em primeiro lugar, quero dedicar esta tese à minha filha Margarida Vila-Viçosa. Para ela direccionam-se todos os meus esforços e propósitos hoje em dia, e para sempre. OS CARVALHAIS MARCESCENTES DO CENTRO E SUL DE PORTUGAL ESTUDO E CONSERVAÇÃO RESUMO Esta dissertação trata da análise fitossociológica das formações marcescentes do Centro e Sul de Portugal, apresentando os resultados de uma análise de 186 inventários face a 481 táxones, através de uma análise hierárquica aglomerativa (Método de Ward - distância de Bray-Curtis). A par de clarificar a situação de 3 táxones e 5 nothotáxones do género Quercus pertencentes à flora Portuguesa, permitiu identificar e caracterizar 7 séries de vegetação potencial marcescentes no território em análise, cuja análise biogeográfica e bioclimática, permitiu contribuir para a actualização e definição de novos e mais precisos limites. Por fim, conclui-se que a área ocupada por vegetação potencial marcescente se encontra subestimada na área de estudo e que estes bosques primários estão extremamente degradados, encontrando-se geralmente substituídos pelas séries perenifólias vizinhas, de carácter secundário ou edafoxerófilo. Assim, as ciências Geobotânicas surgem como uma ferramenta imprescindível ao ordenamento e gestão do território, associados à conservação da biodiversidade. Palavras-chave: Bosques marcescentes, Quercus, Fitossociologia, Vegetação-Potencial- Natural, Portugal THE MARCESCENT OAK WOODLANDS IN CENTRE AND SOUTHERN PORTUGAL STUDY AND CONSERVATION ABSTRACT This work deals with the phytosociological survey of marcescent groves in Centre and Southern Portugal, and presents the results of an analysis of 186 relevés facing 481 taxa, trough Hierarchical Clustering (Ward’s method – Bray-Curtis distance). Beside enlightening the situation of 3 taxons and 5 nothotaxons from Quercus genus belonging to the Portuguese flora, it also allowed the identification and characterization of 7 potential marcescent vegetation series in the studied territory, which biogeographical and bioclimatic analysis, endorsed new limits definition and update. At last, we conclude that the occupied area belonging to marcescent potential vegetation is currently underestimated in the study area and these primary woodlands are deeply degraded, founding themselves generally substituted by neighbouring evergreen series with secondary or edaphoxerophilous character. As so, geobotanical sciences emerge as indispensable tool for territorial planning and managing, regarding biodiversity conservation. Keywords: Marcescent groves, Quercus, Phytosociology, Potential-Natural-Vegetation, Portugal ÍNDICE 1. INRODUÇÃO 1 1.1 INTRODUÇÃO 2 1.2 CARACTERIZAÇÃO DA ÁREA DE ESTUDO 8 2. METODOLOGIA 12 3. RESULDADOS E DISCUSSÃO 18 3.1 CASOS TAXONÓMICOS PARTICULARES 19 3.1.1 TÁXONES APRESENTADOS 19 3.1.1.1 Quercus faginea subsp. alpestris (Boiss.) Maire 19 3.1.1.2 Quercus robur subsp. estremadurensis (O. Schwarz) A. Camus 20 3.1.1.3 Quercus x marianica C. Vicioso 22 3.1.2. NOTHOTÁXONES ENCONTRADOS 27 3.1.2.1 Quercus x andegavensis Hy nothosubsp. henriquesii (Franco & Vasc.) Rivas Martínez & Sáenz 27 3.1.2.2 Quercus x andegavensis Hy nothosubsp. subandegavensis (A. Camus) Vila-Viçosa, Vázquez, Meireles & Pinto-Gomes comb. nov. 28 3.1.2.3 Quercus x coutinhoi Samp. 29 3.1.2.4 Quercus x coutinhoi Samp. nothosubsp. beturica F.M. Vázquez, A. Coombes, M. Rodriguez-Coombes, S. Ramos & E. Doncel 29 3.1.2.5 Quercus x neomairei A.Camus 29 3.1.3 RELAÇÕES BIOGEOGRÁFICAS ENCONTRADAS ENTRE TÁXONES 30 3.2 ANÁLISE FITOSSOCIOLÓGICA 35 3.2.1 ANÁLISE NUMÉRICA 35 3.2.2. BOSQUES MARCESCENTES ENCONTRADOS NO TERRITÓRIO 40 3.2.2.1 VIBURNO TINI-QUERCETUM ROBORIS 40 3.2.2.2 ARISARO SIMORRHINI-QUERCETUM PYRENAICAE
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